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[ { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior () encompasses the city of Superior and the counties of Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, Iron, Lincoln, Oneida, Price, Polk, Rusk, Sawyer, St. Croix, Taylor, Vilas, and Washburn in northern Wisconsin, with an area of . Its episcopal see is Superior, and the Cathedral of Christ the King in Superior is its mother church. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. The diocese was established on May 3, 1905 by", "id": "9474213" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nPope Pius X. It was created from the northern part of the Diocese of La Crosse and the northwestern part of the Diocese of Green Bay, with Augustine Francis Schinner as the first bishop. Prior to the official founding of the diocese in 1905, there had already been a rich history of Catholicism in the region. Centuries earlier, Catholic missionaries had forged a dynamic presence throughout the Lake Superior region of Wisconsin. The early history of Catholicism in the state of Wisconsin started within the territory that the Diocese of Superior now encompasses,", "id": "9474214" }, { "contents": "List of museums in Wisconsin\n\n\nMarathon, Marquette, Menominee, Milwaukee, Oconto, Ozaukee, Racine, Sheboygan Counties in the north central and northwest area: Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, Florence, Forest, Iron, Langlade, Lincoln, Oneida, Polk, Price, Rusk, Sawyer, Taylor, Vilas, Washburn South central and southwest area along the Mississippi and Chippewa rivers: Buffalo, Chippewa, Crawford, Dunn, Eau Claire, Grant, Jackson, La Crosse, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Trempealeau, Vernon South", "id": "7014980" }, { "contents": "Augustine Francis Schinner\n\n\nserved for one year as pastor of St. Hubertus parish at Hubertus, Wisconsin. From 1887 to 1893 he was a member of the faculty of St. Francis Seminary. From 1893 to 1905, he served as chancellor and vicar general of the archdiocese of Milwaukee, appointed by Archbishop Frederick Katzer. The Diocese of Superior was established on May 3, 1905, formed from portions of the Diocese of Green Bay and the Diocese of La Crosse. On May 13, 1905, Pope Pius X appointed Schinner the first Bishop of the newly", "id": "5250913" }, { "contents": "United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin\n\n\nheld at Madison. The district comprises the following counties: Adams, Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Buffalo, Burnett, Chippewa, Clark, Columbia, Crawford, Dane, Douglas, Dunn, Eau Claire, Grant, Green, Iowa, Iron, Jackson, Jefferson, Juneau, La Crosse, Lafayette, Lincoln, Marathon, Monroe, Oneida, Pepin, Pierce, Polk, Portage, Price, Richland, Rock, Rusk, Sauk, St. Croix, Sawyer, Taylor, Trempealeau, Vernon, Vilas, Washburn and", "id": "19092884" }, { "contents": "2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin\n\n\na total of 18,787 sq mi. The district contains the following counties: Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Chippewa, Clark (partial), Douglas, Iron, Langlade (partial), Lincoln, Marathon, Oneida, Polk, Portage, Price, Rusk, St. Croix, Sawyer, Taylor, Washburn and Wood. The district is currently represented by Sean Duffy, a Republican. The PVI of the district is R+8. Duffy is running for reelection. The 8th congressional district includes Green Bay and Appleton. It", "id": "2566179" }, { "contents": "Augustine Francis Schinner\n\n\nAugustine Francis Schinner (May 1, 1863 – February 7, 1937) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the first Bishop of the Diocese of Superior, Wisconsin (1905-1913) and first Bishop of the Diocese of Spokane, Washington (1914-1925). Schinner was educated at St. Francis Seminary in Wisconsin, and was ordained to the priesthood on March 7, 1886, by Archbishop Michael Heiss of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee at the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist. He", "id": "5250912" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of La Crosse\n\n\nthe Workman. The Diocese of La Crosse was established by Pope Pius IX on March 3, 1868, from territory that was taken from what was then the Diocese of Milwaukee. It included the part of Wisconsin lying north and west of the Wisconsin River. Michael Heiss, then head of St. Francis Seminary, Milwaukee, was named the first bishop of the La Crosse episcopal see. On May 3, 1905, the territory of the Dioceses of La Crosse and Green Bay was brought together to form the Diocese of Superior,", "id": "6320305" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nuntil the formation of the Diocese of Lacrosse, and the Diocese of Green Bay, which then served the northern region. Finally, in 1905, the Diocese of Superior was created by Pope Pius X, encompassing 16 counties in northern Wisconsin. The oldest Catholic congregation in the state of Wisconsin (in continuous operation to the present-day) is within the Diocese of Superior. On July 27, 1836, Fr. Frederic Baraga arrived at La Pointe, and immediately set to work, building a log church. Fr.", "id": "9474218" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Spokane\n\n\n, Pope Pius IX created the Diocese of Nesqually out of the defunct Walla Walla diocese. The episcopal see was subsequently moved to Seattle, and the diocese was renamed the Diocese of Seattle in 1907. With a growing population in Spokane and other areas of Eastern Washington, church leadership in Seattle realized that a new diocese needed to be formed, and the Diocese of Spokane was canonically erected by Pope Pius X on December 17, 1913. The diocese's first bishop was Augustine Francis Schinner, the bishop emeritus of the Diocese of", "id": "6861839" }, { "contents": "Wisconsin Senate, District 25\n\n\nThe 25th District of the Wisconsin Senate is located in far north-western Wisconsin, and is currently composed of part or all of Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, Iron, Price, Sawyer, Vilas and Washburn counties. The district area is a mostly rural, and covers more land and more counties than any other district in Wisconsin. Janet Bewley is the senator serving the 25th district. She was elected to a four-year term in 2014. Before serving as a senator, she held an office", "id": "19471671" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nBaraga, like the Jesuit missionaries before him, had success evangelizing the native people. His congregation at La Pointe grew, and also included many early European immigrants, primarily French Fur Traders. In 1838, Fr. Baraga built a larger church at La Pointe, on the spot of the present-day location of \"St. Joseph's Catholic Church\". The first Bishop to serve the Diocese of Superior was Augustine Francis Schinner, who was consecrated as Bishop on July 25, 1905. Bishop Schinner faced many challenges, as", "id": "9474219" }, { "contents": "Augustine Francis Schinner\n\n\ncreated diocese. He was ordained a bishop on July 25, 1905. Traveling by train with an entourage of over 60 priests from Milwaukee, he arrived at Ashland, Wisconsin, traveled to the Apostle Islands on a short boat tour, and then continued on to Superior. There were 39 diocesan priests, 17 religious order priests serving 38,861 Catholics in 43 parishes with resident pastors, and 50 missions and 33 stations. For Catholic schools, there was 1 high school, 16 elementary and 2 boarding schools with a total enrollment of", "id": "5250914" }, { "contents": "Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway\n\n\nthe Mississippi River, it lies within parts of eight counties in Wisconsin: Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, Pierce, Polk, St. Croix, Sawyer, and Washburn; and three in Minnesota: Chisago, Pine, and Washington. The upper St. Croix is a nationally renowned smallmouth bass fishery. Other fish species present in the riverway include walleye, northern pike, sturgeon, muskellunge, and catfish. The Namekagon River upstream of Hayward, Wisconsin is well known for its brown and brook trout fishing. Besides fishing, the riverway", "id": "10086875" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Sacramento\n\n\nmother church of the diocese, the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament. Originally a major part of the defunct Grass Valley Diocese (which included several counties in northern California and Nevada), the present-day diocese was established by Pope Leo XIII on May 28, 1886. Today, the See of Sacramento remains a ceremonial suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of the Archdiocese of San Francisco. Its fellow suffragans include the Dioceses of Honolulu, Las Vegas, Oakland, Reno, Salt Lake City, San Jose, Santa Rosa and Stockton", "id": "4599392" }, { "contents": "Saint Raphael's Cathedral (Madison, Wisconsin)\n\n\nthe state capitol. In 1853, Father Francis Etchmann began constructing the most recent church building. The cornerstone was laid on May 28, 1854 by Bishop John Henni of the Diocese of Milwaukee. He dedicated the new building because the parish was under his jurisdiction at the time. The spire and bells were added in 1885. On January 9, 1946, Pope Pius XII created the Diocese of Madison for an 11-county area in the southwestern part of the state. Territory was taken from the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and the Diocese of", "id": "1920566" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Bathurst in Australia\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Bathurst (in Australia) is a Latin Church suffragan diocese of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sydney, established in 1865, covering the Central West and Orana regions of New South Wales, Australia. The Cathedral of St Michael and St John the Baptist is the episcopal see of the Bishop of Bathurst, presently Michael McKenna. The Diocese of Bathurst was erected by Pope Pius IX on 20 June 1865. Prior to this date, the area was considered within the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Sydney, its present", "id": "21254493" }, { "contents": "Joseph Maria Koudelka\n\n\n29, 1907, Pope Pius X appointed him auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Cleveland and he was ordained on February 25, 1908 with a special ministry to the Slavic community. On June 24, 1911 Pope Pius X appointed him auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. He was ordained as the first auxiliary bishop of Milwaukee on September 4, 1911. On August 6, 1913, Pope Pius X appointed Koudelka the second bishop of the Diocese of Superior. He was installed at the pro-cathedral of Sacred Heart in", "id": "18330746" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee\n\n\nThe Archdiocese of Milwaukee () is a Roman Catholic archdiocese headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the United States. It encompasses the City of Milwaukee, as well as the counties of Dodge, Fond du Lac, Kenosha, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Racine, Sheboygan, Walworth, Washington and Waukesha, all located in Wisconsin. The Archdiocese of Milwaukee is the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province of Milwaukee, which includes the suffragan dioceses of Green Bay, La Crosse, Madison, and Superior. , Jerome Edward Listecki is the Archbishop", "id": "9546478" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo () is a Roman Catholic diocese covering nineteen counties in northwestern Ohio. It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. The See city for the diocese is Toledo. The eighth and current Bishop of Toledo is Daniel Edward Thomas. Our Lady, Queen of the Most Holy Rosary Cathedral is the mother church of the diocese. Saint Pius X erected the diocese April 15, 1910, in territory taken from the Diocese of Cleveland. The arms of the See of Toledo are based upon", "id": "6750935" }, { "contents": "Wisconsin's 7th congressional district\n\n\nWisconsin's 7th congressional district is a congressional district of the United States House of Representatives in northwestern and central Wisconsin; it is the largest congressional district in the state geographically, covering 20 counties (in whole or part), for a total of 18,787 sq mi. The district contains the following counties: Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, St. Croix, Chippewa (partial), Clark, Douglas, Florence, Forest, Iron, Jackson (partial), Juneau (partial), Langlade, Lincoln, Marathon,", "id": "8780919" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Juárez\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Juárez () is located in the northern Mexican city of the same name, across the Río Grande from El Paso, Texas. It is part of the ecclesiastical province of Chihuahua and is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Chihuahua . The Diocese of Ciudad Juárez was erected by Pope Pius XII on 10 April 1957 from the Diocese of Chihuahua because of the population growth in the northern part of the state of Chihuahua. Pope Pius named Manuel Talamás Camandari as the first bishop, and by 1966", "id": "13992785" }, { "contents": "Superior, Wisconsin\n\n\nSuperior come from the Duluth market: Superior is the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior, and the Cathedral of Christ the King in Superior is the mother church of the diocese. Saint Francis Xavier Catholic Church, located in the East End of Superior, has been noted for its architecture. Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church is the only congregation of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod located in Superior. It recently moved from its original location on Belknap Street to a new campus on North 28th Street. Pilgrim Lutheran Church is located", "id": "4103054" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Uromi\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Uromi (\"Dioecesis Uromiensis\") in Uromi, Edo State, Nigeria was created on December 14, 2005, when it was split off from the Archdiocese of Benin City. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Benin City. Its first bishop was Augustine Obiora Akubeze (who was named Archbishop of Benin City in March 2011). The St Anthony of Padua church in Uromi was selected to be its cathedral. The canonical erection of the diocese and the episcopal ordination of the bishop took", "id": "2286692" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Fairbanks\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Fairbanks () is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the northwestern United States, comprising the northern regions of the state of Alaska. It is led by a bishop who serves as pastor of the mother church, Sacred Heart Cathedral in the City of Fairbanks. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Anchorage. The See of Fairbanks was established from the Prefecture Apostolic of Alaska on July 27, 1894, which was created from the Diocese of Vancouver Island. It was", "id": "7747608" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Peterborough\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Peterborough () is a suffragan Latin diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kingston, Ontario that includes part of the federal Province of Ontario in inland Canada. Its episcopal see is the Cathedral of Saint Peter-in-Chains in Peterborough, Ontario. On March 10, 2017, the Pope named former Hamilton Auxiliary Bishop Daniel J. Miehm as the new Bishop of Peterborough. Established on 25 January 1874 as Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Canada, on territory split off from the Diocese of Kingston", "id": "5387249" }, { "contents": "Catholic Diocese of Guiratinga\n\n\nThe Diocese of Guiratinga (Dioecesis Guiratingensis) was a former ecclesiastical circumscription of the Catholic Church in Brazil, belonging to the Ecclesiastical Province of Cuiabá and the West II Regional Bishops' Council of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil, being a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Cuiabá. The episcopal see is the Cathedral St. John the Baptist in the city of Guiratinga in the state of Mato Grosso. The Prelature Registry Araguaia (Territorialis Praelatura Registrensis or Territorialis Praelatura registration Araguaia) was erected on May 12, 1914 by Pope Pius X", "id": "4926427" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire\n\n\nThe Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America encompassing the northwestern third of Wisconsin. It is part of Province 5 (the upper Midwest). The faith community comprises 20 interdependent congregations, mostly small and rural. The see and diocesan offices are in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, with Christ Church Cathedral as the mother church. Christ Church in La Crosse is the largest church in the diocese. The roots of the Diocese of Eau Claire begin in 1822 when the Oneida Indians", "id": "2071071" }, { "contents": "Bishop of Motherwell\n\n\nCumbernauld and the area of Auchinloch) and South Lanarkshire. The diocese, along with the Diocese of Paisley, was erected as a Suffragan See by the Apostolic Constitution \"Maxime interest\" on 25 May 1947. The new See took part of the Archdiocese of Glasgow (becoming its Suffragan See) and part of the Diocese of Galloway. At present the diocese is vacant. The most recent Bishop of Motherwell was the Right Reverend Joseph Devine, whose resignation was accepted by Pope Francis on 30 May 2013. On Tuesday 29 April", "id": "3729293" }, { "contents": "Wisconsin Senate, District 28\n\n\nBayfield), Pepin, Pierce, Polk, and St. Croix Counties. The first Senator from the 28th was William Wilson of Menomonie, who served in the 1857 session (the tenth session of the Wisconsin Legislature). The district has also been represented by: As of the redistricting of 1861, the 28th now consisted of Ashland, Burnett, Dallas (later renamed Barron), Douglas, La Pointe (later renamed Bayfield), Pierce, Polk, and St. Croix counties (it was not changed in the redistricting of", "id": "2063122" }, { "contents": "List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Northern Ireland\n\n\nIn the Roman Catholic Church, the entirety of Northern Ireland is comprehended by the ecclesiastical province of Armagh. The eponymous archdiocese and five of its suffragan dioceses cover the area of Northern Ireland. The diocesan and archdiocesan boundaries are not coterminous with the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Only two dioceses are entirely contained within Northern Ireland: Down and Connor and the Diocese of Dromore. Three dioceses and the Archdiocese of Armagh straddle the border. The Archdiocese and its suffragans are all part of the Episcopal conference of Ireland", "id": "14015256" }, { "contents": "Anglican Bishop of Nottingham\n\n\nThe Anglican Bishop of Nottingham was an episcopal title used by a Church of England suffragan bishop. The title took its name after the county town of Nottingham and was first created under the Suffragan Bishops Act 1534. Until 1837, Nottingham had been part of the Diocese of York, when it then became part of the Diocese of Lincoln. With the creation of the Diocese of Southwell in 1884, Nottingham became part of that diocese, but the then- (and final) bishop remained suffragan to Lincoln. Since 2005, Nottingham gives", "id": "20176138" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Motherwell\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Motherwell () is an ecclesiastical diocese of the Catholic Church in Scotland. The diocese, which was erected on 25 May 1947 by Pope Pius XII from the Archdiocese of Glasgow, along with the Diocese of Paisley which was erected on the same day, remains one of two suffragan sees under the Archdiocese. On Tuesday 29 April 2014 - the Feast of St Catherine of Siena - Pope Francis appointed Joseph Toal as the fifth Bishop of Motherwell. In 2004, the Catholic population, proportionately the largest in", "id": "16456386" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nnative people, and baptized over 1,000 converts. During this time, the region was being overseen by French Catholic leaders in Quebec, which became a diocese in 1674, encompassing all of North America east of the Mississippi River. In 1791, the region was transferred to the Diocese of Baltimore, which was the first Catholic diocese created in the then-newly formed United States. In 1843, the Diocese of Milwaukee was established, and consisted of the entire state of Wisconsin. Northern Wisconsin remained within the Diocese of Milwaukee,", "id": "9474217" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee\n\n\nEpiscopal Diocese of Milwaukee, originally the Diocese of Wisconsin is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America located in the southern area of Wisconsin. It is in Province V (for the Midwest region). The Rt. Reverend Steven Miller is the bishop. The see city is Milwaukee. Cathedral Church of All Saints, Milwaukee is the mother church. The diocese was formed after Jackson Kemper was named the Episcopal Church's first missionary bishop and oversaw the church's mission to the Northwest Territories from 1835 to", "id": "2071175" }, { "contents": "Joseph G. Pinten\n\n\nvicar general, in 1919 purchased dormitory property of Northern Normal College and donated it to the diocese to use as a church with conditions that it be named after Saint Michael and that the new parish build a school. On November 30, 1921, Pope Benedict XV appointed Pinten the third bishop of the Superior Diocese. He was ordained bishop on May 3, 1922 at St. Peter Cathedral with Archbishop Sebastian Messmer of Milwaukee presiding. The next day an enthronement ceremony was held a Sacred Heart pro-cathedral in Superior. After his", "id": "18330981" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph\n\n\nXIII established the Diocese of Kansas City, with territories taken from the Archdiocese of St. Louis. Its first bishop was John Joseph Hogan. On July 2, 1956, the diocese incorporated part of the territory of the Diocese of Saint Joseph, which had been established by Pope Pius IX on March 3, 1868. On the same date in 1956 part of the Diocese of Kansas City's territory went to establish the Diocese of Jefferson City and the Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau. The diocese received its present name and boundaries", "id": "13839607" }, { "contents": "Bishop of Kerry\n\n\nThe Bishop of Kerry is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kerry, one of the suffragan dioceses of the Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly in Ireland. The Episcopal see changed its name from Ardfert and Aghadoe to Kerry on 20 December 1952. The bishop's seat (Cathedra) is located at the Cathedral Church Saint Mary, Killarney. The current bishop is the Most Reverend Raymond Browne who was appointed Bishop of Kerry by Pope Francis on 2 May 2013 and received episcopal consecration at St Mary's Cathedral, Killarney on 21", "id": "20835420" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle\n\n\nas a result by 1850 the Diocese of Walla Walla was abandoned and its merged-in territory administered from Oregon City. On May 31, 1850, Pope Pius IX created the Diocese of Nesqually out of the defunct Walla Walla diocese, with Augustin Blanchet as bishop. In January 1851, Augustin Blanchet dedicated St. James Church near Fort Vancouver as the new diocese's cathedral. A new St. James Cathedral was built in Vancouver, Washington in 1885. In 1903 Bishop Edward O'Dea, realizing that Vancouver was no longer the economic and", "id": "6861805" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nthe head of the new diocese, including the need to recruit priests to serve the growing number of parishes throughout the diocese. By the time Bishop Schinner resigned as the bishop of Superior in 1913, he saw the pool of priests grow from 39 diocesan priests in 1905 to 62 in 1913. Today, there are now 105 parishes within the Diocese of Superior. The following is a list of the Roman Catholic Bishops of the Diocese of Superior and their years of service: The Diocese of Superior has a membership of 73,638 Catholics", "id": "9474220" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Oakland\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Oakland () is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Northern California. The diocese comprises Alameda and Contra Costa Counties in the San Francisco Bay Area. The Cathedral of Christ the Light serves as the bishop's seat, replacing the Cathedral of Saint Francis de Sales which was demolished after the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989. Once a part of the Archdiocese of San Francisco, the Diocese of Oakland remains a suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of San Francisco. Its fellow suffragans include the", "id": "4599275" }, { "contents": "Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle\n\n\ndioceses which did not formally claim any continuity with the pre-Elizabethan English dioceses were created. The Vicariate Apostolic of the Northern District was duly elevated to diocese status as the Diocese of Hexham. On 23 May 1861 the diocese became the Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle. In the early period from 1850 the diocese was a suffragan of the Metropolitan See of Westminster, but under Pope Pius X, on 28 October 1911, it was assigned to the newly created Province of Liverpool. The present diocese covers an area of 7,700 km²", "id": "3501975" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee\n\n\n1859. He became provisional bishop of Wisconsin from 1847 to 1854 and first bishop of the Diocese of Wisconsin from 1854 to 1870. In 1875, the Diocese of Fond du Lac was created to serve the northeastern 26 counties of the state. The Diocese of Eau Claire, was carved out of the diocese in 1928 for the counties in the northwestern part of Wisconsin. The Diocese of Wisconsin became the Diocese of Milwaukee in 1886. Over the last few years the membership has declined from 15,000 to 11,000. Nashotah House, in", "id": "2071176" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson\n\n\nThe Diocese of Paterson is a diocese of the Roman Rite of the Latin Catholic Church in the United States, which includes three counties in northern New Jersey: Passaic, Morris, and Sussex. The city of Paterson, third-largest in the state of New Jersey, was chosen as the episcopal see, even though the vast majority of diocesan territory lies west of the city. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Newark, and is part of Region III of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. The", "id": "14672461" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay () was established on March 3, 1868, by Pope Pius IX. It covers the city of Green Bay, as well as Brown, Calumet, Door, Florence, Forest, Kewaunee, Langlade, Manitowoc, Marinette, Menominee, Oconto, Outagamie, Shawano, Waupaca, Waushara and Winnebago counties in Wisconsin. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. The earliest trace of the Catholic faith in the Green Bay area was in 1634. Jesuits followed Jean Nicolet to", "id": "9417148" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Shreveport\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Shreveport () is a Roman Catholic diocese covering the parishes of northern Louisiana, and a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of New Orleans. Its bishop is part of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and belongs to Conference Region V (which includes Alabama, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee). Its mother church is the Cathedral of Saint John Berchmans, in Shreveport. The Diocese of Shreveport was canonically erected on June 16, 1986 when Pope John Paul II split the former Diocese of", "id": "18926928" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids () is a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in western Michigan, in the United States. It comprises 102 churches in 11 counties in West Michigan. It is a suffragan see to the Archdiocese of Detroit. The mother church of the diocese is the Cathedral of Saint Andrew. On April 18, 2013, Pope Francis accepted Bishop Walter A. Hurley's resignation and appointed the Rev. David J. Walkowiak to be the twelfth Bishop of Grand Rapids. The diocese was created from territory taken from", "id": "221824" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Suacia\n\n\nThe Diocese of Svač (, , ) was a bishopric with see in the town of Svač (Latinized as Suacia), which is today the village lying to the east of Ulcinj in Montenegro that is called in Serbian Шас, in Croat Šas and in Albanian Shas. The area was part of the late Roman province of Dalmatia Superior, and the Catholic Church, which includes the diocese in its list of Latin titular sees, accordingly treats it as a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Doclea. The diocese of Svač (", "id": "4011385" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Bismarck\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Bismarck () is a Roman Catholic diocese in North Dakota. The current bishop of the diocese is Bishop David Kagan. It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The See city for the diocese is Bismarck. The Cathedral parish of the diocese is Cathedral of the Holy Spirit. On December 31, 1909 Saint Pius X established the Diocese of Bismarck. Its territory was taken from the Diocese of Fargo. The list of bishops of the diocese and their terms of service", "id": "18993019" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Fiesole\n\n\nThe Diocese of Fiesole () is a Roman Catholic diocese in Tuscany, central Italy, whose episcopal see is the city of Fiesole. Fiesole was directly subject to the pope until 1420, when the archdiocese of Florence was created and Fiesole was made one of its suffragan bishops. It is still a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archbishopric of Florence. According to local legend the Gospel was first preached at Fiesole by Messius Romulus, said to have been a disciple of St. Peter. Documentary evidence, however, is from the 9th and", "id": "3288239" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bangalore () is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in India. It was erected as the Diocese of Bangalore on 13 February 1940 by Pope Pius XII, and elevated to the rank of a metropolitan archdiocese on 19 September 1953, with the suffragan sees of Belgaum, Bellary, Chikmagalur, Gulbarga, Karwar, Mangalore, Udupi, Mysore, and Shimoga. The archdiocese's mother church and thus seat of its archbishop is the St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral; Bangalore also houses", "id": "9571833" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Rapid City\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Rapid City () is a Roman Catholic diocese in western South Dakota, United States. The current bishop of the diocese is Bishop Robert Dwayne Gruss. It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The See city for the diocese is Rapid City. The Cathedral parish is the Cathedral of Our Lady of Perpetual Help. On August 6, 1902 Saint Pius X established the diocese as the Diocese of Lead. Its territory was taken from the Diocese of Sioux Falls. The", "id": "18993239" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong is a suffragan Latin Rite diocese of the Archdiocese of Sydney, established in 1951, covering the Illawarra and Southern Highlands regions of New South Wales, Australia. St Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Wollongong is the seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Wollongong, currently Brian Mascord. On 15 November 1951, Pope Pius XII announced that a new diocese would be created from the two archdioceses of Sydney and Canberra & Goulburn. To be named Wollongong, the diocese was officially established on 11 February 1952.", "id": "21254634" }, { "contents": "Cathedral of Christ the King (Superior, Wisconsin)\n\n\nThe Cathedral of Christ the King is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior in Superior, Wisconsin. It was named in honor of Christ the King. The building is located at 1111 Belknap Street in Superior. When the Diocese of Superior was established in 1905 Sacred Heart church, which had been established in the 1880s, was designated the pro-cathedral. Sacred Heart continued in this function until 1926. The cathedral construction project was announced in February 1926 and the groundbreaking occurred on June 23, 1926. Bishop", "id": "2884619" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana\n\n\nsuffragan sees were erected in Indiana and Illinois. In 1843 the Illinois portion of the diocese became the Diocese of Chicago. On 8 January 1857 the northern half of Indiana comprised the Diocese of Fort Wayne. On 28 March 1898 the episcopal diocese was transferred from Vincennes to Indianapolis, and the Diocese of Vincennes became the Diocese of Indianapolis. In 1944 Pope Pius XII elevated the Indianapolis diocese to an archdiocese and founded two new Indiana dioceses: the Diocese of Evansville and the Diocese of Lafayette. The city of Vincennes, the former", "id": "4928244" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary () is a particular church of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States of America. It was founded on December 17, 1956, by Pope Pius XII. It is one of four suffragan dioceses of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis. Its ecclesiastic territory includes Lake, Porter, LaPorte, and Starke counties in northwestern Indiana. The mother church of the diocese is the Cathedral of the Holy Angels in Gary, Indiana. During the first half of the 20th century, many Catholic immigrants", "id": "17635414" }, { "contents": "Red Cedar River (Wisconsin)\n\n\nThe Red Cedar River in northwestern Wisconsin is a tributary of the Chippewa River. According to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the river flows approximately 100 miles from southwestern Sawyer County to its confluence with the Chippewa southeast of Dunnville in southern Dunn County. It drains portions of eight Wisconsin counties: Barron, Chippewa, Dunn, Polk, Rusk, St. Croix, Sawyer, and Washburn. Important tributaries include the Chetek River and the Hay River. Important settlements along the river's course include Cameron, Rice Lake, Colfax,", "id": "2013455" }, { "contents": "St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library\n\n\n, he chose Indianapolis, the state capital of Indiana and the largest city in the diocese, as the new seat of the episcopal see. Between 1837 and 1882 seventy-five priests were ordained at St. Francis Xavier, including Michael E. Shawe, the first priest ordained in Indiana. In 1898 the episcopal see was moved to Indianapolis and it became the Diocese of Indianapolis. Bishop Chatard was its first bishop. St. Francis Xavier remained under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Indianapolis from 1898 to 1944, when Pope Pius XII elevated", "id": "1660117" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Lincoln\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Lincoln () is a Catholic diocese in Nebraska, United States, and comprises the majority of the eastern and central portions of the state south of the Platte River. It is a suffragan see to the Archdiocese of Omaha. The episcopal see is in Lincoln, Nebraska. Bishop James D. Conley is the current ordinary of the Diocese. The Cathedral of the Risen Christ is the cathedral parish of the diocese. The diocese was established on August 2, 1887, by Pope Leo XIII from the territory", "id": "18992119" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paraná\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paraná () is a metropolitan diocese. Its suffragan sees include Concordia and Gualeguaychú. On 13 June 1859, Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of Paraná from the Diocese of Buenos Aires. It lost territory to the Diocese of Santa Fe when it was created in 1897 and the Diocese of Corrientes in 1910. The Diocese of Paraná was elevated to an archdiocese by Pope Pius XI on 20 April 1934. It lost territory two more times when the dioceses of Gualeguaychú (1957) and Concordia (1961", "id": "14584212" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana\n\n\nDiocese of Indianapolis. Pope Pius XII elevated the Indianapolis diocese to an archdiocese in 1944, and erected two new Indiana dioceses: the Diocese of Evansville and the Diocese of Lafayette. The Diocese of Gary, Indiana, was erected in 1956. The Evansville Diocese absorbed the city of Vincennes upon its creation. The first four Bishops of Vincennes resided at the seat of the episcopal diocese in Vincennes. Their remains are buried in the crypt of St. Francis Xavier Basilica, Vincennes. Bishop Chatard, who resided in Indianapolis and also served", "id": "4928227" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumba\n\n\nThe Diocese of Kumba (Latin: \"Diocesis Kumbana;\" French: \"Diocèse de Kumba\") is a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the African country of Cameroon. Headquartered in Kumba, the diocesan cathedral is the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart and its bishop is Agapitus Enuyehnyoh Nfon. The diocese was created on 15 March 2016 by Pope Francis from territory in the Diocese of Buéa, and it is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Bamenda. On 15 March 2016, Pope Francis established the Diocese of Kumba", "id": "4860060" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Grass Valley\n\n\nThe Diocese of Grass Valley () now a titular see, was formerly a residential diocese of the Catholic Church located in northeastern California, United States. The diocese also included most of Nevada, and, early in its history, Utah and part of Colorado. The particular church that became the Diocese of Grass Valley was erected in by Pope Pius IX in 1860 as the Vicariate Apostolic of Marysville from territory formerly belonging to the Archdiocese of San Francisco, of which it was a suffragan see. In 1868, the see city", "id": "1681182" }, { "contents": "James Patrick Powers\n\n\nJames Patrick Powers (born February 6, 1953) is an American prelate of the Catholic Church and the eleventh bishop of the Diocese of Superior, Wisconsin. Powers was born in Baldwin, Wisconsin on February 6, 1953. He graduated from St. Croix Central High School, in Hammond, Wisconsin, and from Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Powers was ordained a priest of the Superior Diocese on May 20, 1990. He served as administrator of the diocese from December 2014 to February 2016,", "id": "11695981" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro\n\n\nThe Italian Latin Catholic Diocese of (Diano-)Teggiano-Policastro (), in Campania, has existed since 1850, under its present name since 1986. In that year the Diocese of Diano-Teggiano was united with the diocese of Policastro. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno. Its cathedral episcopal see is the Marian Cattedrale di S. Maria Maggiore e S. Michele Arcangelo, in Teggiano. The current bishop is Antonio De Luca. On 29 September 1850, Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of", "id": "18017079" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth is a Latin Church Roman Catholic diocese in England. The episcopal see is in the city of Plymouth, Devon, where the bishop's seat (cathedra) is located at the Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Boniface. Erected as the Diocese of Plymouth in 1850 by Pope Pius IX, from the Apostolic Vicariate of the Western District, the diocese has remained jurisdictionally constant since. Since 1965, the diocese has been a suffragan see of the Ecclesiastical Province of Southwark; before then, from", "id": "8307114" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson (, ) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the southwestern region of the United States. It is a suffragan see of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santa Fe. The diocese was recently led by its seventh bishop, Most Reverend Gerald Frederick Kicanas, who retired on October 3, 2017. The See city for the diocese is Tucson, Arizona, and its cathedral parish is the St. Augustine. Another church of special interest is the Mission San Xavier del Bac, also", "id": "7747261" }, { "contents": "Diocese of Rochester\n\n\n) were added to Rochester, while all West Kent parishes except those in the Rochester Deanery were transferred to the Diocese of Canterbury. In May 1877, Essex and Hertfordshire became part of the newly created Diocese of St Albans. On 1 August 1877, the Diocese of Rochester gained some northern parts of Surrey from the Diocese of Winchester which were later transferred to the Diocese of Southwark at its creation in 1905. The present diocesan bishop, the Bishop of Rochester, is James Langstaff. The diocese also has a suffragan bishop:", "id": "3447784" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus () is a Roman Catholic diocese in the Ecclesiastical Province of Cincinnati covering 23 counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. The episcopal see of the diocese is situated at Columbus. The diocese was erected on March 3, 1868 by Pope Pius IX out of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. On October 21, 1944 the diocese lost territory when Pope Pius XII erected the Diocese of Steubenville. The Catholic faith was brought in the area by the Dominican Order in Somerset. They established St. Joseph's Parish", "id": "6750859" }, { "contents": "St. Francis Xavier Cathedral (Alexandria, Louisiana)\n\n\n, and the clock was installed in 1908. Because of the newly constructed church and Alexandria's central location, Bishop Cornelius Van de Ven petitioned the Roman Curia to transfer the seat of the diocese from Natchitoches to Alexandria. Pope Pius X created the suffragan Diocese of Alexandria on . St. Francis Xavier Church was elevated to the rank of cathedral of the newly created diocese. The current bishop of Alexandria is Sede Vacante, and the rector of the cathedral is Father James A. Ferguson. The cathedral's rose windows are the largest in", "id": "16556508" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland () is a Roman Catholic diocese in the U.S. state of Ohio. Pope Pius IX erected the diocese April 23, 1847, in territory taken from the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. The diocese lost territory in 1910 when Pope Pius X erected the Diocese of Toledo, and in 1943 when Pope Pius XII erected the Diocese of Youngstown. It is currently the 17th-largest diocese in the United States by population, encompassing the counties of Ashland, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina,", "id": "6750690" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Pavia\n\n\nThe Diocese of Pavia () is a see of the Catholic Church in Italy. It has been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Milan only since 1817. Previous to the reorganization of the hierarchy in northern Italy by Pope Pius VII after the expulsion of the French and the Congress of Vienna, the diocese of Pavia had depended directly upon the Holy See, despite repeated failed attempts on the part of the Archbishops of Milan to claim control. The diocese has produced one Pope and Patriarch of Venice, and three cardinals. The", "id": "9177548" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Fortaleza\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Fortaleza () is an archdiocese located in the city of Fortaleza in Brazil. On June 6, 1854, it was established by Pope Pius IX, as the Diocese of Ceará from the Diocese of Olinda. Formerly a part of the Diocese of Pernambuco, the district was erected into a separate diocese, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Bahia. João Guerino Gomes was named as first bishop but did not accept the appointment. Father Gomes, who was famous in his day both as an orator and as", "id": "5595432" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Lansing\n\n\nThe Catholic Diocese of Lansing () is located in Lansing, Michigan. It encompasses an area of including the counties of Clinton, Eaton, Genesee, Hillsdale, Ingham, Jackson, Lenawee, Livingston, Shiawassee and Washtenaw. It is a suffragan diocese of the ecclesiastical province of Detroit. Pope Pius XI created the Diocese of Lansing May 22, 1937 by taking territory from the Archdiocese of Detroit. In July 1971, Pope Paul VI separated territory from the Lansing Diocese and territory from the Diocese of Grand Rapids to form the", "id": "4281991" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mendoza\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mendoza () is in Argentina and is a metropolitan diocese. Its suffragan sees include Neuquén and San Rafael. On 20 April 1934, Pope Pius XI established the Diocese of Mendoza from the Diocese of San Juan de Cuyo. It lost territory to the Diocese of San Rafael when it was created in 1961. At the same time, the Diocese of Mendoza was elevated to an archdiocese by Pope John XXIII on 10 April 1961./small On 5 May 2017, Kosaka Kumiko, a Japanese-Argentinian nun,", "id": "15288343" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City () is the Roman Catholic diocese for the northwestern quarter of the US state of Iowa. The diocese comprises 24 counties in northwestern Iowa, and it covers an area of . The See city for the diocese is Sioux City. It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The cathedral parish for this diocese is the Epiphany. R. Walker Nickless was ordained as bishop of Sioux City on 20 January 2006. On 24 July, 1900, Pope Leo XIII issued a papal bull", "id": "394842" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis\n\n\nlater period the church first came into the area with the arrival of missionaries and European settlers. The original see was canonically erected by Pope Pius IX on July 19, 1850 as the Diocese of Saint Paul of Minnesota, a suffragan episcopal see of the Archdiocese of Saint Louis. The Diocese's territory was taken from that of Dubuque, and its authority spread over all of Minnesota Territory, which consisted of the area which now composes the states of Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota and also comprises the modern archdiocese's ecclesiastical", "id": "7457113" }, { "contents": "Bishop of Sherborne\n\n\nThe Bishop of Sherborne is an episcopal title which takes its name from the market town of Sherborne in Dorset, England. The see of Sherborne was established in around 705 by St Aldhelm, the Abbot of Malmesbury. This see was the mother diocese of the greater part of southwestern England in Saxon times, but after the Norman Conquest was incorporated into the new Diocese of Salisbury. The title Bishop of Sherborne is now used by the Church of England for a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Salisbury. In 1925, the title", "id": "4184192" }, { "contents": "St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library\n\n\nthe episcopal see to the Archdiocese of Indianapolis and established two new suffragan diocese in Indiana: the Diocese of Evansville and the Diocese of Lafayette. On 14 March 1970 Pope Paul VI raised the status of St. Francis Xavier Cathedral to a basilica. The present Greek Revival-style basilica dates from 1826, making it the oldest Catholic church in Indiana. It was built on or near the site of two earlier churches. The first chapel, a crude structure measuring 22 feet by 66 feet, with log posts, mud daub,", "id": "1660118" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Caserta\n\n\nThe Diocese of Caserta () is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in Campania, southern Italy. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Naples. In 1818 Pope Pius VII united this see with the diocese of Caiazzo, but Pope Pius IX made them separate sees. In 2013 in the diocese of Caserta there was one priest for every 1,703 Catholics. It is not known when Caserta became an episcopal see. The first-known bishop was Ranulfo whose election in 1113 was confirmed by Senne, Archbishop of Capua. \"Erected", "id": "16395150" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Pescia\n\n\nThe Italian Catholic Diocese of Pescia () is in Tuscany. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Pisa. In 1519 Pope Leo X withdrew Pescia from the archdiocese of Lucca, raising it to the dignity of a prelacy nullius; and in 1726 it was made a diocese, suffragan of Pisa. Its first bishop was Bartolommeo Pucci (1728). Others were Francesco Vicenti (1773–1801), and Giulio Serafini. On 25 November 2015, Pope Francis appointed as the new Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pescia,", "id": "15933634" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur\n\n\nLumpur was dedicated to St John the evangelist in 1883, and would be later known as St. John's Cathedral, the Mother Church of Kuala Lumpur. In 1955, the Diocese of Malacca became a Metropolitan Archdiocese, with the newly formed Diocese of Penang and Diocese of Kuala Lumpur as its suffragan sees. Bishop Dominic Vendargon was appointed as the first Bishop of Kuala Lumpur, and was ordained in the same year. In 1972, the Diocese of Kuala Lumpur was elevated into an Archdiocese, with the suffragan dioceses of Penang and", "id": "14666462" }, { "contents": "WESTconsin Credit Union\n\n\nanyone who lives or works in the Wisconsin counties of Barron, Buffalo, Burnett, Chippewa, Clark, Dunn, Eau Claire, Jackson, Pepin, Pierce, Polk, Rusk, St. Croix, Sawyer, Taylor, Trempealeau or Washburn, or the Minnesota counties of Anoka, Chisago, Dakota, Goodhue, Isanti, Ramsey, Wabasha, and Washington with a $5 deposit in a membership share (savings) account. Presently, \"WEST\"consin Credit Union has five fully operational high school offices that are located in Amery,", "id": "1182556" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zamboanga\n\n\nthe future city of Zamboanga. On January 20, 1933, Pope Pius XI divided Mindanao into two areas. Southern Mindanao including the Sulu Archipelago became under the jurisdiction of Zamboanga. Northern Mindanao became under the Diocese of Cagayan de Oro. In 1951 Cagayan de Oro became an archdiocese, the first in the island of Mindanao. All episcopal jurisdictions in Mindanao and Sulu, including Zamboanga, became suffragans of this archdiocese. The Diocese of Zamboanga was further divided when the Prelature Nullius of Davao was established and separated in 1949; the", "id": "18254813" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiavari\n\n\nThe Diocese of Chiavari () is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in Liguria, northern Italy. It was created on 3 December 1892 by Pope Leo XIII in the Bull \"Romani Pontifices\". It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Genoa. Chiavari became an episcopal see in 1892, but until 1896 it was administered by Tommaso Reggio, the Archbishop of Genoa, to which diocese it originally belonged, through his Auxiliary Bishop and Vicar General, Fortunato Vinelli, titular bishop of Epiphania (Cilicia, Ottoman Empire). The", "id": "15328930" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of El Paso\n\n\nwest Texas were served by travelling priests in car and horseback. After Pinto's efforts, Catholic parishes began to flourish in El Paso. On 3 March 1914, Pope Pius X established the Diocese of El Paso as a suffragan see of Santa Fe. The diocese covered nearly in West Texas and southern New Mexico and was created from parts of the dioceses of Dallas, San Antonio and Tucson. Jesuit priest Father John J. Brown was appointed bishop of the newly created diocese on 22 January 1915 but resigned before his scheduled consecration.", "id": "18993686" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai (; ) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the Municipality of Shanghai, China. It was erected on December 13, 1933 as the Apostolic Vicariate of Shanghai by Pope Pius XI, and was later elevated to the rank of a diocese on April 11, 1946 by Pope Pius XII. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Nanking. The diocese's motherchurch and thus seat of its bishop is St. Ignatius Cathedral; it also houses a minor basilica in Sheshan", "id": "15983488" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Parramatta\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Parramatta is a suffragan Latin Church diocese of the Archdiocese of Sydney, established in 1986. The Diocese of Parramatta is an organisation of the Roman Catholic Church, with responsibility for the western suburbs of Sydney and the Blue Mountains, in New South Wales, Australia. St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta, is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Parramatta. On 5 May 2016, Pope Francis appointed Vincent Long Van Nguyen OFM Conv to be its fourth bishop. His installation took place on 16 June 2016", "id": "21254601" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Utah\n\n\nThe Episcopal Diocese of Utah is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States, encompassing the state of Utah, less that part of the Four Corners region which is in the Navajoland Area Mission. It includes a small part of northern Arizona. In 1867, the Episcopal Church was the first Protestant church organized in Utah. The diocesan offices and cathedral, St. Mark's Cathedral, are in Salt Lake City. The current bishop is Scott B. Hayashi, whose consecration took place on November 6, 2010 and was installed", "id": "17667064" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Scranton\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Scranton is a suffragan see of Archdiocese of Philadelphia, established on March 3, 1868. The seat of the bishop is St. Peter's Cathedral in Scranton, PA. Other cities in the diocese are Wilkes-Barre, Williamsport, Hazleton, Nanticoke, Carbondale, and Pittston. The diocese comprises Lackawanna, Luzerne, Bradford, Susquehanna, Wayne, Tioga, Sullivan, Wyoming, Lycoming, Pike, and Monroe counties, all in the northeastern part of Pennsylvania. The area of the diocese is .", "id": "10915059" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Chalan Kanoa\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Chalan Kanoa () is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the United States. It comprises the territory of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and is a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Agaña. The diocese was canonically erected on 8 November 1984 by Pope John Paul II. Its territories were taken from the archdiocese based in Guam. The Diocese of Chalan Kanoa is led by a prelate bishop who pastors the mother church, the Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral on Saipan.", "id": "5619001" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Mantua\n\n\nThe Diocese of Mantua () is a see of the Catholic Church in Italy. It was erected in 804, and is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Milan. The diocese has produced one Pope and (Latin) Patriarch of Constantinople, and two cardinals. The diocese's motherchurch and thus seat of its bishop is the Cathedral of S. Pietro Apostolo; Mantua also contains the Basilica of Sant'Andrea. The last Bishop of Mantua iss Gianmarco Busca, appointed by Pope Francis on June 3, 2016. The bishops emeriti are Egidio", "id": "9176744" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu\n\n\nafter its see. On 31 May 1976 the vicariate was elevated to a full Diocese of Kota Kinabalu, suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kuching. The diocese lost territories twice, to create its present suffragans : On 23 May 2008, the diocese was elevated to Metropolitan Archdiocese, whose ecclesiastical province comprises the above suffragan dioceses, both formerly part of the original territory of the diocese of Kota Kinabalu: the Diocese of Keningau and the Diocese of Sandakan. On 21 June 2010, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Rev.", "id": "11660795" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle\n\n\nthe diocese in 1850, Pius IX appointed Bishop William Hogarth, Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District, to be the first bishop of the diocese. The Parish Church of Saint Mary, Newcastle upon Tyne, designed by Augustus Welby Pugin, was selected as the seat for the new bishop, gaining cathedral status. In 1924, Pope Pius XI withdrew the old counties of Cumberland and Westmorland to incorporate them into a newly created Diocese of Lancaster. For this reason, the Lancaster diocese still considers St Cuthbert as one of its principal", "id": "6620884" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac\n\n\nof the Diocese of Wisconsin. In 1870, Fond du Lac was the second largest city in Wisconsin. The remaining counties continued as the Diocese of Wisconsin until 1888, when it was renamed the Diocese of Milwaukee. In 1875, after three elections, John Henry Hobart Brown accepted election as first bishop and was consecrated December 15, 1875 at St. John's Episcopal Church, Cohoes, New York. Brown declared the city of Fond du Lac and St. Paul's Church as the episcopal See. The other viable location was Christ", "id": "2071144" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac\n\n\nThe Diocese of Fond du Lac is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, encompassing the northeastern third of Wisconsin. The diocese contains about 5,700 baptized members worshipping in 37 locations. It is part of Province 5 (the upper Midwest). Diocesan offices are in Appleton, Wisconsin. The Diocesan Archives are maintained in Grafton Hall behind the Cathedral in Fond du Lac. Matthew Gunter is its bishop. The roots of the Diocese of Fond du Lac begin in 1822 when the Oneida Indians, removing from", "id": "2071141" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Spiš\n\n\nThe Diocese of Spiš (, ) is a Roman Catholic diocese in northern Slovakia. It covers central and eastern parts of the Žilina Region and western part of the Prešov Region. Its seat is in Spišská Kapitula; the diocese covers an area of 7,802 km² with 583,633 people of which 76.6% are of Catholic faith (2004). The current bishop is Štefan Sečka. The diocese was established on 13 March 1776 as a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Esztergom. In 1804, its metropolitan was changed to the Archdiocese of Eger", "id": "12385676" }, { "contents": "Bishop of Salford\n\n\n-Elizabethan English dioceses of which one of these was the diocese of Salford and went on to take up the reins of part of the former Vicariate Apostolic of the Lancashire District. In the early period from 1850 the diocese was a suffragan of the Metropolitan See of Westminster, but a further development was its assignment under Pope Pius X, on 28 October 1911, to a newly created Province of Liverpool. At the diocese's creation the territory assigned to it was the hundreds of Salford and Blackburn. The diocese currently covers an", "id": "3729210" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Dodge City\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Dodge City () is a Roman Catholic diocese covering twenty-eight counties in Kansas. Pope Pius XII created the diocese on May 19, 1951. John B. Brungardt was appointed Bishop of Dodge City in December 2010. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dodge City encompasses 23,000-square-miles, and 50 parishes in 28 counties. It was established in 1951 from parts of the Diocese of Wichita, the Diocese of Leavenworth, and the Vicariate Apostolic of the Indian Territory established July 19, 1850. At that", "id": "17635532" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux Falls\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux Falls () is a Roman Catholic diocese in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It comprises that part of South Dakota east of the Missouri River. The current bishop of the diocese is Bishop Paul J. Swain. It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The See city for the diocese is Sioux Falls. The cathedral parish is St. Joseph Cathedral. On August 12, 1879 Pope Leo XIII established the Vicariate Apostolic of Dakota from territory taken from the Diocese of", "id": "18993545" } ]

[ { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior () encompasses the city of Superior and the counties of Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, Iron, Lincoln, Oneida, Price, Polk, Rusk, Sawyer, St. Croix, Taylor, Vilas, and Washburn in northern Wisconsin, with an area of . Its episcopal see is Superior, and the Cathedral of Christ the King in Superior is its mother church. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. The diocese was established on May 3, 1905 by", "id": "9474213" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nPope Pius X. It was created from the northern part of the Diocese of La Crosse and the northwestern part of the Diocese of Green Bay, with Augustine Francis Schinner as the first bishop. Prior to the official founding of the diocese in 1905, there had already been a rich history of Catholicism in the region. Centuries earlier, Catholic missionaries had forged a dynamic presence throughout the Lake Superior region of Wisconsin. The early history of Catholicism in the state of Wisconsin started within the territory that the Diocese of Superior now encompasses,", "id": "9474214" }, { "contents": "List of museums in Wisconsin\n\n\nMarathon, Marquette, Menominee, Milwaukee, Oconto, Ozaukee, Racine, Sheboygan Counties in the north central and northwest area: Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, Florence, Forest, Iron, Langlade, Lincoln, Oneida, Polk, Price, Rusk, Sawyer, Taylor, Vilas, Washburn South central and southwest area along the Mississippi and Chippewa rivers: Buffalo, Chippewa, Crawford, Dunn, Eau Claire, Grant, Jackson, La Crosse, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Trempealeau, Vernon South", "id": "7014980" }, { "contents": "Augustine Francis Schinner\n\n\nserved for one year as pastor of St. Hubertus parish at Hubertus, Wisconsin. From 1887 to 1893 he was a member of the faculty of St. Francis Seminary. From 1893 to 1905, he served as chancellor and vicar general of the archdiocese of Milwaukee, appointed by Archbishop Frederick Katzer. The Diocese of Superior was established on May 3, 1905, formed from portions of the Diocese of Green Bay and the Diocese of La Crosse. On May 13, 1905, Pope Pius X appointed Schinner the first Bishop of the newly", "id": "5250913" }, { "contents": "United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin\n\n\nheld at Madison. The district comprises the following counties: Adams, Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Buffalo, Burnett, Chippewa, Clark, Columbia, Crawford, Dane, Douglas, Dunn, Eau Claire, Grant, Green, Iowa, Iron, Jackson, Jefferson, Juneau, La Crosse, Lafayette, Lincoln, Marathon, Monroe, Oneida, Pepin, Pierce, Polk, Portage, Price, Richland, Rock, Rusk, Sauk, St. Croix, Sawyer, Taylor, Trempealeau, Vernon, Vilas, Washburn and", "id": "19092884" }, { "contents": "2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin\n\n\na total of 18,787 sq mi. The district contains the following counties: Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Chippewa, Clark (partial), Douglas, Iron, Langlade (partial), Lincoln, Marathon, Oneida, Polk, Portage, Price, Rusk, St. Croix, Sawyer, Taylor, Washburn and Wood. The district is currently represented by Sean Duffy, a Republican. The PVI of the district is R+8. Duffy is running for reelection. The 8th congressional district includes Green Bay and Appleton. It", "id": "2566179" }, { "contents": "Augustine Francis Schinner\n\n\nAugustine Francis Schinner (May 1, 1863 – February 7, 1937) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the first Bishop of the Diocese of Superior, Wisconsin (1905-1913) and first Bishop of the Diocese of Spokane, Washington (1914-1925). Schinner was educated at St. Francis Seminary in Wisconsin, and was ordained to the priesthood on March 7, 1886, by Archbishop Michael Heiss of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee at the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist. He", "id": "5250912" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of La Crosse\n\n\nthe Workman. The Diocese of La Crosse was established by Pope Pius IX on March 3, 1868, from territory that was taken from what was then the Diocese of Milwaukee. It included the part of Wisconsin lying north and west of the Wisconsin River. Michael Heiss, then head of St. Francis Seminary, Milwaukee, was named the first bishop of the La Crosse episcopal see. On May 3, 1905, the territory of the Dioceses of La Crosse and Green Bay was brought together to form the Diocese of Superior,", "id": "6320305" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nuntil the formation of the Diocese of Lacrosse, and the Diocese of Green Bay, which then served the northern region. Finally, in 1905, the Diocese of Superior was created by Pope Pius X, encompassing 16 counties in northern Wisconsin. The oldest Catholic congregation in the state of Wisconsin (in continuous operation to the present-day) is within the Diocese of Superior. On July 27, 1836, Fr. Frederic Baraga arrived at La Pointe, and immediately set to work, building a log church. Fr.", "id": "9474218" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Spokane\n\n\n, Pope Pius IX created the Diocese of Nesqually out of the defunct Walla Walla diocese. The episcopal see was subsequently moved to Seattle, and the diocese was renamed the Diocese of Seattle in 1907. With a growing population in Spokane and other areas of Eastern Washington, church leadership in Seattle realized that a new diocese needed to be formed, and the Diocese of Spokane was canonically erected by Pope Pius X on December 17, 1913. The diocese's first bishop was Augustine Francis Schinner, the bishop emeritus of the Diocese of", "id": "6861839" }, { "contents": "Wisconsin Senate, District 25\n\n\nThe 25th District of the Wisconsin Senate is located in far north-western Wisconsin, and is currently composed of part or all of Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, Iron, Price, Sawyer, Vilas and Washburn counties. The district area is a mostly rural, and covers more land and more counties than any other district in Wisconsin. Janet Bewley is the senator serving the 25th district. She was elected to a four-year term in 2014. Before serving as a senator, she held an office", "id": "19471671" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nBaraga, like the Jesuit missionaries before him, had success evangelizing the native people. His congregation at La Pointe grew, and also included many early European immigrants, primarily French Fur Traders. In 1838, Fr. Baraga built a larger church at La Pointe, on the spot of the present-day location of \"St. Joseph's Catholic Church\". The first Bishop to serve the Diocese of Superior was Augustine Francis Schinner, who was consecrated as Bishop on July 25, 1905. Bishop Schinner faced many challenges, as", "id": "9474219" }, { "contents": "Augustine Francis Schinner\n\n\ncreated diocese. He was ordained a bishop on July 25, 1905. Traveling by train with an entourage of over 60 priests from Milwaukee, he arrived at Ashland, Wisconsin, traveled to the Apostle Islands on a short boat tour, and then continued on to Superior. There were 39 diocesan priests, 17 religious order priests serving 38,861 Catholics in 43 parishes with resident pastors, and 50 missions and 33 stations. For Catholic schools, there was 1 high school, 16 elementary and 2 boarding schools with a total enrollment of", "id": "5250914" }, { "contents": "Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway\n\n\nthe Mississippi River, it lies within parts of eight counties in Wisconsin: Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, Pierce, Polk, St. Croix, Sawyer, and Washburn; and three in Minnesota: Chisago, Pine, and Washington. The upper St. Croix is a nationally renowned smallmouth bass fishery. Other fish species present in the riverway include walleye, northern pike, sturgeon, muskellunge, and catfish. The Namekagon River upstream of Hayward, Wisconsin is well known for its brown and brook trout fishing. Besides fishing, the riverway", "id": "10086875" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Sacramento\n\n\nmother church of the diocese, the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament. Originally a major part of the defunct Grass Valley Diocese (which included several counties in northern California and Nevada), the present-day diocese was established by Pope Leo XIII on May 28, 1886. Today, the See of Sacramento remains a ceremonial suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of the Archdiocese of San Francisco. Its fellow suffragans include the Dioceses of Honolulu, Las Vegas, Oakland, Reno, Salt Lake City, San Jose, Santa Rosa and Stockton", "id": "4599392" }, { "contents": "Saint Raphael's Cathedral (Madison, Wisconsin)\n\n\nthe state capitol. In 1853, Father Francis Etchmann began constructing the most recent church building. The cornerstone was laid on May 28, 1854 by Bishop John Henni of the Diocese of Milwaukee. He dedicated the new building because the parish was under his jurisdiction at the time. The spire and bells were added in 1885. On January 9, 1946, Pope Pius XII created the Diocese of Madison for an 11-county area in the southwestern part of the state. Territory was taken from the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and the Diocese of", "id": "1920566" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Bathurst in Australia\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Bathurst (in Australia) is a Latin Church suffragan diocese of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sydney, established in 1865, covering the Central West and Orana regions of New South Wales, Australia. The Cathedral of St Michael and St John the Baptist is the episcopal see of the Bishop of Bathurst, presently Michael McKenna. The Diocese of Bathurst was erected by Pope Pius IX on 20 June 1865. Prior to this date, the area was considered within the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Sydney, its present", "id": "21254493" }, { "contents": "Joseph Maria Koudelka\n\n\n29, 1907, Pope Pius X appointed him auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Cleveland and he was ordained on February 25, 1908 with a special ministry to the Slavic community. On June 24, 1911 Pope Pius X appointed him auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. He was ordained as the first auxiliary bishop of Milwaukee on September 4, 1911. On August 6, 1913, Pope Pius X appointed Koudelka the second bishop of the Diocese of Superior. He was installed at the pro-cathedral of Sacred Heart in", "id": "18330746" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee\n\n\nThe Archdiocese of Milwaukee () is a Roman Catholic archdiocese headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the United States. It encompasses the City of Milwaukee, as well as the counties of Dodge, Fond du Lac, Kenosha, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Racine, Sheboygan, Walworth, Washington and Waukesha, all located in Wisconsin. The Archdiocese of Milwaukee is the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province of Milwaukee, which includes the suffragan dioceses of Green Bay, La Crosse, Madison, and Superior. , Jerome Edward Listecki is the Archbishop", "id": "9546478" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo () is a Roman Catholic diocese covering nineteen counties in northwestern Ohio. It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. The See city for the diocese is Toledo. The eighth and current Bishop of Toledo is Daniel Edward Thomas. Our Lady, Queen of the Most Holy Rosary Cathedral is the mother church of the diocese. Saint Pius X erected the diocese April 15, 1910, in territory taken from the Diocese of Cleveland. The arms of the See of Toledo are based upon", "id": "6750935" }, { "contents": "Wisconsin's 7th congressional district\n\n\nWisconsin's 7th congressional district is a congressional district of the United States House of Representatives in northwestern and central Wisconsin; it is the largest congressional district in the state geographically, covering 20 counties (in whole or part), for a total of 18,787 sq mi. The district contains the following counties: Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, St. Croix, Chippewa (partial), Clark, Douglas, Florence, Forest, Iron, Jackson (partial), Juneau (partial), Langlade, Lincoln, Marathon,", "id": "8780919" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Juárez\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Juárez () is located in the northern Mexican city of the same name, across the Río Grande from El Paso, Texas. It is part of the ecclesiastical province of Chihuahua and is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Chihuahua . The Diocese of Ciudad Juárez was erected by Pope Pius XII on 10 April 1957 from the Diocese of Chihuahua because of the population growth in the northern part of the state of Chihuahua. Pope Pius named Manuel Talamás Camandari as the first bishop, and by 1966", "id": "13992785" }, { "contents": "Superior, Wisconsin\n\n\nSuperior come from the Duluth market: Superior is the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior, and the Cathedral of Christ the King in Superior is the mother church of the diocese. Saint Francis Xavier Catholic Church, located in the East End of Superior, has been noted for its architecture. Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church is the only congregation of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod located in Superior. It recently moved from its original location on Belknap Street to a new campus on North 28th Street. Pilgrim Lutheran Church is located", "id": "4103054" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Uromi\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Uromi (\"Dioecesis Uromiensis\") in Uromi, Edo State, Nigeria was created on December 14, 2005, when it was split off from the Archdiocese of Benin City. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Benin City. Its first bishop was Augustine Obiora Akubeze (who was named Archbishop of Benin City in March 2011). The St Anthony of Padua church in Uromi was selected to be its cathedral. The canonical erection of the diocese and the episcopal ordination of the bishop took", "id": "2286692" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Fairbanks\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Fairbanks () is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the northwestern United States, comprising the northern regions of the state of Alaska. It is led by a bishop who serves as pastor of the mother church, Sacred Heart Cathedral in the City of Fairbanks. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Anchorage. The See of Fairbanks was established from the Prefecture Apostolic of Alaska on July 27, 1894, which was created from the Diocese of Vancouver Island. It was", "id": "7747608" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Peterborough\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Peterborough () is a suffragan Latin diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kingston, Ontario that includes part of the federal Province of Ontario in inland Canada. Its episcopal see is the Cathedral of Saint Peter-in-Chains in Peterborough, Ontario. On March 10, 2017, the Pope named former Hamilton Auxiliary Bishop Daniel J. Miehm as the new Bishop of Peterborough. Established on 25 January 1874 as Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Canada, on territory split off from the Diocese of Kingston", "id": "5387249" }, { "contents": "Catholic Diocese of Guiratinga\n\n\nThe Diocese of Guiratinga (Dioecesis Guiratingensis) was a former ecclesiastical circumscription of the Catholic Church in Brazil, belonging to the Ecclesiastical Province of Cuiabá and the West II Regional Bishops' Council of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil, being a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Cuiabá. The episcopal see is the Cathedral St. John the Baptist in the city of Guiratinga in the state of Mato Grosso. The Prelature Registry Araguaia (Territorialis Praelatura Registrensis or Territorialis Praelatura registration Araguaia) was erected on May 12, 1914 by Pope Pius X", "id": "4926427" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire\n\n\nThe Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America encompassing the northwestern third of Wisconsin. It is part of Province 5 (the upper Midwest). The faith community comprises 20 interdependent congregations, mostly small and rural. The see and diocesan offices are in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, with Christ Church Cathedral as the mother church. Christ Church in La Crosse is the largest church in the diocese. The roots of the Diocese of Eau Claire begin in 1822 when the Oneida Indians", "id": "2071071" }, { "contents": "Bishop of Motherwell\n\n\nCumbernauld and the area of Auchinloch) and South Lanarkshire. The diocese, along with the Diocese of Paisley, was erected as a Suffragan See by the Apostolic Constitution \"Maxime interest\" on 25 May 1947. The new See took part of the Archdiocese of Glasgow (becoming its Suffragan See) and part of the Diocese of Galloway. At present the diocese is vacant. The most recent Bishop of Motherwell was the Right Reverend Joseph Devine, whose resignation was accepted by Pope Francis on 30 May 2013. On Tuesday 29 April", "id": "3729293" }, { "contents": "Wisconsin Senate, District 28\n\n\nBayfield), Pepin, Pierce, Polk, and St. Croix Counties. The first Senator from the 28th was William Wilson of Menomonie, who served in the 1857 session (the tenth session of the Wisconsin Legislature). The district has also been represented by: As of the redistricting of 1861, the 28th now consisted of Ashland, Burnett, Dallas (later renamed Barron), Douglas, La Pointe (later renamed Bayfield), Pierce, Polk, and St. Croix counties (it was not changed in the redistricting of", "id": "2063122" }, { "contents": "List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Northern Ireland\n\n\nIn the Roman Catholic Church, the entirety of Northern Ireland is comprehended by the ecclesiastical province of Armagh. The eponymous archdiocese and five of its suffragan dioceses cover the area of Northern Ireland. The diocesan and archdiocesan boundaries are not coterminous with the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Only two dioceses are entirely contained within Northern Ireland: Down and Connor and the Diocese of Dromore. Three dioceses and the Archdiocese of Armagh straddle the border. The Archdiocese and its suffragans are all part of the Episcopal conference of Ireland", "id": "14015256" }, { "contents": "Anglican Bishop of Nottingham\n\n\nThe Anglican Bishop of Nottingham was an episcopal title used by a Church of England suffragan bishop. The title took its name after the county town of Nottingham and was first created under the Suffragan Bishops Act 1534. Until 1837, Nottingham had been part of the Diocese of York, when it then became part of the Diocese of Lincoln. With the creation of the Diocese of Southwell in 1884, Nottingham became part of that diocese, but the then- (and final) bishop remained suffragan to Lincoln. Since 2005, Nottingham gives", "id": "20176138" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Motherwell\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Motherwell () is an ecclesiastical diocese of the Catholic Church in Scotland. The diocese, which was erected on 25 May 1947 by Pope Pius XII from the Archdiocese of Glasgow, along with the Diocese of Paisley which was erected on the same day, remains one of two suffragan sees under the Archdiocese. On Tuesday 29 April 2014 - the Feast of St Catherine of Siena - Pope Francis appointed Joseph Toal as the fifth Bishop of Motherwell. In 2004, the Catholic population, proportionately the largest in", "id": "16456386" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nnative people, and baptized over 1,000 converts. During this time, the region was being overseen by French Catholic leaders in Quebec, which became a diocese in 1674, encompassing all of North America east of the Mississippi River. In 1791, the region was transferred to the Diocese of Baltimore, which was the first Catholic diocese created in the then-newly formed United States. In 1843, the Diocese of Milwaukee was established, and consisted of the entire state of Wisconsin. Northern Wisconsin remained within the Diocese of Milwaukee,", "id": "9474217" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee\n\n\nEpiscopal Diocese of Milwaukee, originally the Diocese of Wisconsin is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America located in the southern area of Wisconsin. It is in Province V (for the Midwest region). The Rt. Reverend Steven Miller is the bishop. The see city is Milwaukee. Cathedral Church of All Saints, Milwaukee is the mother church. The diocese was formed after Jackson Kemper was named the Episcopal Church's first missionary bishop and oversaw the church's mission to the Northwest Territories from 1835 to", "id": "2071175" }, { "contents": "Joseph G. Pinten\n\n\nvicar general, in 1919 purchased dormitory property of Northern Normal College and donated it to the diocese to use as a church with conditions that it be named after Saint Michael and that the new parish build a school. On November 30, 1921, Pope Benedict XV appointed Pinten the third bishop of the Superior Diocese. He was ordained bishop on May 3, 1922 at St. Peter Cathedral with Archbishop Sebastian Messmer of Milwaukee presiding. The next day an enthronement ceremony was held a Sacred Heart pro-cathedral in Superior. After his", "id": "18330981" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph\n\n\nXIII established the Diocese of Kansas City, with territories taken from the Archdiocese of St. Louis. Its first bishop was John Joseph Hogan. On July 2, 1956, the diocese incorporated part of the territory of the Diocese of Saint Joseph, which had been established by Pope Pius IX on March 3, 1868. On the same date in 1956 part of the Diocese of Kansas City's territory went to establish the Diocese of Jefferson City and the Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau. The diocese received its present name and boundaries", "id": "13839607" }, { "contents": "Bishop of Kerry\n\n\nThe Bishop of Kerry is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kerry, one of the suffragan dioceses of the Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly in Ireland. The Episcopal see changed its name from Ardfert and Aghadoe to Kerry on 20 December 1952. The bishop's seat (Cathedra) is located at the Cathedral Church Saint Mary, Killarney. The current bishop is the Most Reverend Raymond Browne who was appointed Bishop of Kerry by Pope Francis on 2 May 2013 and received episcopal consecration at St Mary's Cathedral, Killarney on 21", "id": "20835420" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle\n\n\nas a result by 1850 the Diocese of Walla Walla was abandoned and its merged-in territory administered from Oregon City. On May 31, 1850, Pope Pius IX created the Diocese of Nesqually out of the defunct Walla Walla diocese, with Augustin Blanchet as bishop. In January 1851, Augustin Blanchet dedicated St. James Church near Fort Vancouver as the new diocese's cathedral. A new St. James Cathedral was built in Vancouver, Washington in 1885. In 1903 Bishop Edward O'Dea, realizing that Vancouver was no longer the economic and", "id": "6861805" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\n\n\nthe head of the new diocese, including the need to recruit priests to serve the growing number of parishes throughout the diocese. By the time Bishop Schinner resigned as the bishop of Superior in 1913, he saw the pool of priests grow from 39 diocesan priests in 1905 to 62 in 1913. Today, there are now 105 parishes within the Diocese of Superior. The following is a list of the Roman Catholic Bishops of the Diocese of Superior and their years of service: The Diocese of Superior has a membership of 73,638 Catholics", "id": "9474220" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Oakland\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Oakland () is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Northern California. The diocese comprises Alameda and Contra Costa Counties in the San Francisco Bay Area. The Cathedral of Christ the Light serves as the bishop's seat, replacing the Cathedral of Saint Francis de Sales which was demolished after the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989. Once a part of the Archdiocese of San Francisco, the Diocese of Oakland remains a suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of San Francisco. Its fellow suffragans include the", "id": "4599275" }, { "contents": "Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle\n\n\ndioceses which did not formally claim any continuity with the pre-Elizabethan English dioceses were created. The Vicariate Apostolic of the Northern District was duly elevated to diocese status as the Diocese of Hexham. On 23 May 1861 the diocese became the Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle. In the early period from 1850 the diocese was a suffragan of the Metropolitan See of Westminster, but under Pope Pius X, on 28 October 1911, it was assigned to the newly created Province of Liverpool. The present diocese covers an area of 7,700 km²", "id": "3501975" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee\n\n\n1859. He became provisional bishop of Wisconsin from 1847 to 1854 and first bishop of the Diocese of Wisconsin from 1854 to 1870. In 1875, the Diocese of Fond du Lac was created to serve the northeastern 26 counties of the state. The Diocese of Eau Claire, was carved out of the diocese in 1928 for the counties in the northwestern part of Wisconsin. The Diocese of Wisconsin became the Diocese of Milwaukee in 1886. Over the last few years the membership has declined from 15,000 to 11,000. Nashotah House, in", "id": "2071176" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson\n\n\nThe Diocese of Paterson is a diocese of the Roman Rite of the Latin Catholic Church in the United States, which includes three counties in northern New Jersey: Passaic, Morris, and Sussex. The city of Paterson, third-largest in the state of New Jersey, was chosen as the episcopal see, even though the vast majority of diocesan territory lies west of the city. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Newark, and is part of Region III of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. The", "id": "14672461" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay () was established on March 3, 1868, by Pope Pius IX. It covers the city of Green Bay, as well as Brown, Calumet, Door, Florence, Forest, Kewaunee, Langlade, Manitowoc, Marinette, Menominee, Oconto, Outagamie, Shawano, Waupaca, Waushara and Winnebago counties in Wisconsin. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. The earliest trace of the Catholic faith in the Green Bay area was in 1634. Jesuits followed Jean Nicolet to", "id": "9417148" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Shreveport\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Shreveport () is a Roman Catholic diocese covering the parishes of northern Louisiana, and a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of New Orleans. Its bishop is part of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and belongs to Conference Region V (which includes Alabama, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee). Its mother church is the Cathedral of Saint John Berchmans, in Shreveport. The Diocese of Shreveport was canonically erected on June 16, 1986 when Pope John Paul II split the former Diocese of", "id": "18926928" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids () is a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in western Michigan, in the United States. It comprises 102 churches in 11 counties in West Michigan. It is a suffragan see to the Archdiocese of Detroit. The mother church of the diocese is the Cathedral of Saint Andrew. On April 18, 2013, Pope Francis accepted Bishop Walter A. Hurley's resignation and appointed the Rev. David J. Walkowiak to be the twelfth Bishop of Grand Rapids. The diocese was created from territory taken from", "id": "221824" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Suacia\n\n\nThe Diocese of Svač (, , ) was a bishopric with see in the town of Svač (Latinized as Suacia), which is today the village lying to the east of Ulcinj in Montenegro that is called in Serbian Шас, in Croat Šas and in Albanian Shas. The area was part of the late Roman province of Dalmatia Superior, and the Catholic Church, which includes the diocese in its list of Latin titular sees, accordingly treats it as a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Doclea. The diocese of Svač (", "id": "4011385" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Bismarck\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Bismarck () is a Roman Catholic diocese in North Dakota. The current bishop of the diocese is Bishop David Kagan. It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The See city for the diocese is Bismarck. The Cathedral parish of the diocese is Cathedral of the Holy Spirit. On December 31, 1909 Saint Pius X established the Diocese of Bismarck. Its territory was taken from the Diocese of Fargo. The list of bishops of the diocese and their terms of service", "id": "18993019" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Fiesole\n\n\nThe Diocese of Fiesole () is a Roman Catholic diocese in Tuscany, central Italy, whose episcopal see is the city of Fiesole. Fiesole was directly subject to the pope until 1420, when the archdiocese of Florence was created and Fiesole was made one of its suffragan bishops. It is still a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archbishopric of Florence. According to local legend the Gospel was first preached at Fiesole by Messius Romulus, said to have been a disciple of St. Peter. Documentary evidence, however, is from the 9th and", "id": "3288239" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bangalore () is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in India. It was erected as the Diocese of Bangalore on 13 February 1940 by Pope Pius XII, and elevated to the rank of a metropolitan archdiocese on 19 September 1953, with the suffragan sees of Belgaum, Bellary, Chikmagalur, Gulbarga, Karwar, Mangalore, Udupi, Mysore, and Shimoga. The archdiocese's mother church and thus seat of its archbishop is the St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral; Bangalore also houses", "id": "9571833" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Rapid City\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Rapid City () is a Roman Catholic diocese in western South Dakota, United States. The current bishop of the diocese is Bishop Robert Dwayne Gruss. It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The See city for the diocese is Rapid City. The Cathedral parish is the Cathedral of Our Lady of Perpetual Help. On August 6, 1902 Saint Pius X established the diocese as the Diocese of Lead. Its territory was taken from the Diocese of Sioux Falls. The", "id": "18993239" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong is a suffragan Latin Rite diocese of the Archdiocese of Sydney, established in 1951, covering the Illawarra and Southern Highlands regions of New South Wales, Australia. St Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Wollongong is the seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Wollongong, currently Brian Mascord. On 15 November 1951, Pope Pius XII announced that a new diocese would be created from the two archdioceses of Sydney and Canberra & Goulburn. To be named Wollongong, the diocese was officially established on 11 February 1952.", "id": "21254634" }, { "contents": "Cathedral of Christ the King (Superior, Wisconsin)\n\n\nThe Cathedral of Christ the King is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior in Superior, Wisconsin. It was named in honor of Christ the King. The building is located at 1111 Belknap Street in Superior. When the Diocese of Superior was established in 1905 Sacred Heart church, which had been established in the 1880s, was designated the pro-cathedral. Sacred Heart continued in this function until 1926. The cathedral construction project was announced in February 1926 and the groundbreaking occurred on June 23, 1926. Bishop", "id": "2884619" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana\n\n\nsuffragan sees were erected in Indiana and Illinois. In 1843 the Illinois portion of the diocese became the Diocese of Chicago. On 8 January 1857 the northern half of Indiana comprised the Diocese of Fort Wayne. On 28 March 1898 the episcopal diocese was transferred from Vincennes to Indianapolis, and the Diocese of Vincennes became the Diocese of Indianapolis. In 1944 Pope Pius XII elevated the Indianapolis diocese to an archdiocese and founded two new Indiana dioceses: the Diocese of Evansville and the Diocese of Lafayette. The city of Vincennes, the former", "id": "4928244" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary () is a particular church of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States of America. It was founded on December 17, 1956, by Pope Pius XII. It is one of four suffragan dioceses of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis. Its ecclesiastic territory includes Lake, Porter, LaPorte, and Starke counties in northwestern Indiana. The mother church of the diocese is the Cathedral of the Holy Angels in Gary, Indiana. During the first half of the 20th century, many Catholic immigrants", "id": "17635414" }, { "contents": "Red Cedar River (Wisconsin)\n\n\nThe Red Cedar River in northwestern Wisconsin is a tributary of the Chippewa River. According to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the river flows approximately 100 miles from southwestern Sawyer County to its confluence with the Chippewa southeast of Dunnville in southern Dunn County. It drains portions of eight Wisconsin counties: Barron, Chippewa, Dunn, Polk, Rusk, St. Croix, Sawyer, and Washburn. Important tributaries include the Chetek River and the Hay River. Important settlements along the river's course include Cameron, Rice Lake, Colfax,", "id": "2013455" }, { "contents": "St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library\n\n\n, he chose Indianapolis, the state capital of Indiana and the largest city in the diocese, as the new seat of the episcopal see. Between 1837 and 1882 seventy-five priests were ordained at St. Francis Xavier, including Michael E. Shawe, the first priest ordained in Indiana. In 1898 the episcopal see was moved to Indianapolis and it became the Diocese of Indianapolis. Bishop Chatard was its first bishop. St. Francis Xavier remained under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Indianapolis from 1898 to 1944, when Pope Pius XII elevated", "id": "1660117" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Lincoln\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Lincoln () is a Catholic diocese in Nebraska, United States, and comprises the majority of the eastern and central portions of the state south of the Platte River. It is a suffragan see to the Archdiocese of Omaha. The episcopal see is in Lincoln, Nebraska. Bishop James D. Conley is the current ordinary of the Diocese. The Cathedral of the Risen Christ is the cathedral parish of the diocese. The diocese was established on August 2, 1887, by Pope Leo XIII from the territory", "id": "18992119" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paraná\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paraná () is a metropolitan diocese. Its suffragan sees include Concordia and Gualeguaychú. On 13 June 1859, Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of Paraná from the Diocese of Buenos Aires. It lost territory to the Diocese of Santa Fe when it was created in 1897 and the Diocese of Corrientes in 1910. The Diocese of Paraná was elevated to an archdiocese by Pope Pius XI on 20 April 1934. It lost territory two more times when the dioceses of Gualeguaychú (1957) and Concordia (1961", "id": "14584212" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana\n\n\nDiocese of Indianapolis. Pope Pius XII elevated the Indianapolis diocese to an archdiocese in 1944, and erected two new Indiana dioceses: the Diocese of Evansville and the Diocese of Lafayette. The Diocese of Gary, Indiana, was erected in 1956. The Evansville Diocese absorbed the city of Vincennes upon its creation. The first four Bishops of Vincennes resided at the seat of the episcopal diocese in Vincennes. Their remains are buried in the crypt of St. Francis Xavier Basilica, Vincennes. Bishop Chatard, who resided in Indianapolis and also served", "id": "4928227" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumba\n\n\nThe Diocese of Kumba (Latin: \"Diocesis Kumbana;\" French: \"Diocèse de Kumba\") is a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the African country of Cameroon. Headquartered in Kumba, the diocesan cathedral is the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart and its bishop is Agapitus Enuyehnyoh Nfon. The diocese was created on 15 March 2016 by Pope Francis from territory in the Diocese of Buéa, and it is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Bamenda. On 15 March 2016, Pope Francis established the Diocese of Kumba", "id": "4860060" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Grass Valley\n\n\nThe Diocese of Grass Valley () now a titular see, was formerly a residential diocese of the Catholic Church located in northeastern California, United States. The diocese also included most of Nevada, and, early in its history, Utah and part of Colorado. The particular church that became the Diocese of Grass Valley was erected in by Pope Pius IX in 1860 as the Vicariate Apostolic of Marysville from territory formerly belonging to the Archdiocese of San Francisco, of which it was a suffragan see. In 1868, the see city", "id": "1681182" }, { "contents": "James Patrick Powers\n\n\nJames Patrick Powers (born February 6, 1953) is an American prelate of the Catholic Church and the eleventh bishop of the Diocese of Superior, Wisconsin. Powers was born in Baldwin, Wisconsin on February 6, 1953. He graduated from St. Croix Central High School, in Hammond, Wisconsin, and from Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Powers was ordained a priest of the Superior Diocese on May 20, 1990. He served as administrator of the diocese from December 2014 to February 2016,", "id": "11695981" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro\n\n\nThe Italian Latin Catholic Diocese of (Diano-)Teggiano-Policastro (), in Campania, has existed since 1850, under its present name since 1986. In that year the Diocese of Diano-Teggiano was united with the diocese of Policastro. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno. Its cathedral episcopal see is the Marian Cattedrale di S. Maria Maggiore e S. Michele Arcangelo, in Teggiano. The current bishop is Antonio De Luca. On 29 September 1850, Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of", "id": "18017079" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth is a Latin Church Roman Catholic diocese in England. The episcopal see is in the city of Plymouth, Devon, where the bishop's seat (cathedra) is located at the Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Boniface. Erected as the Diocese of Plymouth in 1850 by Pope Pius IX, from the Apostolic Vicariate of the Western District, the diocese has remained jurisdictionally constant since. Since 1965, the diocese has been a suffragan see of the Ecclesiastical Province of Southwark; before then, from", "id": "8307114" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson (, ) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the southwestern region of the United States. It is a suffragan see of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santa Fe. The diocese was recently led by its seventh bishop, Most Reverend Gerald Frederick Kicanas, who retired on October 3, 2017. The See city for the diocese is Tucson, Arizona, and its cathedral parish is the St. Augustine. Another church of special interest is the Mission San Xavier del Bac, also", "id": "7747261" }, { "contents": "Diocese of Rochester\n\n\n) were added to Rochester, while all West Kent parishes except those in the Rochester Deanery were transferred to the Diocese of Canterbury. In May 1877, Essex and Hertfordshire became part of the newly created Diocese of St Albans. On 1 August 1877, the Diocese of Rochester gained some northern parts of Surrey from the Diocese of Winchester which were later transferred to the Diocese of Southwark at its creation in 1905. The present diocesan bishop, the Bishop of Rochester, is James Langstaff. The diocese also has a suffragan bishop:", "id": "3447784" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus () is a Roman Catholic diocese in the Ecclesiastical Province of Cincinnati covering 23 counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. The episcopal see of the diocese is situated at Columbus. The diocese was erected on March 3, 1868 by Pope Pius IX out of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. On October 21, 1944 the diocese lost territory when Pope Pius XII erected the Diocese of Steubenville. The Catholic faith was brought in the area by the Dominican Order in Somerset. They established St. Joseph's Parish", "id": "6750859" }, { "contents": "St. Francis Xavier Cathedral (Alexandria, Louisiana)\n\n\n, and the clock was installed in 1908. Because of the newly constructed church and Alexandria's central location, Bishop Cornelius Van de Ven petitioned the Roman Curia to transfer the seat of the diocese from Natchitoches to Alexandria. Pope Pius X created the suffragan Diocese of Alexandria on . St. Francis Xavier Church was elevated to the rank of cathedral of the newly created diocese. The current bishop of Alexandria is Sede Vacante, and the rector of the cathedral is Father James A. Ferguson. The cathedral's rose windows are the largest in", "id": "16556508" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland () is a Roman Catholic diocese in the U.S. state of Ohio. Pope Pius IX erected the diocese April 23, 1847, in territory taken from the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. The diocese lost territory in 1910 when Pope Pius X erected the Diocese of Toledo, and in 1943 when Pope Pius XII erected the Diocese of Youngstown. It is currently the 17th-largest diocese in the United States by population, encompassing the counties of Ashland, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina,", "id": "6750690" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Pavia\n\n\nThe Diocese of Pavia () is a see of the Catholic Church in Italy. It has been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Milan only since 1817. Previous to the reorganization of the hierarchy in northern Italy by Pope Pius VII after the expulsion of the French and the Congress of Vienna, the diocese of Pavia had depended directly upon the Holy See, despite repeated failed attempts on the part of the Archbishops of Milan to claim control. The diocese has produced one Pope and Patriarch of Venice, and three cardinals. The", "id": "9177548" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Fortaleza\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Fortaleza () is an archdiocese located in the city of Fortaleza in Brazil. On June 6, 1854, it was established by Pope Pius IX, as the Diocese of Ceará from the Diocese of Olinda. Formerly a part of the Diocese of Pernambuco, the district was erected into a separate diocese, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Bahia. João Guerino Gomes was named as first bishop but did not accept the appointment. Father Gomes, who was famous in his day both as an orator and as", "id": "5595432" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Lansing\n\n\nThe Catholic Diocese of Lansing () is located in Lansing, Michigan. It encompasses an area of including the counties of Clinton, Eaton, Genesee, Hillsdale, Ingham, Jackson, Lenawee, Livingston, Shiawassee and Washtenaw. It is a suffragan diocese of the ecclesiastical province of Detroit. Pope Pius XI created the Diocese of Lansing May 22, 1937 by taking territory from the Archdiocese of Detroit. In July 1971, Pope Paul VI separated territory from the Lansing Diocese and territory from the Diocese of Grand Rapids to form the", "id": "4281991" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mendoza\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mendoza () is in Argentina and is a metropolitan diocese. Its suffragan sees include Neuquén and San Rafael. On 20 April 1934, Pope Pius XI established the Diocese of Mendoza from the Diocese of San Juan de Cuyo. It lost territory to the Diocese of San Rafael when it was created in 1961. At the same time, the Diocese of Mendoza was elevated to an archdiocese by Pope John XXIII on 10 April 1961./small On 5 May 2017, Kosaka Kumiko, a Japanese-Argentinian nun,", "id": "15288343" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City () is the Roman Catholic diocese for the northwestern quarter of the US state of Iowa. The diocese comprises 24 counties in northwestern Iowa, and it covers an area of . The See city for the diocese is Sioux City. It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The cathedral parish for this diocese is the Epiphany. R. Walker Nickless was ordained as bishop of Sioux City on 20 January 2006. On 24 July, 1900, Pope Leo XIII issued a papal bull", "id": "394842" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis\n\n\nlater period the church first came into the area with the arrival of missionaries and European settlers. The original see was canonically erected by Pope Pius IX on July 19, 1850 as the Diocese of Saint Paul of Minnesota, a suffragan episcopal see of the Archdiocese of Saint Louis. The Diocese's territory was taken from that of Dubuque, and its authority spread over all of Minnesota Territory, which consisted of the area which now composes the states of Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota and also comprises the modern archdiocese's ecclesiastical", "id": "7457113" }, { "contents": "Bishop of Sherborne\n\n\nThe Bishop of Sherborne is an episcopal title which takes its name from the market town of Sherborne in Dorset, England. The see of Sherborne was established in around 705 by St Aldhelm, the Abbot of Malmesbury. This see was the mother diocese of the greater part of southwestern England in Saxon times, but after the Norman Conquest was incorporated into the new Diocese of Salisbury. The title Bishop of Sherborne is now used by the Church of England for a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Salisbury. In 1925, the title", "id": "4184192" }, { "contents": "St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library\n\n\nthe episcopal see to the Archdiocese of Indianapolis and established two new suffragan diocese in Indiana: the Diocese of Evansville and the Diocese of Lafayette. On 14 March 1970 Pope Paul VI raised the status of St. Francis Xavier Cathedral to a basilica. The present Greek Revival-style basilica dates from 1826, making it the oldest Catholic church in Indiana. It was built on or near the site of two earlier churches. The first chapel, a crude structure measuring 22 feet by 66 feet, with log posts, mud daub,", "id": "1660118" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Caserta\n\n\nThe Diocese of Caserta () is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in Campania, southern Italy. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Naples. In 1818 Pope Pius VII united this see with the diocese of Caiazzo, but Pope Pius IX made them separate sees. In 2013 in the diocese of Caserta there was one priest for every 1,703 Catholics. It is not known when Caserta became an episcopal see. The first-known bishop was Ranulfo whose election in 1113 was confirmed by Senne, Archbishop of Capua. \"Erected", "id": "16395150" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Pescia\n\n\nThe Italian Catholic Diocese of Pescia () is in Tuscany. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Pisa. In 1519 Pope Leo X withdrew Pescia from the archdiocese of Lucca, raising it to the dignity of a prelacy nullius; and in 1726 it was made a diocese, suffragan of Pisa. Its first bishop was Bartolommeo Pucci (1728). Others were Francesco Vicenti (1773–1801), and Giulio Serafini. On 25 November 2015, Pope Francis appointed as the new Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pescia,", "id": "15933634" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur\n\n\nLumpur was dedicated to St John the evangelist in 1883, and would be later known as St. John's Cathedral, the Mother Church of Kuala Lumpur. In 1955, the Diocese of Malacca became a Metropolitan Archdiocese, with the newly formed Diocese of Penang and Diocese of Kuala Lumpur as its suffragan sees. Bishop Dominic Vendargon was appointed as the first Bishop of Kuala Lumpur, and was ordained in the same year. In 1972, the Diocese of Kuala Lumpur was elevated into an Archdiocese, with the suffragan dioceses of Penang and", "id": "14666462" }, { "contents": "WESTconsin Credit Union\n\n\nanyone who lives or works in the Wisconsin counties of Barron, Buffalo, Burnett, Chippewa, Clark, Dunn, Eau Claire, Jackson, Pepin, Pierce, Polk, Rusk, St. Croix, Sawyer, Taylor, Trempealeau or Washburn, or the Minnesota counties of Anoka, Chisago, Dakota, Goodhue, Isanti, Ramsey, Wabasha, and Washington with a $5 deposit in a membership share (savings) account. Presently, \"WEST\"consin Credit Union has five fully operational high school offices that are located in Amery,", "id": "1182556" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zamboanga\n\n\nthe future city of Zamboanga. On January 20, 1933, Pope Pius XI divided Mindanao into two areas. Southern Mindanao including the Sulu Archipelago became under the jurisdiction of Zamboanga. Northern Mindanao became under the Diocese of Cagayan de Oro. In 1951 Cagayan de Oro became an archdiocese, the first in the island of Mindanao. All episcopal jurisdictions in Mindanao and Sulu, including Zamboanga, became suffragans of this archdiocese. The Diocese of Zamboanga was further divided when the Prelature Nullius of Davao was established and separated in 1949; the", "id": "18254813" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiavari\n\n\nThe Diocese of Chiavari () is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in Liguria, northern Italy. It was created on 3 December 1892 by Pope Leo XIII in the Bull \"Romani Pontifices\". It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Genoa. Chiavari became an episcopal see in 1892, but until 1896 it was administered by Tommaso Reggio, the Archbishop of Genoa, to which diocese it originally belonged, through his Auxiliary Bishop and Vicar General, Fortunato Vinelli, titular bishop of Epiphania (Cilicia, Ottoman Empire). The", "id": "15328930" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of El Paso\n\n\nwest Texas were served by travelling priests in car and horseback. After Pinto's efforts, Catholic parishes began to flourish in El Paso. On 3 March 1914, Pope Pius X established the Diocese of El Paso as a suffragan see of Santa Fe. The diocese covered nearly in West Texas and southern New Mexico and was created from parts of the dioceses of Dallas, San Antonio and Tucson. Jesuit priest Father John J. Brown was appointed bishop of the newly created diocese on 22 January 1915 but resigned before his scheduled consecration.", "id": "18993686" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai (; ) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the Municipality of Shanghai, China. It was erected on December 13, 1933 as the Apostolic Vicariate of Shanghai by Pope Pius XI, and was later elevated to the rank of a diocese on April 11, 1946 by Pope Pius XII. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Nanking. The diocese's motherchurch and thus seat of its bishop is St. Ignatius Cathedral; it also houses a minor basilica in Sheshan", "id": "15983488" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Parramatta\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Parramatta is a suffragan Latin Church diocese of the Archdiocese of Sydney, established in 1986. The Diocese of Parramatta is an organisation of the Roman Catholic Church, with responsibility for the western suburbs of Sydney and the Blue Mountains, in New South Wales, Australia. St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta, is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Parramatta. On 5 May 2016, Pope Francis appointed Vincent Long Van Nguyen OFM Conv to be its fourth bishop. His installation took place on 16 June 2016", "id": "21254601" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Utah\n\n\nThe Episcopal Diocese of Utah is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States, encompassing the state of Utah, less that part of the Four Corners region which is in the Navajoland Area Mission. It includes a small part of northern Arizona. In 1867, the Episcopal Church was the first Protestant church organized in Utah. The diocesan offices and cathedral, St. Mark's Cathedral, are in Salt Lake City. The current bishop is Scott B. Hayashi, whose consecration took place on November 6, 2010 and was installed", "id": "17667064" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Scranton\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Scranton is a suffragan see of Archdiocese of Philadelphia, established on March 3, 1868. The seat of the bishop is St. Peter's Cathedral in Scranton, PA. Other cities in the diocese are Wilkes-Barre, Williamsport, Hazleton, Nanticoke, Carbondale, and Pittston. The diocese comprises Lackawanna, Luzerne, Bradford, Susquehanna, Wayne, Tioga, Sullivan, Wyoming, Lycoming, Pike, and Monroe counties, all in the northeastern part of Pennsylvania. The area of the diocese is .", "id": "10915059" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Chalan Kanoa\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Chalan Kanoa () is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the United States. It comprises the territory of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and is a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Agaña. The diocese was canonically erected on 8 November 1984 by Pope John Paul II. Its territories were taken from the archdiocese based in Guam. The Diocese of Chalan Kanoa is led by a prelate bishop who pastors the mother church, the Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral on Saipan.", "id": "5619001" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Mantua\n\n\nThe Diocese of Mantua () is a see of the Catholic Church in Italy. It was erected in 804, and is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Milan. The diocese has produced one Pope and (Latin) Patriarch of Constantinople, and two cardinals. The diocese's motherchurch and thus seat of its bishop is the Cathedral of S. Pietro Apostolo; Mantua also contains the Basilica of Sant'Andrea. The last Bishop of Mantua iss Gianmarco Busca, appointed by Pope Francis on June 3, 2016. The bishops emeriti are Egidio", "id": "9176744" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu\n\n\nafter its see. On 31 May 1976 the vicariate was elevated to a full Diocese of Kota Kinabalu, suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kuching. The diocese lost territories twice, to create its present suffragans : On 23 May 2008, the diocese was elevated to Metropolitan Archdiocese, whose ecclesiastical province comprises the above suffragan dioceses, both formerly part of the original territory of the diocese of Kota Kinabalu: the Diocese of Keningau and the Diocese of Sandakan. On 21 June 2010, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Rev.", "id": "11660795" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle\n\n\nthe diocese in 1850, Pius IX appointed Bishop William Hogarth, Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District, to be the first bishop of the diocese. The Parish Church of Saint Mary, Newcastle upon Tyne, designed by Augustus Welby Pugin, was selected as the seat for the new bishop, gaining cathedral status. In 1924, Pope Pius XI withdrew the old counties of Cumberland and Westmorland to incorporate them into a newly created Diocese of Lancaster. For this reason, the Lancaster diocese still considers St Cuthbert as one of its principal", "id": "6620884" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac\n\n\nof the Diocese of Wisconsin. In 1870, Fond du Lac was the second largest city in Wisconsin. The remaining counties continued as the Diocese of Wisconsin until 1888, when it was renamed the Diocese of Milwaukee. In 1875, after three elections, John Henry Hobart Brown accepted election as first bishop and was consecrated December 15, 1875 at St. John's Episcopal Church, Cohoes, New York. Brown declared the city of Fond du Lac and St. Paul's Church as the episcopal See. The other viable location was Christ", "id": "2071144" }, { "contents": "Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac\n\n\nThe Diocese of Fond du Lac is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, encompassing the northeastern third of Wisconsin. The diocese contains about 5,700 baptized members worshipping in 37 locations. It is part of Province 5 (the upper Midwest). Diocesan offices are in Appleton, Wisconsin. The Diocesan Archives are maintained in Grafton Hall behind the Cathedral in Fond du Lac. Matthew Gunter is its bishop. The roots of the Diocese of Fond du Lac begin in 1822 when the Oneida Indians, removing from", "id": "2071141" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Spiš\n\n\nThe Diocese of Spiš (, ) is a Roman Catholic diocese in northern Slovakia. It covers central and eastern parts of the Žilina Region and western part of the Prešov Region. Its seat is in Spišská Kapitula; the diocese covers an area of 7,802 km² with 583,633 people of which 76.6% are of Catholic faith (2004). The current bishop is Štefan Sečka. The diocese was established on 13 March 1776 as a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Esztergom. In 1804, its metropolitan was changed to the Archdiocese of Eger", "id": "12385676" }, { "contents": "Bishop of Salford\n\n\n-Elizabethan English dioceses of which one of these was the diocese of Salford and went on to take up the reins of part of the former Vicariate Apostolic of the Lancashire District. In the early period from 1850 the diocese was a suffragan of the Metropolitan See of Westminster, but a further development was its assignment under Pope Pius X, on 28 October 1911, to a newly created Province of Liverpool. At the diocese's creation the territory assigned to it was the hundreds of Salford and Blackburn. The diocese currently covers an", "id": "3729210" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Dodge City\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Dodge City () is a Roman Catholic diocese covering twenty-eight counties in Kansas. Pope Pius XII created the diocese on May 19, 1951. John B. Brungardt was appointed Bishop of Dodge City in December 2010. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dodge City encompasses 23,000-square-miles, and 50 parishes in 28 counties. It was established in 1951 from parts of the Diocese of Wichita, the Diocese of Leavenworth, and the Vicariate Apostolic of the Indian Territory established July 19, 1850. At that", "id": "17635532" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux Falls\n\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux Falls () is a Roman Catholic diocese in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It comprises that part of South Dakota east of the Missouri River. The current bishop of the diocese is Bishop Paul J. Swain. It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The See city for the diocese is Sioux Falls. The cathedral parish is St. Joseph Cathedral. On August 12, 1879 Pope Leo XIII established the Vicariate Apostolic of Dakota from territory taken from the Diocese of", "id": "18993545" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nwere affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi. Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after", "id": "12571636" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nLouis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the", "id": "12571634" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nThe Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany's South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they", "id": "12571630" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nAlbany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland. To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part", "id": "12571632" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nliked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved. Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, today's historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families' descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities. Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of", "id": "12571631" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\n, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location. The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development", "id": "12571638" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nParson's death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started. At the neighborhood's peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971", "id": "12571637" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nacquire land for a park system to connect the Rensselaer Lake waterworks property to the old city border. As part of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the rural South to industrial cities in the early 20th century, the Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated in 1927 from Mississippi to Albany, where he founded the First Church of God in Christ. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join the church, which many did during the 1930s and 1940s. The reverend", "id": "842640" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level. The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses. The Reverend", "id": "12571633" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nfelt that the mores of Albany's South End, where they originally settled, was not conducive to religious life. He started a community in the Pine Bush along Rapp Road, purchasing two undeveloped properties in 1930 and 1933. It is a rare example of a chain migration community surviving from the Great Migration. This narrow entity is today designated as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, listed on both the state and the National Register of Historic Places. In 1912, the city of Albany commissioned a study by notable architect Arnold", "id": "842641" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nof a chain migration community from the Great Migration—the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. The Rapp Road Community Historic District lies along Rapp Road between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. The District lies just north of the boundary between the City of Albany and the Town of Guilderland. University Heights is home to the Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Sage College", "id": "12499590" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\ntable below) and the county population dropped 17% from 1910 to 1920. (See Demographics, Clarke County, Mississippi) The first wave of the Great Migration from the rural South continued to the Second World War. In the 1930s, a number of African-American residents from the Shubata area followed Reverend Louis W. Parson to Albany, New York to escape the violence and in a search for industrial jobs and better opportunities. They created a community to the west of the city, building houses along Rapp Road within what", "id": "2119122" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nthese individual styles. There are also some unusual examples of the application of Gothic Revival decoration to rowhouse construction. The Dunes is a neighborhood located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush, west of Crossgates Mall. According to the City of Albany website, \"the neighborhood has a distinctly suburban feel.\" The Rapp Road Community Historic District is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) residential area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The District is a rare intact example", "id": "12499589" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nfirst wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs. Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values", "id": "12571635" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nJay Street was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ. Wilborn Temple is now listed on the Center Square/Hudson-Park Historic District. Rapp Road Community Historic District – Beginning in the 1930s, under the leadership of Elder Louis Parsons, “courageous” efforts were made to purchase land in the area in western Albany (presently known as the Pine Bush Preserve) to provide housing for those members new to the Albany South End and uncomfortable with its environment. The principal residents of", "id": "13392421" }, { "contents": "Rapp Road Community Historic District\n\n\nof the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a \"family reunion\", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there. As of 2008, 15 of the original 23 families remain. In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a \"New York State Historic District\" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp", "id": "12571639" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nlocations. Most of the listed properties are located in central Albany, close to the Hudson River and the original boundaries of the city, an area today largely coterminous with one listing, the Downtown Albany Historic District. The south end of the Albany Felt Company Complex in the city's northeast corner is its easternmost listing. Near the city's southern boundary, overlooking Interstate 787, is Nut Grove, the southernmost entry. The Rapp Road Community Historic District, in an area rural for much of its existence until the development of", "id": "1037963" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\n. South of Western are more newer residential neighborhoods; between Washington and I-90 are hotels, restaurants and gas stations serving traffic from the nearby interstate exits. In the western extension of the city, following I-90, is the small residential Rapp Road neighborhood. Artificial Rensselaer Lake, the city's largest body of water at , is located just east of the junction of I-90 and the Adirondack Northway. Excelsior College, the Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center on New York State Route 155, some small residential neighborhoods and the Corporate Circle industrial", "id": "17183710" }, { "contents": "Pastures Historic District\n\n\nThe Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its include all or part of a 13-block area. It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albany's city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New York's state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and", "id": "15994895" }, { "contents": "Shubuta, Mississippi\n\n\nwas one land parcel purchased by Parson. Now known as the Rapp Road Community Historic District, the area is listed on the NRHP. Shubuta is located near the southern border of Clarke County at (31.860939, -88.700690), on the west side of the Chickasawhay River. U.S. Route 45 bypasses the town on the west, leading north to Quitman, the county seat, and south to Waynesboro. Mississippi Highway 145, which leads through the center of Shubuta, follows the old alignment of US 45. According to the United", "id": "2119123" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\ncity established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city's downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there. The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up", "id": "7903030" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nby the [W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus] to the north, parts of Krumkill Road and the State Thruway (Interstate 87) to the south, an assortment of streets to the west (including Arch Avenue, North Bridge Drive and Wood Street), and Route 85 and the Buckingham Lake neighborhood to the east.\" Eagle Hill is an ethnically diverse community that has been described as \"a tranquil, pretty place with narrow, tree-lined streets and small city lots with a mix of housing styles.", "id": "12499579" }, { "contents": "Washington Heights Historic District\n\n\n1892 and Columbia Road in 1896. Washington Heights was primarily a white middle-class neighborhood until the early 1920s when immigrants from Europe and Asia began to move into the neighborhood. Many of the newcomers operated small businesses along 18th Street or worked in the embassies in the area. The African American population was originally limited to the servants and janitors who lived where they were employed. They started moving into their own residences in the area in the 1930s, especially along Vernon Street. Single family row houses were transformed into rooming houses", "id": "14807055" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nbuilt the Northway Mall. Two years later the city moved its dump to the Pine Bush. The Dunes, a single-family housing development in the middle of the Pine Bush off the Washington Avenue Extension, was built in the mid-1970s. In response to these developments, concerned citizens worried about the future of the habitat formed Save the Pine Bush in 1978. The organization filed lawsuits for the next several decades to stop further developments in the barrens. The activist group opposed construction of Crossgates Mall in the town of Guilderland.", "id": "842647" }, { "contents": "Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District\n\n\nThe Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with", "id": "4278304" }, { "contents": "New York State Route 910D\n\n\nprior to Rapp Road while the southern road ends just short of Crossgates Mall. At exit 24, Washington Avenue Extension dips southward to serve Crossgates Mall and avoid exit 1 on the Adirondack Northway (I-87) and the Northside Route (I-90). Past the interchange, the road returns northeastward and follows I-90 east to CR 156 (Fuller Road). At this junction, state jurisdiction of Washington Avenue ends and Washington Avenue continues into downtown Albany as a city street. This section of Washington Avenue connects to the University at Albany", "id": "12765812" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nfeatures mostly one-family homes and includes Rosemont Park. Located in western Albany, Melrose is roughly bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, Western Avenue to the south, Brevator Street to the west, and Manning Boulevard to the east. Melrose Avenue itself is built on the right-of-way of the first passenger railroad in the state of New York, which ran from Albany to Schenectady. The historic Jesse Buel House is located in Melrose. Melrose has been described as \"a cute family neighborhood with some history", "id": "12499581" }, { "contents": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nMadison on the south and Western Avenue on the north, two blocks east of where those streets split, in the Pine Hills neighborhood. The College of St. Rose is immediately to the east, with the surrounding buildings on all sides either large institutional buildings or apartments or single-family houses. The terrain is generally level. Three buildings comprise the church complex. The largest is the combined church–parish house, with the latter joined to the former at a corner. In the eastern corner of the lot is the rectory", "id": "3796938" }, { "contents": "New York Court of Appeals Building\n\n\nthe southwestern quadrant; its parking lot the southeast. The land slopes gently to the east, reflecting the proximity of the Hudson River one-half mile (800 m) in that direction. In the surrounding neighborhood are many similarly large buildings, most of them governmental or institutional and contributing properties to their historic districts. North, on the other half of the block, is the Albany County courthouse, an early 20th-century neoclassical building architecturally sympathetic to the Court of Appeals building. South, across Pine, is Albany", "id": "8399912" }, { "contents": "Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District\n\n\nresidential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain's southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the", "id": "4715716" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nm). Combined, the historic districts equal , about 4% of Albany's total land area. They have over 2,000 buildings, structures, objects or sites within their boundaries. Over 90% of those are considered contributing properties to their districts' historic character. Most of the districts are primarily residential enclaves, with some other uses scattered throughout. They reflect different stages of the city's growth, from onetime neighborhoods of the city's wealthy like the Ten Broeck Triangle to immigrant-settled areas like the Mansion District and", "id": "1037966" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods of Albany, New York\n\n\nportion of the city, Normansville was originally a hamlet in the neighboring town of Bethlehem. The City of Albany annexed the portion of Normansville that lies north of the Normans Kill; the portion of Normansville lying south of the Normans Kill remains in the Town of Bethlehem. The Albany portion of Normansville is located in on a brick road off of Delaware Avenue south of the New York State Thruway; it is largely rural and forested. The park has the largest of Albany's community gardens, a dog park, hiking trails,", "id": "12499583" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nas development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the city's middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties. Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was", "id": "7903011" }, { "contents": "Old Albany Academy Building\n\n\nIt has otherwise remained intact. The land historically associated with the building is one of the two acres of Academy Park, located between Eagle, Elk and Hawk streets. It straddles the boundary with Lafayette Park to the west; it is a contributing property to the associated historic district. The terrain rises gently from the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east and the ravine of Sheridan Hollow to the north. The Albany County Vietnam War memorial is located a short distance to the west. Many other", "id": "6037597" }, { "contents": "Albany, New York\n\n\n1924. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities. In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the city's population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960", "id": "6877546" }, { "contents": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York\n\n\nnoted above, is now part of a substance-abuse treatment center. By contrast, the historic districts are overwhelmingly residential. The smallest ones—Jermain Street, Knox Street and Rapp Road—are composed entirely of houses. Four rowhouses, possibly to become office space, make up the Broadway Row. Among the larger districts closer to the city's core only downtown is primarily commercial or mixed-use, although a few older houses remain. The Lafayette Park district is mostly large government buildings, but has a residential block", "id": "1037982" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nat Fourth and South Pearl became known as \"Little City Hall.\" After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small", "id": "4715795" }, { "contents": "Howard Avenue Historic District\n\n\nbegan to move further out into streetcar suburbs. When listed in 1985, the district included 151 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. It includes properties fronting Howard Avenue from Minor Street (just south of Washington Avenue) to Fifth Street (just north of I-95). The portion from Lambertion Street to Fifth Street is also in City Point (which today is considered a section of The Hill). Most of the buildings are residential, with wood-frame single-family houses predominating. There are", "id": "22107815" }, { "contents": "Northway Shopping Center\n\n\nwas purchased in Fall, 1968 from the city of Albany for a price of $1.2 million. The purchaser was developer Morris Steinberg of the city of New York. The property was originally part of Albany's waterworks property. It had been a protected part of the Albany Pine Bush from 1850. The development of Northway Mall helped to spur further development along nearby Wolf Road. A hearing at the Colonie Planning Board was scheduled for July 8, 1969 for a proposed subdivision for the mall. A meeting between the Town of", "id": "12379246" }, { "contents": "House at 184 Albany Avenue\n\n\nThe house at 184 Albany Avenue (NY 32) in Kingston, New York, United States, is a frame building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built around 1860. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has remained a private residence since its original construction. The house sits on a long, narrow () lot on the east side of the street, a short distance north of the Kingston Stockade District and three houses south of Tremper Avenue.", "id": "5392778" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\npossibly the first of such a position in the nation. While Mayor Corning supported the largest purchases of Pine Bush land as a city preserve, he also approved placing the Albany landfill in the Pine Bush, the construction of the Washington Avenue Extension, and authorizing much of the development that occurred during his 42 years in office as mayor. These all had adverse environmental effects on the Bush. In 1967, a portion of Albany's waterworks/Pine Bush property in the town of Colonie along Central Avenue was sold to developers who", "id": "842646" }, { "contents": "First Congregational Church of Albany\n\n\nfamily detached homes, with a few three-story and multiple-unit properties, on small lots. This gives way to some one-story commercial properties on New Scotland Avenue, the area's main road, a block to the south. Two blocks to the east the residential development yields to the large institutional parcels of Albany Medical Center and Sage College of Albany. Between the two along the south side of New Scotland is the Lewis Pilcher-designed New Scotland Avenue Armory, also listed on the National Register. A", "id": "12724468" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\n. The Albany Land Improvement Company was founded the same year to subdivide a large parcel around the junction of Madison and what is today Western Avenue, the eastern end of the First Great Western Turnpike, a toll road built almost a century earlier. It named the area Pine Hills. The company failed after two years, but construction continued. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, two blocks away, was started in the area from central Albany in 1897 as a mission church. Along with the new Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, its", "id": "3796924" }, { "contents": "Blendon, London\n\n\nBlendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley, located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup. It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area. Blendon Hall was built in 1763, but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing. Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road. The closest National Rail station to Blendon is Albany Park. Albany Park", "id": "12775766" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nand a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance. The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization", "id": "7903034" }, { "contents": "Ossian Sweet\n\n\naware that many white residents were prejudiced against blacks. In the spring of 1925, other houses bought by middle-class blacks in white neighborhoods had been attacked. Sweet liked the appearance and size of the house, and what its location represented as a good neighborhood. Most African Americans in Detroit still lived in Black Bottom, but those who prospered moved to better neighborhoods, which Sweet wanted for his own family. Also, he felt he could not back down from buying the house. The National Association for the Advancement of", "id": "1357136" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\n. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albany's neighborhood associations. The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city's Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable. Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in", "id": "7903037" }, { "contents": "McKenna Cottage\n\n\nThe McKenna Cottage is a historic house on Windmill Hill Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. This two story wood frame house was originally built c. 1889 as a single-story wing of Stonehenge, the nearby summer estate of the Parson family. It was raised to two stories in 1904, and separated from the main house and moved to its present location on the north side of the hill in 1954. It continues to exhibit the Shingle styling of its original construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "id": "17563507" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nThe South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. For several decades after the city's founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today the Schuyler Mansion", "id": "4715755" }, { "contents": "Albany Pine Bush\n\n\nthe New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) was built through the Pine Bush, disrupting habitat and ecology. Further development took place in the 1950s and 60s with the construction of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and the SUNY Albany uptown campus. In the 21st century, the remaining Pine Bush represents only about 10% of the undeveloped land that existed prior to 1950. In the 1960s, longtime Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd pushed forward the Washington Avenue Extension, a four-lane divided highway extending Washington Avenue westward from", "id": "842643" }, { "contents": "St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nmodern building with a parking garage attached to its north end. North of it, across Pine Street, is the 1867 Italian Renaissance Revival St. Mary's Church, the home of Albany's oldest Roman Catholic congregation, and like St. Peter's listed on the National Register both as a contributing property and individually. North of the church are two older buildings, one housing some city government offices. Northwest of the church are the small Corning Park and Albany's city hall, outside the historic district but on the Register as well", "id": "2478411" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nPine Hills is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Manning Boulevard to the west, Woodlawn Avenue to the south, Lake Avenue to the east, and Washington Avenue to the north. The neighborhood consists mainly of freestanding multi-unit, duplex, and semi-detached houses and is home to Albany High School, the LaSalle school, the College of St. Rose, and the Alumni Quad of the University at Albany. Though mostly residential due to historical reasons from its founding, Pine Hills", "id": "18431937" }, { "contents": "Rogers Road\n\n\nCenter, also hosts pick up soccer games for the youth of the area once each week. The organization began hosting games in the spring of 2011 with the hope of empowering children and building community through soccer. From 1939 to 1979, many new families moved into this historically small neighborhood, buying houses and land and establishing themselves in the area surrounding Rogers Road. Just like most of Orange County at the time, the Rogers-Eubanks Community was moving away from being a small group of tight-knit families and moving toward", "id": "6286187" }, { "contents": "Ooievaarsnest\n\n\n. Construction started with the Ontginningsweg (litt. Land reclamation road), which was originally laid as a service road for construction vehicles, and moved outward from there in two directions. Houses in the area were built as purchased housing from the start (i.e. no rental housing was ever planned or zoned) and the neighborhood was planned to be a mixture of housing intended for middle class and higher income families. As a rule of thumb property sizes and pricing increase from north to south in the neighborhood, with somewhat smaller row", "id": "17556607" }, { "contents": "Redstone Historic District (Colorado)\n\n\none of Colorado's many ghost towns. Some of its original buildings were demolished over the years. Eventually the town rebounded slightly and today is home to a small arts community; many of the remaining buildings have been restored. It is one of the few intact company towns remaining in the state. The district is formed by the original townsite for Redstone, using original surveyed lot boundaries on the north, south and east. It is a strip of land running north-south along the Crystal River for a mile and a", "id": "21668108" }, { "contents": "Boulevard Park, Sacramento, California\n\n\nin 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections. After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties. Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the", "id": "20802849" }, { "contents": "Nauck, Virginia\n\n\n-style wartime emergency low-income housing community for African Americans. The government built this affordable housing project on a parcel of land at Kemper Road and Shirlington Road that Levi Jones and his family had once owned. Meanwhile, construction of The Pentagon and its surrounding roads during the war destroyed several older African American communities. Some of those communities' displaced residents relocated to Nauck, thus stimulating the neighborhood's development and increasing its African American population. By 1952, few blocks in Nauck were still vacant. Others were built nearly", "id": "199048" }, { "contents": "North Amherst, Massachusetts\n\n\nAmherst is home to a large majority of Amherst middle income families, as the main street (North Pleasant Street) has many housing developments built off it. This includes \"Grantwood\", which is the largest neighborhood/development in Amherst. North Amherst is also home to two cohousing communities: Pioneer Valley and Pine Street Cohousing. Cushman Village is located just east of North Amherst. This small area is unique, as the roads turn back into each other unlike the square roads off East Pleasant Street. Cushman Village has many", "id": "60681" }, { "contents": "Albany Park, Chicago\n\n\nbeginning in the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park were found on Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie Avenue (3200 West) and Pulaski Road (4000 West), and many are still there. This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially nicknamed \"Seoul Drive\" by the city of Chicago because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean", "id": "1061163" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nname of Pine Hills. They named the area Pine Hills for the pine forests on hilltops along Western Avenue. The hills were sculptured into terraced lawns, which can still be seen on South Allen Street, where in 1889 tax records describe a \"Pine Grove\" between 88 and 112 South Allen. The area they had purchased was from Allen Street west to Manning Boulevard and from Cortland Street north to Washington Avenue. Logan and Pratt formed the Albany Land Improvement Company and began selling by lots in 1881 after having laid out and", "id": "18431948" }, { "contents": "Better Waverly, Baltimore\n\n\nlast 12 months. In the mid-19th century, wealthy merchants built a Victorian village along Old York Road in the area that became Better Waverly. The village had its own town hall at 3100 Greenmount Avenue. This area is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Waverly Main Street Historic District. Located in Better Waverly between Greenmount Avenue (west) and Ellerslie Avenue (east), it extends north to include all of the neighborhood of Waverly (also known as North Waverly). Many wood-frame houses remain", "id": "4755767" }, { "contents": "Neighborhoods in Akron, Ohio\n\n\n. Goodyear Heights remains an overwhelmingly single-family residential community. There is neighborhood-level retail development at Six Corners. Eastwood Avenue near Darrow Road borders suburban-style strip shopping centers. Goodyear Heights Metropolitan Park provides a wide range of recreational activities to people throughout the area. Though the majority of the housing was constructed between 1940 and 1980, the city has been buying up land to build new developments, the latest one being built along Honodle. According to the City of Akron's statistics there are 20,556 people living in", "id": "7807987" }, { "contents": "Ring Neighborhoods, Jerusalem\n\n\nwere drawn up to establish new residential neighborhoods on undeveloped land around Jerusalem as a housing solution for young couples, new immigrants, and middle-class families seeking a better quality of life. The city's territory was increased to when Israel unilaterally annexed areas north, east and south of the city to Israel, totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. Today, as many as 165,000 people reside in these communities. According to the United Nations and the European Union, due to their having been", "id": "186620" }, { "contents": "DePauw Avenue Historic District\n\n\nwas the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were", "id": "8551917" }, { "contents": "King-Lincoln (Bronzeville) District\n\n\nacross the Confederate South began to settle in Columbus. Originally settled more southward by the Scioto River, many Black families moved eastward in search of jobs in White homes and industrial factories. Over the course of the next century, the community grew and expanded to the boundaries of the current day district. With the Great Migration after World War I, restrictive housing covenants, and White flight the Black population of the city continued to grow and Bronzeville quickly became the most populated African American neighborhood of the city. By the 1930s,", "id": "7471757" }, { "contents": "Randolph, Manitoba\n\n\nRiver Anishinabe First Nation Reserve. The community of Chortitz was founded in the 1874 by Mennonite immigrants who came from Russia to settle the lands known as the East Reserve, now largely the Rural Municipality of Hanover. The village agreement was signed in 1877 by fifteen Mennonite families; eight Bergthaler and seven Chortitzer. By 1883, only six of the original families remained while new residents moved in. All the houses and residential yards were on the north side of the original street, which ran differently from the present Randolph Road, due", "id": "21846219" }, { "contents": "McKownville, New York\n\n\nof paths through the Pine Bush pine barrens from Albany to Schenectady passed through what would later become McKownville. In the late 1740s John McKown, originally from Scotland, moved his family to the United States of America from County Londonderry, Ireland. He leased the Five Mile Tavern along the King's Highway, near the present-day Indian Quad of the University at Albany, SUNY. In 1790 his son William built a tavern at the corners of what would later be Fuller Road and Western Avenue. The first post office (", "id": "9593117" }, { "contents": "Jug Tavern\n\n\nlisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house's history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name \"Jug Tavern\" was not even known to have been used", "id": "19117205" }, { "contents": "Lafayette Square (Baltimore)\n\n\nthe modern eldercare/apartment building). By the 1920s, the area's demographics had changed, and many residents had gone to the new residential developments at Ten Hills (begun 1909) and Hunting Ridge (1920s). All but 2 of the residential properties in the district changed hands between 1910 and 1930, with middle-class African Americans moving into the neighborhood, close to the Druid Hill and Pennsylvania Avenue commercial districts. Historic African American congregations bought the buildings from the original four congregations whose members now lived outside of", "id": "4273116" }, { "contents": "Central Avenue (Albany, New York)\n\n\nof the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened", "id": "15282581" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nwere concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany's Italian population had settled upon their arrival. Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more", "id": "4715793" }, { "contents": "Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District\n\n\non Albany's \"Social List\". In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, such as the buildings at 352 and 355 State Street. The latter, designed by Marcus T. Reynolds, architect of many of the city's prominent buildings from this era, would become popular with the district's longtime residents as they aged. Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city's greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and", "id": "4278372" }, { "contents": "Architecture of Albany, New York\n\n\nNew York State Thruway on the south and Interstate 90 on the north—form the envelope of most of the city's developed area. Beyond the Slingerlands Bypass the city is bounded mostly by Normanskill Creek and its tributary Krum Kill, save for a long western protrusion that encompasses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. I-787 and the railroad tracks used by CSX Transportation's River Subdivision separate the industrial waterfront of the Port of Albany and parks like the Corning Preserve from the rest of the city. To the west the land gently rises 200", "id": "17183698" }, { "contents": "Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site\n\n\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street (Manhattan). The original building", "id": "11094296" }, { "contents": "Emmaus United Methodist Church\n\n\nforced to move in 1912 when the city acquired its land to build a new school. They found a new site in the developing Pine Hills neighborhood in the western areas the city, where streetcar lines had just been extended. The church helped establish the new suburban neighborhood, providing it with a center and focal point after the original developer went bankrupt. The building remains largely intact. Later the congregation merged with another church, St. Luke's. In 1994 they merged again with another Pine Hills Methodist church and took their current", "id": "3796914" }, { "contents": "History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska\n\n\nespecially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years. Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late", "id": "8608940" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\n. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street. Southern Boulevard is a major arterial in Albany connecting the city to Thruway exit 23 and further south to the suburbs in Bethlehem. Construction of Southern Boulevard was authorized by the state in Chapter 295 of the Laws of 1913 as a", "id": "22148223" }, { "contents": "Hendrikus DuBois House\n\n\nThe Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville. DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "id": "9410123" }, { "contents": "Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ\n\n\nWilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ Inc. is a Pentecostal church in Albany, New York. Wilborn Temple was formed during the peak of the Black Migration from the South to the North of the country (1930s). At that time, Albany had only two prominent black churches, Israel African Methodist Episcopal and Morning Star Missionary Baptist. The church was formed in 1927 by Ms. Elsie Black and Mrs. Alice Charles Harmon. Under the leadership of Elder L. W. Parsons, the church moved to 79 Hamilton Street, which is", "id": "13392418" }, { "contents": "Newport Village Historic District\n\n\na commercial center in the 1950s and is now home to strip malls, banks, and several apartment buildings. On the western side of the neighborhood, apartments were built along Glenwood Avenue and a new single family housing development was built on Stratford Road. In 2006, Newport Village became a part of the National Register of Historic Places and a historical marker was placed in a small park on the corner of Market Street and Jennette Drive. Today, the neighborhood remains mostly middle class and is one of Boardman's most desirable neighborhoods", "id": "8898416" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Florida\n\n\nLane east of Pine Hills Road, Clarion Drive south of Clarcona-Ocoee Road, and areas of the Signal Hill subdivision. Residents rejected further annexation, fearing larger taxes and little representation from Orlando. Eventually, as Orlando's growth surrounded Pine Hills, many of the original families moved into newer neighborhoods in nearby Ocoee, Winter Garden and MetroWest. Into the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Pine Hills fell into a state of decline. Silver Pines Country Club was closed, and apartment complexes were built on the property in", "id": "18573554" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\nsuburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out. In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. O'Connell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the city's Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family's tavern", "id": "4715794" }, { "contents": "Streets of Albany, New York\n\n\ncontinues down the same line of the original plan of Wolf Street. The same is true of Madison Avenue Extension and much of Washington Avenue Extension in the Pine Bush of the city of Albany. In 1994 the city sold the \"paper street\" of Madison Avenue Extension adjacent to Crossgates Commons to the shopping center's then-owner Washington Commons Associates (today The Pyramid Companies). Today, Madison Avenue from South Pearl Street west, forms part of U.S. Route 20. Madison Avenue forms the majority of the northern border of", "id": "22148204" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 20 in New York\n\n\ndestination. Immediately east of the mall is US 20's first crossing of the Thruway, now I-87, since the southern Buffalo suburbs, and the southern end of Fuller Road Alternate, an extension of the Adirondack Northway, in an area known as McKownville. A half-mile later, the busy four-lane route passes the south side of the State University of New York at Albany's highly modernistic campus. It continues into the city of Albany itself as Western Avenue. Commercial developments line both sides of US 20 to", "id": "1032115" }, { "contents": "Milton Park, Montreal\n\n\nwest, Sherbrooke Street to the south, Pine Avenue to the north, and Park Avenue and the Lower Plateau neighborhood to the east, though McGill University considers this area to extend as far east as Saint Laurent Boulevard or just short of Saint-Louis Square. The neighbourhood has many historic townhouses built in the late 19th century, which housed affluent businessmen and their families. The area remained a wealthy enclave throughout the early half of the 20th century. Eventually, many of the affluent residents of the area moved to other boroughs", "id": "18080911" }, { "contents": "Summerside, Edmonton\n\n\nSummerside is a newer neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located south of Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW), west of 66 Street, north of 25 Avenue SW, and east of 91 Street SW and Parsons Road. A portion of the west boundary runs along Parsons Road, until its southern terminus at 91 Street, which then becomes the western boundary. The community developer of Summerside is Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. Three out of four residences (76%) are single-family dwellings. The remainder", "id": "21437675" }, { "contents": "South End–Groesbeckville Historic District\n\n\ndid not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city's grid plan. Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area's future as an immigrant neighborhood began", "id": "4715777" }, { "contents": "Downtown Commercial Historic District (Muscatine, Iowa)\n\n\nand industrial center had developed in a 12-block area along Front Street, now Mississippi Drive, and 2nd Street between Pine Street and Mulberry Street by 1874. This area, represented by the Downtown Commercial Historic District, is the city's original commercial area. Within its boundaries is a large number of 19th-century commercial buildings, many of which were modified in the first half of the 20th century. Two of the contributing properties are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The district includes two buildings designed by architect", "id": "13007596" }, { "contents": "Downtown Albany Historic District\n\n\nare a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the district's period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albany's earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the city's tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix", "id": "12506540" }, { "contents": "Stephen and Harriet Myers House\n\n\nbeen neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds. The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame", "id": "3857715" }, { "contents": "McKinley, Minneapolis\n\n\nMcKinley neighborhood on Minneapolis’ north side is bound on the north by Dowling Avenue North, on the south by Lowry Avenue North, on the west by Dupont Avenue North and on the east by the Mississippi River. The neighborhood is named for William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. Many of the homes are two-story, single-family homes with wood frames; bungalows and some small stucco Tudors. Most of the houses were built between 1910 and 1930. Perkins Hill is the neighborhood park, located", "id": "21874652" }, { "contents": "Mariners Harbor, Staten Island\n\n\nearly 1900s to the 1930s, the area became home to many Italian-Americans, who still comprise a significant percentage of its population. The neighborhood was permanently transformed, however, in 1954, when the New York City Housing Authority opened the 605-unit Mariners Harbor Houses public housing project in the heart of the community. The portion of the neighborhood west of Harbor Road (both north and south of the railroad tracks) eventually became predominantly Black. The area east of Harbor Road remained White longer, but has gradually become more Hispanic", "id": "19607254" }, { "contents": "Hartford Golf Club Historic District\n\n\ncourse was then made out of those plus four holes south of Albany Avenue. In 1945, the club purchased the northernmost portion of its land, which was developed with thirteen new holes, apparently also based on Donald Ross designs. The land south of Albany Avenue was sold in 1955. The golf club's 1914 purchased kicked off a residential construction boom to its southwest. Over the next twenty years, a neighborhood of high quality Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival houses were built on large well-landscaped lots, and it came", "id": "3673544" }, { "contents": "Pine Grove Historic District (Avon, Connecticut)\n\n\nworked by people who lived in Farmington village. In the 19th century, agricultural practices in the region began to shift from subsistence to the production of cash crops, most notably tobacco. The Thompson and Woodford families were major landowners in what is now south-central Avon, and both were among the early landowners to build houses on their farmland. The Thompson House has not survived; it originally stood at 712 West Avon Road, where the 1856 Gothic Oliver Thompson House now stands. It was moved for the construction of the", "id": "8413512" }, { "contents": "West Side Historic District (Saratoga Springs, New York)\n\n\nthe city's western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic district's boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact. On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street", "id": "16147788" }, { "contents": "Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York)\n\n\nClinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge. It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north. Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built", "id": "7903013" }, { "contents": "Pine Hills, Albany, New York\n\n\nwhen the Great Western Turnpike was established through the area and connected Albany to the western portions of the state. This route was used by settlers moving west and cattlemen bringing their livestock back east to sell. In 1849 the turnpike was improved as a plank road. Two hotels were built during the 19th century, at West Lawrence Street and Madison Avenue and at Western Avenue and Allen Street. The first railroad in the state, and the first successful passenger steam locomotive in the United States was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which", "id": "18431940" }, { "contents": "Verdoy, New York\n\n\nwould murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany. In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties. Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport", "id": "20558480" }, { "contents": "St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)\n\n\nit the first church in Albany to have electric lighting. In 1912 the original stained glass windows were replaced. Beyond that there have been no significant changes to the building since its construction. The church and neighboring rectory, on its north, occupy the block between Steuben Street on the north, Chapel Street on the east, Pine Street on the south and Lodge on the west. It is on the western edge of the Downtown Albany Historic District. The terrain rises gently to the west, and descends to the level ground", "id": "2587347" }, { "contents": "River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago\n\n\n- called O'Banion's after the infamous hit on Dean O'Banion. The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life. Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners", "id": "20441091" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nreappeared for Derbyshire in 1955 and was a first team regular for the next ten years. He built up his scoring rate to reach over 1400 runs in 1959 and then became a top scorer. In 1960 he hit his first centuries with 140 against Glamorgan, 130 against Essex, 113 against Lancashire and 109 against Leicestershire. In 1961 he scored 122 against Gloucestershire, 119 against Essex, 116 against Leicestershire and 112 against Hampshire. In 1962 he made his top score of 154 against Leicestershire, and scored 108 against Somerset and 114", "id": "9616209" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Sussex. He scored five centuries in 1964 with 137 against Nottinghamshire, 132 against Somerset, 101 against Warwickshire, 101 not out against the Australians and 100 against Middlesex. The run rate fell back in 1965 and 966 and he ended his career at the end of the 1966 season. For the last four years he played in the ListA Gillette Cup competition. Johnson was a right-hand batsman and played 606 innings in 351 first-class matches to make 14,286 runs. He scored 16 centuries with a top score of", "id": "9616210" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nBarbados team to Trinidad, but did not play. However, he scored centuries against Combermere, Spartan and Wanderers, and then migrated to England to train as a sugar industry engineer. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and appeared for Derbyshire in 2nd XI matches in 1947 and 1948. He made his first-class debut against Gloucestershire in June 1949 and made 23 and 6 in the match. He played regularly in the first and second Derbyshire teams in 1949 and 1950, but then returned to British Guiana. He", "id": "9616208" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nHe was to play full seasons for the club until 1959 making nearly 9,500 runs. In 1950 he scored 130 against Essex . He made 116 against Hampshire in the 1954 season. In the 1956 season he made his top score of 131 against Middlesex and 104 against Yorkshire. He scored four centuries in the 1957 season with 106 against Yorkshire, 109 not out against Glamorgan, 113 against Gloucestershire and 127 against Leicestershire. In the 1959 season he made 113 not out against Nottinghamshire. He played for Derbyshire second XI in the 1960", "id": "21523290" }, { "contents": "Laurie Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nHubert Laurence Johnson (born 8 November 1927) is a West Indies born cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1949 and 1966. He scored over 14,000 runs for the club in the first-class game. Johnson was born at Pine Hill, St Michael, Barbados. He was educated at The Lodge School, well known as the cradle of cricket in Barbados, where he benefited from the coaching of Leslie Arthur \"Bessie\" Walcott. Johnson was invited to the BCA trials in 1945 and in 1946 he was part of the", "id": "9616207" }, { "contents": "Arthur Morton (cricketer, born 1883)\n\n\nhe took 7 for 48 against Essex in one match and scored a century in the other. He scored another century against Essex in 1924 and achieved 6 for 58 against Gloucestershire He made his top score of 131 in 1925 against Essex and took 7 for 51 against Lancashire. He played his last season in 1926 when he had three 5-wicket overs. Morton was a right-arm off-break, and medium pace bowler and took 981 first-class wickets at an average of 22.77 and a best performance of 9 for 71", "id": "19691504" }, { "contents": "David Smith (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nseason and one match for the first team in the 1966. He was a regular first team player in the 1967 season, scoring centuries against Cambridge University and Essex. In the 1968 season he scored a century against Leicestershire. He made his fourth century in the 1969 season against Lancashire. He played his last first-class season for Derbyshire in 1970 but played one limited over match in the 1971 season. Smith was an opening batsman throughout his time at Derbyshire, alongside John Harvey or Peter Gibbs. He was never the", "id": "19073671" }, { "contents": "John Kelly (Lancashire and Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nagainst Hampshire in August when he scored a duck. He played two first-class games in 1948, retiring hurt against Derbyshire. He played three county championship matches in 1949 and started to make reasonable scores but left Lancashire at the end of the season. For Lancashire he played 11 innings in 6 first-class matches with an average of 18.75 and a top score of 58. He bowled just two overs. Kelly made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1950 season against Surrey when he made 74 in his second innings.", "id": "21523289" }, { "contents": "Colin Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\nColin Johnson (born 5 September 1947, Pocklington, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played 100 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1969 and 1979. He scored 2,960 runs as a right-handed middle order batsman at 21.44, with two centuries against Somerset and Gloucestershire. In 102 one day games he scored 1,615 runs at 20.18, with a top score of 73 not out. He also took four first-class wickets with his occasional off breaks, and two more in one day", "id": "22105468" }, { "contents": "William Oates (cricketer, born 1929)\n\n\nAustralians, but failed to cement a first team place. Oates moved to Derbyshire in the 1959 season where he played five matches in the season. In the 1960 season he played seven matches with no significant performances. In the 1961 season he scored over 1200 runs and made his best score of 148 not out against Sussex. In the 1962 season he made 1100 runs and scored 101 against Somerset. He scored well in the 1963 and in the 1964 season achieved his best bowling performance of 6 for 47 against Oxford University.", "id": "6079379" }, { "contents": "George Cawthray\n\n\nGeorge Cawthray (28 September 1913 – 5 January 2000) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire in a first-class career which spanned thirteen years. He appeared against Warwickshire and Essex in 1939, then reappeared against Glamorgan and Derbyshire in 1952. Born in Selby, Yorkshire, England, Cawthray was a right-handed batsman, who scored 114 first-class runs at an average of 19.00, with a best of 30 against Glamorgan. He took four wickets with his right arm medium", "id": "77735" }, { "contents": "David Short (cricketer)\n\n\nSomerset. He also continued playing second XI games. In the 1960 season he returned to the first team in time for the start of 1960, and hit his only half-century against Warwickshire. He then stopped playing for Derbyshire. Short was a right-handed batsman and played 19 innings in eleven first-class matches with an average of 14.26 and a top score of 86. He was a right-arm offbreak bowler but only bowled three overs in the first-class gam and took no wickets. Short's", "id": "6562930" }, { "contents": "Willie Smith (cricketer)\n\n\nWillie Smith (12 May 1885 – 8 May 1964) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1913. Smith was born at Gringley-on-the-Hill, Nottinghamshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1913 against Lancashire when he made 8 and 2. His next and last game for the club was against Somerset, when he scored 1 and 2. Smith was a right-hand batsman and played 4 innings in 2 first-class matches with a total of 13 runs", "id": "11028474" }, { "contents": "Michael Mence\n\n\nof which came against Lancashire. In his 31 first-class matches for Warwickshire he scored 467 runs at a batting average of 13.34. With the ball he took 61 wickets for the county at a bowling average of 32.50, with best figures of 5 for 26 against Derbyshire in 1964. He also played a single List-A match for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. In 1966, he appeared for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Surrey at Lord's, having joined Gloucestershire. He made his first-", "id": "264156" }, { "contents": "Allen Turner (cricketer)\n\n\nAllen Turner (24 October 1891 – 7 January 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1920. Turner was born in Heath, Derbyshire. Turner made just two appearances for Derbyshire in the 1920 season, both in August. In his first match against Leicestershire, he took a wicket and a catch and scored two runs in both innings. In the second game against Nottinghamshire he took a total of 5 wickets with a first innings tally of 3 for 66 but did not score a run", "id": "10719145" }, { "contents": "Escott Loney\n\n\nEscott Frith Loney (21 July 1903 – 19 June 1982) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1925 and 1927. Born in Bristol, Loney made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1925 season in July against Leicestershire with modest scores, a few overs bowling and catching the opening batsman. He played six matches for the club in 1925 with a season's best bowling of 4 for 35 against Glamorgan . In the 1926 season he played six matches with his top score of 39 not out against", "id": "20585126" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1911)\n\n\n1933 making his top score of 51 against Essex and turned out for Derbyshire against the South Africans in 1935. He played 12 innings in 6 matches for Derbyshire with an average of 14.41. Higson moved to Lancashire in 1935 playing mainly for the second XI with one first team appearance against Warwickshire in that year. He played two first team games in 1937, three in 1938 and almost a full season in 1939. After the war he played unqualifying matches in 1945 and one first-class game in 1946. His batting average", "id": "5566315" }, { "contents": "George Walker (cricketer, born 1984)\n\n\n2005. His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut came four seasons later in 2008, against Hertfordshire. Following an injury to off-spinner Jigar Naik during the 2009 season, Walker was invited back to Leicestershire as cover for Naik, and after taking five wickets for the Leicestershire Seconds, he was selected to play for the team in their County Championship match against Derbyshire. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Middlesex and Essex, though again he had little success, scoring 21 runs at an average of 5.25", "id": "6747762" }, { "contents": "Frederic Hunter\n\n\nFrederic Cecil Hunter (23 August 1886 – 21 July 1926) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1905 to 1907 Hunter was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season against Essex in June when he made 27 in his first innings and took a wicket. He made his top score of 51 against Sussex in the 1906 season and played his last match in the 1907 season. Hunter was a right-hand batsman and played 49 innings in 28 first", "id": "1798914" }, { "contents": "Alan Hampshire\n\n\nAlan Wesley Hampshire (born 18 October 1950, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1975. A right-handed batsman, his only first-class match came against Derbyshire at Queen's Park, Chesterfield. He scored 17 and 1 in a drawn game. He played four one day matches, scoring 3 against Lancashire, ducks against Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and not batting against Worcestershire. He also appeared for Yorkshire Second XI in 1974 and 1975,", "id": "4343747" }, { "contents": "Gerald Wyatt\n\n\nmade no first-class cricketing appearances for three seasons when he played regularly in the Second XI. He returned to the Derbyshire first team in the 1958 season when he batted in nine innings, and scored his only first-class half-century, against Oxford University. He played no further Second XI cricket beyond this point, and played just a single first-class match in the 1960 season against Oxford University when he did not score in either innings. Wyatt was wicket-keeper and a right-handed batsman and", "id": "9032078" }, { "contents": "Luis Reece\n\n\n/Bradford MCCU played their first first-class matches in 2012 he scored 134 runs at 33.50 and took 5 wickets at 24.00. He captained the team in 2013, scoring 155 runs at 51.66 and taking 7 wickets at 24.14. In the match against Leicestershire, which Leeds/Bradford MCCU won by 102 runs, he scored 114 not out. He made his County Championship debut for Lancashire against Essex in June 2013, playing as an opening batsman. In ten matches he made 722 runs at 55.53 with eight fifties. Derbyshire", "id": "5845509" }, { "contents": "Ernest Needham\n\n\n-class matches. He scored 6550 runs at 20.15, including seven centuries with a top score of 159. He was an occasional wicket-keeper, and as a right-arm medium pace bowler bowled 21 overs without taking a wicket. Before playing for Derbyshire, Needham is recorded playing in a match for Liverpool and District against Cambridge University in 1898. He made his debut for Derbyshire in June 1901 against a South African team, and scored 57 in his first innings but was out for a duck in the second.", "id": "12959389" }, { "contents": "Robin Rudd\n\n\nCounties Championship, making a single appearance against Berkshire. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Gloucestershire in 1949. He played 16 first-class matches for Oxford University, the last coming against Middlesex in 1951. In those 16 first-class matches, he scored 452 runs at a batting average of 16.74, with a 2 half centuries and a high score of 66. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club, making 3 appearances for the team. These came against Ireland on", "id": "10927506" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nnot out in his only batting innings. He played occasionally for the second XI but was soon established as a first team regular. In the 1951 season he took 6 for 93 against Gloucestershire. He made his first century of 109 not out against Kent in the 1955 season. In the 1960 season he took 7 wickets for 38 against Yorkshire. In the 1962 season he scored centuries against Sussex, Somerset and Hampshire. He scored 113 not out against Pakistan Eaglets in the 1963 season and was nominated man of the match in", "id": "16600398" }, { "contents": "John Bacon (cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Bacon (30 May 1871 – 16 October 1942) was an English cricketer. Bacon was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Enderby, Leicestershire. Bacon made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1895 County Championship at Grace Road. He made three further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Derbyshire, Hampshire and Lancashire. He scored 42 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of", "id": "3109967" }, { "contents": "George Knew junior\n\n\nGeorge Alan Knew (born 5 March 1954) is a former English cricketer. Knew was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. Knew made his first-class cricket debut for Leicestershire against Oxford University in 1972. He made three further first-class appearances the following season in the County Championship against Nottinghamshire, Essex and Derbyshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 59 runs at an average of 11.80, with a high score of 25. He made a single List A", "id": "2627597" }, { "contents": "Michael Frederick\n\n\nold for Barbados in 1944-45, playing one first-class match against British Guiana. He went to England in time for the 1946 season and played an assortment of friendly matches for Derbyshire. He played for the Swarkestone Cricket Club, and from 1948 to 1950 he played for Derbyshire's second team, alongside fellow Barbadian Laurie Johnson. Johnson played fairly regularly in the first team in the 1949 season, but Frederick played only two first-class games, in one of which he was top scorer with 84. Frederick", "id": "3085611" }, { "contents": "Thomas Brewer (cricketer)\n\n\nThomas Tanner Brewer (23 August 1868 – date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer. Brewer was born at Huntspill in Somerset. He made his debut in first-class cricket for London County against Leicestershire at Leicester in 1903. He made two further first-class appearances for London County in 1903, playing against Lancashire and Derbyshire, scoring 86 runs at an average of 17.20. His highest score of 59 was made against Lancashire during a ninth wicket stand of 126 with Les Poidevin. He later played", "id": "4565735" }, { "contents": "Charles Midgley\n\n\nCharles Augustus Midgley (11 November 1877 – 24 June 1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1906. He was born in Wetherby, Yorkshire, England, and was a right arm fast bowler. He took 8 wickets at 18.62, with a best return of 2 for 18 against Middlesex. A right-handed batsman, he scored 115 runs at 28.75, with his top score of 59 not out against Derbyshire. He took three catches in the field.", "id": "6760344" }, { "contents": "Donald Carr\n\n\nfor Combined Services. Carr did not play first-class cricket in 1947, as he was serving in Burma, but left the army in April 1948 and went to Worcester College, Oxford. He played in the County Championship for Derbyshire in the 1948 season and, in 1949, made the Oxford University team. He also finished off the season playing for Derbyshire in the 1949 season when he scored 1,210 runs and hit three centuries, with his career top score 170 for Oxford University against Leicestershire. In 1950, he captained", "id": "15844269" }, { "contents": "Arthur Roberts (cricketer)\n\n\ndebut for Gloucestershire against Hampshire in 1908 County Championship. He played 28 first-class matches for Gloucestershire, the last coming against Somerset in the 1913 County Championship. In those 28 first-class matches, he scored 727 runs at a batting average of 17.73, with a 3 half centuries and a high score of 90. His highest score came against Somerset in 1911. A part-time bowler, Roberts took 11 wickets for Gloucestershire at a bowling average of 36.00, with best figures of 2/20. He also played a", "id": "10927445" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nin the other. He played his final season in 1933 with 107 against Leicestershire and 128 against Northamptonshire. Lee was a right-hand batsman and played 624 innings in 373 first-class matches with a top score of 200 not out and an average of 25.75. He scored 22 centuries. He was a leg-break and googly bowler and took 397 first-class wickets at an average of 28.04 and a best performance of 7 for 67. Lee umpired first-class matches regularly from 1935 to 1949. He coached", "id": "21081599" }, { "contents": "Garnet Lee\n\n\nfar more active as a bowler. He made more than 1000 runs for Derbyshire in his first year, scoring 119 against Warwickshire and 113 against Somerset. In the 1926 season he scored 191 against Kent in one match and took 5 wickets for 87 in another. He also took 5 for 57 against Leicestershire, 5 for 59 against Gloucestershire and 6 for 74 against Warwickshire. In the 1927 season Lee achieved 5 for 41 against Northamptonshire, 5 for 25 against Glamorgan, and 6 for 34 against Somerset. However his most spectacular", "id": "21081596" }, { "contents": "Frederick Peach\n\n\nhe achieved his best bowling performance with three wickets against Sussex and his top score of 61 not out against Warwickshire and stood in as captain against Leicestershire. He played two games in the 1924 season and one in the 1925 season. Peach was a right-hand batsman and played 24 innings in 12 first-class matches, with an average of 11.21 and a top score of 61 not out. He was a leg-break bowler and took 4 first-class wickets at an average of 42.5 and a best performance of", "id": "15563714" }, { "contents": "Leonard Oliver (cricketer)\n\n\nLeonard Oliver (18 October 1886 – 22 January 1948) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1908 and 1924. Oliver was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1908 season in a drawn match against Lancashire. In his first three years he scored moderately and was frequently caught out. He achieved his first century 104 not out against Leicestershire in the 1910 season. In the 1911 season his average almost doubled and he scored a century against Hampshire. In the following three years he", "id": "5000897" }, { "contents": "Samuel Langton\n\n\nSamuel Thomas Langton (24 January 1886 – 10 July 1918) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1909 and 1910. Langton was born at Parkgate, Rotherham, Yorkshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1909 season in June in a match against Leicestershire and made one more appearance during the season, making little contribution to Derbyshire's run count during the season. He played one game in the 1910 season against Sussex when he made his top scoring innings of 6 runs. He was", "id": "19408190" }, { "contents": "Arthur Severn\n\n\nArthur Severn (23 June 1893 – 10 January 1949) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1919 and 1920. Severn was born at Alfreton, Derbyshire. He joined the nursery staff at Derby in 1914, but in the First World War served with the Coldstream Guards. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1919 season against Lancashire in May. In his second match against Leicestershire, opening the batting with Leonard Oliver, he made his top score of 73 in a game Derbyshire won by 9", "id": "10288290" }, { "contents": "Derek Morgan (cricketer)\n\n\nthe club's first Gillette Cup match against Hampshire. In this season he achieved his best first-class score of 147 against Hampshire and made 115 against Somerset. He was also nominated man of the match in the first round Gillette Cup game in the 1964 season, although Derbyshire lost. Morgan became Derbyshire captain in the 1965 season and that year achieved his best bowling performance of 7 for 33 against Glamorgan. In the 1965 County Championship, Derbyshire was twelfth, rising to eighth in the 1966 season. Morgan scored 103 not", "id": "16600399" }, { "contents": "Harry German\n\n\nHarry German (1 November 1865 – 14 June 1945) was an English cricketer. German was a right-handed batsman who occasionally fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Measham, Leicestershire. German made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Essex in the 1896 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for Leicestershire, the last of which came against Middlesex in the 1898 County Championship. In his five first-class matches, he scored a total of 69 runs at an average of", "id": "18985494" }, { "contents": "Charles Lee (cricketer)\n\n\nleadership before he decided to return to teaching. A right-handed batsman, Lee scored 12,129 runs in all matches, with eight centuries and a best of 150 for Derbyshire against Gloucestershire and 147 against Nottinghamshire. He averaged 26.59 and took 202 catches. He took 21 wickets at 34.33 with his occasional right arm medium pace, with a best of 2 for 9 against Surrey. He played in just two Gillette Cup matches, scoring 42 against Northamptonshire. Lee played cricket for Swinton C.C. and was captain of Rotherham C.C. in 1971", "id": "5453967" }, { "contents": "Charles Stone (English cricketer)\n\n\nwell as a further appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Hampshire. The following season he made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. He also made three first-class appearances for Leicestershire in the 1896 County Championship against Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Hampshire. He later toured the West Indies with A. A. Priestley's XI in 1896–97, making three first-class appearances during the tour against Barbados. He made a single half century in first-class cricket, scoring 55 runs for Leicestershire against", "id": "6230907" }, { "contents": "Peter Brayshay\n\n\nPeter Beldon Brayshay (14 October 1916 – 6 July 2004) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1952. He was born in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and was a right-handed batsman, who scored 23 runs at 5.75, and a right arm fast bowler who took four wickets at 55.75. He made his Yorkshire debut against Glamorgan in Swansea in 1952, and played in the next game against Derbyshire, where he recorded both his highest score", "id": "21746089" }, { "contents": "Eric Cole\n\n\nArmy against Cambridge University, he made his debut for the Kent first team, playing County Championship matches against Lancashire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire. These were his only games for Kent. He played a non-first-class match for the Army against the West Indies in 1939, his last recorded match. In his ten first-class matches, Eric Cole scored 147 runs at an average of 9.80, with a top-score of 36 for the Army against the West Indies in 1933. He took 25 wickets at an", "id": "9577658" }, { "contents": "George Walkden\n\n\nGeorge Godfrey Walkden (10 March 1883 – 16 May 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. Walkden was born at Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1905 season in July against Nottinghamshire, when he made 27 runs in his first innings. He played five more matches for Derbyshire during the 1905 season making his top score of 33 against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His regular double figure run totals tailed off after his first three matches and he", "id": "2915065" }, { "contents": "John Thornton (Leicestershire cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Arthur Curzon Thornton (24 February 1902 – November 1993) was an English cricketer. Thornton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Stoneygate, Leicestershire. Educated at Uppingham School, Thornton made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent in the 1921 County Championship. He made two further first-class appearances for the county in that season's County Championship, against Warwickshire and Derbyshire. He scored 53 runs in his three matches with a high score of 19", "id": "3109923" }, { "contents": "John McDonald (English cricketer)\n\n\nJohn Archibald McDonald (29 May 1882 – 4 June 1961) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1905 and 1906. McDonald was born in Belper, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire during the 1905 season, playing against Nottinghamshire. McDonald scored a career-high score of 21 runs in his debut first-class innings, but the team slipped to a defeat. McDonald played two further first-class matches for Derbyshire during the 1906 season. He was a right-handed batsman", "id": "8559828" }, { "contents": "Bernard Elgood\n\n\ndebuted in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Lancashire at Cambridge in 1948, a season in which he made all twelve of his first-class appearances for Cambridge in. He scored 531 runs across these twelve matches, averaging 35.40. He scored two centuries against Sussex and Middlesex, with his highest score of 127 not out coming against the former. Still serving in the army following the war, Elgood also played two first-class matches in 1948 for the Combined Services cricket team. In 1949, he played minor", "id": "2902118" }, { "contents": "Michael Page (cricketer)\n\n\nEdwin Smith in a seventh-wicket partnership of 57 against Worcestershire. In August of the same year he scored 112 against Leicestershire at Chesterfield, the first of nine centuries which included a career-best of 162 against Leicestershire in 1969. Page also helped the Derbyshire team to the runners-up spot in the Gillette Cup competition of 1969. He remained a first-team choice for Derbyshire until his final match for the first team in August 1975. 1975 was one of six seasons in which he scored more than 1000 runs", "id": "19195205" }, { "contents": "David Steele (cricketer, born 1869)\n\n\ntime Steele played for Scotland in two non first-class matches against Gloucestershire. Steele made his first-class debut for Hampshire in the 1895 County Championship against Leicestershire. Hosie represented the county in 163 first-class matches, with his final match for Hampshire coming against Kent in 1906. In his 163 first-class matches for the county he scored 3,418 runs at a batting average of 13.89, with nine half centuries and a high score of 80 against Leicestershire in 1899. With the ball Steele took 135 wickets at a", "id": "14631682" }, { "contents": "Keith Mohan\n\n\nKeith Mohan (born 11 June 1935) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1957 and 1958. Mohan was born in Glossop, Derbyshire. He joined the staff of Derbyshire in 1952 and represented the club in the Minor Counties Championship. He made his debut first-class appearance in the 1957 season against Leicestershire in July. He continued to play in the 1958 season Mohan was a right-handed batsman and played 10 first-class matches scoring at an average of 10.68 and with a top", "id": "6139446" }, { "contents": "Harry King (cricketer)\n\n\nHarry King (6 November 1881 – 30 June 1947) was an English cricketer. King was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire. King made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1912 County Championship at Aylestone Road, Leicester. He next appeared in first-class cricket for the county in 1920, making two appearances in that seasons County Championship against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his three matches, he scored a total of 29 runs", "id": "2578478" }, { "contents": "Peter Gibbs (cricketer)\n\n\ncareer began with Oxford University, where he played from 1964 to 1966, playing three times in the annual match against Cambridge. His highest score for Oxford was 126 against Warwickshire in 1964. Gibbs made his debut for Derbyshire in 1966 after the end of the university cricket season. He played his first County Championship match in a draw against Middlesex, and played five matches for Derbyshire that season. He established himself in the Derbyshire first team during the 1967 season and was a regular there until the 1972 season. He scored over", "id": "18803153" }, { "contents": "Arthur Shrewsbury (cricketer, born 1874)\n\n\nArthur Shrewsbury (4 July 1874 – 6 October 1917) was an English cricketer. Shrewsbury was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Nottingham. Shrewsbury made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Sussex in the 1892 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches for the county in 1892, which came against Gloucestershire and Somerset. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 63 runs at a batting average of 31.50, with a high score of 31", "id": "424275" }, { "contents": "George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)\n\n\nGeorge William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Halstead, Essex. Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire. Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs", "id": "18289721" }, { "contents": "Jesse Boot (cricketer)\n\n\nJesse Boot (18 March 1860 – 1 March 1940) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. He appeared for Derbyshire in the 1885 season when he kept wicket in a match against Staffordshire which did not count as first-class. His only first-class appearance for Derbyshire came late the 1895 season, against Leicestershire in August. A middle-order batsman, he scored a duck in his first innings and just four runs in the next. He did not play for the side", "id": "14445835" }, { "contents": "Stephen Poulter (cricketer)\n\n\nStephen John Poulter (born 9 September 1956) is a former English cricketer. Poulter was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hornsey, Middlesex. Poulter made his first-class debut for Middlesex against Nottinghamshire in 1978 County Championship. He played 2 further first-class matches that season, against Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at a batting average of 15.66, with a highest score of 36. It was also in 1978 that he made his List A", "id": "10927223" }, { "contents": "Ian Gibson (cricketer)\n\n\nwith similar batting statistics, scoring three further first-class half-centuries. In 1957, Gibson achieved his career-best innings of 100 not out in a draw for Oxford University against Gloucestershire. He joined Derbyshire in the 1957 season and spent his university holidays in both the first and second teams. He made his County Championship debut for Derbyshire against Nottinghamshire, in which he scored a half-century in his first innings. He played six further first-class matches for the Derbyshire in the latter stages of the season", "id": "18112875" }, { "contents": "William Richardson (Derbyshire cricketer)\n\n\nCup in both years. In the 1965 season he played one Gillette Cup match and six first-class matches in the course of which he took 5 for 57 against Kent. Richardson was a right-handed batsman and played 107 innings in 69 first-class matches with an average of 15.86 and a top score of 91. He played three innings in three one-day matches and made 39 runs. He was a left-arm medium-fast bowler and took 147 first-class wickets with an average of 27.70", "id": "6079775" }, { "contents": "Michael Carberry\n\n\n. He scored 19 runs in the match, which the Surrey Cricket Board won. He played in the team's following round match against Cheshire, with Carberry being dismissed for 4 runs by Christopher Hall, in a match which ended in victory for Cheshire. He spent two further years in the Surrey Seconds, before making his first-class debut for the county against Leicestershire. He played 6 first-class matches in 2001, scoring 311 runs and scoring his maiden half century, against Glamorgan. He also made his List", "id": "5385413" }, { "contents": "Joseph Marlow\n\n\nJoseph Marlow (12 December 1854 – 8 June 1923) was an English cricketer who played 24 first-class matches for Derbyshire between 1879 and 1886. Marlow was born at Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. In 1878 he played a match for Buxton against a touring Australia team, where he opened a 22-man batting line up scoring one and five, and took one wicket. He made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1879 season against Nottinghamshire in July, when he took three wickets. However he did not play for Derbyshire", "id": "6303357" }, { "contents": "Terence Cordaroy\n\n\nTerence Michael Cordaroy (born 26 May 1944) is a former English cricketer. Cordaroy was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Hampstead, London. Cordaroy made his first-class debut for Middlesex in the 1968 County Championship against Leicestershire. It was on debut that he scored his only first-class half century, making 81 runs in the Middlesex first-innings. He played his second and final first-class match in that same season against Surrey. In his two first-class matches, he scored", "id": "8213864" }, { "contents": "Thomas Higson (cricketer, born 1873)\n\n\ndebut against Surrey. He achieved his best bowling performance of 4 for 74 against Warwickshire and his top score of 46 against Hampshire. From 1901 he was playing for Lancashire in the first and second XIs. He next played first-class in 1904 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against South Africans, and in 1905, 1906 and 1907 also played occasional first-class games for Lancashire . In the 1909 season he was back with Derbyshire for one game and then played three matches for the club in the 1910 season.", "id": "4454430" }, { "contents": "Matthew Wood (cricketer, born 1980)\n\n\nMatthew James Wood (born 30 September 1980, Exeter, Devon) is a retired English cricketer, who played for Somerset and Nottinghamshire as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler. He made his first-class debut for Somerset against Yorkshire in 2001 and scored 71 in a total of 553 for five wickets. His maiden first-class century was 122 against Northamptonshire in 2001. Wood scored 297 against Yorkshire in 2005. He got out trying to hit a 6 to bring up his 300", "id": "4070493" }, { "contents": "James Cresswell\n\n\nnine matches. In the 1927 season, his last, he played four matches and managed his top score of 28 against Yorkshire. Cresswell was a right-hand batsman and played 34 innings in 21 first-class matches with a top score of 28 and an average of 7.61. He was a left-arm fast-medium bowler and took 25 first-class wickets at an average of 40.88 and a best performance of 4 for 65. In 1939 he played for Derbyshire Second XI and also for Alfreton colliery team.", "id": "10219039" }, { "contents": "John O'Connor (English cricketer)\n\n\nHis best batting score was 17 against Hampshire in a 177-run Derbyshire victory at the start of June. O'Connor was a right-arm off-break and medium-pace bowler and took 24 first-class wickets at an average of 15.79 and a best performance of 5 for 56. He was a right-handed tail end batsman and played 14 innings in 9 first-class matches with a top score of 17 and an average of 6.11. O'Connor umpired two minor county matches in 1902 and one in 1903. He played", "id": "2881118" }, { "contents": "Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1886)\n\n\n, in which he kept wicket and scored 15 runs in the lower order. Smith's second and final County match was for Derbyshire, in a match in the 1920 season against Somerset Though he was dismissed cheaply in the first innings, he made a career-best 24 not out in the second. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper and played three innings in two first-class matches making 49 runs with a top score of 24 not out. Smith held positions as manager of Denaby Main Colliery", "id": "19238795" }, { "contents": "Robert Spurway\n\n\nand appeared twice more in first-class matches for Natal after that. He made his debut for Somerset in 1893, and reached his second half-century during that season, scoring 55 against Lancashire from number three. His best year in first-class cricket was 1894, when in six appearances he scored 223 runs at an average of 24.77. During this season, he scored his only first-class century, remaining 108 not out in Somerset's first innings against Gloucestershire, helping his side to a six wicket victory", "id": "9150525" }, { "contents": "Tom Revill\n\n\nwas born at Bolsover, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire against Somerset in July 1913 and played one more match that season. After World War I he returned to Derbyshire for eight matches in 1919 and made his top score of 65 not out against Northamptonshire. He played just one game in 1920. Revill was a left-hand batsman and played 20 innings in 11 first-class matches with an average of 14.43 and a top score of 65 not out. He was a leg-break and googly bowler,", "id": "20802479" }, { "contents": "Harold Wild\n\n\nHarold Wild (3 February 1891 – 8 August 1977) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1913 and 1920. Wild was born at Hadfield, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1913 season against Leicestershire in June when he took a wicket and scored 8 and 9. He played two more games in 1913 and a series in the 1914 season. After the First World War, Wild returned to play a full season in 1919 and made his highest score of 68 against Warwickshire", "id": "8974532" }, { "contents": "Keith Jones (cricketer, born 1951)\n\n\nagainst Leicestershire. He made three further appearances in that season's competition, against Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Worcestershire. He scored a total of 153 runs in these matches, at an average of 38.25 and with a high score of 82, which came against Northamptonshire. Following the end of his studies in 1973, Jones returned to Warwickshire, where he played a half a dozen matches for the county at the end of the 1973 season. He made three first-class appearances in the County Championship against Kent, Middlesex and Gloucestershire", "id": "11298339" }, { "contents": "Alexander Watson (cricketer, born 1945)\n\n\nsingle half century score of 65* against Essex in 1966. With the ball he took 68 wickets at a bowling average of 39.38, with a single five wicket haul against Cambridge University in 1965. He took 14 catches. He also played a first-class match for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the touring Australians in 1968. In 1973 Watson made his debut for Dorset in his only List-A match, against Staffordshire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He took 3 wickets for 39 runs, leaving him with a bowling", "id": "18027131" }, { "contents": "Bill Davies (cricketer, born 1901)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' Henry Davies (born 7 August 1901, date of death unknown) was a Welsh cricketer. Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Briton Ferry, Glamorgan. Davies represented Glamorgan in 5 first-class matches between 1922 and 1927, making his debut against Leicestershire and playing his final first-class match against Leicestershire in 1927. In his 5 first-class matches he scored 33 runs at a batting average of 4.12 and took 3 wickets at", "id": "20405647" }, { "contents": "Pat McKeown\n\n\nPatrick Christopher McKeown (born 1 June 1976) is an English cricketer. McKeown is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. McKeown made his first-class debut for Lancashire against Somerset in the 1996 County Championship. He made 18 further first-class appearances for Lancashire, the last of which came against Derbyshire in the 2000 County Championship. In his 19 first-class matches, he scored 679 runs at an average of 26.11, with a high score", "id": "13098555" }, { "contents": "Frederick Wright (cricketer)\n\n\nFrederick Wright (20 June 1855 – 20 November 1929) was an English cricketer. Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Sysonby, Leicestershire. Wright made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Derbyshire at Grace Road in the 1895 County Championship. He made four further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1897 County Championship. In his five matches, Wright scored 110 runs at an average of 11.00, with a", "id": "6099069" }, { "contents": "Gordon Collins\n\n\nGordon Thomas Collins (26 December 1914 – 3 March 1986) was an English cricketer. Collins was a right-handed batsman who played occasionally as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Collins made his first-class cricket debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire in 1937. He represented the county in 2 further first-class matches in 1937, against Derbyshire and Essex. In his 3 first-class matches, he scored 44 runs at a batting average of 8.80, with a high score", "id": "11121312" }, { "contents": "Alan Rice\n\n\nAlan Sedgwick Rice (born 29 August 1929) is a former English cricketer. Rice was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Leicester, Leicestershire. Rice made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1954 against Middlesex at Lord's. Rice played two further first-class matches for Leicestershire, both coming 1954 against Somerset and Middlesex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 15 runs at a batting average of 7.50, with a high score of 13", "id": "4202971" }, { "contents": "Roy Genders\n\n\nthat he recorded his best performances. He made 55 not out against his old club Derbyshire, and took all his three wickets for the county in a single match against Gloucestershire; the most notable of his victims was probably \"one-Test wonder\" George Emmett. Genders' last two matches in first-class cricket came for Somerset in the 1949 seasons, but his scores of 3, 22, 0 and 4 were unimpressive and he never played county cricket again. His 22 came in Somerset's second innings against Cambridge", "id": "2049063" }, { "contents": "Iain Campbell (cricketer)\n\n\nCounty Cricket Club in 1946, and 18 matches for Oxford University between 1949 and 1951, he played chiefly as a wicket-keeper. He hit his highest score in 1951 against Leicestershire, when he scored 60 not out between going to the wicket with the score at 54 for 6 and the fall of the last wicket at 142. He toured Canada with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1951, playing in the first-class match against the Canadian national side, and played his final first-class match against Ireland", "id": "7695866" }, { "contents": "John Dunlop Southern\n\n\nJohn Dunlop Southern (5 November 1899 – 7 February 1972) was a Royal Navy officer and cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in occasional games between 1919 and 1934. Southern was born at Friar Gate, Derby. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Australian Imperial Forces, scoring 43 in his second innings. In 1920 he played two matches - against Sussex and Leicestershire, and in 1922 one match against Worcestershire. After a break on naval service he reappeared for Derbyshire for one game in 1934", "id": "5869949" }, { "contents": "Raymond Hitchcock (cricketer)\n\n\nRaymond Edward Hitchcock (born 28 November 1929 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand first-class cricketer who played in England for Warwickshire. Ray Hitchcock was a left-handed batsman who also bowled right-arm leg-spin. He played two games in New Zealand for Canterbury in 1947-48 before moving to England. Between 1949 and 1964 he scored 12,269 runs for Warwickshire and took 182 wickets. He made his highest score against Derbyshire in 1962 when he went to the wicket with Warwickshire at 50 for 4 and", "id": "14273205" }, { "contents": "Gary Wilson (cricketer)\n\n\nTwo years later, in 2006, he participated in the competition for the second time, when his team finished in thirteenth place. He also plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England's domestic competitions. Wilson played for Ireland in the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and has been playing for Surrey's first team since 2008. He made his Irish ODI debut against India on 23 June 2007 at Stormont. In a match against Leicestershire in August 2010, Wilson scored his maiden first-class century, beating his previous best score of", "id": "15185381" }, { "contents": "Thomas Hallam\n\n\nThomas Haydn Hallam (12 April 1881 – 24 November 1958) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1906 and 1907. Hallam was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire. A right-hand batsman, he made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season in August against Hampshire but made little impact. However, in his second match, against Warwickshire, he scored 68 in the first innings and 45 in the second. His scores in his remaining four games in the season were more modest. He", "id": "6624666" }, { "contents": "Quentin Hughes (cricketer)\n\n\n. In 1997, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Derbyshire. From 1997 to 2000, he represented the University in 27 first-class matches, the last of which came against Oxford University. He also played a single match for a British Universities team against the touring New Zealanders in 1999. In his 28 first-class matches, he scored 1,086 runs at a batting average of 31.94, with 5 half centuries and 2 centuries, with a high score of 119. In the field", "id": "8219155" }, { "contents": "Mark Johnson (Yorkshire cricketer)\n\n\nMark Johnson (born 23 April 1958, Gleadless, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England) is a former English first-class cricketer, who played four first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1981. A right arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he took seven wickets at an average of 43.00, with a best return of 4 for 48 against Warwickshire. He only scored two class runs in four innings, including two not outs. He played fourteen one day games, taking twelve wickets at 37.91,", "id": "346973" }, { "contents": "Steve Johnson (cricketer)\n\n\n1979 Benson & Hedges Cup, making 4 appearances for the team. He scored 132 runs in these 4 matches, at an average of 33.00, with a high score of 51. This score, his only List A fifty, came against Nottinghamshire. He appeared twice for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1980 Benson & Hedges Cup, playing against Glamorgan and Gloucestershire. He also played his only first-class match for the Minor Counties against the touring Indians in 1979. Opening the batting, he scored an unbeaten 146", "id": "5168436" }, { "contents": "H. Williams (Worcestershire cricketer)\n\n\nH. Williams (full name and dates unknown) was an English first-class cricketer who played in four matches for Worcestershire in 1927. His debut against Sussex saw his 12 overs hit for 68 runs, and though he took the wicket of a well-known player in each of his next two games, against Glamorgan (dismissing Emrys Davies) and Leicestershire (dismissing George Geary), against Gloucestershire his seven overs went for 46, and his first-class career ended there. With the bat he was hapless, scoring", "id": "7769733" }, { "contents": "George Davidson (cricketer)\n\n\nseventh in the Championship table. In the 1897 season he scored 121 against Notts and took four 5-wicket innings. In the 1898 season he took 15–116 in a match against Essex, the fourth-best bowling analysis in a match for Derbyshire, though Essex won easily on a fiery pitch. He took seven other 5-wicket innings and scored 108 against Hants. Derbyshire finished joint-ninth in the 1898 season, debuting Billy Bestwick. Davidson was a right-handed batsman and played 260 innings in 158 first-class matches, He", "id": "14098257" }, { "contents": "Gregor Kennis\n\n\nhe appeared for four different second teams in the Second Eleven Championship: Surrey, Worcestershire, Middlesex and Somerset. Kennis had limited success in both first-class and limited-overs cricket as a batsman until his very last first-class match. His highest score in his six games for Surrey was his 29 against Kent in 1995 and he did not reach double figures in List A cricket for Surrey. Playing for Somerset in 1998, he scored 49 in the match against Derbyshire, but made only 22 runs in five other", "id": "10927667" }, { "contents": "Frederick Bracey\n\n\nFrederick Cecil Bracey (20 July 1887 – 28 March 1960) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire from 1906 to 1914 Bracey was born at Glossop, Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1906 season, in June against Northamptonshire when he only had the chance to bowl seven balls, and was last man in, scoring 1 in his second innings. However he took three wickets in his next match against Warwickshire and continued to play regularly for Derbyshire until 1909 averaging 2 wickets per match", "id": "16171432" }, { "contents": "Richard Venes\n\n\nRichard Stephen Venes (12 March 1885 – 10 June 1959) was an English cricketer. Venes was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born at Battersea, London. Venes made four first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and in a second match against Yorkshire. In his four first-class matches, he scored 8 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 4 not out. With the ball he took 4 wickets", "id": "6987832" }, { "contents": "John Rawlin\n\n\nRawlin played in 315 first-class matches. He took 811 wickets at an average of 20.57, with a best of 8 for 29 against Gloucestershire. He also took 8 for 50 against his old county Yorkshire. He took ten wickets in a match on twelve occasions, and five wickets in an innings 46 times. He scored 7,651 runs at 17.04, with a best score of 122 not out against W. G. Grace's London County Cricket Club. His other century came against Surrey, and he scored thirty one fifties.", "id": "8783948" }, { "contents": "Wilfred Carter\n\n\nin 1922. In the 1923 season he made 100 not out against Northamptonshire. He left the Derbyshire staff after the 1924 season. However he returned to play four matches for Derbyshire in the 1926 season. Carter was a right-handed batsman and played 112 innings in 65 first-class matches with an average of 17.76 and a top score of 145. He was a right-arm bowler of slow donkey-drops and took 16 first-class wickets for an average of 44.18 and a best performance of 3 for 12", "id": "16934807" }, { "contents": "Harry Latchman\n\n\ninnings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in \"Wisden\" as \"H. C. Latchman\". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for", "id": "3353051" }, { "contents": "Vincent Flynn\n\n\nVincent Anthony Flynn (born 3 October 1955) is a former English cricketer. Flynn was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Flynn made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1976. He played two further first-class matches for Northamptonshire, both coming in the 1978 County Championship against Yorkshire and Leicestershire. In his three first-class matches he scored 21 runs at a batting average of 21.00, with a high score of 15", "id": "10441242" }, { "contents": "Thomas Attenborough\n\n\n, and Lancashire's first innings of just 25 held the record for the lowest score achieved against Derbyshire in first-class cricket for 87 years. Attenborough played in the second fixture against Lancashire in 1871 and in the two Derbyshire matches, again against Lancashire in the 1872 season when he was the club's top scorer with 44 runs in the two games. Attenborough played his last two games for Derbyshire in the 1874 season against Lancashire. Attenborough was an upper-order right-handed batsman and played nine innings in six first", "id": "10550198" }, { "contents": "George Challenor\n\n\n94 against Middlesex before scoring his first century in the 6th match against Oxford University and then 101 in his next innings against Essex. More big scores came regularly with more centuries against Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Glamorgan and Norfolk. He eventually finished third in the 1923 batting averages behind Patsy Hendren and Phil Mead. Returning to the West Indies he had more success for Barbados scoring 114 against Trinidad in 1923–24 and then 237* against Jamaica in 1924–25. After a gap of 14 years an M.C.C. team toured the West", "id": "19043035" }, { "contents": "Richard Coughtrie\n\n\ndrawn match. He made debut for Gloucestershire after making a host of second XI appearances against Derbyshire in April 2011. He scored 20 in the first innings, however didn't keep wicket due to first option Jonathan Batty playing. Gloucestershire beat Derbyshire by seven wickets. Coughtrie scored 47 not out in 69 balls in a three-day University match against Cardiff UCCE in April 2011. Coughtrie made 45 in the first innings in a drawn match against Essex in May 2011. In August 2011, Coughtrie made his first-class top", "id": "10302147" }, { "contents": "Alec Swann\n\n\nseason in the first team but poor form led to him returning second XI cricket. After scoring three centuries in four innings at that level he returned to the first team where he scored 85 against Kent, this was his only first-class fifty of the season. Swann continued to switch between the first and second team in 1999 although he showed improved form, in 12 first-class matches he scored 573 runs at an average of 31.83. Playing against Nottinghamshire in June he scored a career-best 154 and shared a", "id": "120369" }, { "contents": "Ian Cockbain (cricketer, born 1987)\n\n\nmaiden first-class half century. In the following game of the season he scored 21 and 47 against Glamorgan in a 189-run defeat. Cockbain made his List A debut against Glamorgan on 24 April; he scored just 4 in a three-wicket victory for Gloucestershire. Cockbain made scored of 1 and 72 as Gloucestershire drew in a first-class tie against Middlesex in May 2011. Cockbain scored his maiden first-class century in June 2011 against Middlesex in a drawn match. He scored 127 from 233 deliveries batting at number", "id": "10301243" } ]

[ { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nand is based in Bordeaux with an office in Strasbourg. The industry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-", "id": "20860572" }, { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nThe Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes Viticoles (AREV) is an organisation of political and trade representatives of wine regions within the European Union (EU) and Eastern Europe. It lobbies the EU on matters affecting its members, and acts as a forum for discussion of policy and marketing. The European Wine Regions Conference (CERV) was created on 20 June 1988 under Alsatian law. It became the Assembly of European Wine Regions (AREV) in 1994. It is financed by membership subscriptions,", "id": "20860571" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n's economic hegemony. The most important \"régions\" are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism)", "id": "18733048" }, { "contents": "Geology of France\n\n\nThe regional geology of France is commonly divided into the Paris Basin, the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Aquitaine Basin, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Côte languedocienne, the Sillon rhodanien, the Massif des Vosges, the Massif Ardennais, the Alsace graben (Rhine graben) and Flanders Basin. The regions Alsace, Franche-Comté, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur are part of the Western Alps. Sediment from the Valais ocean crop out in the Versoyen unit. The basement of the", "id": "9137080" }, { "contents": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nThe region shares two national borders: Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Vaud) to the northeast and Italy (Aosta Valley and Piedmont) to the east. The bordering French provinces are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the northwest, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast, Occitanie to the southwest, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain, Allier, Ardèche, Cantal, Drôme,", "id": "19200082" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\norganisation of the market in wine\" and it is supplemented by several Commission regulations. The former document has been adopted by the Council of the European Union through the member states' ministers of agriculture, while the Commission regulations are written by the European Commission in collaboration with the Wine Management Committee, where the member states are represented. The aspects regulated by EU fall mainly into the categories winemaking practices, classification and labelling, wine-production potential, documentation of wine industry activities, imports from non-EU countries, and duties", "id": "3557885" }, { "contents": "Beaujolais\n\n\nIn some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. The wine takes its name from the historical Province of Beaujolais, a wine-producing region. It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône \"département\" of the Rhône-Alpes region and southern areas of the Saône-et-Loire \"département\" of Burgundy. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to", "id": "6276341" }, { "contents": "Cap21\n\n\nMember of the European Parliament for North-West France as the MoDem's top candidate in the region. However, the party split from the MoDem in the runup to the 2010 regional elections and pursued an alliance with Europe Écologie. Cap 21 was allied with Europe Écologie in Alsace, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Upper Normandy and was allied with the MoDem in Burgundy and Picardy. Following the MoDem's poor result (4.2%) in the regional elections,", "id": "6142218" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n. Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms. The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes. In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French", "id": "18733049" }, { "contents": "Traditional method\n\n\nThe traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Portugal to produce Espumante and in Italy to produce Franciacorta. The method is known as the \"méthode champenoise,\" but the Champagne producers have successfully lobbied the European Union to restrict the use of that term within the EU only to wines produced in Champagne. Thus, wines from elsewhere", "id": "19248881" }, { "contents": "Centre-Val de Loire\n\n\nof the Loire Valley, such as the , the gentle and refined lifestyle, the wine, and the mild and temperate climate, all of which attract many tourists to the region. A new logo was also created. Bordering six other regions, Centre-Val-de-Loire borders the most of all 18 regions in France. The bordering regions are Normandy on the northwest, Île-de-France on the northeast, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the southeast,", "id": "20237325" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\noutside their region. Port cities like Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Rouen emerged as formidable centers of commerce with the wines of Gascony, Haut Pays, Poitou and the Île-de-France. During this period, political climates and alliances played a substantial role in the trade of French wines to other European countries. The 1152 marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Henry Plantagenet, the future Henry II of England, was the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship between Bordeaux and England. The 1295 Auld Alliance between France and Scotland", "id": "9119574" }, { "contents": "Christie's World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine\n\n\nrated on a 100-point scale, and all their wines given a star wine rating (three star maximum). Champagne receives the largest coverage, occupying 98 pages, but 10 other French regions (Alsace, Loire, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Limoux, others) receive 45 pages, while 141 pages covers the rest of the world (Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Austria, Southeast Europe, other European, South Africa, The United States, California, Others USA, Canada, South America", "id": "7765929" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nGerman growers, among others in the EU. In 1962, shortly after the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, or \"Common Market\") a set of rules were drawn up in which the normal common organisation of the market for a type of product – normally limited to a pricing system, rules on intervention and a system for trade with third-party countries – was extended in several areas in order to accommodate the diverse interests of wine production within individual member states. The wine sector required regulation", "id": "17720223" }, { "contents": "Sévérac-le-Château\n\n\nsovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ). The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. It also borders two countries to the south", "id": "14752630" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nin Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They", "id": "19345598" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nChampagne\" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term \"Champagne style\" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term \"methode champenoise\" has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union. Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers.", "id": "13668320" }, { "contents": "Élisabeth Guigou\n\n\n1997–2000. Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 2000–2002. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–1997 (Became minister in 1997, and elected in parliamentary elections). French Parliament Member of the National Assembly of France for Vaucluse : June 1997- July 1997 (Appointed Minister of Justice in July 1997). Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-Saint-Denis : Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007 and 2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : Elected in 1992,", "id": "20264329" }, { "contents": "Cava (Spanish wine)\n\n\nis produced in the Penedès area in Spain, with the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia being home to many of Spain's largest production houses. The two major producers are Codorníu and Freixenet. Cava is also produced in other villages in Aragon, Castile and León, Extremadura, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarre and Valencia. In the past, cava was referred to as \"Spanish champagne\", which is no longer permitted under European Union law, since Champagne has Protected Geographical Status (PGS) and Spain entered the EU", "id": "21344469" }, { "contents": "Merlot\n\n\nlargest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler-climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona. In Costers del Segre, the grape is often used in Bordeaux-style blend while in Aragon (with in 2008), Navarra ( in 2008) and Castilla-La Mancha () sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties. Spain's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula, Portugal, has only a very limited amount", "id": "19315786" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nit. The word \"appellation\" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for", "id": "19345591" }, { "contents": "Korbel Champagne Cellars\n\n\nCzechoslovak brothers named Korbel. It was purchased by Adolph Heck in 1954. Heck's son, Gary, took over in 1984, and over time increased production from 150,000 to 1.3 million cases per year, making Korbel the twelfth largest wine producer in the United States as of 2011. On its website, Korbel calls itself \"producers of fine California méthode champenoise champagnes for 137 years\". Normally, under European Union (EU) law, only wine from France's Champagne wine region may use the terms “Champagne\" or", "id": "21832455" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nThe Champagne wine region (archaic ) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France. The area is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term \"Champagne\" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 100 miles (160 km) east of Paris. The viticultural boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine producing districts within the historical province: Aube, Côte", "id": "9042170" }, { "contents": "Cairanne\n\n\nCairanne () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France whose inhabitants were locally nicknamed \"leis afrontaires de Cairana\", the cheeky ones from Cairanne. It dates from the mid-8th century and is located midway between Orange and Vaison-la-Romaine. The village economy depends largely on its production of wine that falls into the various categories of wines from the Rhône valley. The settlement was first mentioned in 739 CE as \"Queroana\" and later became known as Cayrane", "id": "644328" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEuropean Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production. These regulations form a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of EU, and regulate such things as the maximum vineyard surface allowed to individual EU member states, allowed winemaking practices and principles for wine classification and labelling. The wine regulations exist to regulate total production in order to combat overproduction of wine and to provide an underpinning", "id": "3557877" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nexcess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using \"Grand cru\" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or", "id": "99531" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\n, the European network of regional observatories energy and greenhouse gas. FEDARENE is currently responsible for the coordination of the network and has made a valuable contribution in its creation. The Board of Administration is composed of 16 members of which a President, a General Secretary, 13 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board's members are representatives of the following Regions/Provinces: North West Croatia (HR), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region (FR), Berlin (DE), Rhône-Alpes", "id": "7749574" }, { "contents": "Sablet\n\n\nSablet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a fortified Provençal village rich in history. Sablet is situated at the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail in the Côtes du Rhône wine-producing region. It is located to the west of Mont Ventoux, in a transition zone between the Prealps and the Mediterranean. Sablet is very close to the larger towns of Vaison-la-Romaine to the north, Carpentras to the south and Orange to the west", "id": "16748637" }, { "contents": "Transport express régional\n\n\nhave an average ridership of only about 66 travellers per train. TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes. Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays-de-la-", "id": "14624124" }, { "contents": "Austrian cuisine\n\n\nmost widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished", "id": "17086568" }, { "contents": "Classification of wine\n\n\nstating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to", "id": "5411712" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nvins de la rivière\" and \"vins de la montagne\"- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river Marne which carried the wines down to the Seine and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the Flemish wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century, Pinot noir became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of Burgundy wines,", "id": "9042181" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\n(by volume) of wine is \"vin de table\", while in Germany only 5% is \"deutscher Tafelwein\". Table wine from anywhere in the EU can be blended together to produce European Table Wine. European table wines are generally made from the highest-yielding sites and vinified in an industrial manner. In the 1950s, when per capita consumption of wine was much higher, there was a need for vast quantities of cheap wine, but now much of it goes into the European Union's troublesome \"wine", "id": "13361504" }, { "contents": "Meursault\n\n\nMeursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Côte-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as \"buttery\" to be applied", "id": "18826987" }, { "contents": "Rosé\n\n\nred wines produced in such notable wine regions as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne were \"rosé-style\" wines made from juice that had only brief periods of skin contact during winemaking. But even as the trend in these regions evolved towards more modern ideas of \"red wines\", rosés still hold a prominent place in many of France's major wine regions. Today rosé is produced throughout France from the cooler climate rosé Champagnes and Loire Valley wines to the warm Mediterranean influence climates of Provence and the southern Rhone Valley. Rosés", "id": "19952534" }, { "contents": "Gevrey-Chambertin\n\n\nGevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies 15 km South of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin. Gevrey-Chambertin is one of the wine villages of the Côte de Nuits which lies along the foot of the Côte", "id": "18339026" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nin the east of France. To the north are the French regions of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté, to the west it borders the region Auvergne, to the south it borders Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy. The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border. The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône. The confluence of these", "id": "20237369" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine regions\n\n\nThe mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as \"Denominaciones de Origen\" (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws. In compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002, Spanish wines are classified into two categories, which in turn are further classified into sub-categories depending on the strictness of the criteria applied in producing the type of wine in question: In 2006 a new \"Vino de la Tierra\" \"super-region\" was created", "id": "17220026" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nGerman wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A. On the other side of Rhine from Baden, Alsace is situated. Due to its very large north-south length, Baden is divided into nine districts (\"Bereiche\"), which is more than any other German wine region. From north to south, these districts are: Grape varieties of the Pinot family are responsible for almost 55% of the vineyards of Baden, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) covering 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in", "id": "4626276" }, { "contents": "Erdőbénye\n\n\nThe village Erdőbénye may have 1600 inhabitants and may be located 20 km from the town of Tokaj in Northern Hungary. It may lie in a valley surrounded by mountains and vineyards, in the middle of the famous wine-region ‘Tokaj-Hegyalja’, in Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. The village may be one of the centres for wine-production in this region. There may be more cellars in the village, where the regional wines can be tasted. As the well-known old saying tells us:", "id": "12173553" }, { "contents": "Classification of Saint-Émilion wine\n\n\nthan previous efforts, with tastings and inspections outsourced by INAO to independent groups with no involvement by St.-Emilion Wine Syndicate and Bordeaux wine trade, but instead wine professionals from Burgundy, the Rhône Valley, Champagne, the Loire Valley and Provence made up a seven-person commission. There is no longer a fixed number of châteaus which can be classified, and the new rankings elevated Château Pavie and Château Angélus to Premier Classe A. Among new Premiers grands crus were Larcis Ducasse, Canon-la-Gaffelière and \"garagiste\" producers Valandraud", "id": "3049694" }, { "contents": "Burgundy wine\n\n\n1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines. After Burgundy", "id": "16297307" }, { "contents": "Côtes de Gascogne\n\n\nCôtes de Gascogne is a wine-growing district in Gascony producing principally white wine. It is mainly located in the département of the Gers in the former Midi-Pyrénées region (now part of the Occitanie region), and it belongs to the wine region South West France. The designation Côtes de Gascogne is used for a \"Vin de Pays\" (\"country wine\") produced in the Armagnac area. The decree of 13 September 1968 created the difference between a \"Vin de Pays\" and simpler table wine,", "id": "447824" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\nTable wine is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification. In the United States, \"table wine\" primarily designates a wine style: ordinary wine which is neither fortified nor sparkling nor expensive. In the European Union wine regulations, \"table wine\" (TW) is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond", "id": "13361499" }, { "contents": "Provence wine\n\n\n\"département\" is occasionally cited by some sources with Provence due to some similarities in wine style; the appellation is however officially part of the Rhône wine region and its typicity more closely approaches that of its neighbour on its northern border, Côtes de Ventoux AOC, also a Rhône wine. The region has several \"vin de pays\" designations, with Bouches-du-Rhône, near Aix-en-Provence, being one of the most common designations seen abroad. The Bellet AOC is in southeastern Provence, near Nice", "id": "18590333" }, { "contents": "Buisson, Vaucluse\n\n\nBuisson is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Buisson is a small, wine-producing, Knights Templar village, dating back at least as far as the 12th century, and linked since its beginning to the nearby village of Villedieu, with which it produces its principal crop, Côtes-du-Rhône wine, which is sold from their joint winery, le Cellier du Templier. Situated above the Aygues River, Buisson lies at the northern edge of the Vaucluse", "id": "13677632" }, { "contents": "Burgundy\n\n\nTrémouille until its merger to form the regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Burgundy is one of France's main wine producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including Gamay, Aligote, Pinot blanc, and Sauvignon blanc. The region is divided into the Côte-d'Or, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâcon", "id": "5142782" }, { "contents": "Nuits-Saint-Georges\n\n\nNuits-Saint-Georges () is a commune in the arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It lies in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Nuits-Saint-Georges is the main town of the Côte de Nuits wine-producing area of Burgundy. Nuits-Saint-Georges was the site of the traditional Burgundian festival, \"la Saint-Vincent-Tournante\", in 2007. It is a festival that celebrates the wine of a different Burgundian village each year. The", "id": "13776155" }, { "contents": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union\n\n\nquality wine psr, with the \"psr\" standing for \"\"produced in a specified region\"\". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as table wine. There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the European Commission restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are", "id": "1749448" }, { "contents": "List of Portuguese wine regions\n\n\nPortuguese wine regions are grouped into three levels of classification. At the top are the \"Denominação de Origem Controlada\" (or DOCs) which are Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) under the European Union wine regulations and thus correspond roughly to the French \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Spanish \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) classifications. The second group consist of \"Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada\" (IPRs), and are also QWpsr. IPRs are used for DOC candidates \"in training\"", "id": "12630197" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nBaden is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Under German wine legislation, Baden and Württemberg are separate wine regions. With under vine in 2008, Baden is Germany's third largest wine region, but seems to be much less known on export markets in comparison to many smaller German regions, and in comparison to the neighbouring French region of Alsace, which is", "id": "4626273" }, { "contents": "Roussanne\n\n\nbe found in some white wines from the Côtes du Rhône AOC. Outside of the Rhône, the Roussanne is grown in Provence and the Languedoc-Roussillon région where it is sometimes blended with Chardonnay, Marsanne and Vermentino in some \"vin de pays\". In Savoie, the grape is known as Bergeron where it produces highly aromatic wines in Chignin. Outside France it is grown in the Italian wine regions of Liguria and Tuscany where it is a permitted grape in Montecarlo bianco. In Australia, it was believed to have been", "id": "11395981" }, { "contents": "Grenache\n\n\nvarietal wines and blends. Garnacha plays a major role in the \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) wines in Aragon, Catalonia and Navarra and the \"Denominación de Origen Calificada\" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta. Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape,", "id": "1395794" }, { "contents": "Comité Régional d'Action Viticole\n\n\nregion which the group believes has been plagued by surplus production and a subsequent need to adapt the quality and quantity of wine produced to changing market realities, including reduced domestic demand for simple wine for everyday consumption. This process, which has involved considerable European Union subsidies, has had negative effects on smaller producers and has met with various protests, of which CRAV is the most violent. CRAV's publicised demands have regularly included elements which are more-or-less impossible for French politicians to implement under European Union rules, since", "id": "11085105" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nharmonise regulations for various products which traditionally have been regulated on a national level. The EU wine regulations form a framework for the wine laws of the European Union member states. Since national wine laws have a much longer history than the EU wine regulations, the EU regulations have been designed to accommodate existing regulations of several member states. In particular, the existing regulations concerning French wine, with its detailed appellation laws, formed a basis, while also making room for the very different German wine classification system. In general, the", "id": "3557890" }, { "contents": "Focșani\n\n\nmost popular wine-producing regions in Romania, Odobești being just to the northwest, in Romania, Focșani itself is not considered a wine-producing center. The wine sold as \"Weisse von Fokshan\" in Germany and some other European countries is generally a \"Fetească Albă de Odobești\" wine, and practically a second-rated wine which does not comply to the European Union rules of naming the regions of origin of wines. The vicinity is rich in minerals such as iron, copper, coal, and petroleum. The", "id": "407220" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\ntripe and quenelles. In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard. The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin. Wines in this region include the very famous Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine. Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region. Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times;", "id": "20237377" }, { "contents": "Duriense VR\n\n\nDuriense is a Portuguese wine region covering the same area as the Douro DOC and the Port wine region. In difference from Douro DOC, Duriense VR is a designation at the lower \"Vinho Regional\" (VR) level, which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Thus, it is the simpler or less typical wines of the Douro region that are sold using a Duriense VR label. Before the creation of a separate Duriense VR", "id": "4592280" }, { "contents": "Lombardia (wine)\n\n\nis the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions. The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south) This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since the 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina", "id": "11286179" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nQuality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (often abbreviated to QWpsr or simply \"quality wines\") is a quality indicator used within European Union wine regulations. The QWpsr category identifies wines with protected geographical indications. The European Union regulates and defines the status of \"quality wines\" according to production method, management and geographical location. Its original, fundamental role is in differentiating quality wines from table wines, broadly in line with the system traditionally employed by the French government, amended to account for the preferences and methodology of Italian and", "id": "17720222" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nof enforcement agencies. The wines produced within EU are divided into two quality categories, Table wines (TW) and Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr), where QWpsr is the higher category. Rules for winemaking practices and labelling are different for TW and QWpsr. The similar categories also exist for sparkling wine. The TW and QWpsr categories are translated into different national wine classification for each member state. Thus, some member states may have more than two levels of classification, but all national levels correspond to either TW", "id": "3557886" }, { "contents": "Vino de Pago\n\n\nand wine estates that are classified as Vino de Pago are subject to separate requirements rather than those of the wine region where they are located. One of the requirements is that the estate may only use their own grapes for their wines. The Spanish word \"pago\" comes from the Latin word pagus, meaning a country district. When introduced, the new regulation met with particular interest in Castilla-La Mancha, where the first Vinos de Pago were created. So far, all Vinos de Pago are located in Aragon,", "id": "6206495" }, { "contents": "Chaptalization\n\n\n1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the Northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia,", "id": "20299848" }, { "contents": "Belaire Rosé\n\n\nBelaire Rosé is a French sparkling wine produced in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of the South of France. Officially labelled \"Luc Belaire Rare Rosé,\" the wine is a blend of Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsault grapes typically used in the production of Provencal rosé wines. The brand is owned by niaz the New York-based company Sovereign Brands. The brand's packaging is noteworthy for its opaque black bottles. Rick Ross is one of their major promoters. The brand's range also includes a Brut and", "id": "8086233" }, { "contents": "Terras Madeirenses VR\n\n\nTerras Madeirenses is a Portuguese wine region situated on the islands of Madeira, both on the main island and on the Porto Santo Island. The region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Terras Madeirenses is a designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira, while the more famous fortified Madeira wines use the designation Madeira DOC. There are also two \"Denominação", "id": "4592286" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEU wine regulations provide for minimum standards across EU, while making it possible for individual member states to enact stricter standards in certain areas in their national wine laws. An example comparing a French and two German wine types made from the same grape variety illustrate what the EU wine regulations stipulate, and how the individual countries have applied various stricter regulations than the minimum for these \"quality wines\". In a sense, the EU wine regulations as such are rather invisible to the wine consumers and the wine trade, since the details", "id": "3557891" }, { "contents": "Beaumes de Venise AOC\n\n\nBeaumes de Venise is an appellation of wines from the eastern central region of the southern half of the Rhône Valley. It produces wines of two distinctly different types: 1. A sweet fortified wine of the type \"vin doux naturel\" (VDN), under the designation Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. 2. A red Côtes du Rhône Villages from the classification of named villages, which typifies the quality wines of the Côtes du Rhône region. The vines are grown on the slopes around the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail", "id": "1197239" }, { "contents": "Catalan wine\n\n\nand Xarel·lo have since become established as the most popular grapes for producing cava. Early versions were called Catalan \"champán\" or \"xampany\" after Champagne but this practice ended when the EU awarded Champagne Protected Geographical Status. Catalan main sparkling wine producers agreed and adopted the name \"Cava\" after the Catalan word for cellar, where the wines were traditionally stored. According to Spanish wine laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions (such as Aranda de Duero, Navarra and Rioja) but 95% of Spanish Cava", "id": "10752898" }, { "contents": "Czech wine\n\n\n. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into the Czech language and subsequently incorporated into the Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards.", "id": "22164447" }, { "contents": "Tokaj (Slovakia)\n\n\nregistration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.", "id": "909099" }, { "contents": "Açores VR\n\n\nThe Açores VR () is a Portuguese wine region located in the archipelago of the Azores. This region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Located in the Atlantic Ocean, some from continental Portugal, the archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine islands, of which three cultivate wine-making grapes for export production: Terceira, Pico and Graciosa. Located on", "id": "4592271" }, { "contents": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero\n\n\namong others, 80% of the affected farmers and the Socialist regional governments of regions such as Extremadura, Andalusia or Castilla-La Mancha. Some Socialist politicians also supported it when they were members of the former Socialist government back in the 90s (e.g. José Borrell, the current leader of the European Spanish Socialist Group and former president of the European Parliament. The scheme was mainly opposed by Zapatero, environmentalist groups, the Socialist regional government of Aragon and some of the citizens of the areas from which water was to be transferred", "id": "14405756" }, { "contents": "Chardonnay\n\n\nThe grape first rose to prominence in the Chablis and Burgundy regions. In Champagne, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier, but is also used to produce single varietal \"blanc de blancs\" styles of sparkling wine. Chardonnay can be found in \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) wines of the Loire Valley and Jura wine region, as well as the \"vin de pays\" wines of the Languedoc. Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by", "id": "16861988" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\ndes Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallée de la Marne. The towns of Reims and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French Kings and a Unesco world heritage site. Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique terroir. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also", "id": "9042171" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\ndiscontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône", "id": "99529" }, { "contents": "Beaumes-de-Venise\n\n\nBeaumes-de-Venise () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The word \"beaumes\" comes from the Provençal word \"bauma\" meaning \"cave\" or \"grotto\". The surrounding hills have many of these caves that were inhabited during the Iron Age. The village gives its name to a sweet wine appellation, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise. It also gives its name to a drier red wine, formerly Côtes du Rhone Villages", "id": "13677675" }, { "contents": "Champagne\n\n\n\"Champagne\" exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name \"Champagne\" is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an \"\"; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia, Chile, Brazil,", "id": "9042121" }, { "contents": "Regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\n147.1 million as the seat of the regional council of Rhône-Alpes, the construction of the building was approved by the regional council on 7 April 2005, followed by a European-level architecture competition from November 2005 to September 2006, the procurement of a building permit on 30 August 2007, groundbreaking on 8 July 2008, and the relocation of employees over a six-week period starting on 19 May 2011. On 21 June 2014, the new headquarters of the regional council of Auvergne at the Hôtel de Région in Clermont", "id": "11327121" }, { "contents": "Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nGálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la", "id": "19301569" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nwere rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de Vouvray, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to \"méthode champenoise\" being forbidden within the European Union as a designation", "id": "13668326" }, { "contents": "Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC\n\n\nCoteaux de Pierrevert is a wine-growing AOC in the western part of the Provence wine region of France, where the wines are produced in 11 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is partly located in the valley of the Durance river in the region of Manosque. Red wines are made from Grenache noir and Syrah which must account for 70% together with a minimum of 30% of each. Secondary varieties are Cinsault, Mourvedre and Carignan. Rosé: Grenache noir minimum 50%, and", "id": "9886739" }, { "contents": "Sierra de Alcaraz (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nSierra de Alcaraz is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Alcaraz, El Ballestero, El Bonillo, Povedilla, Robledo, and Viveros, located in the province of Albacete, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la Tierra\" status in", "id": "20070813" }, { "contents": "Macedonian wine\n\n\nNorth Macedonia produces wine on some of vineyards, and the production was 108,100 tonnes in 2008. There are also some additional of vineyards dedicated to table grapes. Red wine dominates the Macedonian wine production, with around 80 per cent. In contrast, within the European Union, \"Macedonia\" is a protected geographical indication (PGI) for wines produced in the Greek viticulture region of Macedonia. While part of Yugoslavia, North Macedonia was a producer of wine and vodka. In the 1980s, it accounted for around two-thirds", "id": "15227518" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine\n\n\ntoday though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical Champagne grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not regulated to a particular region of DO but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term \"Cava\" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, Aragon, Castile and León, Valencia, Extremadura, Navarre", "id": "8942253" }, { "contents": "South West France (wine region)\n\n\nand the wine region of South West France, and some of its grapes are used to make Vin de Pays under the designation \"Vin de Pays de Côtes de Gascogne\" or mixed with Armagnac to produce the mistelle Floc de Gascogne. South West France is a rather heterogeneous region in terms of its wines and how they are marketed. It is rare to see wines being sold as \"Vins du Sud-Ouest\". Rather, the smaller areas and individual appellations market their wines under their own (smaller) umbrella,", "id": "2626801" }, { "contents": "Vin de France\n\n\n. Simple varietal French wines instead had to use the \"vin de pays\" (\"country wine\") designation, which restricted the sourcing of grapes to the defined \"vin de pays\" regions, such as \"vin de Pays d'Oc\" from Languedoc-Roussillon. No French wine category existed that allowed a producer to source grapes from Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône and Provence, but still sell the wine under a varietal designation. As a result of the ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked", "id": "15811469" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\ntextiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. The scope of the agreement goes beyond tariffs. It includes increased access to public procurement contracts and protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also", "id": "18795598" }, { "contents": "David Schildknecht\n\n\nDavid Schildknecht is an American wine critic, a full-time member of \"Vinous\", and previous member of \"The Wine Advocate\", contributor to recent editions of Robert Parker's \"Wine Buyer’s Guide\". An authority on the wine of Germany and Austria, he also considers the Loire Valley a specialty, a wine region he has described as \"the bargain garden of France\". He currently covers the French regions of the Loire Valley, Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, Champagne, the Jura, the", "id": "17649648" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nusually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were", "id": "99528" }, { "contents": "Loire Valley (wine)\n\n\nof the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designations that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The \"Crémant de Loire\" which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The \"Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France\" refers to any varietally labeled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Sauvignon", "id": "9043145" }, { "contents": "Tourism in France\n\n\ndegree the ideals of the French Renaissance. The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and", "id": "998539" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\nThe history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans did much to spread viticulture across the land they knew as Gaul, encouraging the planting of vines in areas that would become the well known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. Over the course of its history, the French wine industry would be influenced and driven by", "id": "9119560" }, { "contents": "Frédéric Lornet\n\n\nFrédéric Lornet is a wine producer who owns and runs the Abbaye de la Boutière in Montigny-lès-Arsures; a small village just outside Arbois in the Franche-Comté / Jura region of France. Arbois, childhood home to Louis Pasteur, has for centuries been the wine capital of the Jura. As the name Abbaye de la Boutière indicates, the winery was established near Arbois in a hoary Roman Catholic Cistercian (White Monk) abbaye. The Jura is an eastern French winemaking region located between Burgundy and Switzerland - and", "id": "6619754" }, { "contents": "Sovetskoye Shampanskoye\n\n\nof the brand is not restricted. Several producers use the name, including wine producers from Italy and Spain. Under European Union law, as well as treaties accepted by most nations, sparkling wines produced outside the champagne region, even wine produced in other parts of France, do not have the right to use the term \"champagne\". Hungary (which originally produced Sovetskoye Shampanskoye under Soviet license), by contrast, today produces the beverage under the name \"Sovetskoye Igristoye\", a name that was also used by some", "id": "16031654" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\nRhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Wallonia, País Vasco, Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, who wanted to strengthen the local and regional dimension in energy and environmental policies at European level. Thus: \"\"Whereas by effective management, investment, and increasing awareness it is possible to create a system which is more energy efficient and less polluting;\" \"Whereas only an approach based on close proximity with consumers, and on both quantitative and qualitative understanding of their needs, can", "id": "7749570" }, { "contents": "Castilla–La Mancha\n\n\nCastilla–La Mancha (, , ), or Castile–La Mancha, is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete", "id": "21615897" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\n%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities. The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc’s launch in 1991. It also represents the EU’s largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants", "id": "18795596" }, { "contents": "Oeil de perdrix\n\n\n, Valais, and Neuchâtel all have the Oeil de Perdrix AOC today. The early origins of the American wine White Zinfandel can be traced to a California winemaker's attempt at making an Oeil de Perdrix–style wine. The Oeil de Perdrix style of wine is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages in Champagne region of France, prior to that region's development of the sparkling wine style that would take its name. During this period the Champenois were in competition with the Burgundy wine region for the favor of the Royal", "id": "976295" }, { "contents": "Terroir\n\n\ntwo wines will be different due to \"terroir\". The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different \"terroir\" are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. A Spanish or Australian \"chianti\". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the", "id": "19815361" }, { "contents": "Wine law\n\n\nto any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280. In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the \"Reichstag\" 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. In the European Union (EU),", "id": "18794619" } ]

[ { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nand is based in Bordeaux with an office in Strasbourg. The industry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-", "id": "20860572" }, { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nThe Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes Viticoles (AREV) is an organisation of political and trade representatives of wine regions within the European Union (EU) and Eastern Europe. It lobbies the EU on matters affecting its members, and acts as a forum for discussion of policy and marketing. The European Wine Regions Conference (CERV) was created on 20 June 1988 under Alsatian law. It became the Assembly of European Wine Regions (AREV) in 1994. It is financed by membership subscriptions,", "id": "20860571" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n's economic hegemony. The most important \"régions\" are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism)", "id": "18733048" }, { "contents": "Geology of France\n\n\nThe regional geology of France is commonly divided into the Paris Basin, the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Aquitaine Basin, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Côte languedocienne, the Sillon rhodanien, the Massif des Vosges, the Massif Ardennais, the Alsace graben (Rhine graben) and Flanders Basin. The regions Alsace, Franche-Comté, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur are part of the Western Alps. Sediment from the Valais ocean crop out in the Versoyen unit. The basement of the", "id": "9137080" }, { "contents": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nThe region shares two national borders: Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Vaud) to the northeast and Italy (Aosta Valley and Piedmont) to the east. The bordering French provinces are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the northwest, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast, Occitanie to the southwest, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain, Allier, Ardèche, Cantal, Drôme,", "id": "19200082" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\norganisation of the market in wine\" and it is supplemented by several Commission regulations. The former document has been adopted by the Council of the European Union through the member states' ministers of agriculture, while the Commission regulations are written by the European Commission in collaboration with the Wine Management Committee, where the member states are represented. The aspects regulated by EU fall mainly into the categories winemaking practices, classification and labelling, wine-production potential, documentation of wine industry activities, imports from non-EU countries, and duties", "id": "3557885" }, { "contents": "Beaujolais\n\n\nIn some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. The wine takes its name from the historical Province of Beaujolais, a wine-producing region. It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône \"département\" of the Rhône-Alpes region and southern areas of the Saône-et-Loire \"département\" of Burgundy. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to", "id": "6276341" }, { "contents": "Cap21\n\n\nMember of the European Parliament for North-West France as the MoDem's top candidate in the region. However, the party split from the MoDem in the runup to the 2010 regional elections and pursued an alliance with Europe Écologie. Cap 21 was allied with Europe Écologie in Alsace, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Upper Normandy and was allied with the MoDem in Burgundy and Picardy. Following the MoDem's poor result (4.2%) in the regional elections,", "id": "6142218" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n. Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms. The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes. In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French", "id": "18733049" }, { "contents": "Traditional method\n\n\nThe traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Portugal to produce Espumante and in Italy to produce Franciacorta. The method is known as the \"méthode champenoise,\" but the Champagne producers have successfully lobbied the European Union to restrict the use of that term within the EU only to wines produced in Champagne. Thus, wines from elsewhere", "id": "19248881" }, { "contents": "Centre-Val de Loire\n\n\nof the Loire Valley, such as the , the gentle and refined lifestyle, the wine, and the mild and temperate climate, all of which attract many tourists to the region. A new logo was also created. Bordering six other regions, Centre-Val-de-Loire borders the most of all 18 regions in France. The bordering regions are Normandy on the northwest, Île-de-France on the northeast, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the southeast,", "id": "20237325" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\noutside their region. Port cities like Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Rouen emerged as formidable centers of commerce with the wines of Gascony, Haut Pays, Poitou and the Île-de-France. During this period, political climates and alliances played a substantial role in the trade of French wines to other European countries. The 1152 marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Henry Plantagenet, the future Henry II of England, was the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship between Bordeaux and England. The 1295 Auld Alliance between France and Scotland", "id": "9119574" }, { "contents": "Christie's World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine\n\n\nrated on a 100-point scale, and all their wines given a star wine rating (three star maximum). Champagne receives the largest coverage, occupying 98 pages, but 10 other French regions (Alsace, Loire, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Limoux, others) receive 45 pages, while 141 pages covers the rest of the world (Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Austria, Southeast Europe, other European, South Africa, The United States, California, Others USA, Canada, South America", "id": "7765929" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nGerman growers, among others in the EU. In 1962, shortly after the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, or \"Common Market\") a set of rules were drawn up in which the normal common organisation of the market for a type of product – normally limited to a pricing system, rules on intervention and a system for trade with third-party countries – was extended in several areas in order to accommodate the diverse interests of wine production within individual member states. The wine sector required regulation", "id": "17720223" }, { "contents": "Sévérac-le-Château\n\n\nsovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ). The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. It also borders two countries to the south", "id": "14752630" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nin Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They", "id": "19345598" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nChampagne\" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term \"Champagne style\" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term \"methode champenoise\" has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union. Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers.", "id": "13668320" }, { "contents": "Élisabeth Guigou\n\n\n1997–2000. Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 2000–2002. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–1997 (Became minister in 1997, and elected in parliamentary elections). French Parliament Member of the National Assembly of France for Vaucluse : June 1997- July 1997 (Appointed Minister of Justice in July 1997). Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-Saint-Denis : Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007 and 2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : Elected in 1992,", "id": "20264329" }, { "contents": "Cava (Spanish wine)\n\n\nis produced in the Penedès area in Spain, with the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia being home to many of Spain's largest production houses. The two major producers are Codorníu and Freixenet. Cava is also produced in other villages in Aragon, Castile and León, Extremadura, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarre and Valencia. In the past, cava was referred to as \"Spanish champagne\", which is no longer permitted under European Union law, since Champagne has Protected Geographical Status (PGS) and Spain entered the EU", "id": "21344469" }, { "contents": "Merlot\n\n\nlargest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler-climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona. In Costers del Segre, the grape is often used in Bordeaux-style blend while in Aragon (with in 2008), Navarra ( in 2008) and Castilla-La Mancha () sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties. Spain's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula, Portugal, has only a very limited amount", "id": "19315786" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nit. The word \"appellation\" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for", "id": "19345591" }, { "contents": "Korbel Champagne Cellars\n\n\nCzechoslovak brothers named Korbel. It was purchased by Adolph Heck in 1954. Heck's son, Gary, took over in 1984, and over time increased production from 150,000 to 1.3 million cases per year, making Korbel the twelfth largest wine producer in the United States as of 2011. On its website, Korbel calls itself \"producers of fine California méthode champenoise champagnes for 137 years\". Normally, under European Union (EU) law, only wine from France's Champagne wine region may use the terms “Champagne\" or", "id": "21832455" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nThe Champagne wine region (archaic ) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France. The area is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term \"Champagne\" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 100 miles (160 km) east of Paris. The viticultural boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine producing districts within the historical province: Aube, Côte", "id": "9042170" }, { "contents": "Cairanne\n\n\nCairanne () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France whose inhabitants were locally nicknamed \"leis afrontaires de Cairana\", the cheeky ones from Cairanne. It dates from the mid-8th century and is located midway between Orange and Vaison-la-Romaine. The village economy depends largely on its production of wine that falls into the various categories of wines from the Rhône valley. The settlement was first mentioned in 739 CE as \"Queroana\" and later became known as Cayrane", "id": "644328" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEuropean Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production. These regulations form a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of EU, and regulate such things as the maximum vineyard surface allowed to individual EU member states, allowed winemaking practices and principles for wine classification and labelling. The wine regulations exist to regulate total production in order to combat overproduction of wine and to provide an underpinning", "id": "3557877" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nexcess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using \"Grand cru\" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or", "id": "99531" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\n, the European network of regional observatories energy and greenhouse gas. FEDARENE is currently responsible for the coordination of the network and has made a valuable contribution in its creation. The Board of Administration is composed of 16 members of which a President, a General Secretary, 13 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board's members are representatives of the following Regions/Provinces: North West Croatia (HR), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region (FR), Berlin (DE), Rhône-Alpes", "id": "7749574" }, { "contents": "Sablet\n\n\nSablet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a fortified Provençal village rich in history. Sablet is situated at the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail in the Côtes du Rhône wine-producing region. It is located to the west of Mont Ventoux, in a transition zone between the Prealps and the Mediterranean. Sablet is very close to the larger towns of Vaison-la-Romaine to the north, Carpentras to the south and Orange to the west", "id": "16748637" }, { "contents": "Transport express régional\n\n\nhave an average ridership of only about 66 travellers per train. TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes. Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays-de-la-", "id": "14624124" }, { "contents": "Austrian cuisine\n\n\nmost widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished", "id": "17086568" }, { "contents": "Classification of wine\n\n\nstating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to", "id": "5411712" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nvins de la rivière\" and \"vins de la montagne\"- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river Marne which carried the wines down to the Seine and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the Flemish wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century, Pinot noir became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of Burgundy wines,", "id": "9042181" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\n(by volume) of wine is \"vin de table\", while in Germany only 5% is \"deutscher Tafelwein\". Table wine from anywhere in the EU can be blended together to produce European Table Wine. European table wines are generally made from the highest-yielding sites and vinified in an industrial manner. In the 1950s, when per capita consumption of wine was much higher, there was a need for vast quantities of cheap wine, but now much of it goes into the European Union's troublesome \"wine", "id": "13361504" }, { "contents": "Meursault\n\n\nMeursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Côte-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as \"buttery\" to be applied", "id": "18826987" }, { "contents": "Rosé\n\n\nred wines produced in such notable wine regions as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne were \"rosé-style\" wines made from juice that had only brief periods of skin contact during winemaking. But even as the trend in these regions evolved towards more modern ideas of \"red wines\", rosés still hold a prominent place in many of France's major wine regions. Today rosé is produced throughout France from the cooler climate rosé Champagnes and Loire Valley wines to the warm Mediterranean influence climates of Provence and the southern Rhone Valley. Rosés", "id": "19952534" }, { "contents": "Gevrey-Chambertin\n\n\nGevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies 15 km South of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin. Gevrey-Chambertin is one of the wine villages of the Côte de Nuits which lies along the foot of the Côte", "id": "18339026" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nin the east of France. To the north are the French regions of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté, to the west it borders the region Auvergne, to the south it borders Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy. The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border. The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône. The confluence of these", "id": "20237369" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine regions\n\n\nThe mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as \"Denominaciones de Origen\" (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws. In compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002, Spanish wines are classified into two categories, which in turn are further classified into sub-categories depending on the strictness of the criteria applied in producing the type of wine in question: In 2006 a new \"Vino de la Tierra\" \"super-region\" was created", "id": "17220026" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nGerman wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A. On the other side of Rhine from Baden, Alsace is situated. Due to its very large north-south length, Baden is divided into nine districts (\"Bereiche\"), which is more than any other German wine region. From north to south, these districts are: Grape varieties of the Pinot family are responsible for almost 55% of the vineyards of Baden, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) covering 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in", "id": "4626276" }, { "contents": "Erdőbénye\n\n\nThe village Erdőbénye may have 1600 inhabitants and may be located 20 km from the town of Tokaj in Northern Hungary. It may lie in a valley surrounded by mountains and vineyards, in the middle of the famous wine-region ‘Tokaj-Hegyalja’, in Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. The village may be one of the centres for wine-production in this region. There may be more cellars in the village, where the regional wines can be tasted. As the well-known old saying tells us:", "id": "12173553" }, { "contents": "Classification of Saint-Émilion wine\n\n\nthan previous efforts, with tastings and inspections outsourced by INAO to independent groups with no involvement by St.-Emilion Wine Syndicate and Bordeaux wine trade, but instead wine professionals from Burgundy, the Rhône Valley, Champagne, the Loire Valley and Provence made up a seven-person commission. There is no longer a fixed number of châteaus which can be classified, and the new rankings elevated Château Pavie and Château Angélus to Premier Classe A. Among new Premiers grands crus were Larcis Ducasse, Canon-la-Gaffelière and \"garagiste\" producers Valandraud", "id": "3049694" }, { "contents": "Burgundy wine\n\n\n1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines. After Burgundy", "id": "16297307" }, { "contents": "Côtes de Gascogne\n\n\nCôtes de Gascogne is a wine-growing district in Gascony producing principally white wine. It is mainly located in the département of the Gers in the former Midi-Pyrénées region (now part of the Occitanie region), and it belongs to the wine region South West France. The designation Côtes de Gascogne is used for a \"Vin de Pays\" (\"country wine\") produced in the Armagnac area. The decree of 13 September 1968 created the difference between a \"Vin de Pays\" and simpler table wine,", "id": "447824" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\nTable wine is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification. In the United States, \"table wine\" primarily designates a wine style: ordinary wine which is neither fortified nor sparkling nor expensive. In the European Union wine regulations, \"table wine\" (TW) is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond", "id": "13361499" }, { "contents": "Provence wine\n\n\n\"département\" is occasionally cited by some sources with Provence due to some similarities in wine style; the appellation is however officially part of the Rhône wine region and its typicity more closely approaches that of its neighbour on its northern border, Côtes de Ventoux AOC, also a Rhône wine. The region has several \"vin de pays\" designations, with Bouches-du-Rhône, near Aix-en-Provence, being one of the most common designations seen abroad. The Bellet AOC is in southeastern Provence, near Nice", "id": "18590333" }, { "contents": "Buisson, Vaucluse\n\n\nBuisson is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Buisson is a small, wine-producing, Knights Templar village, dating back at least as far as the 12th century, and linked since its beginning to the nearby village of Villedieu, with which it produces its principal crop, Côtes-du-Rhône wine, which is sold from their joint winery, le Cellier du Templier. Situated above the Aygues River, Buisson lies at the northern edge of the Vaucluse", "id": "13677632" }, { "contents": "Burgundy\n\n\nTrémouille until its merger to form the regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Burgundy is one of France's main wine producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including Gamay, Aligote, Pinot blanc, and Sauvignon blanc. The region is divided into the Côte-d'Or, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâcon", "id": "5142782" }, { "contents": "Nuits-Saint-Georges\n\n\nNuits-Saint-Georges () is a commune in the arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It lies in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Nuits-Saint-Georges is the main town of the Côte de Nuits wine-producing area of Burgundy. Nuits-Saint-Georges was the site of the traditional Burgundian festival, \"la Saint-Vincent-Tournante\", in 2007. It is a festival that celebrates the wine of a different Burgundian village each year. The", "id": "13776155" }, { "contents": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union\n\n\nquality wine psr, with the \"psr\" standing for \"\"produced in a specified region\"\". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as table wine. There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the European Commission restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are", "id": "1749448" }, { "contents": "List of Portuguese wine regions\n\n\nPortuguese wine regions are grouped into three levels of classification. At the top are the \"Denominação de Origem Controlada\" (or DOCs) which are Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) under the European Union wine regulations and thus correspond roughly to the French \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Spanish \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) classifications. The second group consist of \"Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada\" (IPRs), and are also QWpsr. IPRs are used for DOC candidates \"in training\"", "id": "12630197" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nBaden is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Under German wine legislation, Baden and Württemberg are separate wine regions. With under vine in 2008, Baden is Germany's third largest wine region, but seems to be much less known on export markets in comparison to many smaller German regions, and in comparison to the neighbouring French region of Alsace, which is", "id": "4626273" }, { "contents": "Roussanne\n\n\nbe found in some white wines from the Côtes du Rhône AOC. Outside of the Rhône, the Roussanne is grown in Provence and the Languedoc-Roussillon région where it is sometimes blended with Chardonnay, Marsanne and Vermentino in some \"vin de pays\". In Savoie, the grape is known as Bergeron where it produces highly aromatic wines in Chignin. Outside France it is grown in the Italian wine regions of Liguria and Tuscany where it is a permitted grape in Montecarlo bianco. In Australia, it was believed to have been", "id": "11395981" }, { "contents": "Grenache\n\n\nvarietal wines and blends. Garnacha plays a major role in the \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) wines in Aragon, Catalonia and Navarra and the \"Denominación de Origen Calificada\" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta. Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape,", "id": "1395794" }, { "contents": "Comité Régional d'Action Viticole\n\n\nregion which the group believes has been plagued by surplus production and a subsequent need to adapt the quality and quantity of wine produced to changing market realities, including reduced domestic demand for simple wine for everyday consumption. This process, which has involved considerable European Union subsidies, has had negative effects on smaller producers and has met with various protests, of which CRAV is the most violent. CRAV's publicised demands have regularly included elements which are more-or-less impossible for French politicians to implement under European Union rules, since", "id": "11085105" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nharmonise regulations for various products which traditionally have been regulated on a national level. The EU wine regulations form a framework for the wine laws of the European Union member states. Since national wine laws have a much longer history than the EU wine regulations, the EU regulations have been designed to accommodate existing regulations of several member states. In particular, the existing regulations concerning French wine, with its detailed appellation laws, formed a basis, while also making room for the very different German wine classification system. In general, the", "id": "3557890" }, { "contents": "Focșani\n\n\nmost popular wine-producing regions in Romania, Odobești being just to the northwest, in Romania, Focșani itself is not considered a wine-producing center. The wine sold as \"Weisse von Fokshan\" in Germany and some other European countries is generally a \"Fetească Albă de Odobești\" wine, and practically a second-rated wine which does not comply to the European Union rules of naming the regions of origin of wines. The vicinity is rich in minerals such as iron, copper, coal, and petroleum. The", "id": "407220" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\ntripe and quenelles. In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard. The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin. Wines in this region include the very famous Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine. Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region. Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times;", "id": "20237377" }, { "contents": "Duriense VR\n\n\nDuriense is a Portuguese wine region covering the same area as the Douro DOC and the Port wine region. In difference from Douro DOC, Duriense VR is a designation at the lower \"Vinho Regional\" (VR) level, which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Thus, it is the simpler or less typical wines of the Douro region that are sold using a Duriense VR label. Before the creation of a separate Duriense VR", "id": "4592280" }, { "contents": "Lombardia (wine)\n\n\nis the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions. The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south) This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since the 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina", "id": "11286179" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nQuality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (often abbreviated to QWpsr or simply \"quality wines\") is a quality indicator used within European Union wine regulations. The QWpsr category identifies wines with protected geographical indications. The European Union regulates and defines the status of \"quality wines\" according to production method, management and geographical location. Its original, fundamental role is in differentiating quality wines from table wines, broadly in line with the system traditionally employed by the French government, amended to account for the preferences and methodology of Italian and", "id": "17720222" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nof enforcement agencies. The wines produced within EU are divided into two quality categories, Table wines (TW) and Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr), where QWpsr is the higher category. Rules for winemaking practices and labelling are different for TW and QWpsr. The similar categories also exist for sparkling wine. The TW and QWpsr categories are translated into different national wine classification for each member state. Thus, some member states may have more than two levels of classification, but all national levels correspond to either TW", "id": "3557886" }, { "contents": "Vino de Pago\n\n\nand wine estates that are classified as Vino de Pago are subject to separate requirements rather than those of the wine region where they are located. One of the requirements is that the estate may only use their own grapes for their wines. The Spanish word \"pago\" comes from the Latin word pagus, meaning a country district. When introduced, the new regulation met with particular interest in Castilla-La Mancha, where the first Vinos de Pago were created. So far, all Vinos de Pago are located in Aragon,", "id": "6206495" }, { "contents": "Chaptalization\n\n\n1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the Northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia,", "id": "20299848" }, { "contents": "Belaire Rosé\n\n\nBelaire Rosé is a French sparkling wine produced in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of the South of France. Officially labelled \"Luc Belaire Rare Rosé,\" the wine is a blend of Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsault grapes typically used in the production of Provencal rosé wines. The brand is owned by niaz the New York-based company Sovereign Brands. The brand's packaging is noteworthy for its opaque black bottles. Rick Ross is one of their major promoters. The brand's range also includes a Brut and", "id": "8086233" }, { "contents": "Terras Madeirenses VR\n\n\nTerras Madeirenses is a Portuguese wine region situated on the islands of Madeira, both on the main island and on the Porto Santo Island. The region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Terras Madeirenses is a designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira, while the more famous fortified Madeira wines use the designation Madeira DOC. There are also two \"Denominação", "id": "4592286" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEU wine regulations provide for minimum standards across EU, while making it possible for individual member states to enact stricter standards in certain areas in their national wine laws. An example comparing a French and two German wine types made from the same grape variety illustrate what the EU wine regulations stipulate, and how the individual countries have applied various stricter regulations than the minimum for these \"quality wines\". In a sense, the EU wine regulations as such are rather invisible to the wine consumers and the wine trade, since the details", "id": "3557891" }, { "contents": "Beaumes de Venise AOC\n\n\nBeaumes de Venise is an appellation of wines from the eastern central region of the southern half of the Rhône Valley. It produces wines of two distinctly different types: 1. A sweet fortified wine of the type \"vin doux naturel\" (VDN), under the designation Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. 2. A red Côtes du Rhône Villages from the classification of named villages, which typifies the quality wines of the Côtes du Rhône region. The vines are grown on the slopes around the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail", "id": "1197239" }, { "contents": "Catalan wine\n\n\nand Xarel·lo have since become established as the most popular grapes for producing cava. Early versions were called Catalan \"champán\" or \"xampany\" after Champagne but this practice ended when the EU awarded Champagne Protected Geographical Status. Catalan main sparkling wine producers agreed and adopted the name \"Cava\" after the Catalan word for cellar, where the wines were traditionally stored. According to Spanish wine laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions (such as Aranda de Duero, Navarra and Rioja) but 95% of Spanish Cava", "id": "10752898" }, { "contents": "Czech wine\n\n\n. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into the Czech language and subsequently incorporated into the Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards.", "id": "22164447" }, { "contents": "Tokaj (Slovakia)\n\n\nregistration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.", "id": "909099" }, { "contents": "Açores VR\n\n\nThe Açores VR () is a Portuguese wine region located in the archipelago of the Azores. This region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Located in the Atlantic Ocean, some from continental Portugal, the archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine islands, of which three cultivate wine-making grapes for export production: Terceira, Pico and Graciosa. Located on", "id": "4592271" }, { "contents": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero\n\n\namong others, 80% of the affected farmers and the Socialist regional governments of regions such as Extremadura, Andalusia or Castilla-La Mancha. Some Socialist politicians also supported it when they were members of the former Socialist government back in the 90s (e.g. José Borrell, the current leader of the European Spanish Socialist Group and former president of the European Parliament. The scheme was mainly opposed by Zapatero, environmentalist groups, the Socialist regional government of Aragon and some of the citizens of the areas from which water was to be transferred", "id": "14405756" }, { "contents": "Chardonnay\n\n\nThe grape first rose to prominence in the Chablis and Burgundy regions. In Champagne, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier, but is also used to produce single varietal \"blanc de blancs\" styles of sparkling wine. Chardonnay can be found in \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) wines of the Loire Valley and Jura wine region, as well as the \"vin de pays\" wines of the Languedoc. Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by", "id": "16861988" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\ndes Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallée de la Marne. The towns of Reims and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French Kings and a Unesco world heritage site. Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique terroir. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also", "id": "9042171" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\ndiscontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône", "id": "99529" }, { "contents": "Beaumes-de-Venise\n\n\nBeaumes-de-Venise () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The word \"beaumes\" comes from the Provençal word \"bauma\" meaning \"cave\" or \"grotto\". The surrounding hills have many of these caves that were inhabited during the Iron Age. The village gives its name to a sweet wine appellation, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise. It also gives its name to a drier red wine, formerly Côtes du Rhone Villages", "id": "13677675" }, { "contents": "Champagne\n\n\n\"Champagne\" exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name \"Champagne\" is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an \"\"; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia, Chile, Brazil,", "id": "9042121" }, { "contents": "Regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\n147.1 million as the seat of the regional council of Rhône-Alpes, the construction of the building was approved by the regional council on 7 April 2005, followed by a European-level architecture competition from November 2005 to September 2006, the procurement of a building permit on 30 August 2007, groundbreaking on 8 July 2008, and the relocation of employees over a six-week period starting on 19 May 2011. On 21 June 2014, the new headquarters of the regional council of Auvergne at the Hôtel de Région in Clermont", "id": "11327121" }, { "contents": "Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nGálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la", "id": "19301569" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nwere rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de Vouvray, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to \"méthode champenoise\" being forbidden within the European Union as a designation", "id": "13668326" }, { "contents": "Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC\n\n\nCoteaux de Pierrevert is a wine-growing AOC in the western part of the Provence wine region of France, where the wines are produced in 11 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is partly located in the valley of the Durance river in the region of Manosque. Red wines are made from Grenache noir and Syrah which must account for 70% together with a minimum of 30% of each. Secondary varieties are Cinsault, Mourvedre and Carignan. Rosé: Grenache noir minimum 50%, and", "id": "9886739" }, { "contents": "Sierra de Alcaraz (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nSierra de Alcaraz is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Alcaraz, El Ballestero, El Bonillo, Povedilla, Robledo, and Viveros, located in the province of Albacete, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la Tierra\" status in", "id": "20070813" }, { "contents": "Macedonian wine\n\n\nNorth Macedonia produces wine on some of vineyards, and the production was 108,100 tonnes in 2008. There are also some additional of vineyards dedicated to table grapes. Red wine dominates the Macedonian wine production, with around 80 per cent. In contrast, within the European Union, \"Macedonia\" is a protected geographical indication (PGI) for wines produced in the Greek viticulture region of Macedonia. While part of Yugoslavia, North Macedonia was a producer of wine and vodka. In the 1980s, it accounted for around two-thirds", "id": "15227518" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine\n\n\ntoday though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical Champagne grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not regulated to a particular region of DO but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term \"Cava\" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, Aragon, Castile and León, Valencia, Extremadura, Navarre", "id": "8942253" }, { "contents": "South West France (wine region)\n\n\nand the wine region of South West France, and some of its grapes are used to make Vin de Pays under the designation \"Vin de Pays de Côtes de Gascogne\" or mixed with Armagnac to produce the mistelle Floc de Gascogne. South West France is a rather heterogeneous region in terms of its wines and how they are marketed. It is rare to see wines being sold as \"Vins du Sud-Ouest\". Rather, the smaller areas and individual appellations market their wines under their own (smaller) umbrella,", "id": "2626801" }, { "contents": "Vin de France\n\n\n. Simple varietal French wines instead had to use the \"vin de pays\" (\"country wine\") designation, which restricted the sourcing of grapes to the defined \"vin de pays\" regions, such as \"vin de Pays d'Oc\" from Languedoc-Roussillon. No French wine category existed that allowed a producer to source grapes from Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône and Provence, but still sell the wine under a varietal designation. As a result of the ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked", "id": "15811469" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\ntextiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. The scope of the agreement goes beyond tariffs. It includes increased access to public procurement contracts and protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also", "id": "18795598" }, { "contents": "David Schildknecht\n\n\nDavid Schildknecht is an American wine critic, a full-time member of \"Vinous\", and previous member of \"The Wine Advocate\", contributor to recent editions of Robert Parker's \"Wine Buyer’s Guide\". An authority on the wine of Germany and Austria, he also considers the Loire Valley a specialty, a wine region he has described as \"the bargain garden of France\". He currently covers the French regions of the Loire Valley, Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, Champagne, the Jura, the", "id": "17649648" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nusually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were", "id": "99528" }, { "contents": "Loire Valley (wine)\n\n\nof the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designations that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The \"Crémant de Loire\" which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The \"Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France\" refers to any varietally labeled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Sauvignon", "id": "9043145" }, { "contents": "Tourism in France\n\n\ndegree the ideals of the French Renaissance. The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and", "id": "998539" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\nThe history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans did much to spread viticulture across the land they knew as Gaul, encouraging the planting of vines in areas that would become the well known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. Over the course of its history, the French wine industry would be influenced and driven by", "id": "9119560" }, { "contents": "Frédéric Lornet\n\n\nFrédéric Lornet is a wine producer who owns and runs the Abbaye de la Boutière in Montigny-lès-Arsures; a small village just outside Arbois in the Franche-Comté / Jura region of France. Arbois, childhood home to Louis Pasteur, has for centuries been the wine capital of the Jura. As the name Abbaye de la Boutière indicates, the winery was established near Arbois in a hoary Roman Catholic Cistercian (White Monk) abbaye. The Jura is an eastern French winemaking region located between Burgundy and Switzerland - and", "id": "6619754" }, { "contents": "Sovetskoye Shampanskoye\n\n\nof the brand is not restricted. Several producers use the name, including wine producers from Italy and Spain. Under European Union law, as well as treaties accepted by most nations, sparkling wines produced outside the champagne region, even wine produced in other parts of France, do not have the right to use the term \"champagne\". Hungary (which originally produced Sovetskoye Shampanskoye under Soviet license), by contrast, today produces the beverage under the name \"Sovetskoye Igristoye\", a name that was also used by some", "id": "16031654" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\nRhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Wallonia, País Vasco, Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, who wanted to strengthen the local and regional dimension in energy and environmental policies at European level. Thus: \"\"Whereas by effective management, investment, and increasing awareness it is possible to create a system which is more energy efficient and less polluting;\" \"Whereas only an approach based on close proximity with consumers, and on both quantitative and qualitative understanding of their needs, can", "id": "7749570" }, { "contents": "Castilla–La Mancha\n\n\nCastilla–La Mancha (, , ), or Castile–La Mancha, is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete", "id": "21615897" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\n%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities. The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc’s launch in 1991. It also represents the EU’s largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants", "id": "18795596" }, { "contents": "Oeil de perdrix\n\n\n, Valais, and Neuchâtel all have the Oeil de Perdrix AOC today. The early origins of the American wine White Zinfandel can be traced to a California winemaker's attempt at making an Oeil de Perdrix–style wine. The Oeil de Perdrix style of wine is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages in Champagne region of France, prior to that region's development of the sparkling wine style that would take its name. During this period the Champenois were in competition with the Burgundy wine region for the favor of the Royal", "id": "976295" }, { "contents": "Terroir\n\n\ntwo wines will be different due to \"terroir\". The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different \"terroir\" are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. A Spanish or Australian \"chianti\". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the", "id": "19815361" }, { "contents": "Wine law\n\n\nto any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280. In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the \"Reichstag\" 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. In the European Union (EU),", "id": "18794619" } ]

[ { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nand is based in Bordeaux with an office in Strasbourg. The industry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-", "id": "20860572" }, { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nThe Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes Viticoles (AREV) is an organisation of political and trade representatives of wine regions within the European Union (EU) and Eastern Europe. It lobbies the EU on matters affecting its members, and acts as a forum for discussion of policy and marketing. The European Wine Regions Conference (CERV) was created on 20 June 1988 under Alsatian law. It became the Assembly of European Wine Regions (AREV) in 1994. It is financed by membership subscriptions,", "id": "20860571" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n's economic hegemony. The most important \"régions\" are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism)", "id": "18733048" }, { "contents": "Geology of France\n\n\nThe regional geology of France is commonly divided into the Paris Basin, the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Aquitaine Basin, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Côte languedocienne, the Sillon rhodanien, the Massif des Vosges, the Massif Ardennais, the Alsace graben (Rhine graben) and Flanders Basin. The regions Alsace, Franche-Comté, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur are part of the Western Alps. Sediment from the Valais ocean crop out in the Versoyen unit. The basement of the", "id": "9137080" }, { "contents": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nThe region shares two national borders: Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Vaud) to the northeast and Italy (Aosta Valley and Piedmont) to the east. The bordering French provinces are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the northwest, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast, Occitanie to the southwest, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain, Allier, Ardèche, Cantal, Drôme,", "id": "19200082" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\norganisation of the market in wine\" and it is supplemented by several Commission regulations. The former document has been adopted by the Council of the European Union through the member states' ministers of agriculture, while the Commission regulations are written by the European Commission in collaboration with the Wine Management Committee, where the member states are represented. The aspects regulated by EU fall mainly into the categories winemaking practices, classification and labelling, wine-production potential, documentation of wine industry activities, imports from non-EU countries, and duties", "id": "3557885" }, { "contents": "Beaujolais\n\n\nIn some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. The wine takes its name from the historical Province of Beaujolais, a wine-producing region. It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône \"département\" of the Rhône-Alpes region and southern areas of the Saône-et-Loire \"département\" of Burgundy. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to", "id": "6276341" }, { "contents": "Cap21\n\n\nMember of the European Parliament for North-West France as the MoDem's top candidate in the region. However, the party split from the MoDem in the runup to the 2010 regional elections and pursued an alliance with Europe Écologie. Cap 21 was allied with Europe Écologie in Alsace, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Upper Normandy and was allied with the MoDem in Burgundy and Picardy. Following the MoDem's poor result (4.2%) in the regional elections,", "id": "6142218" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n. Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms. The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes. In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French", "id": "18733049" }, { "contents": "Traditional method\n\n\nThe traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Portugal to produce Espumante and in Italy to produce Franciacorta. The method is known as the \"méthode champenoise,\" but the Champagne producers have successfully lobbied the European Union to restrict the use of that term within the EU only to wines produced in Champagne. Thus, wines from elsewhere", "id": "19248881" }, { "contents": "Centre-Val de Loire\n\n\nof the Loire Valley, such as the , the gentle and refined lifestyle, the wine, and the mild and temperate climate, all of which attract many tourists to the region. A new logo was also created. Bordering six other regions, Centre-Val-de-Loire borders the most of all 18 regions in France. The bordering regions are Normandy on the northwest, Île-de-France on the northeast, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the southeast,", "id": "20237325" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\noutside their region. Port cities like Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Rouen emerged as formidable centers of commerce with the wines of Gascony, Haut Pays, Poitou and the Île-de-France. During this period, political climates and alliances played a substantial role in the trade of French wines to other European countries. The 1152 marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Henry Plantagenet, the future Henry II of England, was the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship between Bordeaux and England. The 1295 Auld Alliance between France and Scotland", "id": "9119574" }, { "contents": "Christie's World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine\n\n\nrated on a 100-point scale, and all their wines given a star wine rating (three star maximum). Champagne receives the largest coverage, occupying 98 pages, but 10 other French regions (Alsace, Loire, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Limoux, others) receive 45 pages, while 141 pages covers the rest of the world (Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Austria, Southeast Europe, other European, South Africa, The United States, California, Others USA, Canada, South America", "id": "7765929" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nGerman growers, among others in the EU. In 1962, shortly after the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, or \"Common Market\") a set of rules were drawn up in which the normal common organisation of the market for a type of product – normally limited to a pricing system, rules on intervention and a system for trade with third-party countries – was extended in several areas in order to accommodate the diverse interests of wine production within individual member states. The wine sector required regulation", "id": "17720223" }, { "contents": "Sévérac-le-Château\n\n\nsovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ). The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. It also borders two countries to the south", "id": "14752630" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nin Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They", "id": "19345598" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nChampagne\" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term \"Champagne style\" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term \"methode champenoise\" has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union. Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers.", "id": "13668320" }, { "contents": "Élisabeth Guigou\n\n\n1997–2000. Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 2000–2002. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–1997 (Became minister in 1997, and elected in parliamentary elections). French Parliament Member of the National Assembly of France for Vaucluse : June 1997- July 1997 (Appointed Minister of Justice in July 1997). Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-Saint-Denis : Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007 and 2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : Elected in 1992,", "id": "20264329" }, { "contents": "Cava (Spanish wine)\n\n\nis produced in the Penedès area in Spain, with the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia being home to many of Spain's largest production houses. The two major producers are Codorníu and Freixenet. Cava is also produced in other villages in Aragon, Castile and León, Extremadura, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarre and Valencia. In the past, cava was referred to as \"Spanish champagne\", which is no longer permitted under European Union law, since Champagne has Protected Geographical Status (PGS) and Spain entered the EU", "id": "21344469" }, { "contents": "Merlot\n\n\nlargest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler-climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona. In Costers del Segre, the grape is often used in Bordeaux-style blend while in Aragon (with in 2008), Navarra ( in 2008) and Castilla-La Mancha () sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties. Spain's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula, Portugal, has only a very limited amount", "id": "19315786" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nit. The word \"appellation\" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for", "id": "19345591" }, { "contents": "Korbel Champagne Cellars\n\n\nCzechoslovak brothers named Korbel. It was purchased by Adolph Heck in 1954. Heck's son, Gary, took over in 1984, and over time increased production from 150,000 to 1.3 million cases per year, making Korbel the twelfth largest wine producer in the United States as of 2011. On its website, Korbel calls itself \"producers of fine California méthode champenoise champagnes for 137 years\". Normally, under European Union (EU) law, only wine from France's Champagne wine region may use the terms “Champagne\" or", "id": "21832455" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nThe Champagne wine region (archaic ) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France. The area is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term \"Champagne\" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 100 miles (160 km) east of Paris. The viticultural boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine producing districts within the historical province: Aube, Côte", "id": "9042170" }, { "contents": "Cairanne\n\n\nCairanne () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France whose inhabitants were locally nicknamed \"leis afrontaires de Cairana\", the cheeky ones from Cairanne. It dates from the mid-8th century and is located midway between Orange and Vaison-la-Romaine. The village economy depends largely on its production of wine that falls into the various categories of wines from the Rhône valley. The settlement was first mentioned in 739 CE as \"Queroana\" and later became known as Cayrane", "id": "644328" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEuropean Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production. These regulations form a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of EU, and regulate such things as the maximum vineyard surface allowed to individual EU member states, allowed winemaking practices and principles for wine classification and labelling. The wine regulations exist to regulate total production in order to combat overproduction of wine and to provide an underpinning", "id": "3557877" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nexcess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using \"Grand cru\" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or", "id": "99531" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\n, the European network of regional observatories energy and greenhouse gas. FEDARENE is currently responsible for the coordination of the network and has made a valuable contribution in its creation. The Board of Administration is composed of 16 members of which a President, a General Secretary, 13 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board's members are representatives of the following Regions/Provinces: North West Croatia (HR), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region (FR), Berlin (DE), Rhône-Alpes", "id": "7749574" }, { "contents": "Sablet\n\n\nSablet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a fortified Provençal village rich in history. Sablet is situated at the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail in the Côtes du Rhône wine-producing region. It is located to the west of Mont Ventoux, in a transition zone between the Prealps and the Mediterranean. Sablet is very close to the larger towns of Vaison-la-Romaine to the north, Carpentras to the south and Orange to the west", "id": "16748637" }, { "contents": "Transport express régional\n\n\nhave an average ridership of only about 66 travellers per train. TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes. Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays-de-la-", "id": "14624124" }, { "contents": "Austrian cuisine\n\n\nmost widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished", "id": "17086568" }, { "contents": "Classification of wine\n\n\nstating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to", "id": "5411712" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nvins de la rivière\" and \"vins de la montagne\"- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river Marne which carried the wines down to the Seine and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the Flemish wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century, Pinot noir became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of Burgundy wines,", "id": "9042181" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\n(by volume) of wine is \"vin de table\", while in Germany only 5% is \"deutscher Tafelwein\". Table wine from anywhere in the EU can be blended together to produce European Table Wine. European table wines are generally made from the highest-yielding sites and vinified in an industrial manner. In the 1950s, when per capita consumption of wine was much higher, there was a need for vast quantities of cheap wine, but now much of it goes into the European Union's troublesome \"wine", "id": "13361504" }, { "contents": "Meursault\n\n\nMeursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Côte-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as \"buttery\" to be applied", "id": "18826987" }, { "contents": "Rosé\n\n\nred wines produced in such notable wine regions as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne were \"rosé-style\" wines made from juice that had only brief periods of skin contact during winemaking. But even as the trend in these regions evolved towards more modern ideas of \"red wines\", rosés still hold a prominent place in many of France's major wine regions. Today rosé is produced throughout France from the cooler climate rosé Champagnes and Loire Valley wines to the warm Mediterranean influence climates of Provence and the southern Rhone Valley. Rosés", "id": "19952534" }, { "contents": "Gevrey-Chambertin\n\n\nGevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies 15 km South of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin. Gevrey-Chambertin is one of the wine villages of the Côte de Nuits which lies along the foot of the Côte", "id": "18339026" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nin the east of France. To the north are the French regions of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté, to the west it borders the region Auvergne, to the south it borders Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy. The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border. The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône. The confluence of these", "id": "20237369" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine regions\n\n\nThe mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as \"Denominaciones de Origen\" (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws. In compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002, Spanish wines are classified into two categories, which in turn are further classified into sub-categories depending on the strictness of the criteria applied in producing the type of wine in question: In 2006 a new \"Vino de la Tierra\" \"super-region\" was created", "id": "17220026" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nGerman wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A. On the other side of Rhine from Baden, Alsace is situated. Due to its very large north-south length, Baden is divided into nine districts (\"Bereiche\"), which is more than any other German wine region. From north to south, these districts are: Grape varieties of the Pinot family are responsible for almost 55% of the vineyards of Baden, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) covering 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in", "id": "4626276" }, { "contents": "Erdőbénye\n\n\nThe village Erdőbénye may have 1600 inhabitants and may be located 20 km from the town of Tokaj in Northern Hungary. It may lie in a valley surrounded by mountains and vineyards, in the middle of the famous wine-region ‘Tokaj-Hegyalja’, in Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. The village may be one of the centres for wine-production in this region. There may be more cellars in the village, where the regional wines can be tasted. As the well-known old saying tells us:", "id": "12173553" }, { "contents": "Classification of Saint-Émilion wine\n\n\nthan previous efforts, with tastings and inspections outsourced by INAO to independent groups with no involvement by St.-Emilion Wine Syndicate and Bordeaux wine trade, but instead wine professionals from Burgundy, the Rhône Valley, Champagne, the Loire Valley and Provence made up a seven-person commission. There is no longer a fixed number of châteaus which can be classified, and the new rankings elevated Château Pavie and Château Angélus to Premier Classe A. Among new Premiers grands crus were Larcis Ducasse, Canon-la-Gaffelière and \"garagiste\" producers Valandraud", "id": "3049694" }, { "contents": "Burgundy wine\n\n\n1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines. After Burgundy", "id": "16297307" }, { "contents": "Côtes de Gascogne\n\n\nCôtes de Gascogne is a wine-growing district in Gascony producing principally white wine. It is mainly located in the département of the Gers in the former Midi-Pyrénées region (now part of the Occitanie region), and it belongs to the wine region South West France. The designation Côtes de Gascogne is used for a \"Vin de Pays\" (\"country wine\") produced in the Armagnac area. The decree of 13 September 1968 created the difference between a \"Vin de Pays\" and simpler table wine,", "id": "447824" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\nTable wine is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification. In the United States, \"table wine\" primarily designates a wine style: ordinary wine which is neither fortified nor sparkling nor expensive. In the European Union wine regulations, \"table wine\" (TW) is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond", "id": "13361499" }, { "contents": "Provence wine\n\n\n\"département\" is occasionally cited by some sources with Provence due to some similarities in wine style; the appellation is however officially part of the Rhône wine region and its typicity more closely approaches that of its neighbour on its northern border, Côtes de Ventoux AOC, also a Rhône wine. The region has several \"vin de pays\" designations, with Bouches-du-Rhône, near Aix-en-Provence, being one of the most common designations seen abroad. The Bellet AOC is in southeastern Provence, near Nice", "id": "18590333" }, { "contents": "Buisson, Vaucluse\n\n\nBuisson is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Buisson is a small, wine-producing, Knights Templar village, dating back at least as far as the 12th century, and linked since its beginning to the nearby village of Villedieu, with which it produces its principal crop, Côtes-du-Rhône wine, which is sold from their joint winery, le Cellier du Templier. Situated above the Aygues River, Buisson lies at the northern edge of the Vaucluse", "id": "13677632" }, { "contents": "Burgundy\n\n\nTrémouille until its merger to form the regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Burgundy is one of France's main wine producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including Gamay, Aligote, Pinot blanc, and Sauvignon blanc. The region is divided into the Côte-d'Or, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâcon", "id": "5142782" }, { "contents": "Nuits-Saint-Georges\n\n\nNuits-Saint-Georges () is a commune in the arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It lies in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Nuits-Saint-Georges is the main town of the Côte de Nuits wine-producing area of Burgundy. Nuits-Saint-Georges was the site of the traditional Burgundian festival, \"la Saint-Vincent-Tournante\", in 2007. It is a festival that celebrates the wine of a different Burgundian village each year. The", "id": "13776155" }, { "contents": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union\n\n\nquality wine psr, with the \"psr\" standing for \"\"produced in a specified region\"\". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as table wine. There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the European Commission restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are", "id": "1749448" }, { "contents": "List of Portuguese wine regions\n\n\nPortuguese wine regions are grouped into three levels of classification. At the top are the \"Denominação de Origem Controlada\" (or DOCs) which are Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) under the European Union wine regulations and thus correspond roughly to the French \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Spanish \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) classifications. The second group consist of \"Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada\" (IPRs), and are also QWpsr. IPRs are used for DOC candidates \"in training\"", "id": "12630197" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nBaden is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Under German wine legislation, Baden and Württemberg are separate wine regions. With under vine in 2008, Baden is Germany's third largest wine region, but seems to be much less known on export markets in comparison to many smaller German regions, and in comparison to the neighbouring French region of Alsace, which is", "id": "4626273" }, { "contents": "Roussanne\n\n\nbe found in some white wines from the Côtes du Rhône AOC. Outside of the Rhône, the Roussanne is grown in Provence and the Languedoc-Roussillon région where it is sometimes blended with Chardonnay, Marsanne and Vermentino in some \"vin de pays\". In Savoie, the grape is known as Bergeron where it produces highly aromatic wines in Chignin. Outside France it is grown in the Italian wine regions of Liguria and Tuscany where it is a permitted grape in Montecarlo bianco. In Australia, it was believed to have been", "id": "11395981" }, { "contents": "Grenache\n\n\nvarietal wines and blends. Garnacha plays a major role in the \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) wines in Aragon, Catalonia and Navarra and the \"Denominación de Origen Calificada\" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta. Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape,", "id": "1395794" }, { "contents": "Comité Régional d'Action Viticole\n\n\nregion which the group believes has been plagued by surplus production and a subsequent need to adapt the quality and quantity of wine produced to changing market realities, including reduced domestic demand for simple wine for everyday consumption. This process, which has involved considerable European Union subsidies, has had negative effects on smaller producers and has met with various protests, of which CRAV is the most violent. CRAV's publicised demands have regularly included elements which are more-or-less impossible for French politicians to implement under European Union rules, since", "id": "11085105" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nharmonise regulations for various products which traditionally have been regulated on a national level. The EU wine regulations form a framework for the wine laws of the European Union member states. Since national wine laws have a much longer history than the EU wine regulations, the EU regulations have been designed to accommodate existing regulations of several member states. In particular, the existing regulations concerning French wine, with its detailed appellation laws, formed a basis, while also making room for the very different German wine classification system. In general, the", "id": "3557890" }, { "contents": "Focșani\n\n\nmost popular wine-producing regions in Romania, Odobești being just to the northwest, in Romania, Focșani itself is not considered a wine-producing center. The wine sold as \"Weisse von Fokshan\" in Germany and some other European countries is generally a \"Fetească Albă de Odobești\" wine, and practically a second-rated wine which does not comply to the European Union rules of naming the regions of origin of wines. The vicinity is rich in minerals such as iron, copper, coal, and petroleum. The", "id": "407220" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\ntripe and quenelles. In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard. The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin. Wines in this region include the very famous Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine. Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region. Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times;", "id": "20237377" }, { "contents": "Duriense VR\n\n\nDuriense is a Portuguese wine region covering the same area as the Douro DOC and the Port wine region. In difference from Douro DOC, Duriense VR is a designation at the lower \"Vinho Regional\" (VR) level, which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Thus, it is the simpler or less typical wines of the Douro region that are sold using a Duriense VR label. Before the creation of a separate Duriense VR", "id": "4592280" }, { "contents": "Lombardia (wine)\n\n\nis the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions. The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south) This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since the 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina", "id": "11286179" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nQuality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (often abbreviated to QWpsr or simply \"quality wines\") is a quality indicator used within European Union wine regulations. The QWpsr category identifies wines with protected geographical indications. The European Union regulates and defines the status of \"quality wines\" according to production method, management and geographical location. Its original, fundamental role is in differentiating quality wines from table wines, broadly in line with the system traditionally employed by the French government, amended to account for the preferences and methodology of Italian and", "id": "17720222" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nof enforcement agencies. The wines produced within EU are divided into two quality categories, Table wines (TW) and Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr), where QWpsr is the higher category. Rules for winemaking practices and labelling are different for TW and QWpsr. The similar categories also exist for sparkling wine. The TW and QWpsr categories are translated into different national wine classification for each member state. Thus, some member states may have more than two levels of classification, but all national levels correspond to either TW", "id": "3557886" }, { "contents": "Vino de Pago\n\n\nand wine estates that are classified as Vino de Pago are subject to separate requirements rather than those of the wine region where they are located. One of the requirements is that the estate may only use their own grapes for their wines. The Spanish word \"pago\" comes from the Latin word pagus, meaning a country district. When introduced, the new regulation met with particular interest in Castilla-La Mancha, where the first Vinos de Pago were created. So far, all Vinos de Pago are located in Aragon,", "id": "6206495" }, { "contents": "Chaptalization\n\n\n1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the Northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia,", "id": "20299848" }, { "contents": "Belaire Rosé\n\n\nBelaire Rosé is a French sparkling wine produced in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of the South of France. Officially labelled \"Luc Belaire Rare Rosé,\" the wine is a blend of Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsault grapes typically used in the production of Provencal rosé wines. The brand is owned by niaz the New York-based company Sovereign Brands. The brand's packaging is noteworthy for its opaque black bottles. Rick Ross is one of their major promoters. The brand's range also includes a Brut and", "id": "8086233" }, { "contents": "Terras Madeirenses VR\n\n\nTerras Madeirenses is a Portuguese wine region situated on the islands of Madeira, both on the main island and on the Porto Santo Island. The region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Terras Madeirenses is a designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira, while the more famous fortified Madeira wines use the designation Madeira DOC. There are also two \"Denominação", "id": "4592286" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEU wine regulations provide for minimum standards across EU, while making it possible for individual member states to enact stricter standards in certain areas in their national wine laws. An example comparing a French and two German wine types made from the same grape variety illustrate what the EU wine regulations stipulate, and how the individual countries have applied various stricter regulations than the minimum for these \"quality wines\". In a sense, the EU wine regulations as such are rather invisible to the wine consumers and the wine trade, since the details", "id": "3557891" }, { "contents": "Beaumes de Venise AOC\n\n\nBeaumes de Venise is an appellation of wines from the eastern central region of the southern half of the Rhône Valley. It produces wines of two distinctly different types: 1. A sweet fortified wine of the type \"vin doux naturel\" (VDN), under the designation Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. 2. A red Côtes du Rhône Villages from the classification of named villages, which typifies the quality wines of the Côtes du Rhône region. The vines are grown on the slopes around the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail", "id": "1197239" }, { "contents": "Catalan wine\n\n\nand Xarel·lo have since become established as the most popular grapes for producing cava. Early versions were called Catalan \"champán\" or \"xampany\" after Champagne but this practice ended when the EU awarded Champagne Protected Geographical Status. Catalan main sparkling wine producers agreed and adopted the name \"Cava\" after the Catalan word for cellar, where the wines were traditionally stored. According to Spanish wine laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions (such as Aranda de Duero, Navarra and Rioja) but 95% of Spanish Cava", "id": "10752898" }, { "contents": "Czech wine\n\n\n. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into the Czech language and subsequently incorporated into the Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards.", "id": "22164447" }, { "contents": "Tokaj (Slovakia)\n\n\nregistration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.", "id": "909099" }, { "contents": "Açores VR\n\n\nThe Açores VR () is a Portuguese wine region located in the archipelago of the Azores. This region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Located in the Atlantic Ocean, some from continental Portugal, the archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine islands, of which three cultivate wine-making grapes for export production: Terceira, Pico and Graciosa. Located on", "id": "4592271" }, { "contents": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero\n\n\namong others, 80% of the affected farmers and the Socialist regional governments of regions such as Extremadura, Andalusia or Castilla-La Mancha. Some Socialist politicians also supported it when they were members of the former Socialist government back in the 90s (e.g. José Borrell, the current leader of the European Spanish Socialist Group and former president of the European Parliament. The scheme was mainly opposed by Zapatero, environmentalist groups, the Socialist regional government of Aragon and some of the citizens of the areas from which water was to be transferred", "id": "14405756" }, { "contents": "Chardonnay\n\n\nThe grape first rose to prominence in the Chablis and Burgundy regions. In Champagne, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier, but is also used to produce single varietal \"blanc de blancs\" styles of sparkling wine. Chardonnay can be found in \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) wines of the Loire Valley and Jura wine region, as well as the \"vin de pays\" wines of the Languedoc. Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by", "id": "16861988" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\ndes Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallée de la Marne. The towns of Reims and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French Kings and a Unesco world heritage site. Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique terroir. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also", "id": "9042171" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\ndiscontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône", "id": "99529" }, { "contents": "Beaumes-de-Venise\n\n\nBeaumes-de-Venise () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The word \"beaumes\" comes from the Provençal word \"bauma\" meaning \"cave\" or \"grotto\". The surrounding hills have many of these caves that were inhabited during the Iron Age. The village gives its name to a sweet wine appellation, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise. It also gives its name to a drier red wine, formerly Côtes du Rhone Villages", "id": "13677675" }, { "contents": "Champagne\n\n\n\"Champagne\" exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name \"Champagne\" is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an \"\"; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia, Chile, Brazil,", "id": "9042121" }, { "contents": "Regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\n147.1 million as the seat of the regional council of Rhône-Alpes, the construction of the building was approved by the regional council on 7 April 2005, followed by a European-level architecture competition from November 2005 to September 2006, the procurement of a building permit on 30 August 2007, groundbreaking on 8 July 2008, and the relocation of employees over a six-week period starting on 19 May 2011. On 21 June 2014, the new headquarters of the regional council of Auvergne at the Hôtel de Région in Clermont", "id": "11327121" }, { "contents": "Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nGálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la", "id": "19301569" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nwere rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de Vouvray, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to \"méthode champenoise\" being forbidden within the European Union as a designation", "id": "13668326" }, { "contents": "Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC\n\n\nCoteaux de Pierrevert is a wine-growing AOC in the western part of the Provence wine region of France, where the wines are produced in 11 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is partly located in the valley of the Durance river in the region of Manosque. Red wines are made from Grenache noir and Syrah which must account for 70% together with a minimum of 30% of each. Secondary varieties are Cinsault, Mourvedre and Carignan. Rosé: Grenache noir minimum 50%, and", "id": "9886739" }, { "contents": "Sierra de Alcaraz (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nSierra de Alcaraz is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Alcaraz, El Ballestero, El Bonillo, Povedilla, Robledo, and Viveros, located in the province of Albacete, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la Tierra\" status in", "id": "20070813" }, { "contents": "Macedonian wine\n\n\nNorth Macedonia produces wine on some of vineyards, and the production was 108,100 tonnes in 2008. There are also some additional of vineyards dedicated to table grapes. Red wine dominates the Macedonian wine production, with around 80 per cent. In contrast, within the European Union, \"Macedonia\" is a protected geographical indication (PGI) for wines produced in the Greek viticulture region of Macedonia. While part of Yugoslavia, North Macedonia was a producer of wine and vodka. In the 1980s, it accounted for around two-thirds", "id": "15227518" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine\n\n\ntoday though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical Champagne grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not regulated to a particular region of DO but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term \"Cava\" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, Aragon, Castile and León, Valencia, Extremadura, Navarre", "id": "8942253" }, { "contents": "South West France (wine region)\n\n\nand the wine region of South West France, and some of its grapes are used to make Vin de Pays under the designation \"Vin de Pays de Côtes de Gascogne\" or mixed with Armagnac to produce the mistelle Floc de Gascogne. South West France is a rather heterogeneous region in terms of its wines and how they are marketed. It is rare to see wines being sold as \"Vins du Sud-Ouest\". Rather, the smaller areas and individual appellations market their wines under their own (smaller) umbrella,", "id": "2626801" }, { "contents": "Vin de France\n\n\n. Simple varietal French wines instead had to use the \"vin de pays\" (\"country wine\") designation, which restricted the sourcing of grapes to the defined \"vin de pays\" regions, such as \"vin de Pays d'Oc\" from Languedoc-Roussillon. No French wine category existed that allowed a producer to source grapes from Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône and Provence, but still sell the wine under a varietal designation. As a result of the ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked", "id": "15811469" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\ntextiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. The scope of the agreement goes beyond tariffs. It includes increased access to public procurement contracts and protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also", "id": "18795598" }, { "contents": "David Schildknecht\n\n\nDavid Schildknecht is an American wine critic, a full-time member of \"Vinous\", and previous member of \"The Wine Advocate\", contributor to recent editions of Robert Parker's \"Wine Buyer’s Guide\". An authority on the wine of Germany and Austria, he also considers the Loire Valley a specialty, a wine region he has described as \"the bargain garden of France\". He currently covers the French regions of the Loire Valley, Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, Champagne, the Jura, the", "id": "17649648" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nusually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were", "id": "99528" }, { "contents": "Loire Valley (wine)\n\n\nof the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designations that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The \"Crémant de Loire\" which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The \"Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France\" refers to any varietally labeled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Sauvignon", "id": "9043145" }, { "contents": "Tourism in France\n\n\ndegree the ideals of the French Renaissance. The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and", "id": "998539" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\nThe history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans did much to spread viticulture across the land they knew as Gaul, encouraging the planting of vines in areas that would become the well known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. Over the course of its history, the French wine industry would be influenced and driven by", "id": "9119560" }, { "contents": "Frédéric Lornet\n\n\nFrédéric Lornet is a wine producer who owns and runs the Abbaye de la Boutière in Montigny-lès-Arsures; a small village just outside Arbois in the Franche-Comté / Jura region of France. Arbois, childhood home to Louis Pasteur, has for centuries been the wine capital of the Jura. As the name Abbaye de la Boutière indicates, the winery was established near Arbois in a hoary Roman Catholic Cistercian (White Monk) abbaye. The Jura is an eastern French winemaking region located between Burgundy and Switzerland - and", "id": "6619754" }, { "contents": "Sovetskoye Shampanskoye\n\n\nof the brand is not restricted. Several producers use the name, including wine producers from Italy and Spain. Under European Union law, as well as treaties accepted by most nations, sparkling wines produced outside the champagne region, even wine produced in other parts of France, do not have the right to use the term \"champagne\". Hungary (which originally produced Sovetskoye Shampanskoye under Soviet license), by contrast, today produces the beverage under the name \"Sovetskoye Igristoye\", a name that was also used by some", "id": "16031654" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\nRhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Wallonia, País Vasco, Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, who wanted to strengthen the local and regional dimension in energy and environmental policies at European level. Thus: \"\"Whereas by effective management, investment, and increasing awareness it is possible to create a system which is more energy efficient and less polluting;\" \"Whereas only an approach based on close proximity with consumers, and on both quantitative and qualitative understanding of their needs, can", "id": "7749570" }, { "contents": "Castilla–La Mancha\n\n\nCastilla–La Mancha (, , ), or Castile–La Mancha, is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete", "id": "21615897" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\n%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities. The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc’s launch in 1991. It also represents the EU’s largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants", "id": "18795596" }, { "contents": "Oeil de perdrix\n\n\n, Valais, and Neuchâtel all have the Oeil de Perdrix AOC today. The early origins of the American wine White Zinfandel can be traced to a California winemaker's attempt at making an Oeil de Perdrix–style wine. The Oeil de Perdrix style of wine is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages in Champagne region of France, prior to that region's development of the sparkling wine style that would take its name. During this period the Champenois were in competition with the Burgundy wine region for the favor of the Royal", "id": "976295" }, { "contents": "Terroir\n\n\ntwo wines will be different due to \"terroir\". The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different \"terroir\" are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. A Spanish or Australian \"chianti\". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the", "id": "19815361" }, { "contents": "Wine law\n\n\nto any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280. In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the \"Reichstag\" 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. In the European Union (EU),", "id": "18794619" } ]

[ { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nand is based in Bordeaux with an office in Strasbourg. The industry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-", "id": "20860572" }, { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nThe Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes Viticoles (AREV) is an organisation of political and trade representatives of wine regions within the European Union (EU) and Eastern Europe. It lobbies the EU on matters affecting its members, and acts as a forum for discussion of policy and marketing. The European Wine Regions Conference (CERV) was created on 20 June 1988 under Alsatian law. It became the Assembly of European Wine Regions (AREV) in 1994. It is financed by membership subscriptions,", "id": "20860571" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n's economic hegemony. The most important \"régions\" are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism)", "id": "18733048" }, { "contents": "Geology of France\n\n\nThe regional geology of France is commonly divided into the Paris Basin, the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Aquitaine Basin, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Côte languedocienne, the Sillon rhodanien, the Massif des Vosges, the Massif Ardennais, the Alsace graben (Rhine graben) and Flanders Basin. The regions Alsace, Franche-Comté, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur are part of the Western Alps. Sediment from the Valais ocean crop out in the Versoyen unit. The basement of the", "id": "9137080" }, { "contents": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nThe region shares two national borders: Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Vaud) to the northeast and Italy (Aosta Valley and Piedmont) to the east. The bordering French provinces are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the northwest, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast, Occitanie to the southwest, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain, Allier, Ardèche, Cantal, Drôme,", "id": "19200082" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\norganisation of the market in wine\" and it is supplemented by several Commission regulations. The former document has been adopted by the Council of the European Union through the member states' ministers of agriculture, while the Commission regulations are written by the European Commission in collaboration with the Wine Management Committee, where the member states are represented. The aspects regulated by EU fall mainly into the categories winemaking practices, classification and labelling, wine-production potential, documentation of wine industry activities, imports from non-EU countries, and duties", "id": "3557885" }, { "contents": "Beaujolais\n\n\nIn some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. The wine takes its name from the historical Province of Beaujolais, a wine-producing region. It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône \"département\" of the Rhône-Alpes region and southern areas of the Saône-et-Loire \"département\" of Burgundy. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to", "id": "6276341" }, { "contents": "Cap21\n\n\nMember of the European Parliament for North-West France as the MoDem's top candidate in the region. However, the party split from the MoDem in the runup to the 2010 regional elections and pursued an alliance with Europe Écologie. Cap 21 was allied with Europe Écologie in Alsace, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Upper Normandy and was allied with the MoDem in Burgundy and Picardy. Following the MoDem's poor result (4.2%) in the regional elections,", "id": "6142218" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n. Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms. The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes. In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French", "id": "18733049" }, { "contents": "Traditional method\n\n\nThe traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Portugal to produce Espumante and in Italy to produce Franciacorta. The method is known as the \"méthode champenoise,\" but the Champagne producers have successfully lobbied the European Union to restrict the use of that term within the EU only to wines produced in Champagne. Thus, wines from elsewhere", "id": "19248881" }, { "contents": "Centre-Val de Loire\n\n\nof the Loire Valley, such as the , the gentle and refined lifestyle, the wine, and the mild and temperate climate, all of which attract many tourists to the region. A new logo was also created. Bordering six other regions, Centre-Val-de-Loire borders the most of all 18 regions in France. The bordering regions are Normandy on the northwest, Île-de-France on the northeast, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the southeast,", "id": "20237325" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\noutside their region. Port cities like Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Rouen emerged as formidable centers of commerce with the wines of Gascony, Haut Pays, Poitou and the Île-de-France. During this period, political climates and alliances played a substantial role in the trade of French wines to other European countries. The 1152 marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Henry Plantagenet, the future Henry II of England, was the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship between Bordeaux and England. The 1295 Auld Alliance between France and Scotland", "id": "9119574" }, { "contents": "Christie's World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine\n\n\nrated on a 100-point scale, and all their wines given a star wine rating (three star maximum). Champagne receives the largest coverage, occupying 98 pages, but 10 other French regions (Alsace, Loire, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Limoux, others) receive 45 pages, while 141 pages covers the rest of the world (Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Austria, Southeast Europe, other European, South Africa, The United States, California, Others USA, Canada, South America", "id": "7765929" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nGerman growers, among others in the EU. In 1962, shortly after the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, or \"Common Market\") a set of rules were drawn up in which the normal common organisation of the market for a type of product – normally limited to a pricing system, rules on intervention and a system for trade with third-party countries – was extended in several areas in order to accommodate the diverse interests of wine production within individual member states. The wine sector required regulation", "id": "17720223" }, { "contents": "Sévérac-le-Château\n\n\nsovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ). The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. It also borders two countries to the south", "id": "14752630" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nin Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They", "id": "19345598" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nChampagne\" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term \"Champagne style\" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term \"methode champenoise\" has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union. Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers.", "id": "13668320" }, { "contents": "Élisabeth Guigou\n\n\n1997–2000. Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 2000–2002. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–1997 (Became minister in 1997, and elected in parliamentary elections). French Parliament Member of the National Assembly of France for Vaucluse : June 1997- July 1997 (Appointed Minister of Justice in July 1997). Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-Saint-Denis : Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007 and 2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : Elected in 1992,", "id": "20264329" }, { "contents": "Cava (Spanish wine)\n\n\nis produced in the Penedès area in Spain, with the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia being home to many of Spain's largest production houses. The two major producers are Codorníu and Freixenet. Cava is also produced in other villages in Aragon, Castile and León, Extremadura, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarre and Valencia. In the past, cava was referred to as \"Spanish champagne\", which is no longer permitted under European Union law, since Champagne has Protected Geographical Status (PGS) and Spain entered the EU", "id": "21344469" }, { "contents": "Merlot\n\n\nlargest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler-climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona. In Costers del Segre, the grape is often used in Bordeaux-style blend while in Aragon (with in 2008), Navarra ( in 2008) and Castilla-La Mancha () sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties. Spain's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula, Portugal, has only a very limited amount", "id": "19315786" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nit. The word \"appellation\" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for", "id": "19345591" }, { "contents": "Korbel Champagne Cellars\n\n\nCzechoslovak brothers named Korbel. It was purchased by Adolph Heck in 1954. Heck's son, Gary, took over in 1984, and over time increased production from 150,000 to 1.3 million cases per year, making Korbel the twelfth largest wine producer in the United States as of 2011. On its website, Korbel calls itself \"producers of fine California méthode champenoise champagnes for 137 years\". Normally, under European Union (EU) law, only wine from France's Champagne wine region may use the terms “Champagne\" or", "id": "21832455" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nThe Champagne wine region (archaic ) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France. The area is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term \"Champagne\" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 100 miles (160 km) east of Paris. The viticultural boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine producing districts within the historical province: Aube, Côte", "id": "9042170" }, { "contents": "Cairanne\n\n\nCairanne () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France whose inhabitants were locally nicknamed \"leis afrontaires de Cairana\", the cheeky ones from Cairanne. It dates from the mid-8th century and is located midway between Orange and Vaison-la-Romaine. The village economy depends largely on its production of wine that falls into the various categories of wines from the Rhône valley. The settlement was first mentioned in 739 CE as \"Queroana\" and later became known as Cayrane", "id": "644328" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEuropean Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production. These regulations form a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of EU, and regulate such things as the maximum vineyard surface allowed to individual EU member states, allowed winemaking practices and principles for wine classification and labelling. The wine regulations exist to regulate total production in order to combat overproduction of wine and to provide an underpinning", "id": "3557877" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nexcess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using \"Grand cru\" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or", "id": "99531" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\n, the European network of regional observatories energy and greenhouse gas. FEDARENE is currently responsible for the coordination of the network and has made a valuable contribution in its creation. The Board of Administration is composed of 16 members of which a President, a General Secretary, 13 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board's members are representatives of the following Regions/Provinces: North West Croatia (HR), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region (FR), Berlin (DE), Rhône-Alpes", "id": "7749574" }, { "contents": "Sablet\n\n\nSablet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a fortified Provençal village rich in history. Sablet is situated at the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail in the Côtes du Rhône wine-producing region. It is located to the west of Mont Ventoux, in a transition zone between the Prealps and the Mediterranean. Sablet is very close to the larger towns of Vaison-la-Romaine to the north, Carpentras to the south and Orange to the west", "id": "16748637" }, { "contents": "Transport express régional\n\n\nhave an average ridership of only about 66 travellers per train. TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes. Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays-de-la-", "id": "14624124" }, { "contents": "Austrian cuisine\n\n\nmost widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished", "id": "17086568" }, { "contents": "Classification of wine\n\n\nstating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to", "id": "5411712" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nvins de la rivière\" and \"vins de la montagne\"- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river Marne which carried the wines down to the Seine and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the Flemish wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century, Pinot noir became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of Burgundy wines,", "id": "9042181" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\n(by volume) of wine is \"vin de table\", while in Germany only 5% is \"deutscher Tafelwein\". Table wine from anywhere in the EU can be blended together to produce European Table Wine. European table wines are generally made from the highest-yielding sites and vinified in an industrial manner. In the 1950s, when per capita consumption of wine was much higher, there was a need for vast quantities of cheap wine, but now much of it goes into the European Union's troublesome \"wine", "id": "13361504" }, { "contents": "Meursault\n\n\nMeursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Côte-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as \"buttery\" to be applied", "id": "18826987" }, { "contents": "Rosé\n\n\nred wines produced in such notable wine regions as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne were \"rosé-style\" wines made from juice that had only brief periods of skin contact during winemaking. But even as the trend in these regions evolved towards more modern ideas of \"red wines\", rosés still hold a prominent place in many of France's major wine regions. Today rosé is produced throughout France from the cooler climate rosé Champagnes and Loire Valley wines to the warm Mediterranean influence climates of Provence and the southern Rhone Valley. Rosés", "id": "19952534" }, { "contents": "Gevrey-Chambertin\n\n\nGevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies 15 km South of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin. Gevrey-Chambertin is one of the wine villages of the Côte de Nuits which lies along the foot of the Côte", "id": "18339026" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nin the east of France. To the north are the French regions of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté, to the west it borders the region Auvergne, to the south it borders Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy. The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border. The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône. The confluence of these", "id": "20237369" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine regions\n\n\nThe mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as \"Denominaciones de Origen\" (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws. In compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002, Spanish wines are classified into two categories, which in turn are further classified into sub-categories depending on the strictness of the criteria applied in producing the type of wine in question: In 2006 a new \"Vino de la Tierra\" \"super-region\" was created", "id": "17220026" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nGerman wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A. On the other side of Rhine from Baden, Alsace is situated. Due to its very large north-south length, Baden is divided into nine districts (\"Bereiche\"), which is more than any other German wine region. From north to south, these districts are: Grape varieties of the Pinot family are responsible for almost 55% of the vineyards of Baden, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) covering 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in", "id": "4626276" }, { "contents": "Erdőbénye\n\n\nThe village Erdőbénye may have 1600 inhabitants and may be located 20 km from the town of Tokaj in Northern Hungary. It may lie in a valley surrounded by mountains and vineyards, in the middle of the famous wine-region ‘Tokaj-Hegyalja’, in Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. The village may be one of the centres for wine-production in this region. There may be more cellars in the village, where the regional wines can be tasted. As the well-known old saying tells us:", "id": "12173553" }, { "contents": "Classification of Saint-Émilion wine\n\n\nthan previous efforts, with tastings and inspections outsourced by INAO to independent groups with no involvement by St.-Emilion Wine Syndicate and Bordeaux wine trade, but instead wine professionals from Burgundy, the Rhône Valley, Champagne, the Loire Valley and Provence made up a seven-person commission. There is no longer a fixed number of châteaus which can be classified, and the new rankings elevated Château Pavie and Château Angélus to Premier Classe A. Among new Premiers grands crus were Larcis Ducasse, Canon-la-Gaffelière and \"garagiste\" producers Valandraud", "id": "3049694" }, { "contents": "Burgundy wine\n\n\n1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines. After Burgundy", "id": "16297307" }, { "contents": "Côtes de Gascogne\n\n\nCôtes de Gascogne is a wine-growing district in Gascony producing principally white wine. It is mainly located in the département of the Gers in the former Midi-Pyrénées region (now part of the Occitanie region), and it belongs to the wine region South West France. The designation Côtes de Gascogne is used for a \"Vin de Pays\" (\"country wine\") produced in the Armagnac area. The decree of 13 September 1968 created the difference between a \"Vin de Pays\" and simpler table wine,", "id": "447824" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\nTable wine is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification. In the United States, \"table wine\" primarily designates a wine style: ordinary wine which is neither fortified nor sparkling nor expensive. In the European Union wine regulations, \"table wine\" (TW) is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond", "id": "13361499" }, { "contents": "Provence wine\n\n\n\"département\" is occasionally cited by some sources with Provence due to some similarities in wine style; the appellation is however officially part of the Rhône wine region and its typicity more closely approaches that of its neighbour on its northern border, Côtes de Ventoux AOC, also a Rhône wine. The region has several \"vin de pays\" designations, with Bouches-du-Rhône, near Aix-en-Provence, being one of the most common designations seen abroad. The Bellet AOC is in southeastern Provence, near Nice", "id": "18590333" }, { "contents": "Buisson, Vaucluse\n\n\nBuisson is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Buisson is a small, wine-producing, Knights Templar village, dating back at least as far as the 12th century, and linked since its beginning to the nearby village of Villedieu, with which it produces its principal crop, Côtes-du-Rhône wine, which is sold from their joint winery, le Cellier du Templier. Situated above the Aygues River, Buisson lies at the northern edge of the Vaucluse", "id": "13677632" }, { "contents": "Burgundy\n\n\nTrémouille until its merger to form the regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Burgundy is one of France's main wine producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including Gamay, Aligote, Pinot blanc, and Sauvignon blanc. The region is divided into the Côte-d'Or, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâcon", "id": "5142782" }, { "contents": "Nuits-Saint-Georges\n\n\nNuits-Saint-Georges () is a commune in the arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It lies in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Nuits-Saint-Georges is the main town of the Côte de Nuits wine-producing area of Burgundy. Nuits-Saint-Georges was the site of the traditional Burgundian festival, \"la Saint-Vincent-Tournante\", in 2007. It is a festival that celebrates the wine of a different Burgundian village each year. The", "id": "13776155" }, { "contents": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union\n\n\nquality wine psr, with the \"psr\" standing for \"\"produced in a specified region\"\". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as table wine. There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the European Commission restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are", "id": "1749448" }, { "contents": "List of Portuguese wine regions\n\n\nPortuguese wine regions are grouped into three levels of classification. At the top are the \"Denominação de Origem Controlada\" (or DOCs) which are Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) under the European Union wine regulations and thus correspond roughly to the French \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Spanish \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) classifications. The second group consist of \"Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada\" (IPRs), and are also QWpsr. IPRs are used for DOC candidates \"in training\"", "id": "12630197" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nBaden is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Under German wine legislation, Baden and Württemberg are separate wine regions. With under vine in 2008, Baden is Germany's third largest wine region, but seems to be much less known on export markets in comparison to many smaller German regions, and in comparison to the neighbouring French region of Alsace, which is", "id": "4626273" }, { "contents": "Roussanne\n\n\nbe found in some white wines from the Côtes du Rhône AOC. Outside of the Rhône, the Roussanne is grown in Provence and the Languedoc-Roussillon région where it is sometimes blended with Chardonnay, Marsanne and Vermentino in some \"vin de pays\". In Savoie, the grape is known as Bergeron where it produces highly aromatic wines in Chignin. Outside France it is grown in the Italian wine regions of Liguria and Tuscany where it is a permitted grape in Montecarlo bianco. In Australia, it was believed to have been", "id": "11395981" }, { "contents": "Grenache\n\n\nvarietal wines and blends. Garnacha plays a major role in the \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) wines in Aragon, Catalonia and Navarra and the \"Denominación de Origen Calificada\" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta. Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape,", "id": "1395794" }, { "contents": "Comité Régional d'Action Viticole\n\n\nregion which the group believes has been plagued by surplus production and a subsequent need to adapt the quality and quantity of wine produced to changing market realities, including reduced domestic demand for simple wine for everyday consumption. This process, which has involved considerable European Union subsidies, has had negative effects on smaller producers and has met with various protests, of which CRAV is the most violent. CRAV's publicised demands have regularly included elements which are more-or-less impossible for French politicians to implement under European Union rules, since", "id": "11085105" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nharmonise regulations for various products which traditionally have been regulated on a national level. The EU wine regulations form a framework for the wine laws of the European Union member states. Since national wine laws have a much longer history than the EU wine regulations, the EU regulations have been designed to accommodate existing regulations of several member states. In particular, the existing regulations concerning French wine, with its detailed appellation laws, formed a basis, while also making room for the very different German wine classification system. In general, the", "id": "3557890" }, { "contents": "Focșani\n\n\nmost popular wine-producing regions in Romania, Odobești being just to the northwest, in Romania, Focșani itself is not considered a wine-producing center. The wine sold as \"Weisse von Fokshan\" in Germany and some other European countries is generally a \"Fetească Albă de Odobești\" wine, and practically a second-rated wine which does not comply to the European Union rules of naming the regions of origin of wines. The vicinity is rich in minerals such as iron, copper, coal, and petroleum. The", "id": "407220" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\ntripe and quenelles. In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard. The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin. Wines in this region include the very famous Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine. Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region. Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times;", "id": "20237377" }, { "contents": "Duriense VR\n\n\nDuriense is a Portuguese wine region covering the same area as the Douro DOC and the Port wine region. In difference from Douro DOC, Duriense VR is a designation at the lower \"Vinho Regional\" (VR) level, which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Thus, it is the simpler or less typical wines of the Douro region that are sold using a Duriense VR label. Before the creation of a separate Duriense VR", "id": "4592280" }, { "contents": "Lombardia (wine)\n\n\nis the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions. The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south) This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since the 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina", "id": "11286179" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nQuality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (often abbreviated to QWpsr or simply \"quality wines\") is a quality indicator used within European Union wine regulations. The QWpsr category identifies wines with protected geographical indications. The European Union regulates and defines the status of \"quality wines\" according to production method, management and geographical location. Its original, fundamental role is in differentiating quality wines from table wines, broadly in line with the system traditionally employed by the French government, amended to account for the preferences and methodology of Italian and", "id": "17720222" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nof enforcement agencies. The wines produced within EU are divided into two quality categories, Table wines (TW) and Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr), where QWpsr is the higher category. Rules for winemaking practices and labelling are different for TW and QWpsr. The similar categories also exist for sparkling wine. The TW and QWpsr categories are translated into different national wine classification for each member state. Thus, some member states may have more than two levels of classification, but all national levels correspond to either TW", "id": "3557886" }, { "contents": "Vino de Pago\n\n\nand wine estates that are classified as Vino de Pago are subject to separate requirements rather than those of the wine region where they are located. One of the requirements is that the estate may only use their own grapes for their wines. The Spanish word \"pago\" comes from the Latin word pagus, meaning a country district. When introduced, the new regulation met with particular interest in Castilla-La Mancha, where the first Vinos de Pago were created. So far, all Vinos de Pago are located in Aragon,", "id": "6206495" }, { "contents": "Chaptalization\n\n\n1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the Northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia,", "id": "20299848" }, { "contents": "Belaire Rosé\n\n\nBelaire Rosé is a French sparkling wine produced in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of the South of France. Officially labelled \"Luc Belaire Rare Rosé,\" the wine is a blend of Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsault grapes typically used in the production of Provencal rosé wines. The brand is owned by niaz the New York-based company Sovereign Brands. The brand's packaging is noteworthy for its opaque black bottles. Rick Ross is one of their major promoters. The brand's range also includes a Brut and", "id": "8086233" }, { "contents": "Terras Madeirenses VR\n\n\nTerras Madeirenses is a Portuguese wine region situated on the islands of Madeira, both on the main island and on the Porto Santo Island. The region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Terras Madeirenses is a designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira, while the more famous fortified Madeira wines use the designation Madeira DOC. There are also two \"Denominação", "id": "4592286" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEU wine regulations provide for minimum standards across EU, while making it possible for individual member states to enact stricter standards in certain areas in their national wine laws. An example comparing a French and two German wine types made from the same grape variety illustrate what the EU wine regulations stipulate, and how the individual countries have applied various stricter regulations than the minimum for these \"quality wines\". In a sense, the EU wine regulations as such are rather invisible to the wine consumers and the wine trade, since the details", "id": "3557891" }, { "contents": "Beaumes de Venise AOC\n\n\nBeaumes de Venise is an appellation of wines from the eastern central region of the southern half of the Rhône Valley. It produces wines of two distinctly different types: 1. A sweet fortified wine of the type \"vin doux naturel\" (VDN), under the designation Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. 2. A red Côtes du Rhône Villages from the classification of named villages, which typifies the quality wines of the Côtes du Rhône region. The vines are grown on the slopes around the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail", "id": "1197239" }, { "contents": "Catalan wine\n\n\nand Xarel·lo have since become established as the most popular grapes for producing cava. Early versions were called Catalan \"champán\" or \"xampany\" after Champagne but this practice ended when the EU awarded Champagne Protected Geographical Status. Catalan main sparkling wine producers agreed and adopted the name \"Cava\" after the Catalan word for cellar, where the wines were traditionally stored. According to Spanish wine laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions (such as Aranda de Duero, Navarra and Rioja) but 95% of Spanish Cava", "id": "10752898" }, { "contents": "Czech wine\n\n\n. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into the Czech language and subsequently incorporated into the Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards.", "id": "22164447" }, { "contents": "Tokaj (Slovakia)\n\n\nregistration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.", "id": "909099" }, { "contents": "Açores VR\n\n\nThe Açores VR () is a Portuguese wine region located in the archipelago of the Azores. This region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Located in the Atlantic Ocean, some from continental Portugal, the archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine islands, of which three cultivate wine-making grapes for export production: Terceira, Pico and Graciosa. Located on", "id": "4592271" }, { "contents": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero\n\n\namong others, 80% of the affected farmers and the Socialist regional governments of regions such as Extremadura, Andalusia or Castilla-La Mancha. Some Socialist politicians also supported it when they were members of the former Socialist government back in the 90s (e.g. José Borrell, the current leader of the European Spanish Socialist Group and former president of the European Parliament. The scheme was mainly opposed by Zapatero, environmentalist groups, the Socialist regional government of Aragon and some of the citizens of the areas from which water was to be transferred", "id": "14405756" }, { "contents": "Chardonnay\n\n\nThe grape first rose to prominence in the Chablis and Burgundy regions. In Champagne, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier, but is also used to produce single varietal \"blanc de blancs\" styles of sparkling wine. Chardonnay can be found in \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) wines of the Loire Valley and Jura wine region, as well as the \"vin de pays\" wines of the Languedoc. Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by", "id": "16861988" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\ndes Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallée de la Marne. The towns of Reims and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French Kings and a Unesco world heritage site. Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique terroir. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also", "id": "9042171" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\ndiscontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône", "id": "99529" }, { "contents": "Beaumes-de-Venise\n\n\nBeaumes-de-Venise () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The word \"beaumes\" comes from the Provençal word \"bauma\" meaning \"cave\" or \"grotto\". The surrounding hills have many of these caves that were inhabited during the Iron Age. The village gives its name to a sweet wine appellation, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise. It also gives its name to a drier red wine, formerly Côtes du Rhone Villages", "id": "13677675" }, { "contents": "Champagne\n\n\n\"Champagne\" exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name \"Champagne\" is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an \"\"; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia, Chile, Brazil,", "id": "9042121" }, { "contents": "Regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\n147.1 million as the seat of the regional council of Rhône-Alpes, the construction of the building was approved by the regional council on 7 April 2005, followed by a European-level architecture competition from November 2005 to September 2006, the procurement of a building permit on 30 August 2007, groundbreaking on 8 July 2008, and the relocation of employees over a six-week period starting on 19 May 2011. On 21 June 2014, the new headquarters of the regional council of Auvergne at the Hôtel de Région in Clermont", "id": "11327121" }, { "contents": "Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nGálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la", "id": "19301569" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nwere rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de Vouvray, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to \"méthode champenoise\" being forbidden within the European Union as a designation", "id": "13668326" }, { "contents": "Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC\n\n\nCoteaux de Pierrevert is a wine-growing AOC in the western part of the Provence wine region of France, where the wines are produced in 11 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is partly located in the valley of the Durance river in the region of Manosque. Red wines are made from Grenache noir and Syrah which must account for 70% together with a minimum of 30% of each. Secondary varieties are Cinsault, Mourvedre and Carignan. Rosé: Grenache noir minimum 50%, and", "id": "9886739" }, { "contents": "Sierra de Alcaraz (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nSierra de Alcaraz is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Alcaraz, El Ballestero, El Bonillo, Povedilla, Robledo, and Viveros, located in the province of Albacete, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la Tierra\" status in", "id": "20070813" }, { "contents": "Macedonian wine\n\n\nNorth Macedonia produces wine on some of vineyards, and the production was 108,100 tonnes in 2008. There are also some additional of vineyards dedicated to table grapes. Red wine dominates the Macedonian wine production, with around 80 per cent. In contrast, within the European Union, \"Macedonia\" is a protected geographical indication (PGI) for wines produced in the Greek viticulture region of Macedonia. While part of Yugoslavia, North Macedonia was a producer of wine and vodka. In the 1980s, it accounted for around two-thirds", "id": "15227518" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine\n\n\ntoday though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical Champagne grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not regulated to a particular region of DO but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term \"Cava\" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, Aragon, Castile and León, Valencia, Extremadura, Navarre", "id": "8942253" }, { "contents": "South West France (wine region)\n\n\nand the wine region of South West France, and some of its grapes are used to make Vin de Pays under the designation \"Vin de Pays de Côtes de Gascogne\" or mixed with Armagnac to produce the mistelle Floc de Gascogne. South West France is a rather heterogeneous region in terms of its wines and how they are marketed. It is rare to see wines being sold as \"Vins du Sud-Ouest\". Rather, the smaller areas and individual appellations market their wines under their own (smaller) umbrella,", "id": "2626801" }, { "contents": "Vin de France\n\n\n. Simple varietal French wines instead had to use the \"vin de pays\" (\"country wine\") designation, which restricted the sourcing of grapes to the defined \"vin de pays\" regions, such as \"vin de Pays d'Oc\" from Languedoc-Roussillon. No French wine category existed that allowed a producer to source grapes from Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône and Provence, but still sell the wine under a varietal designation. As a result of the ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked", "id": "15811469" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\ntextiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. The scope of the agreement goes beyond tariffs. It includes increased access to public procurement contracts and protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also", "id": "18795598" }, { "contents": "David Schildknecht\n\n\nDavid Schildknecht is an American wine critic, a full-time member of \"Vinous\", and previous member of \"The Wine Advocate\", contributor to recent editions of Robert Parker's \"Wine Buyer’s Guide\". An authority on the wine of Germany and Austria, he also considers the Loire Valley a specialty, a wine region he has described as \"the bargain garden of France\". He currently covers the French regions of the Loire Valley, Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, Champagne, the Jura, the", "id": "17649648" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nusually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were", "id": "99528" }, { "contents": "Loire Valley (wine)\n\n\nof the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designations that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The \"Crémant de Loire\" which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The \"Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France\" refers to any varietally labeled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Sauvignon", "id": "9043145" }, { "contents": "Tourism in France\n\n\ndegree the ideals of the French Renaissance. The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and", "id": "998539" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\nThe history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans did much to spread viticulture across the land they knew as Gaul, encouraging the planting of vines in areas that would become the well known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. Over the course of its history, the French wine industry would be influenced and driven by", "id": "9119560" }, { "contents": "Frédéric Lornet\n\n\nFrédéric Lornet is a wine producer who owns and runs the Abbaye de la Boutière in Montigny-lès-Arsures; a small village just outside Arbois in the Franche-Comté / Jura region of France. Arbois, childhood home to Louis Pasteur, has for centuries been the wine capital of the Jura. As the name Abbaye de la Boutière indicates, the winery was established near Arbois in a hoary Roman Catholic Cistercian (White Monk) abbaye. The Jura is an eastern French winemaking region located between Burgundy and Switzerland - and", "id": "6619754" }, { "contents": "Sovetskoye Shampanskoye\n\n\nof the brand is not restricted. Several producers use the name, including wine producers from Italy and Spain. Under European Union law, as well as treaties accepted by most nations, sparkling wines produced outside the champagne region, even wine produced in other parts of France, do not have the right to use the term \"champagne\". Hungary (which originally produced Sovetskoye Shampanskoye under Soviet license), by contrast, today produces the beverage under the name \"Sovetskoye Igristoye\", a name that was also used by some", "id": "16031654" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\nRhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Wallonia, País Vasco, Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, who wanted to strengthen the local and regional dimension in energy and environmental policies at European level. Thus: \"\"Whereas by effective management, investment, and increasing awareness it is possible to create a system which is more energy efficient and less polluting;\" \"Whereas only an approach based on close proximity with consumers, and on both quantitative and qualitative understanding of their needs, can", "id": "7749570" }, { "contents": "Castilla–La Mancha\n\n\nCastilla–La Mancha (, , ), or Castile–La Mancha, is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete", "id": "21615897" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\n%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities. The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc’s launch in 1991. It also represents the EU’s largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants", "id": "18795596" }, { "contents": "Oeil de perdrix\n\n\n, Valais, and Neuchâtel all have the Oeil de Perdrix AOC today. The early origins of the American wine White Zinfandel can be traced to a California winemaker's attempt at making an Oeil de Perdrix–style wine. The Oeil de Perdrix style of wine is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages in Champagne region of France, prior to that region's development of the sparkling wine style that would take its name. During this period the Champenois were in competition with the Burgundy wine region for the favor of the Royal", "id": "976295" }, { "contents": "Terroir\n\n\ntwo wines will be different due to \"terroir\". The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different \"terroir\" are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. A Spanish or Australian \"chianti\". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the", "id": "19815361" }, { "contents": "Wine law\n\n\nto any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280. In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the \"Reichstag\" 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. In the European Union (EU),", "id": "18794619" } ]

[ { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nand is based in Bordeaux with an office in Strasbourg. The industry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-", "id": "20860572" }, { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nThe Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes Viticoles (AREV) is an organisation of political and trade representatives of wine regions within the European Union (EU) and Eastern Europe. It lobbies the EU on matters affecting its members, and acts as a forum for discussion of policy and marketing. The European Wine Regions Conference (CERV) was created on 20 June 1988 under Alsatian law. It became the Assembly of European Wine Regions (AREV) in 1994. It is financed by membership subscriptions,", "id": "20860571" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n's economic hegemony. The most important \"régions\" are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism)", "id": "18733048" }, { "contents": "Geology of France\n\n\nThe regional geology of France is commonly divided into the Paris Basin, the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Aquitaine Basin, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Côte languedocienne, the Sillon rhodanien, the Massif des Vosges, the Massif Ardennais, the Alsace graben (Rhine graben) and Flanders Basin. The regions Alsace, Franche-Comté, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur are part of the Western Alps. Sediment from the Valais ocean crop out in the Versoyen unit. The basement of the", "id": "9137080" }, { "contents": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nThe region shares two national borders: Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Vaud) to the northeast and Italy (Aosta Valley and Piedmont) to the east. The bordering French provinces are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the northwest, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast, Occitanie to the southwest, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain, Allier, Ardèche, Cantal, Drôme,", "id": "19200082" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\norganisation of the market in wine\" and it is supplemented by several Commission regulations. The former document has been adopted by the Council of the European Union through the member states' ministers of agriculture, while the Commission regulations are written by the European Commission in collaboration with the Wine Management Committee, where the member states are represented. The aspects regulated by EU fall mainly into the categories winemaking practices, classification and labelling, wine-production potential, documentation of wine industry activities, imports from non-EU countries, and duties", "id": "3557885" }, { "contents": "Beaujolais\n\n\nIn some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. The wine takes its name from the historical Province of Beaujolais, a wine-producing region. It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône \"département\" of the Rhône-Alpes region and southern areas of the Saône-et-Loire \"département\" of Burgundy. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to", "id": "6276341" }, { "contents": "Cap21\n\n\nMember of the European Parliament for North-West France as the MoDem's top candidate in the region. However, the party split from the MoDem in the runup to the 2010 regional elections and pursued an alliance with Europe Écologie. Cap 21 was allied with Europe Écologie in Alsace, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Upper Normandy and was allied with the MoDem in Burgundy and Picardy. Following the MoDem's poor result (4.2%) in the regional elections,", "id": "6142218" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n. Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms. The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes. In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French", "id": "18733049" }, { "contents": "Traditional method\n\n\nThe traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Portugal to produce Espumante and in Italy to produce Franciacorta. The method is known as the \"méthode champenoise,\" but the Champagne producers have successfully lobbied the European Union to restrict the use of that term within the EU only to wines produced in Champagne. Thus, wines from elsewhere", "id": "19248881" }, { "contents": "Centre-Val de Loire\n\n\nof the Loire Valley, such as the , the gentle and refined lifestyle, the wine, and the mild and temperate climate, all of which attract many tourists to the region. A new logo was also created. Bordering six other regions, Centre-Val-de-Loire borders the most of all 18 regions in France. The bordering regions are Normandy on the northwest, Île-de-France on the northeast, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the southeast,", "id": "20237325" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\noutside their region. Port cities like Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Rouen emerged as formidable centers of commerce with the wines of Gascony, Haut Pays, Poitou and the Île-de-France. During this period, political climates and alliances played a substantial role in the trade of French wines to other European countries. The 1152 marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Henry Plantagenet, the future Henry II of England, was the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship between Bordeaux and England. The 1295 Auld Alliance between France and Scotland", "id": "9119574" }, { "contents": "Christie's World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine\n\n\nrated on a 100-point scale, and all their wines given a star wine rating (three star maximum). Champagne receives the largest coverage, occupying 98 pages, but 10 other French regions (Alsace, Loire, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Limoux, others) receive 45 pages, while 141 pages covers the rest of the world (Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Austria, Southeast Europe, other European, South Africa, The United States, California, Others USA, Canada, South America", "id": "7765929" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nGerman growers, among others in the EU. In 1962, shortly after the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, or \"Common Market\") a set of rules were drawn up in which the normal common organisation of the market for a type of product – normally limited to a pricing system, rules on intervention and a system for trade with third-party countries – was extended in several areas in order to accommodate the diverse interests of wine production within individual member states. The wine sector required regulation", "id": "17720223" }, { "contents": "Sévérac-le-Château\n\n\nsovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ). The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. It also borders two countries to the south", "id": "14752630" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nin Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They", "id": "19345598" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nChampagne\" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term \"Champagne style\" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term \"methode champenoise\" has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union. Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers.", "id": "13668320" }, { "contents": "Élisabeth Guigou\n\n\n1997–2000. Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 2000–2002. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–1997 (Became minister in 1997, and elected in parliamentary elections). French Parliament Member of the National Assembly of France for Vaucluse : June 1997- July 1997 (Appointed Minister of Justice in July 1997). Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-Saint-Denis : Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007 and 2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : Elected in 1992,", "id": "20264329" }, { "contents": "Cava (Spanish wine)\n\n\nis produced in the Penedès area in Spain, with the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia being home to many of Spain's largest production houses. The two major producers are Codorníu and Freixenet. Cava is also produced in other villages in Aragon, Castile and León, Extremadura, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarre and Valencia. In the past, cava was referred to as \"Spanish champagne\", which is no longer permitted under European Union law, since Champagne has Protected Geographical Status (PGS) and Spain entered the EU", "id": "21344469" }, { "contents": "Merlot\n\n\nlargest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler-climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona. In Costers del Segre, the grape is often used in Bordeaux-style blend while in Aragon (with in 2008), Navarra ( in 2008) and Castilla-La Mancha () sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties. Spain's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula, Portugal, has only a very limited amount", "id": "19315786" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nit. The word \"appellation\" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for", "id": "19345591" }, { "contents": "Korbel Champagne Cellars\n\n\nCzechoslovak brothers named Korbel. It was purchased by Adolph Heck in 1954. Heck's son, Gary, took over in 1984, and over time increased production from 150,000 to 1.3 million cases per year, making Korbel the twelfth largest wine producer in the United States as of 2011. On its website, Korbel calls itself \"producers of fine California méthode champenoise champagnes for 137 years\". Normally, under European Union (EU) law, only wine from France's Champagne wine region may use the terms “Champagne\" or", "id": "21832455" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nThe Champagne wine region (archaic ) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France. The area is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term \"Champagne\" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 100 miles (160 km) east of Paris. The viticultural boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine producing districts within the historical province: Aube, Côte", "id": "9042170" }, { "contents": "Cairanne\n\n\nCairanne () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France whose inhabitants were locally nicknamed \"leis afrontaires de Cairana\", the cheeky ones from Cairanne. It dates from the mid-8th century and is located midway between Orange and Vaison-la-Romaine. The village economy depends largely on its production of wine that falls into the various categories of wines from the Rhône valley. The settlement was first mentioned in 739 CE as \"Queroana\" and later became known as Cayrane", "id": "644328" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEuropean Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production. These regulations form a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of EU, and regulate such things as the maximum vineyard surface allowed to individual EU member states, allowed winemaking practices and principles for wine classification and labelling. The wine regulations exist to regulate total production in order to combat overproduction of wine and to provide an underpinning", "id": "3557877" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nexcess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using \"Grand cru\" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or", "id": "99531" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\n, the European network of regional observatories energy and greenhouse gas. FEDARENE is currently responsible for the coordination of the network and has made a valuable contribution in its creation. The Board of Administration is composed of 16 members of which a President, a General Secretary, 13 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board's members are representatives of the following Regions/Provinces: North West Croatia (HR), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region (FR), Berlin (DE), Rhône-Alpes", "id": "7749574" }, { "contents": "Sablet\n\n\nSablet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a fortified Provençal village rich in history. Sablet is situated at the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail in the Côtes du Rhône wine-producing region. It is located to the west of Mont Ventoux, in a transition zone between the Prealps and the Mediterranean. Sablet is very close to the larger towns of Vaison-la-Romaine to the north, Carpentras to the south and Orange to the west", "id": "16748637" }, { "contents": "Transport express régional\n\n\nhave an average ridership of only about 66 travellers per train. TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes. Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays-de-la-", "id": "14624124" }, { "contents": "Austrian cuisine\n\n\nmost widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished", "id": "17086568" }, { "contents": "Classification of wine\n\n\nstating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to", "id": "5411712" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nvins de la rivière\" and \"vins de la montagne\"- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river Marne which carried the wines down to the Seine and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the Flemish wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century, Pinot noir became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of Burgundy wines,", "id": "9042181" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\n(by volume) of wine is \"vin de table\", while in Germany only 5% is \"deutscher Tafelwein\". Table wine from anywhere in the EU can be blended together to produce European Table Wine. European table wines are generally made from the highest-yielding sites and vinified in an industrial manner. In the 1950s, when per capita consumption of wine was much higher, there was a need for vast quantities of cheap wine, but now much of it goes into the European Union's troublesome \"wine", "id": "13361504" }, { "contents": "Meursault\n\n\nMeursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Côte-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as \"buttery\" to be applied", "id": "18826987" }, { "contents": "Rosé\n\n\nred wines produced in such notable wine regions as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne were \"rosé-style\" wines made from juice that had only brief periods of skin contact during winemaking. But even as the trend in these regions evolved towards more modern ideas of \"red wines\", rosés still hold a prominent place in many of France's major wine regions. Today rosé is produced throughout France from the cooler climate rosé Champagnes and Loire Valley wines to the warm Mediterranean influence climates of Provence and the southern Rhone Valley. Rosés", "id": "19952534" }, { "contents": "Gevrey-Chambertin\n\n\nGevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies 15 km South of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin. Gevrey-Chambertin is one of the wine villages of the Côte de Nuits which lies along the foot of the Côte", "id": "18339026" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nin the east of France. To the north are the French regions of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté, to the west it borders the region Auvergne, to the south it borders Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy. The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border. The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône. The confluence of these", "id": "20237369" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine regions\n\n\nThe mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as \"Denominaciones de Origen\" (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws. In compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002, Spanish wines are classified into two categories, which in turn are further classified into sub-categories depending on the strictness of the criteria applied in producing the type of wine in question: In 2006 a new \"Vino de la Tierra\" \"super-region\" was created", "id": "17220026" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nGerman wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A. On the other side of Rhine from Baden, Alsace is situated. Due to its very large north-south length, Baden is divided into nine districts (\"Bereiche\"), which is more than any other German wine region. From north to south, these districts are: Grape varieties of the Pinot family are responsible for almost 55% of the vineyards of Baden, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) covering 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in", "id": "4626276" }, { "contents": "Erdőbénye\n\n\nThe village Erdőbénye may have 1600 inhabitants and may be located 20 km from the town of Tokaj in Northern Hungary. It may lie in a valley surrounded by mountains and vineyards, in the middle of the famous wine-region ‘Tokaj-Hegyalja’, in Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. The village may be one of the centres for wine-production in this region. There may be more cellars in the village, where the regional wines can be tasted. As the well-known old saying tells us:", "id": "12173553" }, { "contents": "Classification of Saint-Émilion wine\n\n\nthan previous efforts, with tastings and inspections outsourced by INAO to independent groups with no involvement by St.-Emilion Wine Syndicate and Bordeaux wine trade, but instead wine professionals from Burgundy, the Rhône Valley, Champagne, the Loire Valley and Provence made up a seven-person commission. There is no longer a fixed number of châteaus which can be classified, and the new rankings elevated Château Pavie and Château Angélus to Premier Classe A. Among new Premiers grands crus were Larcis Ducasse, Canon-la-Gaffelière and \"garagiste\" producers Valandraud", "id": "3049694" }, { "contents": "Burgundy wine\n\n\n1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines. After Burgundy", "id": "16297307" }, { "contents": "Côtes de Gascogne\n\n\nCôtes de Gascogne is a wine-growing district in Gascony producing principally white wine. It is mainly located in the département of the Gers in the former Midi-Pyrénées region (now part of the Occitanie region), and it belongs to the wine region South West France. The designation Côtes de Gascogne is used for a \"Vin de Pays\" (\"country wine\") produced in the Armagnac area. The decree of 13 September 1968 created the difference between a \"Vin de Pays\" and simpler table wine,", "id": "447824" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\nTable wine is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification. In the United States, \"table wine\" primarily designates a wine style: ordinary wine which is neither fortified nor sparkling nor expensive. In the European Union wine regulations, \"table wine\" (TW) is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond", "id": "13361499" }, { "contents": "Provence wine\n\n\n\"département\" is occasionally cited by some sources with Provence due to some similarities in wine style; the appellation is however officially part of the Rhône wine region and its typicity more closely approaches that of its neighbour on its northern border, Côtes de Ventoux AOC, also a Rhône wine. The region has several \"vin de pays\" designations, with Bouches-du-Rhône, near Aix-en-Provence, being one of the most common designations seen abroad. The Bellet AOC is in southeastern Provence, near Nice", "id": "18590333" }, { "contents": "Buisson, Vaucluse\n\n\nBuisson is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Buisson is a small, wine-producing, Knights Templar village, dating back at least as far as the 12th century, and linked since its beginning to the nearby village of Villedieu, with which it produces its principal crop, Côtes-du-Rhône wine, which is sold from their joint winery, le Cellier du Templier. Situated above the Aygues River, Buisson lies at the northern edge of the Vaucluse", "id": "13677632" }, { "contents": "Burgundy\n\n\nTrémouille until its merger to form the regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Burgundy is one of France's main wine producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including Gamay, Aligote, Pinot blanc, and Sauvignon blanc. The region is divided into the Côte-d'Or, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâcon", "id": "5142782" }, { "contents": "Nuits-Saint-Georges\n\n\nNuits-Saint-Georges () is a commune in the arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It lies in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Nuits-Saint-Georges is the main town of the Côte de Nuits wine-producing area of Burgundy. Nuits-Saint-Georges was the site of the traditional Burgundian festival, \"la Saint-Vincent-Tournante\", in 2007. It is a festival that celebrates the wine of a different Burgundian village each year. The", "id": "13776155" }, { "contents": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union\n\n\nquality wine psr, with the \"psr\" standing for \"\"produced in a specified region\"\". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as table wine. There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the European Commission restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are", "id": "1749448" }, { "contents": "List of Portuguese wine regions\n\n\nPortuguese wine regions are grouped into three levels of classification. At the top are the \"Denominação de Origem Controlada\" (or DOCs) which are Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) under the European Union wine regulations and thus correspond roughly to the French \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Spanish \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) classifications. The second group consist of \"Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada\" (IPRs), and are also QWpsr. IPRs are used for DOC candidates \"in training\"", "id": "12630197" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nBaden is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Under German wine legislation, Baden and Württemberg are separate wine regions. With under vine in 2008, Baden is Germany's third largest wine region, but seems to be much less known on export markets in comparison to many smaller German regions, and in comparison to the neighbouring French region of Alsace, which is", "id": "4626273" }, { "contents": "Roussanne\n\n\nbe found in some white wines from the Côtes du Rhône AOC. Outside of the Rhône, the Roussanne is grown in Provence and the Languedoc-Roussillon région where it is sometimes blended with Chardonnay, Marsanne and Vermentino in some \"vin de pays\". In Savoie, the grape is known as Bergeron where it produces highly aromatic wines in Chignin. Outside France it is grown in the Italian wine regions of Liguria and Tuscany where it is a permitted grape in Montecarlo bianco. In Australia, it was believed to have been", "id": "11395981" }, { "contents": "Grenache\n\n\nvarietal wines and blends. Garnacha plays a major role in the \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) wines in Aragon, Catalonia and Navarra and the \"Denominación de Origen Calificada\" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta. Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape,", "id": "1395794" }, { "contents": "Comité Régional d'Action Viticole\n\n\nregion which the group believes has been plagued by surplus production and a subsequent need to adapt the quality and quantity of wine produced to changing market realities, including reduced domestic demand for simple wine for everyday consumption. This process, which has involved considerable European Union subsidies, has had negative effects on smaller producers and has met with various protests, of which CRAV is the most violent. CRAV's publicised demands have regularly included elements which are more-or-less impossible for French politicians to implement under European Union rules, since", "id": "11085105" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nharmonise regulations for various products which traditionally have been regulated on a national level. The EU wine regulations form a framework for the wine laws of the European Union member states. Since national wine laws have a much longer history than the EU wine regulations, the EU regulations have been designed to accommodate existing regulations of several member states. In particular, the existing regulations concerning French wine, with its detailed appellation laws, formed a basis, while also making room for the very different German wine classification system. In general, the", "id": "3557890" }, { "contents": "Focșani\n\n\nmost popular wine-producing regions in Romania, Odobești being just to the northwest, in Romania, Focșani itself is not considered a wine-producing center. The wine sold as \"Weisse von Fokshan\" in Germany and some other European countries is generally a \"Fetească Albă de Odobești\" wine, and practically a second-rated wine which does not comply to the European Union rules of naming the regions of origin of wines. The vicinity is rich in minerals such as iron, copper, coal, and petroleum. The", "id": "407220" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\ntripe and quenelles. In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard. The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin. Wines in this region include the very famous Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine. Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region. Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times;", "id": "20237377" }, { "contents": "Duriense VR\n\n\nDuriense is a Portuguese wine region covering the same area as the Douro DOC and the Port wine region. In difference from Douro DOC, Duriense VR is a designation at the lower \"Vinho Regional\" (VR) level, which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Thus, it is the simpler or less typical wines of the Douro region that are sold using a Duriense VR label. Before the creation of a separate Duriense VR", "id": "4592280" }, { "contents": "Lombardia (wine)\n\n\nis the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions. The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south) This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since the 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina", "id": "11286179" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nQuality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (often abbreviated to QWpsr or simply \"quality wines\") is a quality indicator used within European Union wine regulations. The QWpsr category identifies wines with protected geographical indications. The European Union regulates and defines the status of \"quality wines\" according to production method, management and geographical location. Its original, fundamental role is in differentiating quality wines from table wines, broadly in line with the system traditionally employed by the French government, amended to account for the preferences and methodology of Italian and", "id": "17720222" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nof enforcement agencies. The wines produced within EU are divided into two quality categories, Table wines (TW) and Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr), where QWpsr is the higher category. Rules for winemaking practices and labelling are different for TW and QWpsr. The similar categories also exist for sparkling wine. The TW and QWpsr categories are translated into different national wine classification for each member state. Thus, some member states may have more than two levels of classification, but all national levels correspond to either TW", "id": "3557886" }, { "contents": "Vino de Pago\n\n\nand wine estates that are classified as Vino de Pago are subject to separate requirements rather than those of the wine region where they are located. One of the requirements is that the estate may only use their own grapes for their wines. The Spanish word \"pago\" comes from the Latin word pagus, meaning a country district. When introduced, the new regulation met with particular interest in Castilla-La Mancha, where the first Vinos de Pago were created. So far, all Vinos de Pago are located in Aragon,", "id": "6206495" }, { "contents": "Chaptalization\n\n\n1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the Northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia,", "id": "20299848" }, { "contents": "Belaire Rosé\n\n\nBelaire Rosé is a French sparkling wine produced in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of the South of France. Officially labelled \"Luc Belaire Rare Rosé,\" the wine is a blend of Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsault grapes typically used in the production of Provencal rosé wines. The brand is owned by niaz the New York-based company Sovereign Brands. The brand's packaging is noteworthy for its opaque black bottles. Rick Ross is one of their major promoters. The brand's range also includes a Brut and", "id": "8086233" }, { "contents": "Terras Madeirenses VR\n\n\nTerras Madeirenses is a Portuguese wine region situated on the islands of Madeira, both on the main island and on the Porto Santo Island. The region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Terras Madeirenses is a designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira, while the more famous fortified Madeira wines use the designation Madeira DOC. There are also two \"Denominação", "id": "4592286" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEU wine regulations provide for minimum standards across EU, while making it possible for individual member states to enact stricter standards in certain areas in their national wine laws. An example comparing a French and two German wine types made from the same grape variety illustrate what the EU wine regulations stipulate, and how the individual countries have applied various stricter regulations than the minimum for these \"quality wines\". In a sense, the EU wine regulations as such are rather invisible to the wine consumers and the wine trade, since the details", "id": "3557891" }, { "contents": "Beaumes de Venise AOC\n\n\nBeaumes de Venise is an appellation of wines from the eastern central region of the southern half of the Rhône Valley. It produces wines of two distinctly different types: 1. A sweet fortified wine of the type \"vin doux naturel\" (VDN), under the designation Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. 2. A red Côtes du Rhône Villages from the classification of named villages, which typifies the quality wines of the Côtes du Rhône region. The vines are grown on the slopes around the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail", "id": "1197239" }, { "contents": "Catalan wine\n\n\nand Xarel·lo have since become established as the most popular grapes for producing cava. Early versions were called Catalan \"champán\" or \"xampany\" after Champagne but this practice ended when the EU awarded Champagne Protected Geographical Status. Catalan main sparkling wine producers agreed and adopted the name \"Cava\" after the Catalan word for cellar, where the wines were traditionally stored. According to Spanish wine laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions (such as Aranda de Duero, Navarra and Rioja) but 95% of Spanish Cava", "id": "10752898" }, { "contents": "Czech wine\n\n\n. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into the Czech language and subsequently incorporated into the Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards.", "id": "22164447" }, { "contents": "Tokaj (Slovakia)\n\n\nregistration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.", "id": "909099" }, { "contents": "Açores VR\n\n\nThe Açores VR () is a Portuguese wine region located in the archipelago of the Azores. This region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Located in the Atlantic Ocean, some from continental Portugal, the archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine islands, of which three cultivate wine-making grapes for export production: Terceira, Pico and Graciosa. Located on", "id": "4592271" }, { "contents": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero\n\n\namong others, 80% of the affected farmers and the Socialist regional governments of regions such as Extremadura, Andalusia or Castilla-La Mancha. Some Socialist politicians also supported it when they were members of the former Socialist government back in the 90s (e.g. José Borrell, the current leader of the European Spanish Socialist Group and former president of the European Parliament. The scheme was mainly opposed by Zapatero, environmentalist groups, the Socialist regional government of Aragon and some of the citizens of the areas from which water was to be transferred", "id": "14405756" }, { "contents": "Chardonnay\n\n\nThe grape first rose to prominence in the Chablis and Burgundy regions. In Champagne, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier, but is also used to produce single varietal \"blanc de blancs\" styles of sparkling wine. Chardonnay can be found in \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) wines of the Loire Valley and Jura wine region, as well as the \"vin de pays\" wines of the Languedoc. Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by", "id": "16861988" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\ndes Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallée de la Marne. The towns of Reims and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French Kings and a Unesco world heritage site. Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique terroir. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also", "id": "9042171" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\ndiscontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône", "id": "99529" }, { "contents": "Beaumes-de-Venise\n\n\nBeaumes-de-Venise () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The word \"beaumes\" comes from the Provençal word \"bauma\" meaning \"cave\" or \"grotto\". The surrounding hills have many of these caves that were inhabited during the Iron Age. The village gives its name to a sweet wine appellation, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise. It also gives its name to a drier red wine, formerly Côtes du Rhone Villages", "id": "13677675" }, { "contents": "Champagne\n\n\n\"Champagne\" exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name \"Champagne\" is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an \"\"; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia, Chile, Brazil,", "id": "9042121" }, { "contents": "Regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\n147.1 million as the seat of the regional council of Rhône-Alpes, the construction of the building was approved by the regional council on 7 April 2005, followed by a European-level architecture competition from November 2005 to September 2006, the procurement of a building permit on 30 August 2007, groundbreaking on 8 July 2008, and the relocation of employees over a six-week period starting on 19 May 2011. On 21 June 2014, the new headquarters of the regional council of Auvergne at the Hôtel de Région in Clermont", "id": "11327121" }, { "contents": "Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nGálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la", "id": "19301569" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nwere rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de Vouvray, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to \"méthode champenoise\" being forbidden within the European Union as a designation", "id": "13668326" }, { "contents": "Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC\n\n\nCoteaux de Pierrevert is a wine-growing AOC in the western part of the Provence wine region of France, where the wines are produced in 11 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is partly located in the valley of the Durance river in the region of Manosque. Red wines are made from Grenache noir and Syrah which must account for 70% together with a minimum of 30% of each. Secondary varieties are Cinsault, Mourvedre and Carignan. Rosé: Grenache noir minimum 50%, and", "id": "9886739" }, { "contents": "Sierra de Alcaraz (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nSierra de Alcaraz is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Alcaraz, El Ballestero, El Bonillo, Povedilla, Robledo, and Viveros, located in the province of Albacete, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la Tierra\" status in", "id": "20070813" }, { "contents": "Macedonian wine\n\n\nNorth Macedonia produces wine on some of vineyards, and the production was 108,100 tonnes in 2008. There are also some additional of vineyards dedicated to table grapes. Red wine dominates the Macedonian wine production, with around 80 per cent. In contrast, within the European Union, \"Macedonia\" is a protected geographical indication (PGI) for wines produced in the Greek viticulture region of Macedonia. While part of Yugoslavia, North Macedonia was a producer of wine and vodka. In the 1980s, it accounted for around two-thirds", "id": "15227518" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine\n\n\ntoday though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical Champagne grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not regulated to a particular region of DO but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term \"Cava\" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, Aragon, Castile and León, Valencia, Extremadura, Navarre", "id": "8942253" }, { "contents": "South West France (wine region)\n\n\nand the wine region of South West France, and some of its grapes are used to make Vin de Pays under the designation \"Vin de Pays de Côtes de Gascogne\" or mixed with Armagnac to produce the mistelle Floc de Gascogne. South West France is a rather heterogeneous region in terms of its wines and how they are marketed. It is rare to see wines being sold as \"Vins du Sud-Ouest\". Rather, the smaller areas and individual appellations market their wines under their own (smaller) umbrella,", "id": "2626801" }, { "contents": "Vin de France\n\n\n. Simple varietal French wines instead had to use the \"vin de pays\" (\"country wine\") designation, which restricted the sourcing of grapes to the defined \"vin de pays\" regions, such as \"vin de Pays d'Oc\" from Languedoc-Roussillon. No French wine category existed that allowed a producer to source grapes from Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône and Provence, but still sell the wine under a varietal designation. As a result of the ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked", "id": "15811469" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\ntextiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. The scope of the agreement goes beyond tariffs. It includes increased access to public procurement contracts and protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also", "id": "18795598" }, { "contents": "David Schildknecht\n\n\nDavid Schildknecht is an American wine critic, a full-time member of \"Vinous\", and previous member of \"The Wine Advocate\", contributor to recent editions of Robert Parker's \"Wine Buyer’s Guide\". An authority on the wine of Germany and Austria, he also considers the Loire Valley a specialty, a wine region he has described as \"the bargain garden of France\". He currently covers the French regions of the Loire Valley, Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, Champagne, the Jura, the", "id": "17649648" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nusually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were", "id": "99528" }, { "contents": "Loire Valley (wine)\n\n\nof the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designations that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The \"Crémant de Loire\" which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The \"Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France\" refers to any varietally labeled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Sauvignon", "id": "9043145" }, { "contents": "Tourism in France\n\n\ndegree the ideals of the French Renaissance. The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and", "id": "998539" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\nThe history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans did much to spread viticulture across the land they knew as Gaul, encouraging the planting of vines in areas that would become the well known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. Over the course of its history, the French wine industry would be influenced and driven by", "id": "9119560" }, { "contents": "Frédéric Lornet\n\n\nFrédéric Lornet is a wine producer who owns and runs the Abbaye de la Boutière in Montigny-lès-Arsures; a small village just outside Arbois in the Franche-Comté / Jura region of France. Arbois, childhood home to Louis Pasteur, has for centuries been the wine capital of the Jura. As the name Abbaye de la Boutière indicates, the winery was established near Arbois in a hoary Roman Catholic Cistercian (White Monk) abbaye. The Jura is an eastern French winemaking region located between Burgundy and Switzerland - and", "id": "6619754" }, { "contents": "Sovetskoye Shampanskoye\n\n\nof the brand is not restricted. Several producers use the name, including wine producers from Italy and Spain. Under European Union law, as well as treaties accepted by most nations, sparkling wines produced outside the champagne region, even wine produced in other parts of France, do not have the right to use the term \"champagne\". Hungary (which originally produced Sovetskoye Shampanskoye under Soviet license), by contrast, today produces the beverage under the name \"Sovetskoye Igristoye\", a name that was also used by some", "id": "16031654" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\nRhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Wallonia, País Vasco, Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, who wanted to strengthen the local and regional dimension in energy and environmental policies at European level. Thus: \"\"Whereas by effective management, investment, and increasing awareness it is possible to create a system which is more energy efficient and less polluting;\" \"Whereas only an approach based on close proximity with consumers, and on both quantitative and qualitative understanding of their needs, can", "id": "7749570" }, { "contents": "Castilla–La Mancha\n\n\nCastilla–La Mancha (, , ), or Castile–La Mancha, is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete", "id": "21615897" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\n%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities. The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc’s launch in 1991. It also represents the EU’s largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants", "id": "18795596" }, { "contents": "Oeil de perdrix\n\n\n, Valais, and Neuchâtel all have the Oeil de Perdrix AOC today. The early origins of the American wine White Zinfandel can be traced to a California winemaker's attempt at making an Oeil de Perdrix–style wine. The Oeil de Perdrix style of wine is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages in Champagne region of France, prior to that region's development of the sparkling wine style that would take its name. During this period the Champenois were in competition with the Burgundy wine region for the favor of the Royal", "id": "976295" }, { "contents": "Terroir\n\n\ntwo wines will be different due to \"terroir\". The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different \"terroir\" are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. A Spanish or Australian \"chianti\". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the", "id": "19815361" }, { "contents": "Wine law\n\n\nto any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280. In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the \"Reichstag\" 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. In the European Union (EU),", "id": "18794619" } ]

[ { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nand is based in Bordeaux with an office in Strasbourg. The industry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-", "id": "20860572" }, { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nThe Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes Viticoles (AREV) is an organisation of political and trade representatives of wine regions within the European Union (EU) and Eastern Europe. It lobbies the EU on matters affecting its members, and acts as a forum for discussion of policy and marketing. The European Wine Regions Conference (CERV) was created on 20 June 1988 under Alsatian law. It became the Assembly of European Wine Regions (AREV) in 1994. It is financed by membership subscriptions,", "id": "20860571" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n's economic hegemony. The most important \"régions\" are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism)", "id": "18733048" }, { "contents": "Geology of France\n\n\nThe regional geology of France is commonly divided into the Paris Basin, the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Aquitaine Basin, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Côte languedocienne, the Sillon rhodanien, the Massif des Vosges, the Massif Ardennais, the Alsace graben (Rhine graben) and Flanders Basin. The regions Alsace, Franche-Comté, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur are part of the Western Alps. Sediment from the Valais ocean crop out in the Versoyen unit. The basement of the", "id": "9137080" }, { "contents": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nThe region shares two national borders: Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Vaud) to the northeast and Italy (Aosta Valley and Piedmont) to the east. The bordering French provinces are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the northwest, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast, Occitanie to the southwest, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain, Allier, Ardèche, Cantal, Drôme,", "id": "19200082" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\norganisation of the market in wine\" and it is supplemented by several Commission regulations. The former document has been adopted by the Council of the European Union through the member states' ministers of agriculture, while the Commission regulations are written by the European Commission in collaboration with the Wine Management Committee, where the member states are represented. The aspects regulated by EU fall mainly into the categories winemaking practices, classification and labelling, wine-production potential, documentation of wine industry activities, imports from non-EU countries, and duties", "id": "3557885" }, { "contents": "Beaujolais\n\n\nIn some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. The wine takes its name from the historical Province of Beaujolais, a wine-producing region. It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône \"département\" of the Rhône-Alpes region and southern areas of the Saône-et-Loire \"département\" of Burgundy. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to", "id": "6276341" }, { "contents": "Cap21\n\n\nMember of the European Parliament for North-West France as the MoDem's top candidate in the region. However, the party split from the MoDem in the runup to the 2010 regional elections and pursued an alliance with Europe Écologie. Cap 21 was allied with Europe Écologie in Alsace, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Upper Normandy and was allied with the MoDem in Burgundy and Picardy. Following the MoDem's poor result (4.2%) in the regional elections,", "id": "6142218" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n. Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms. The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes. In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French", "id": "18733049" }, { "contents": "Traditional method\n\n\nThe traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Portugal to produce Espumante and in Italy to produce Franciacorta. The method is known as the \"méthode champenoise,\" but the Champagne producers have successfully lobbied the European Union to restrict the use of that term within the EU only to wines produced in Champagne. Thus, wines from elsewhere", "id": "19248881" }, { "contents": "Centre-Val de Loire\n\n\nof the Loire Valley, such as the , the gentle and refined lifestyle, the wine, and the mild and temperate climate, all of which attract many tourists to the region. A new logo was also created. Bordering six other regions, Centre-Val-de-Loire borders the most of all 18 regions in France. The bordering regions are Normandy on the northwest, Île-de-France on the northeast, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the southeast,", "id": "20237325" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\noutside their region. Port cities like Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Rouen emerged as formidable centers of commerce with the wines of Gascony, Haut Pays, Poitou and the Île-de-France. During this period, political climates and alliances played a substantial role in the trade of French wines to other European countries. The 1152 marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Henry Plantagenet, the future Henry II of England, was the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship between Bordeaux and England. The 1295 Auld Alliance between France and Scotland", "id": "9119574" }, { "contents": "Christie's World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine\n\n\nrated on a 100-point scale, and all their wines given a star wine rating (three star maximum). Champagne receives the largest coverage, occupying 98 pages, but 10 other French regions (Alsace, Loire, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Limoux, others) receive 45 pages, while 141 pages covers the rest of the world (Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Austria, Southeast Europe, other European, South Africa, The United States, California, Others USA, Canada, South America", "id": "7765929" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nGerman growers, among others in the EU. In 1962, shortly after the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, or \"Common Market\") a set of rules were drawn up in which the normal common organisation of the market for a type of product – normally limited to a pricing system, rules on intervention and a system for trade with third-party countries – was extended in several areas in order to accommodate the diverse interests of wine production within individual member states. The wine sector required regulation", "id": "17720223" }, { "contents": "Sévérac-le-Château\n\n\nsovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ). The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. It also borders two countries to the south", "id": "14752630" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nin Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They", "id": "19345598" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nChampagne\" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term \"Champagne style\" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term \"methode champenoise\" has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union. Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers.", "id": "13668320" }, { "contents": "Élisabeth Guigou\n\n\n1997–2000. Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 2000–2002. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–1997 (Became minister in 1997, and elected in parliamentary elections). French Parliament Member of the National Assembly of France for Vaucluse : June 1997- July 1997 (Appointed Minister of Justice in July 1997). Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-Saint-Denis : Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007 and 2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : Elected in 1992,", "id": "20264329" }, { "contents": "Cava (Spanish wine)\n\n\nis produced in the Penedès area in Spain, with the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia being home to many of Spain's largest production houses. The two major producers are Codorníu and Freixenet. Cava is also produced in other villages in Aragon, Castile and León, Extremadura, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarre and Valencia. In the past, cava was referred to as \"Spanish champagne\", which is no longer permitted under European Union law, since Champagne has Protected Geographical Status (PGS) and Spain entered the EU", "id": "21344469" }, { "contents": "Merlot\n\n\nlargest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler-climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona. In Costers del Segre, the grape is often used in Bordeaux-style blend while in Aragon (with in 2008), Navarra ( in 2008) and Castilla-La Mancha () sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties. Spain's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula, Portugal, has only a very limited amount", "id": "19315786" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nit. The word \"appellation\" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for", "id": "19345591" }, { "contents": "Korbel Champagne Cellars\n\n\nCzechoslovak brothers named Korbel. It was purchased by Adolph Heck in 1954. Heck's son, Gary, took over in 1984, and over time increased production from 150,000 to 1.3 million cases per year, making Korbel the twelfth largest wine producer in the United States as of 2011. On its website, Korbel calls itself \"producers of fine California méthode champenoise champagnes for 137 years\". Normally, under European Union (EU) law, only wine from France's Champagne wine region may use the terms “Champagne\" or", "id": "21832455" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nThe Champagne wine region (archaic ) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France. The area is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term \"Champagne\" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 100 miles (160 km) east of Paris. The viticultural boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine producing districts within the historical province: Aube, Côte", "id": "9042170" }, { "contents": "Cairanne\n\n\nCairanne () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France whose inhabitants were locally nicknamed \"leis afrontaires de Cairana\", the cheeky ones from Cairanne. It dates from the mid-8th century and is located midway between Orange and Vaison-la-Romaine. The village economy depends largely on its production of wine that falls into the various categories of wines from the Rhône valley. The settlement was first mentioned in 739 CE as \"Queroana\" and later became known as Cayrane", "id": "644328" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEuropean Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production. These regulations form a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of EU, and regulate such things as the maximum vineyard surface allowed to individual EU member states, allowed winemaking practices and principles for wine classification and labelling. The wine regulations exist to regulate total production in order to combat overproduction of wine and to provide an underpinning", "id": "3557877" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nexcess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using \"Grand cru\" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or", "id": "99531" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\n, the European network of regional observatories energy and greenhouse gas. FEDARENE is currently responsible for the coordination of the network and has made a valuable contribution in its creation. The Board of Administration is composed of 16 members of which a President, a General Secretary, 13 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board's members are representatives of the following Regions/Provinces: North West Croatia (HR), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region (FR), Berlin (DE), Rhône-Alpes", "id": "7749574" }, { "contents": "Sablet\n\n\nSablet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a fortified Provençal village rich in history. Sablet is situated at the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail in the Côtes du Rhône wine-producing region. It is located to the west of Mont Ventoux, in a transition zone between the Prealps and the Mediterranean. Sablet is very close to the larger towns of Vaison-la-Romaine to the north, Carpentras to the south and Orange to the west", "id": "16748637" }, { "contents": "Transport express régional\n\n\nhave an average ridership of only about 66 travellers per train. TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes. Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays-de-la-", "id": "14624124" }, { "contents": "Austrian cuisine\n\n\nmost widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished", "id": "17086568" }, { "contents": "Classification of wine\n\n\nstating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to", "id": "5411712" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nvins de la rivière\" and \"vins de la montagne\"- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river Marne which carried the wines down to the Seine and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the Flemish wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century, Pinot noir became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of Burgundy wines,", "id": "9042181" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\n(by volume) of wine is \"vin de table\", while in Germany only 5% is \"deutscher Tafelwein\". Table wine from anywhere in the EU can be blended together to produce European Table Wine. European table wines are generally made from the highest-yielding sites and vinified in an industrial manner. In the 1950s, when per capita consumption of wine was much higher, there was a need for vast quantities of cheap wine, but now much of it goes into the European Union's troublesome \"wine", "id": "13361504" }, { "contents": "Meursault\n\n\nMeursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Côte-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as \"buttery\" to be applied", "id": "18826987" }, { "contents": "Rosé\n\n\nred wines produced in such notable wine regions as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne were \"rosé-style\" wines made from juice that had only brief periods of skin contact during winemaking. But even as the trend in these regions evolved towards more modern ideas of \"red wines\", rosés still hold a prominent place in many of France's major wine regions. Today rosé is produced throughout France from the cooler climate rosé Champagnes and Loire Valley wines to the warm Mediterranean influence climates of Provence and the southern Rhone Valley. Rosés", "id": "19952534" }, { "contents": "Gevrey-Chambertin\n\n\nGevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies 15 km South of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin. Gevrey-Chambertin is one of the wine villages of the Côte de Nuits which lies along the foot of the Côte", "id": "18339026" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nin the east of France. To the north are the French regions of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté, to the west it borders the region Auvergne, to the south it borders Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy. The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border. The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône. The confluence of these", "id": "20237369" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine regions\n\n\nThe mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as \"Denominaciones de Origen\" (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws. In compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002, Spanish wines are classified into two categories, which in turn are further classified into sub-categories depending on the strictness of the criteria applied in producing the type of wine in question: In 2006 a new \"Vino de la Tierra\" \"super-region\" was created", "id": "17220026" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nGerman wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A. On the other side of Rhine from Baden, Alsace is situated. Due to its very large north-south length, Baden is divided into nine districts (\"Bereiche\"), which is more than any other German wine region. From north to south, these districts are: Grape varieties of the Pinot family are responsible for almost 55% of the vineyards of Baden, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) covering 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in", "id": "4626276" }, { "contents": "Erdőbénye\n\n\nThe village Erdőbénye may have 1600 inhabitants and may be located 20 km from the town of Tokaj in Northern Hungary. It may lie in a valley surrounded by mountains and vineyards, in the middle of the famous wine-region ‘Tokaj-Hegyalja’, in Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. The village may be one of the centres for wine-production in this region. There may be more cellars in the village, where the regional wines can be tasted. As the well-known old saying tells us:", "id": "12173553" }, { "contents": "Classification of Saint-Émilion wine\n\n\nthan previous efforts, with tastings and inspections outsourced by INAO to independent groups with no involvement by St.-Emilion Wine Syndicate and Bordeaux wine trade, but instead wine professionals from Burgundy, the Rhône Valley, Champagne, the Loire Valley and Provence made up a seven-person commission. There is no longer a fixed number of châteaus which can be classified, and the new rankings elevated Château Pavie and Château Angélus to Premier Classe A. Among new Premiers grands crus were Larcis Ducasse, Canon-la-Gaffelière and \"garagiste\" producers Valandraud", "id": "3049694" }, { "contents": "Burgundy wine\n\n\n1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines. After Burgundy", "id": "16297307" }, { "contents": "Côtes de Gascogne\n\n\nCôtes de Gascogne is a wine-growing district in Gascony producing principally white wine. It is mainly located in the département of the Gers in the former Midi-Pyrénées region (now part of the Occitanie region), and it belongs to the wine region South West France. The designation Côtes de Gascogne is used for a \"Vin de Pays\" (\"country wine\") produced in the Armagnac area. The decree of 13 September 1968 created the difference between a \"Vin de Pays\" and simpler table wine,", "id": "447824" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\nTable wine is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification. In the United States, \"table wine\" primarily designates a wine style: ordinary wine which is neither fortified nor sparkling nor expensive. In the European Union wine regulations, \"table wine\" (TW) is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond", "id": "13361499" }, { "contents": "Provence wine\n\n\n\"département\" is occasionally cited by some sources with Provence due to some similarities in wine style; the appellation is however officially part of the Rhône wine region and its typicity more closely approaches that of its neighbour on its northern border, Côtes de Ventoux AOC, also a Rhône wine. The region has several \"vin de pays\" designations, with Bouches-du-Rhône, near Aix-en-Provence, being one of the most common designations seen abroad. The Bellet AOC is in southeastern Provence, near Nice", "id": "18590333" }, { "contents": "Buisson, Vaucluse\n\n\nBuisson is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Buisson is a small, wine-producing, Knights Templar village, dating back at least as far as the 12th century, and linked since its beginning to the nearby village of Villedieu, with which it produces its principal crop, Côtes-du-Rhône wine, which is sold from their joint winery, le Cellier du Templier. Situated above the Aygues River, Buisson lies at the northern edge of the Vaucluse", "id": "13677632" }, { "contents": "Burgundy\n\n\nTrémouille until its merger to form the regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Burgundy is one of France's main wine producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including Gamay, Aligote, Pinot blanc, and Sauvignon blanc. The region is divided into the Côte-d'Or, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâcon", "id": "5142782" }, { "contents": "Nuits-Saint-Georges\n\n\nNuits-Saint-Georges () is a commune in the arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It lies in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Nuits-Saint-Georges is the main town of the Côte de Nuits wine-producing area of Burgundy. Nuits-Saint-Georges was the site of the traditional Burgundian festival, \"la Saint-Vincent-Tournante\", in 2007. It is a festival that celebrates the wine of a different Burgundian village each year. The", "id": "13776155" }, { "contents": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union\n\n\nquality wine psr, with the \"psr\" standing for \"\"produced in a specified region\"\". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as table wine. There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the European Commission restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are", "id": "1749448" }, { "contents": "List of Portuguese wine regions\n\n\nPortuguese wine regions are grouped into three levels of classification. At the top are the \"Denominação de Origem Controlada\" (or DOCs) which are Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) under the European Union wine regulations and thus correspond roughly to the French \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Spanish \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) classifications. The second group consist of \"Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada\" (IPRs), and are also QWpsr. IPRs are used for DOC candidates \"in training\"", "id": "12630197" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nBaden is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Under German wine legislation, Baden and Württemberg are separate wine regions. With under vine in 2008, Baden is Germany's third largest wine region, but seems to be much less known on export markets in comparison to many smaller German regions, and in comparison to the neighbouring French region of Alsace, which is", "id": "4626273" }, { "contents": "Roussanne\n\n\nbe found in some white wines from the Côtes du Rhône AOC. Outside of the Rhône, the Roussanne is grown in Provence and the Languedoc-Roussillon région where it is sometimes blended with Chardonnay, Marsanne and Vermentino in some \"vin de pays\". In Savoie, the grape is known as Bergeron where it produces highly aromatic wines in Chignin. Outside France it is grown in the Italian wine regions of Liguria and Tuscany where it is a permitted grape in Montecarlo bianco. In Australia, it was believed to have been", "id": "11395981" }, { "contents": "Grenache\n\n\nvarietal wines and blends. Garnacha plays a major role in the \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) wines in Aragon, Catalonia and Navarra and the \"Denominación de Origen Calificada\" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta. Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape,", "id": "1395794" }, { "contents": "Comité Régional d'Action Viticole\n\n\nregion which the group believes has been plagued by surplus production and a subsequent need to adapt the quality and quantity of wine produced to changing market realities, including reduced domestic demand for simple wine for everyday consumption. This process, which has involved considerable European Union subsidies, has had negative effects on smaller producers and has met with various protests, of which CRAV is the most violent. CRAV's publicised demands have regularly included elements which are more-or-less impossible for French politicians to implement under European Union rules, since", "id": "11085105" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nharmonise regulations for various products which traditionally have been regulated on a national level. The EU wine regulations form a framework for the wine laws of the European Union member states. Since national wine laws have a much longer history than the EU wine regulations, the EU regulations have been designed to accommodate existing regulations of several member states. In particular, the existing regulations concerning French wine, with its detailed appellation laws, formed a basis, while also making room for the very different German wine classification system. In general, the", "id": "3557890" }, { "contents": "Focșani\n\n\nmost popular wine-producing regions in Romania, Odobești being just to the northwest, in Romania, Focșani itself is not considered a wine-producing center. The wine sold as \"Weisse von Fokshan\" in Germany and some other European countries is generally a \"Fetească Albă de Odobești\" wine, and practically a second-rated wine which does not comply to the European Union rules of naming the regions of origin of wines. The vicinity is rich in minerals such as iron, copper, coal, and petroleum. The", "id": "407220" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\ntripe and quenelles. In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard. The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin. Wines in this region include the very famous Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine. Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region. Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times;", "id": "20237377" }, { "contents": "Duriense VR\n\n\nDuriense is a Portuguese wine region covering the same area as the Douro DOC and the Port wine region. In difference from Douro DOC, Duriense VR is a designation at the lower \"Vinho Regional\" (VR) level, which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Thus, it is the simpler or less typical wines of the Douro region that are sold using a Duriense VR label. Before the creation of a separate Duriense VR", "id": "4592280" }, { "contents": "Lombardia (wine)\n\n\nis the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions. The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south) This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since the 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina", "id": "11286179" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nQuality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (often abbreviated to QWpsr or simply \"quality wines\") is a quality indicator used within European Union wine regulations. The QWpsr category identifies wines with protected geographical indications. The European Union regulates and defines the status of \"quality wines\" according to production method, management and geographical location. Its original, fundamental role is in differentiating quality wines from table wines, broadly in line with the system traditionally employed by the French government, amended to account for the preferences and methodology of Italian and", "id": "17720222" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nof enforcement agencies. The wines produced within EU are divided into two quality categories, Table wines (TW) and Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr), where QWpsr is the higher category. Rules for winemaking practices and labelling are different for TW and QWpsr. The similar categories also exist for sparkling wine. The TW and QWpsr categories are translated into different national wine classification for each member state. Thus, some member states may have more than two levels of classification, but all national levels correspond to either TW", "id": "3557886" }, { "contents": "Vino de Pago\n\n\nand wine estates that are classified as Vino de Pago are subject to separate requirements rather than those of the wine region where they are located. One of the requirements is that the estate may only use their own grapes for their wines. The Spanish word \"pago\" comes from the Latin word pagus, meaning a country district. When introduced, the new regulation met with particular interest in Castilla-La Mancha, where the first Vinos de Pago were created. So far, all Vinos de Pago are located in Aragon,", "id": "6206495" }, { "contents": "Chaptalization\n\n\n1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the Northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia,", "id": "20299848" }, { "contents": "Belaire Rosé\n\n\nBelaire Rosé is a French sparkling wine produced in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of the South of France. Officially labelled \"Luc Belaire Rare Rosé,\" the wine is a blend of Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsault grapes typically used in the production of Provencal rosé wines. The brand is owned by niaz the New York-based company Sovereign Brands. The brand's packaging is noteworthy for its opaque black bottles. Rick Ross is one of their major promoters. The brand's range also includes a Brut and", "id": "8086233" }, { "contents": "Terras Madeirenses VR\n\n\nTerras Madeirenses is a Portuguese wine region situated on the islands of Madeira, both on the main island and on the Porto Santo Island. The region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Terras Madeirenses is a designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira, while the more famous fortified Madeira wines use the designation Madeira DOC. There are also two \"Denominação", "id": "4592286" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEU wine regulations provide for minimum standards across EU, while making it possible for individual member states to enact stricter standards in certain areas in their national wine laws. An example comparing a French and two German wine types made from the same grape variety illustrate what the EU wine regulations stipulate, and how the individual countries have applied various stricter regulations than the minimum for these \"quality wines\". In a sense, the EU wine regulations as such are rather invisible to the wine consumers and the wine trade, since the details", "id": "3557891" }, { "contents": "Beaumes de Venise AOC\n\n\nBeaumes de Venise is an appellation of wines from the eastern central region of the southern half of the Rhône Valley. It produces wines of two distinctly different types: 1. A sweet fortified wine of the type \"vin doux naturel\" (VDN), under the designation Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. 2. A red Côtes du Rhône Villages from the classification of named villages, which typifies the quality wines of the Côtes du Rhône region. The vines are grown on the slopes around the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail", "id": "1197239" }, { "contents": "Catalan wine\n\n\nand Xarel·lo have since become established as the most popular grapes for producing cava. Early versions were called Catalan \"champán\" or \"xampany\" after Champagne but this practice ended when the EU awarded Champagne Protected Geographical Status. Catalan main sparkling wine producers agreed and adopted the name \"Cava\" after the Catalan word for cellar, where the wines were traditionally stored. According to Spanish wine laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions (such as Aranda de Duero, Navarra and Rioja) but 95% of Spanish Cava", "id": "10752898" }, { "contents": "Czech wine\n\n\n. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into the Czech language and subsequently incorporated into the Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards.", "id": "22164447" }, { "contents": "Tokaj (Slovakia)\n\n\nregistration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.", "id": "909099" }, { "contents": "Açores VR\n\n\nThe Açores VR () is a Portuguese wine region located in the archipelago of the Azores. This region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Located in the Atlantic Ocean, some from continental Portugal, the archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine islands, of which three cultivate wine-making grapes for export production: Terceira, Pico and Graciosa. Located on", "id": "4592271" }, { "contents": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero\n\n\namong others, 80% of the affected farmers and the Socialist regional governments of regions such as Extremadura, Andalusia or Castilla-La Mancha. Some Socialist politicians also supported it when they were members of the former Socialist government back in the 90s (e.g. José Borrell, the current leader of the European Spanish Socialist Group and former president of the European Parliament. The scheme was mainly opposed by Zapatero, environmentalist groups, the Socialist regional government of Aragon and some of the citizens of the areas from which water was to be transferred", "id": "14405756" }, { "contents": "Chardonnay\n\n\nThe grape first rose to prominence in the Chablis and Burgundy regions. In Champagne, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier, but is also used to produce single varietal \"blanc de blancs\" styles of sparkling wine. Chardonnay can be found in \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) wines of the Loire Valley and Jura wine region, as well as the \"vin de pays\" wines of the Languedoc. Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by", "id": "16861988" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\ndes Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallée de la Marne. The towns of Reims and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French Kings and a Unesco world heritage site. Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique terroir. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also", "id": "9042171" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\ndiscontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône", "id": "99529" }, { "contents": "Beaumes-de-Venise\n\n\nBeaumes-de-Venise () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The word \"beaumes\" comes from the Provençal word \"bauma\" meaning \"cave\" or \"grotto\". The surrounding hills have many of these caves that were inhabited during the Iron Age. The village gives its name to a sweet wine appellation, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise. It also gives its name to a drier red wine, formerly Côtes du Rhone Villages", "id": "13677675" }, { "contents": "Champagne\n\n\n\"Champagne\" exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name \"Champagne\" is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an \"\"; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia, Chile, Brazil,", "id": "9042121" }, { "contents": "Regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\n147.1 million as the seat of the regional council of Rhône-Alpes, the construction of the building was approved by the regional council on 7 April 2005, followed by a European-level architecture competition from November 2005 to September 2006, the procurement of a building permit on 30 August 2007, groundbreaking on 8 July 2008, and the relocation of employees over a six-week period starting on 19 May 2011. On 21 June 2014, the new headquarters of the regional council of Auvergne at the Hôtel de Région in Clermont", "id": "11327121" }, { "contents": "Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nGálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la", "id": "19301569" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nwere rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de Vouvray, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to \"méthode champenoise\" being forbidden within the European Union as a designation", "id": "13668326" }, { "contents": "Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC\n\n\nCoteaux de Pierrevert is a wine-growing AOC in the western part of the Provence wine region of France, where the wines are produced in 11 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is partly located in the valley of the Durance river in the region of Manosque. Red wines are made from Grenache noir and Syrah which must account for 70% together with a minimum of 30% of each. Secondary varieties are Cinsault, Mourvedre and Carignan. Rosé: Grenache noir minimum 50%, and", "id": "9886739" }, { "contents": "Sierra de Alcaraz (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nSierra de Alcaraz is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Alcaraz, El Ballestero, El Bonillo, Povedilla, Robledo, and Viveros, located in the province of Albacete, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la Tierra\" status in", "id": "20070813" }, { "contents": "Macedonian wine\n\n\nNorth Macedonia produces wine on some of vineyards, and the production was 108,100 tonnes in 2008. There are also some additional of vineyards dedicated to table grapes. Red wine dominates the Macedonian wine production, with around 80 per cent. In contrast, within the European Union, \"Macedonia\" is a protected geographical indication (PGI) for wines produced in the Greek viticulture region of Macedonia. While part of Yugoslavia, North Macedonia was a producer of wine and vodka. In the 1980s, it accounted for around two-thirds", "id": "15227518" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine\n\n\ntoday though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical Champagne grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not regulated to a particular region of DO but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term \"Cava\" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, Aragon, Castile and León, Valencia, Extremadura, Navarre", "id": "8942253" }, { "contents": "South West France (wine region)\n\n\nand the wine region of South West France, and some of its grapes are used to make Vin de Pays under the designation \"Vin de Pays de Côtes de Gascogne\" or mixed with Armagnac to produce the mistelle Floc de Gascogne. South West France is a rather heterogeneous region in terms of its wines and how they are marketed. It is rare to see wines being sold as \"Vins du Sud-Ouest\". Rather, the smaller areas and individual appellations market their wines under their own (smaller) umbrella,", "id": "2626801" }, { "contents": "Vin de France\n\n\n. Simple varietal French wines instead had to use the \"vin de pays\" (\"country wine\") designation, which restricted the sourcing of grapes to the defined \"vin de pays\" regions, such as \"vin de Pays d'Oc\" from Languedoc-Roussillon. No French wine category existed that allowed a producer to source grapes from Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône and Provence, but still sell the wine under a varietal designation. As a result of the ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked", "id": "15811469" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\ntextiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. The scope of the agreement goes beyond tariffs. It includes increased access to public procurement contracts and protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also", "id": "18795598" }, { "contents": "David Schildknecht\n\n\nDavid Schildknecht is an American wine critic, a full-time member of \"Vinous\", and previous member of \"The Wine Advocate\", contributor to recent editions of Robert Parker's \"Wine Buyer’s Guide\". An authority on the wine of Germany and Austria, he also considers the Loire Valley a specialty, a wine region he has described as \"the bargain garden of France\". He currently covers the French regions of the Loire Valley, Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, Champagne, the Jura, the", "id": "17649648" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nusually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were", "id": "99528" }, { "contents": "Loire Valley (wine)\n\n\nof the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designations that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The \"Crémant de Loire\" which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The \"Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France\" refers to any varietally labeled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Sauvignon", "id": "9043145" }, { "contents": "Tourism in France\n\n\ndegree the ideals of the French Renaissance. The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and", "id": "998539" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\nThe history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans did much to spread viticulture across the land they knew as Gaul, encouraging the planting of vines in areas that would become the well known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. Over the course of its history, the French wine industry would be influenced and driven by", "id": "9119560" }, { "contents": "Frédéric Lornet\n\n\nFrédéric Lornet is a wine producer who owns and runs the Abbaye de la Boutière in Montigny-lès-Arsures; a small village just outside Arbois in the Franche-Comté / Jura region of France. Arbois, childhood home to Louis Pasteur, has for centuries been the wine capital of the Jura. As the name Abbaye de la Boutière indicates, the winery was established near Arbois in a hoary Roman Catholic Cistercian (White Monk) abbaye. The Jura is an eastern French winemaking region located between Burgundy and Switzerland - and", "id": "6619754" }, { "contents": "Sovetskoye Shampanskoye\n\n\nof the brand is not restricted. Several producers use the name, including wine producers from Italy and Spain. Under European Union law, as well as treaties accepted by most nations, sparkling wines produced outside the champagne region, even wine produced in other parts of France, do not have the right to use the term \"champagne\". Hungary (which originally produced Sovetskoye Shampanskoye under Soviet license), by contrast, today produces the beverage under the name \"Sovetskoye Igristoye\", a name that was also used by some", "id": "16031654" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\nRhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Wallonia, País Vasco, Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, who wanted to strengthen the local and regional dimension in energy and environmental policies at European level. Thus: \"\"Whereas by effective management, investment, and increasing awareness it is possible to create a system which is more energy efficient and less polluting;\" \"Whereas only an approach based on close proximity with consumers, and on both quantitative and qualitative understanding of their needs, can", "id": "7749570" }, { "contents": "Castilla–La Mancha\n\n\nCastilla–La Mancha (, , ), or Castile–La Mancha, is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete", "id": "21615897" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\n%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities. The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc’s launch in 1991. It also represents the EU’s largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants", "id": "18795596" }, { "contents": "Oeil de perdrix\n\n\n, Valais, and Neuchâtel all have the Oeil de Perdrix AOC today. The early origins of the American wine White Zinfandel can be traced to a California winemaker's attempt at making an Oeil de Perdrix–style wine. The Oeil de Perdrix style of wine is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages in Champagne region of France, prior to that region's development of the sparkling wine style that would take its name. During this period the Champenois were in competition with the Burgundy wine region for the favor of the Royal", "id": "976295" }, { "contents": "Terroir\n\n\ntwo wines will be different due to \"terroir\". The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different \"terroir\" are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. A Spanish or Australian \"chianti\". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the", "id": "19815361" }, { "contents": "Wine law\n\n\nto any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280. In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the \"Reichstag\" 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. In the European Union (EU),", "id": "18794619" } ]

[ { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nand is based in Bordeaux with an office in Strasbourg. The industry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-", "id": "20860572" }, { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nThe Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes Viticoles (AREV) is an organisation of political and trade representatives of wine regions within the European Union (EU) and Eastern Europe. It lobbies the EU on matters affecting its members, and acts as a forum for discussion of policy and marketing. The European Wine Regions Conference (CERV) was created on 20 June 1988 under Alsatian law. It became the Assembly of European Wine Regions (AREV) in 1994. It is financed by membership subscriptions,", "id": "20860571" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n's economic hegemony. The most important \"régions\" are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism)", "id": "18733048" }, { "contents": "Geology of France\n\n\nThe regional geology of France is commonly divided into the Paris Basin, the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Aquitaine Basin, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Côte languedocienne, the Sillon rhodanien, the Massif des Vosges, the Massif Ardennais, the Alsace graben (Rhine graben) and Flanders Basin. The regions Alsace, Franche-Comté, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur are part of the Western Alps. Sediment from the Valais ocean crop out in the Versoyen unit. The basement of the", "id": "9137080" }, { "contents": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nThe region shares two national borders: Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Vaud) to the northeast and Italy (Aosta Valley and Piedmont) to the east. The bordering French provinces are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the northwest, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast, Occitanie to the southwest, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain, Allier, Ardèche, Cantal, Drôme,", "id": "19200082" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\norganisation of the market in wine\" and it is supplemented by several Commission regulations. The former document has been adopted by the Council of the European Union through the member states' ministers of agriculture, while the Commission regulations are written by the European Commission in collaboration with the Wine Management Committee, where the member states are represented. The aspects regulated by EU fall mainly into the categories winemaking practices, classification and labelling, wine-production potential, documentation of wine industry activities, imports from non-EU countries, and duties", "id": "3557885" }, { "contents": "Beaujolais\n\n\nIn some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. The wine takes its name from the historical Province of Beaujolais, a wine-producing region. It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône \"département\" of the Rhône-Alpes region and southern areas of the Saône-et-Loire \"département\" of Burgundy. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to", "id": "6276341" }, { "contents": "Cap21\n\n\nMember of the European Parliament for North-West France as the MoDem's top candidate in the region. However, the party split from the MoDem in the runup to the 2010 regional elections and pursued an alliance with Europe Écologie. Cap 21 was allied with Europe Écologie in Alsace, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Upper Normandy and was allied with the MoDem in Burgundy and Picardy. Following the MoDem's poor result (4.2%) in the regional elections,", "id": "6142218" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n. Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms. The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes. In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French", "id": "18733049" }, { "contents": "Traditional method\n\n\nThe traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Portugal to produce Espumante and in Italy to produce Franciacorta. The method is known as the \"méthode champenoise,\" but the Champagne producers have successfully lobbied the European Union to restrict the use of that term within the EU only to wines produced in Champagne. Thus, wines from elsewhere", "id": "19248881" }, { "contents": "Centre-Val de Loire\n\n\nof the Loire Valley, such as the , the gentle and refined lifestyle, the wine, and the mild and temperate climate, all of which attract many tourists to the region. A new logo was also created. Bordering six other regions, Centre-Val-de-Loire borders the most of all 18 regions in France. The bordering regions are Normandy on the northwest, Île-de-France on the northeast, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the southeast,", "id": "20237325" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\noutside their region. Port cities like Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Rouen emerged as formidable centers of commerce with the wines of Gascony, Haut Pays, Poitou and the Île-de-France. During this period, political climates and alliances played a substantial role in the trade of French wines to other European countries. The 1152 marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Henry Plantagenet, the future Henry II of England, was the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship between Bordeaux and England. The 1295 Auld Alliance between France and Scotland", "id": "9119574" }, { "contents": "Christie's World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine\n\n\nrated on a 100-point scale, and all their wines given a star wine rating (three star maximum). Champagne receives the largest coverage, occupying 98 pages, but 10 other French regions (Alsace, Loire, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Limoux, others) receive 45 pages, while 141 pages covers the rest of the world (Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Austria, Southeast Europe, other European, South Africa, The United States, California, Others USA, Canada, South America", "id": "7765929" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nGerman growers, among others in the EU. In 1962, shortly after the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, or \"Common Market\") a set of rules were drawn up in which the normal common organisation of the market for a type of product – normally limited to a pricing system, rules on intervention and a system for trade with third-party countries – was extended in several areas in order to accommodate the diverse interests of wine production within individual member states. The wine sector required regulation", "id": "17720223" }, { "contents": "Sévérac-le-Château\n\n\nsovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ). The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. It also borders two countries to the south", "id": "14752630" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nin Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They", "id": "19345598" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nChampagne\" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term \"Champagne style\" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term \"methode champenoise\" has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union. Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers.", "id": "13668320" }, { "contents": "Élisabeth Guigou\n\n\n1997–2000. Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 2000–2002. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–1997 (Became minister in 1997, and elected in parliamentary elections). French Parliament Member of the National Assembly of France for Vaucluse : June 1997- July 1997 (Appointed Minister of Justice in July 1997). Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-Saint-Denis : Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007 and 2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : Elected in 1992,", "id": "20264329" }, { "contents": "Cava (Spanish wine)\n\n\nis produced in the Penedès area in Spain, with the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia being home to many of Spain's largest production houses. The two major producers are Codorníu and Freixenet. Cava is also produced in other villages in Aragon, Castile and León, Extremadura, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarre and Valencia. In the past, cava was referred to as \"Spanish champagne\", which is no longer permitted under European Union law, since Champagne has Protected Geographical Status (PGS) and Spain entered the EU", "id": "21344469" }, { "contents": "Merlot\n\n\nlargest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler-climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona. In Costers del Segre, the grape is often used in Bordeaux-style blend while in Aragon (with in 2008), Navarra ( in 2008) and Castilla-La Mancha () sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties. Spain's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula, Portugal, has only a very limited amount", "id": "19315786" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nit. The word \"appellation\" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for", "id": "19345591" }, { "contents": "Korbel Champagne Cellars\n\n\nCzechoslovak brothers named Korbel. It was purchased by Adolph Heck in 1954. Heck's son, Gary, took over in 1984, and over time increased production from 150,000 to 1.3 million cases per year, making Korbel the twelfth largest wine producer in the United States as of 2011. On its website, Korbel calls itself \"producers of fine California méthode champenoise champagnes for 137 years\". Normally, under European Union (EU) law, only wine from France's Champagne wine region may use the terms “Champagne\" or", "id": "21832455" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nThe Champagne wine region (archaic ) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France. The area is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term \"Champagne\" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 100 miles (160 km) east of Paris. The viticultural boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine producing districts within the historical province: Aube, Côte", "id": "9042170" }, { "contents": "Cairanne\n\n\nCairanne () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France whose inhabitants were locally nicknamed \"leis afrontaires de Cairana\", the cheeky ones from Cairanne. It dates from the mid-8th century and is located midway between Orange and Vaison-la-Romaine. The village economy depends largely on its production of wine that falls into the various categories of wines from the Rhône valley. The settlement was first mentioned in 739 CE as \"Queroana\" and later became known as Cayrane", "id": "644328" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEuropean Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production. These regulations form a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of EU, and regulate such things as the maximum vineyard surface allowed to individual EU member states, allowed winemaking practices and principles for wine classification and labelling. The wine regulations exist to regulate total production in order to combat overproduction of wine and to provide an underpinning", "id": "3557877" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nexcess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using \"Grand cru\" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or", "id": "99531" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\n, the European network of regional observatories energy and greenhouse gas. FEDARENE is currently responsible for the coordination of the network and has made a valuable contribution in its creation. The Board of Administration is composed of 16 members of which a President, a General Secretary, 13 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board's members are representatives of the following Regions/Provinces: North West Croatia (HR), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region (FR), Berlin (DE), Rhône-Alpes", "id": "7749574" }, { "contents": "Sablet\n\n\nSablet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a fortified Provençal village rich in history. Sablet is situated at the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail in the Côtes du Rhône wine-producing region. It is located to the west of Mont Ventoux, in a transition zone between the Prealps and the Mediterranean. Sablet is very close to the larger towns of Vaison-la-Romaine to the north, Carpentras to the south and Orange to the west", "id": "16748637" }, { "contents": "Transport express régional\n\n\nhave an average ridership of only about 66 travellers per train. TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes. Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays-de-la-", "id": "14624124" }, { "contents": "Austrian cuisine\n\n\nmost widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished", "id": "17086568" }, { "contents": "Classification of wine\n\n\nstating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to", "id": "5411712" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nvins de la rivière\" and \"vins de la montagne\"- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river Marne which carried the wines down to the Seine and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the Flemish wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century, Pinot noir became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of Burgundy wines,", "id": "9042181" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\n(by volume) of wine is \"vin de table\", while in Germany only 5% is \"deutscher Tafelwein\". Table wine from anywhere in the EU can be blended together to produce European Table Wine. European table wines are generally made from the highest-yielding sites and vinified in an industrial manner. In the 1950s, when per capita consumption of wine was much higher, there was a need for vast quantities of cheap wine, but now much of it goes into the European Union's troublesome \"wine", "id": "13361504" }, { "contents": "Meursault\n\n\nMeursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Côte-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as \"buttery\" to be applied", "id": "18826987" }, { "contents": "Rosé\n\n\nred wines produced in such notable wine regions as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne were \"rosé-style\" wines made from juice that had only brief periods of skin contact during winemaking. But even as the trend in these regions evolved towards more modern ideas of \"red wines\", rosés still hold a prominent place in many of France's major wine regions. Today rosé is produced throughout France from the cooler climate rosé Champagnes and Loire Valley wines to the warm Mediterranean influence climates of Provence and the southern Rhone Valley. Rosés", "id": "19952534" }, { "contents": "Gevrey-Chambertin\n\n\nGevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies 15 km South of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin. Gevrey-Chambertin is one of the wine villages of the Côte de Nuits which lies along the foot of the Côte", "id": "18339026" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nin the east of France. To the north are the French regions of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté, to the west it borders the region Auvergne, to the south it borders Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy. The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border. The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône. The confluence of these", "id": "20237369" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine regions\n\n\nThe mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as \"Denominaciones de Origen\" (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws. In compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002, Spanish wines are classified into two categories, which in turn are further classified into sub-categories depending on the strictness of the criteria applied in producing the type of wine in question: In 2006 a new \"Vino de la Tierra\" \"super-region\" was created", "id": "17220026" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nGerman wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A. On the other side of Rhine from Baden, Alsace is situated. Due to its very large north-south length, Baden is divided into nine districts (\"Bereiche\"), which is more than any other German wine region. From north to south, these districts are: Grape varieties of the Pinot family are responsible for almost 55% of the vineyards of Baden, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) covering 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in", "id": "4626276" }, { "contents": "Erdőbénye\n\n\nThe village Erdőbénye may have 1600 inhabitants and may be located 20 km from the town of Tokaj in Northern Hungary. It may lie in a valley surrounded by mountains and vineyards, in the middle of the famous wine-region ‘Tokaj-Hegyalja’, in Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. The village may be one of the centres for wine-production in this region. There may be more cellars in the village, where the regional wines can be tasted. As the well-known old saying tells us:", "id": "12173553" }, { "contents": "Classification of Saint-Émilion wine\n\n\nthan previous efforts, with tastings and inspections outsourced by INAO to independent groups with no involvement by St.-Emilion Wine Syndicate and Bordeaux wine trade, but instead wine professionals from Burgundy, the Rhône Valley, Champagne, the Loire Valley and Provence made up a seven-person commission. There is no longer a fixed number of châteaus which can be classified, and the new rankings elevated Château Pavie and Château Angélus to Premier Classe A. Among new Premiers grands crus were Larcis Ducasse, Canon-la-Gaffelière and \"garagiste\" producers Valandraud", "id": "3049694" }, { "contents": "Burgundy wine\n\n\n1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines. After Burgundy", "id": "16297307" }, { "contents": "Côtes de Gascogne\n\n\nCôtes de Gascogne is a wine-growing district in Gascony producing principally white wine. It is mainly located in the département of the Gers in the former Midi-Pyrénées region (now part of the Occitanie region), and it belongs to the wine region South West France. The designation Côtes de Gascogne is used for a \"Vin de Pays\" (\"country wine\") produced in the Armagnac area. The decree of 13 September 1968 created the difference between a \"Vin de Pays\" and simpler table wine,", "id": "447824" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\nTable wine is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification. In the United States, \"table wine\" primarily designates a wine style: ordinary wine which is neither fortified nor sparkling nor expensive. In the European Union wine regulations, \"table wine\" (TW) is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond", "id": "13361499" }, { "contents": "Provence wine\n\n\n\"département\" is occasionally cited by some sources with Provence due to some similarities in wine style; the appellation is however officially part of the Rhône wine region and its typicity more closely approaches that of its neighbour on its northern border, Côtes de Ventoux AOC, also a Rhône wine. The region has several \"vin de pays\" designations, with Bouches-du-Rhône, near Aix-en-Provence, being one of the most common designations seen abroad. The Bellet AOC is in southeastern Provence, near Nice", "id": "18590333" }, { "contents": "Buisson, Vaucluse\n\n\nBuisson is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Buisson is a small, wine-producing, Knights Templar village, dating back at least as far as the 12th century, and linked since its beginning to the nearby village of Villedieu, with which it produces its principal crop, Côtes-du-Rhône wine, which is sold from their joint winery, le Cellier du Templier. Situated above the Aygues River, Buisson lies at the northern edge of the Vaucluse", "id": "13677632" }, { "contents": "Burgundy\n\n\nTrémouille until its merger to form the regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Burgundy is one of France's main wine producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including Gamay, Aligote, Pinot blanc, and Sauvignon blanc. The region is divided into the Côte-d'Or, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâcon", "id": "5142782" }, { "contents": "Nuits-Saint-Georges\n\n\nNuits-Saint-Georges () is a commune in the arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It lies in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Nuits-Saint-Georges is the main town of the Côte de Nuits wine-producing area of Burgundy. Nuits-Saint-Georges was the site of the traditional Burgundian festival, \"la Saint-Vincent-Tournante\", in 2007. It is a festival that celebrates the wine of a different Burgundian village each year. The", "id": "13776155" }, { "contents": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union\n\n\nquality wine psr, with the \"psr\" standing for \"\"produced in a specified region\"\". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as table wine. There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the European Commission restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are", "id": "1749448" }, { "contents": "List of Portuguese wine regions\n\n\nPortuguese wine regions are grouped into three levels of classification. At the top are the \"Denominação de Origem Controlada\" (or DOCs) which are Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) under the European Union wine regulations and thus correspond roughly to the French \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Spanish \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) classifications. The second group consist of \"Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada\" (IPRs), and are also QWpsr. IPRs are used for DOC candidates \"in training\"", "id": "12630197" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nBaden is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Under German wine legislation, Baden and Württemberg are separate wine regions. With under vine in 2008, Baden is Germany's third largest wine region, but seems to be much less known on export markets in comparison to many smaller German regions, and in comparison to the neighbouring French region of Alsace, which is", "id": "4626273" }, { "contents": "Roussanne\n\n\nbe found in some white wines from the Côtes du Rhône AOC. Outside of the Rhône, the Roussanne is grown in Provence and the Languedoc-Roussillon région where it is sometimes blended with Chardonnay, Marsanne and Vermentino in some \"vin de pays\". In Savoie, the grape is known as Bergeron where it produces highly aromatic wines in Chignin. Outside France it is grown in the Italian wine regions of Liguria and Tuscany where it is a permitted grape in Montecarlo bianco. In Australia, it was believed to have been", "id": "11395981" }, { "contents": "Grenache\n\n\nvarietal wines and blends. Garnacha plays a major role in the \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) wines in Aragon, Catalonia and Navarra and the \"Denominación de Origen Calificada\" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta. Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape,", "id": "1395794" }, { "contents": "Comité Régional d'Action Viticole\n\n\nregion which the group believes has been plagued by surplus production and a subsequent need to adapt the quality and quantity of wine produced to changing market realities, including reduced domestic demand for simple wine for everyday consumption. This process, which has involved considerable European Union subsidies, has had negative effects on smaller producers and has met with various protests, of which CRAV is the most violent. CRAV's publicised demands have regularly included elements which are more-or-less impossible for French politicians to implement under European Union rules, since", "id": "11085105" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nharmonise regulations for various products which traditionally have been regulated on a national level. The EU wine regulations form a framework for the wine laws of the European Union member states. Since national wine laws have a much longer history than the EU wine regulations, the EU regulations have been designed to accommodate existing regulations of several member states. In particular, the existing regulations concerning French wine, with its detailed appellation laws, formed a basis, while also making room for the very different German wine classification system. In general, the", "id": "3557890" }, { "contents": "Focșani\n\n\nmost popular wine-producing regions in Romania, Odobești being just to the northwest, in Romania, Focșani itself is not considered a wine-producing center. The wine sold as \"Weisse von Fokshan\" in Germany and some other European countries is generally a \"Fetească Albă de Odobești\" wine, and practically a second-rated wine which does not comply to the European Union rules of naming the regions of origin of wines. The vicinity is rich in minerals such as iron, copper, coal, and petroleum. The", "id": "407220" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\ntripe and quenelles. In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard. The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin. Wines in this region include the very famous Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine. Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region. Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times;", "id": "20237377" }, { "contents": "Duriense VR\n\n\nDuriense is a Portuguese wine region covering the same area as the Douro DOC and the Port wine region. In difference from Douro DOC, Duriense VR is a designation at the lower \"Vinho Regional\" (VR) level, which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Thus, it is the simpler or less typical wines of the Douro region that are sold using a Duriense VR label. Before the creation of a separate Duriense VR", "id": "4592280" }, { "contents": "Lombardia (wine)\n\n\nis the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions. The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south) This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since the 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina", "id": "11286179" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nQuality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (often abbreviated to QWpsr or simply \"quality wines\") is a quality indicator used within European Union wine regulations. The QWpsr category identifies wines with protected geographical indications. The European Union regulates and defines the status of \"quality wines\" according to production method, management and geographical location. Its original, fundamental role is in differentiating quality wines from table wines, broadly in line with the system traditionally employed by the French government, amended to account for the preferences and methodology of Italian and", "id": "17720222" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nof enforcement agencies. The wines produced within EU are divided into two quality categories, Table wines (TW) and Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr), where QWpsr is the higher category. Rules for winemaking practices and labelling are different for TW and QWpsr. The similar categories also exist for sparkling wine. The TW and QWpsr categories are translated into different national wine classification for each member state. Thus, some member states may have more than two levels of classification, but all national levels correspond to either TW", "id": "3557886" }, { "contents": "Vino de Pago\n\n\nand wine estates that are classified as Vino de Pago are subject to separate requirements rather than those of the wine region where they are located. One of the requirements is that the estate may only use their own grapes for their wines. The Spanish word \"pago\" comes from the Latin word pagus, meaning a country district. When introduced, the new regulation met with particular interest in Castilla-La Mancha, where the first Vinos de Pago were created. So far, all Vinos de Pago are located in Aragon,", "id": "6206495" }, { "contents": "Chaptalization\n\n\n1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the Northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia,", "id": "20299848" }, { "contents": "Belaire Rosé\n\n\nBelaire Rosé is a French sparkling wine produced in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of the South of France. Officially labelled \"Luc Belaire Rare Rosé,\" the wine is a blend of Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsault grapes typically used in the production of Provencal rosé wines. The brand is owned by niaz the New York-based company Sovereign Brands. The brand's packaging is noteworthy for its opaque black bottles. Rick Ross is one of their major promoters. The brand's range also includes a Brut and", "id": "8086233" }, { "contents": "Terras Madeirenses VR\n\n\nTerras Madeirenses is a Portuguese wine region situated on the islands of Madeira, both on the main island and on the Porto Santo Island. The region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Terras Madeirenses is a designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira, while the more famous fortified Madeira wines use the designation Madeira DOC. There are also two \"Denominação", "id": "4592286" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEU wine regulations provide for minimum standards across EU, while making it possible for individual member states to enact stricter standards in certain areas in their national wine laws. An example comparing a French and two German wine types made from the same grape variety illustrate what the EU wine regulations stipulate, and how the individual countries have applied various stricter regulations than the minimum for these \"quality wines\". In a sense, the EU wine regulations as such are rather invisible to the wine consumers and the wine trade, since the details", "id": "3557891" }, { "contents": "Beaumes de Venise AOC\n\n\nBeaumes de Venise is an appellation of wines from the eastern central region of the southern half of the Rhône Valley. It produces wines of two distinctly different types: 1. A sweet fortified wine of the type \"vin doux naturel\" (VDN), under the designation Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. 2. A red Côtes du Rhône Villages from the classification of named villages, which typifies the quality wines of the Côtes du Rhône region. The vines are grown on the slopes around the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail", "id": "1197239" }, { "contents": "Catalan wine\n\n\nand Xarel·lo have since become established as the most popular grapes for producing cava. Early versions were called Catalan \"champán\" or \"xampany\" after Champagne but this practice ended when the EU awarded Champagne Protected Geographical Status. Catalan main sparkling wine producers agreed and adopted the name \"Cava\" after the Catalan word for cellar, where the wines were traditionally stored. According to Spanish wine laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions (such as Aranda de Duero, Navarra and Rioja) but 95% of Spanish Cava", "id": "10752898" }, { "contents": "Czech wine\n\n\n. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into the Czech language and subsequently incorporated into the Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards.", "id": "22164447" }, { "contents": "Tokaj (Slovakia)\n\n\nregistration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.", "id": "909099" }, { "contents": "Açores VR\n\n\nThe Açores VR () is a Portuguese wine region located in the archipelago of the Azores. This region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Located in the Atlantic Ocean, some from continental Portugal, the archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine islands, of which three cultivate wine-making grapes for export production: Terceira, Pico and Graciosa. Located on", "id": "4592271" }, { "contents": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero\n\n\namong others, 80% of the affected farmers and the Socialist regional governments of regions such as Extremadura, Andalusia or Castilla-La Mancha. Some Socialist politicians also supported it when they were members of the former Socialist government back in the 90s (e.g. José Borrell, the current leader of the European Spanish Socialist Group and former president of the European Parliament. The scheme was mainly opposed by Zapatero, environmentalist groups, the Socialist regional government of Aragon and some of the citizens of the areas from which water was to be transferred", "id": "14405756" }, { "contents": "Chardonnay\n\n\nThe grape first rose to prominence in the Chablis and Burgundy regions. In Champagne, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier, but is also used to produce single varietal \"blanc de blancs\" styles of sparkling wine. Chardonnay can be found in \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) wines of the Loire Valley and Jura wine region, as well as the \"vin de pays\" wines of the Languedoc. Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by", "id": "16861988" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\ndes Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallée de la Marne. The towns of Reims and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French Kings and a Unesco world heritage site. Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique terroir. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also", "id": "9042171" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\ndiscontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône", "id": "99529" }, { "contents": "Beaumes-de-Venise\n\n\nBeaumes-de-Venise () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The word \"beaumes\" comes from the Provençal word \"bauma\" meaning \"cave\" or \"grotto\". The surrounding hills have many of these caves that were inhabited during the Iron Age. The village gives its name to a sweet wine appellation, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise. It also gives its name to a drier red wine, formerly Côtes du Rhone Villages", "id": "13677675" }, { "contents": "Champagne\n\n\n\"Champagne\" exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name \"Champagne\" is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an \"\"; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia, Chile, Brazil,", "id": "9042121" }, { "contents": "Regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\n147.1 million as the seat of the regional council of Rhône-Alpes, the construction of the building was approved by the regional council on 7 April 2005, followed by a European-level architecture competition from November 2005 to September 2006, the procurement of a building permit on 30 August 2007, groundbreaking on 8 July 2008, and the relocation of employees over a six-week period starting on 19 May 2011. On 21 June 2014, the new headquarters of the regional council of Auvergne at the Hôtel de Région in Clermont", "id": "11327121" }, { "contents": "Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nGálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la", "id": "19301569" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nwere rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de Vouvray, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to \"méthode champenoise\" being forbidden within the European Union as a designation", "id": "13668326" }, { "contents": "Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC\n\n\nCoteaux de Pierrevert is a wine-growing AOC in the western part of the Provence wine region of France, where the wines are produced in 11 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is partly located in the valley of the Durance river in the region of Manosque. Red wines are made from Grenache noir and Syrah which must account for 70% together with a minimum of 30% of each. Secondary varieties are Cinsault, Mourvedre and Carignan. Rosé: Grenache noir minimum 50%, and", "id": "9886739" }, { "contents": "Sierra de Alcaraz (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nSierra de Alcaraz is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Alcaraz, El Ballestero, El Bonillo, Povedilla, Robledo, and Viveros, located in the province of Albacete, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la Tierra\" status in", "id": "20070813" }, { "contents": "Macedonian wine\n\n\nNorth Macedonia produces wine on some of vineyards, and the production was 108,100 tonnes in 2008. There are also some additional of vineyards dedicated to table grapes. Red wine dominates the Macedonian wine production, with around 80 per cent. In contrast, within the European Union, \"Macedonia\" is a protected geographical indication (PGI) for wines produced in the Greek viticulture region of Macedonia. While part of Yugoslavia, North Macedonia was a producer of wine and vodka. In the 1980s, it accounted for around two-thirds", "id": "15227518" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine\n\n\ntoday though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical Champagne grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not regulated to a particular region of DO but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term \"Cava\" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, Aragon, Castile and León, Valencia, Extremadura, Navarre", "id": "8942253" }, { "contents": "South West France (wine region)\n\n\nand the wine region of South West France, and some of its grapes are used to make Vin de Pays under the designation \"Vin de Pays de Côtes de Gascogne\" or mixed with Armagnac to produce the mistelle Floc de Gascogne. South West France is a rather heterogeneous region in terms of its wines and how they are marketed. It is rare to see wines being sold as \"Vins du Sud-Ouest\". Rather, the smaller areas and individual appellations market their wines under their own (smaller) umbrella,", "id": "2626801" }, { "contents": "Vin de France\n\n\n. Simple varietal French wines instead had to use the \"vin de pays\" (\"country wine\") designation, which restricted the sourcing of grapes to the defined \"vin de pays\" regions, such as \"vin de Pays d'Oc\" from Languedoc-Roussillon. No French wine category existed that allowed a producer to source grapes from Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône and Provence, but still sell the wine under a varietal designation. As a result of the ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked", "id": "15811469" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\ntextiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. The scope of the agreement goes beyond tariffs. It includes increased access to public procurement contracts and protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also", "id": "18795598" }, { "contents": "David Schildknecht\n\n\nDavid Schildknecht is an American wine critic, a full-time member of \"Vinous\", and previous member of \"The Wine Advocate\", contributor to recent editions of Robert Parker's \"Wine Buyer’s Guide\". An authority on the wine of Germany and Austria, he also considers the Loire Valley a specialty, a wine region he has described as \"the bargain garden of France\". He currently covers the French regions of the Loire Valley, Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, Champagne, the Jura, the", "id": "17649648" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nusually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were", "id": "99528" }, { "contents": "Loire Valley (wine)\n\n\nof the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designations that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The \"Crémant de Loire\" which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The \"Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France\" refers to any varietally labeled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Sauvignon", "id": "9043145" }, { "contents": "Tourism in France\n\n\ndegree the ideals of the French Renaissance. The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and", "id": "998539" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\nThe history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans did much to spread viticulture across the land they knew as Gaul, encouraging the planting of vines in areas that would become the well known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. Over the course of its history, the French wine industry would be influenced and driven by", "id": "9119560" }, { "contents": "Frédéric Lornet\n\n\nFrédéric Lornet is a wine producer who owns and runs the Abbaye de la Boutière in Montigny-lès-Arsures; a small village just outside Arbois in the Franche-Comté / Jura region of France. Arbois, childhood home to Louis Pasteur, has for centuries been the wine capital of the Jura. As the name Abbaye de la Boutière indicates, the winery was established near Arbois in a hoary Roman Catholic Cistercian (White Monk) abbaye. The Jura is an eastern French winemaking region located between Burgundy and Switzerland - and", "id": "6619754" }, { "contents": "Sovetskoye Shampanskoye\n\n\nof the brand is not restricted. Several producers use the name, including wine producers from Italy and Spain. Under European Union law, as well as treaties accepted by most nations, sparkling wines produced outside the champagne region, even wine produced in other parts of France, do not have the right to use the term \"champagne\". Hungary (which originally produced Sovetskoye Shampanskoye under Soviet license), by contrast, today produces the beverage under the name \"Sovetskoye Igristoye\", a name that was also used by some", "id": "16031654" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\nRhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Wallonia, País Vasco, Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, who wanted to strengthen the local and regional dimension in energy and environmental policies at European level. Thus: \"\"Whereas by effective management, investment, and increasing awareness it is possible to create a system which is more energy efficient and less polluting;\" \"Whereas only an approach based on close proximity with consumers, and on both quantitative and qualitative understanding of their needs, can", "id": "7749570" }, { "contents": "Castilla–La Mancha\n\n\nCastilla–La Mancha (, , ), or Castile–La Mancha, is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete", "id": "21615897" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\n%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities. The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc’s launch in 1991. It also represents the EU’s largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants", "id": "18795596" }, { "contents": "Oeil de perdrix\n\n\n, Valais, and Neuchâtel all have the Oeil de Perdrix AOC today. The early origins of the American wine White Zinfandel can be traced to a California winemaker's attempt at making an Oeil de Perdrix–style wine. The Oeil de Perdrix style of wine is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages in Champagne region of France, prior to that region's development of the sparkling wine style that would take its name. During this period the Champenois were in competition with the Burgundy wine region for the favor of the Royal", "id": "976295" }, { "contents": "Terroir\n\n\ntwo wines will be different due to \"terroir\". The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different \"terroir\" are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. A Spanish or Australian \"chianti\". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the", "id": "19815361" }, { "contents": "Wine law\n\n\nto any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280. In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the \"Reichstag\" 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. In the European Union (EU),", "id": "18794619" } ]

[ { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nand is based in Bordeaux with an office in Strasbourg. The industry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-", "id": "20860572" }, { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nThe Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes Viticoles (AREV) is an organisation of political and trade representatives of wine regions within the European Union (EU) and Eastern Europe. It lobbies the EU on matters affecting its members, and acts as a forum for discussion of policy and marketing. The European Wine Regions Conference (CERV) was created on 20 June 1988 under Alsatian law. It became the Assembly of European Wine Regions (AREV) in 1994. It is financed by membership subscriptions,", "id": "20860571" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n's economic hegemony. The most important \"régions\" are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism)", "id": "18733048" }, { "contents": "Geology of France\n\n\nThe regional geology of France is commonly divided into the Paris Basin, the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Aquitaine Basin, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Côte languedocienne, the Sillon rhodanien, the Massif des Vosges, the Massif Ardennais, the Alsace graben (Rhine graben) and Flanders Basin. The regions Alsace, Franche-Comté, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur are part of the Western Alps. Sediment from the Valais ocean crop out in the Versoyen unit. The basement of the", "id": "9137080" }, { "contents": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nThe region shares two national borders: Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Vaud) to the northeast and Italy (Aosta Valley and Piedmont) to the east. The bordering French provinces are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the northwest, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast, Occitanie to the southwest, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain, Allier, Ardèche, Cantal, Drôme,", "id": "19200082" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\norganisation of the market in wine\" and it is supplemented by several Commission regulations. The former document has been adopted by the Council of the European Union through the member states' ministers of agriculture, while the Commission regulations are written by the European Commission in collaboration with the Wine Management Committee, where the member states are represented. The aspects regulated by EU fall mainly into the categories winemaking practices, classification and labelling, wine-production potential, documentation of wine industry activities, imports from non-EU countries, and duties", "id": "3557885" }, { "contents": "Beaujolais\n\n\nIn some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. The wine takes its name from the historical Province of Beaujolais, a wine-producing region. It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône \"département\" of the Rhône-Alpes region and southern areas of the Saône-et-Loire \"département\" of Burgundy. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to", "id": "6276341" }, { "contents": "Cap21\n\n\nMember of the European Parliament for North-West France as the MoDem's top candidate in the region. However, the party split from the MoDem in the runup to the 2010 regional elections and pursued an alliance with Europe Écologie. Cap 21 was allied with Europe Écologie in Alsace, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Upper Normandy and was allied with the MoDem in Burgundy and Picardy. Following the MoDem's poor result (4.2%) in the regional elections,", "id": "6142218" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n. Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms. The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes. In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French", "id": "18733049" }, { "contents": "Traditional method\n\n\nThe traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Portugal to produce Espumante and in Italy to produce Franciacorta. The method is known as the \"méthode champenoise,\" but the Champagne producers have successfully lobbied the European Union to restrict the use of that term within the EU only to wines produced in Champagne. Thus, wines from elsewhere", "id": "19248881" }, { "contents": "Centre-Val de Loire\n\n\nof the Loire Valley, such as the , the gentle and refined lifestyle, the wine, and the mild and temperate climate, all of which attract many tourists to the region. A new logo was also created. Bordering six other regions, Centre-Val-de-Loire borders the most of all 18 regions in France. The bordering regions are Normandy on the northwest, Île-de-France on the northeast, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the southeast,", "id": "20237325" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\noutside their region. Port cities like Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Rouen emerged as formidable centers of commerce with the wines of Gascony, Haut Pays, Poitou and the Île-de-France. During this period, political climates and alliances played a substantial role in the trade of French wines to other European countries. The 1152 marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Henry Plantagenet, the future Henry II of England, was the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship between Bordeaux and England. The 1295 Auld Alliance between France and Scotland", "id": "9119574" }, { "contents": "Christie's World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine\n\n\nrated on a 100-point scale, and all their wines given a star wine rating (three star maximum). Champagne receives the largest coverage, occupying 98 pages, but 10 other French regions (Alsace, Loire, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Limoux, others) receive 45 pages, while 141 pages covers the rest of the world (Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Austria, Southeast Europe, other European, South Africa, The United States, California, Others USA, Canada, South America", "id": "7765929" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nGerman growers, among others in the EU. In 1962, shortly after the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, or \"Common Market\") a set of rules were drawn up in which the normal common organisation of the market for a type of product – normally limited to a pricing system, rules on intervention and a system for trade with third-party countries – was extended in several areas in order to accommodate the diverse interests of wine production within individual member states. The wine sector required regulation", "id": "17720223" }, { "contents": "Sévérac-le-Château\n\n\nsovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ). The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. It also borders two countries to the south", "id": "14752630" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nin Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They", "id": "19345598" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nChampagne\" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term \"Champagne style\" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term \"methode champenoise\" has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union. Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers.", "id": "13668320" }, { "contents": "Élisabeth Guigou\n\n\n1997–2000. Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 2000–2002. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–1997 (Became minister in 1997, and elected in parliamentary elections). French Parliament Member of the National Assembly of France for Vaucluse : June 1997- July 1997 (Appointed Minister of Justice in July 1997). Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-Saint-Denis : Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007 and 2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : Elected in 1992,", "id": "20264329" }, { "contents": "Cava (Spanish wine)\n\n\nis produced in the Penedès area in Spain, with the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia being home to many of Spain's largest production houses. The two major producers are Codorníu and Freixenet. Cava is also produced in other villages in Aragon, Castile and León, Extremadura, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarre and Valencia. In the past, cava was referred to as \"Spanish champagne\", which is no longer permitted under European Union law, since Champagne has Protected Geographical Status (PGS) and Spain entered the EU", "id": "21344469" }, { "contents": "Merlot\n\n\nlargest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler-climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona. In Costers del Segre, the grape is often used in Bordeaux-style blend while in Aragon (with in 2008), Navarra ( in 2008) and Castilla-La Mancha () sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties. Spain's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula, Portugal, has only a very limited amount", "id": "19315786" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nit. The word \"appellation\" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for", "id": "19345591" }, { "contents": "Korbel Champagne Cellars\n\n\nCzechoslovak brothers named Korbel. It was purchased by Adolph Heck in 1954. Heck's son, Gary, took over in 1984, and over time increased production from 150,000 to 1.3 million cases per year, making Korbel the twelfth largest wine producer in the United States as of 2011. On its website, Korbel calls itself \"producers of fine California méthode champenoise champagnes for 137 years\". Normally, under European Union (EU) law, only wine from France's Champagne wine region may use the terms “Champagne\" or", "id": "21832455" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nThe Champagne wine region (archaic ) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France. The area is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term \"Champagne\" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 100 miles (160 km) east of Paris. The viticultural boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine producing districts within the historical province: Aube, Côte", "id": "9042170" }, { "contents": "Cairanne\n\n\nCairanne () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France whose inhabitants were locally nicknamed \"leis afrontaires de Cairana\", the cheeky ones from Cairanne. It dates from the mid-8th century and is located midway between Orange and Vaison-la-Romaine. The village economy depends largely on its production of wine that falls into the various categories of wines from the Rhône valley. The settlement was first mentioned in 739 CE as \"Queroana\" and later became known as Cayrane", "id": "644328" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEuropean Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production. These regulations form a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of EU, and regulate such things as the maximum vineyard surface allowed to individual EU member states, allowed winemaking practices and principles for wine classification and labelling. The wine regulations exist to regulate total production in order to combat overproduction of wine and to provide an underpinning", "id": "3557877" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nexcess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using \"Grand cru\" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or", "id": "99531" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\n, the European network of regional observatories energy and greenhouse gas. FEDARENE is currently responsible for the coordination of the network and has made a valuable contribution in its creation. The Board of Administration is composed of 16 members of which a President, a General Secretary, 13 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board's members are representatives of the following Regions/Provinces: North West Croatia (HR), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region (FR), Berlin (DE), Rhône-Alpes", "id": "7749574" }, { "contents": "Sablet\n\n\nSablet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a fortified Provençal village rich in history. Sablet is situated at the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail in the Côtes du Rhône wine-producing region. It is located to the west of Mont Ventoux, in a transition zone between the Prealps and the Mediterranean. Sablet is very close to the larger towns of Vaison-la-Romaine to the north, Carpentras to the south and Orange to the west", "id": "16748637" }, { "contents": "Transport express régional\n\n\nhave an average ridership of only about 66 travellers per train. TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes. Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays-de-la-", "id": "14624124" }, { "contents": "Austrian cuisine\n\n\nmost widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished", "id": "17086568" }, { "contents": "Classification of wine\n\n\nstating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to", "id": "5411712" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nvins de la rivière\" and \"vins de la montagne\"- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river Marne which carried the wines down to the Seine and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the Flemish wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century, Pinot noir became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of Burgundy wines,", "id": "9042181" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\n(by volume) of wine is \"vin de table\", while in Germany only 5% is \"deutscher Tafelwein\". Table wine from anywhere in the EU can be blended together to produce European Table Wine. European table wines are generally made from the highest-yielding sites and vinified in an industrial manner. In the 1950s, when per capita consumption of wine was much higher, there was a need for vast quantities of cheap wine, but now much of it goes into the European Union's troublesome \"wine", "id": "13361504" }, { "contents": "Meursault\n\n\nMeursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Côte-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as \"buttery\" to be applied", "id": "18826987" }, { "contents": "Rosé\n\n\nred wines produced in such notable wine regions as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne were \"rosé-style\" wines made from juice that had only brief periods of skin contact during winemaking. But even as the trend in these regions evolved towards more modern ideas of \"red wines\", rosés still hold a prominent place in many of France's major wine regions. Today rosé is produced throughout France from the cooler climate rosé Champagnes and Loire Valley wines to the warm Mediterranean influence climates of Provence and the southern Rhone Valley. Rosés", "id": "19952534" }, { "contents": "Gevrey-Chambertin\n\n\nGevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies 15 km South of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin. Gevrey-Chambertin is one of the wine villages of the Côte de Nuits which lies along the foot of the Côte", "id": "18339026" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nin the east of France. To the north are the French regions of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté, to the west it borders the region Auvergne, to the south it borders Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy. The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border. The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône. The confluence of these", "id": "20237369" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine regions\n\n\nThe mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as \"Denominaciones de Origen\" (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws. In compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002, Spanish wines are classified into two categories, which in turn are further classified into sub-categories depending on the strictness of the criteria applied in producing the type of wine in question: In 2006 a new \"Vino de la Tierra\" \"super-region\" was created", "id": "17220026" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nGerman wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A. On the other side of Rhine from Baden, Alsace is situated. Due to its very large north-south length, Baden is divided into nine districts (\"Bereiche\"), which is more than any other German wine region. From north to south, these districts are: Grape varieties of the Pinot family are responsible for almost 55% of the vineyards of Baden, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) covering 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in", "id": "4626276" }, { "contents": "Erdőbénye\n\n\nThe village Erdőbénye may have 1600 inhabitants and may be located 20 km from the town of Tokaj in Northern Hungary. It may lie in a valley surrounded by mountains and vineyards, in the middle of the famous wine-region ‘Tokaj-Hegyalja’, in Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. The village may be one of the centres for wine-production in this region. There may be more cellars in the village, where the regional wines can be tasted. As the well-known old saying tells us:", "id": "12173553" }, { "contents": "Classification of Saint-Émilion wine\n\n\nthan previous efforts, with tastings and inspections outsourced by INAO to independent groups with no involvement by St.-Emilion Wine Syndicate and Bordeaux wine trade, but instead wine professionals from Burgundy, the Rhône Valley, Champagne, the Loire Valley and Provence made up a seven-person commission. There is no longer a fixed number of châteaus which can be classified, and the new rankings elevated Château Pavie and Château Angélus to Premier Classe A. Among new Premiers grands crus were Larcis Ducasse, Canon-la-Gaffelière and \"garagiste\" producers Valandraud", "id": "3049694" }, { "contents": "Burgundy wine\n\n\n1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines. After Burgundy", "id": "16297307" }, { "contents": "Côtes de Gascogne\n\n\nCôtes de Gascogne is a wine-growing district in Gascony producing principally white wine. It is mainly located in the département of the Gers in the former Midi-Pyrénées region (now part of the Occitanie region), and it belongs to the wine region South West France. The designation Côtes de Gascogne is used for a \"Vin de Pays\" (\"country wine\") produced in the Armagnac area. The decree of 13 September 1968 created the difference between a \"Vin de Pays\" and simpler table wine,", "id": "447824" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\nTable wine is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification. In the United States, \"table wine\" primarily designates a wine style: ordinary wine which is neither fortified nor sparkling nor expensive. In the European Union wine regulations, \"table wine\" (TW) is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond", "id": "13361499" }, { "contents": "Provence wine\n\n\n\"département\" is occasionally cited by some sources with Provence due to some similarities in wine style; the appellation is however officially part of the Rhône wine region and its typicity more closely approaches that of its neighbour on its northern border, Côtes de Ventoux AOC, also a Rhône wine. The region has several \"vin de pays\" designations, with Bouches-du-Rhône, near Aix-en-Provence, being one of the most common designations seen abroad. The Bellet AOC is in southeastern Provence, near Nice", "id": "18590333" }, { "contents": "Buisson, Vaucluse\n\n\nBuisson is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Buisson is a small, wine-producing, Knights Templar village, dating back at least as far as the 12th century, and linked since its beginning to the nearby village of Villedieu, with which it produces its principal crop, Côtes-du-Rhône wine, which is sold from their joint winery, le Cellier du Templier. Situated above the Aygues River, Buisson lies at the northern edge of the Vaucluse", "id": "13677632" }, { "contents": "Burgundy\n\n\nTrémouille until its merger to form the regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Burgundy is one of France's main wine producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including Gamay, Aligote, Pinot blanc, and Sauvignon blanc. The region is divided into the Côte-d'Or, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâcon", "id": "5142782" }, { "contents": "Nuits-Saint-Georges\n\n\nNuits-Saint-Georges () is a commune in the arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It lies in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Nuits-Saint-Georges is the main town of the Côte de Nuits wine-producing area of Burgundy. Nuits-Saint-Georges was the site of the traditional Burgundian festival, \"la Saint-Vincent-Tournante\", in 2007. It is a festival that celebrates the wine of a different Burgundian village each year. The", "id": "13776155" }, { "contents": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union\n\n\nquality wine psr, with the \"psr\" standing for \"\"produced in a specified region\"\". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as table wine. There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the European Commission restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are", "id": "1749448" }, { "contents": "List of Portuguese wine regions\n\n\nPortuguese wine regions are grouped into three levels of classification. At the top are the \"Denominação de Origem Controlada\" (or DOCs) which are Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) under the European Union wine regulations and thus correspond roughly to the French \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Spanish \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) classifications. The second group consist of \"Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada\" (IPRs), and are also QWpsr. IPRs are used for DOC candidates \"in training\"", "id": "12630197" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nBaden is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Under German wine legislation, Baden and Württemberg are separate wine regions. With under vine in 2008, Baden is Germany's third largest wine region, but seems to be much less known on export markets in comparison to many smaller German regions, and in comparison to the neighbouring French region of Alsace, which is", "id": "4626273" }, { "contents": "Roussanne\n\n\nbe found in some white wines from the Côtes du Rhône AOC. Outside of the Rhône, the Roussanne is grown in Provence and the Languedoc-Roussillon région where it is sometimes blended with Chardonnay, Marsanne and Vermentino in some \"vin de pays\". In Savoie, the grape is known as Bergeron where it produces highly aromatic wines in Chignin. Outside France it is grown in the Italian wine regions of Liguria and Tuscany where it is a permitted grape in Montecarlo bianco. In Australia, it was believed to have been", "id": "11395981" }, { "contents": "Grenache\n\n\nvarietal wines and blends. Garnacha plays a major role in the \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) wines in Aragon, Catalonia and Navarra and the \"Denominación de Origen Calificada\" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta. Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape,", "id": "1395794" }, { "contents": "Comité Régional d'Action Viticole\n\n\nregion which the group believes has been plagued by surplus production and a subsequent need to adapt the quality and quantity of wine produced to changing market realities, including reduced domestic demand for simple wine for everyday consumption. This process, which has involved considerable European Union subsidies, has had negative effects on smaller producers and has met with various protests, of which CRAV is the most violent. CRAV's publicised demands have regularly included elements which are more-or-less impossible for French politicians to implement under European Union rules, since", "id": "11085105" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nharmonise regulations for various products which traditionally have been regulated on a national level. The EU wine regulations form a framework for the wine laws of the European Union member states. Since national wine laws have a much longer history than the EU wine regulations, the EU regulations have been designed to accommodate existing regulations of several member states. In particular, the existing regulations concerning French wine, with its detailed appellation laws, formed a basis, while also making room for the very different German wine classification system. In general, the", "id": "3557890" }, { "contents": "Focșani\n\n\nmost popular wine-producing regions in Romania, Odobești being just to the northwest, in Romania, Focșani itself is not considered a wine-producing center. The wine sold as \"Weisse von Fokshan\" in Germany and some other European countries is generally a \"Fetească Albă de Odobești\" wine, and practically a second-rated wine which does not comply to the European Union rules of naming the regions of origin of wines. The vicinity is rich in minerals such as iron, copper, coal, and petroleum. The", "id": "407220" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\ntripe and quenelles. In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard. The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin. Wines in this region include the very famous Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine. Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region. Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times;", "id": "20237377" }, { "contents": "Duriense VR\n\n\nDuriense is a Portuguese wine region covering the same area as the Douro DOC and the Port wine region. In difference from Douro DOC, Duriense VR is a designation at the lower \"Vinho Regional\" (VR) level, which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Thus, it is the simpler or less typical wines of the Douro region that are sold using a Duriense VR label. Before the creation of a separate Duriense VR", "id": "4592280" }, { "contents": "Lombardia (wine)\n\n\nis the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions. The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south) This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since the 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina", "id": "11286179" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nQuality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (often abbreviated to QWpsr or simply \"quality wines\") is a quality indicator used within European Union wine regulations. The QWpsr category identifies wines with protected geographical indications. The European Union regulates and defines the status of \"quality wines\" according to production method, management and geographical location. Its original, fundamental role is in differentiating quality wines from table wines, broadly in line with the system traditionally employed by the French government, amended to account for the preferences and methodology of Italian and", "id": "17720222" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nof enforcement agencies. The wines produced within EU are divided into two quality categories, Table wines (TW) and Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr), where QWpsr is the higher category. Rules for winemaking practices and labelling are different for TW and QWpsr. The similar categories also exist for sparkling wine. The TW and QWpsr categories are translated into different national wine classification for each member state. Thus, some member states may have more than two levels of classification, but all national levels correspond to either TW", "id": "3557886" }, { "contents": "Vino de Pago\n\n\nand wine estates that are classified as Vino de Pago are subject to separate requirements rather than those of the wine region where they are located. One of the requirements is that the estate may only use their own grapes for their wines. The Spanish word \"pago\" comes from the Latin word pagus, meaning a country district. When introduced, the new regulation met with particular interest in Castilla-La Mancha, where the first Vinos de Pago were created. So far, all Vinos de Pago are located in Aragon,", "id": "6206495" }, { "contents": "Chaptalization\n\n\n1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the Northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia,", "id": "20299848" }, { "contents": "Belaire Rosé\n\n\nBelaire Rosé is a French sparkling wine produced in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of the South of France. Officially labelled \"Luc Belaire Rare Rosé,\" the wine is a blend of Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsault grapes typically used in the production of Provencal rosé wines. The brand is owned by niaz the New York-based company Sovereign Brands. The brand's packaging is noteworthy for its opaque black bottles. Rick Ross is one of their major promoters. The brand's range also includes a Brut and", "id": "8086233" }, { "contents": "Terras Madeirenses VR\n\n\nTerras Madeirenses is a Portuguese wine region situated on the islands of Madeira, both on the main island and on the Porto Santo Island. The region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Terras Madeirenses is a designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira, while the more famous fortified Madeira wines use the designation Madeira DOC. There are also two \"Denominação", "id": "4592286" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEU wine regulations provide for minimum standards across EU, while making it possible for individual member states to enact stricter standards in certain areas in their national wine laws. An example comparing a French and two German wine types made from the same grape variety illustrate what the EU wine regulations stipulate, and how the individual countries have applied various stricter regulations than the minimum for these \"quality wines\". In a sense, the EU wine regulations as such are rather invisible to the wine consumers and the wine trade, since the details", "id": "3557891" }, { "contents": "Beaumes de Venise AOC\n\n\nBeaumes de Venise is an appellation of wines from the eastern central region of the southern half of the Rhône Valley. It produces wines of two distinctly different types: 1. A sweet fortified wine of the type \"vin doux naturel\" (VDN), under the designation Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. 2. A red Côtes du Rhône Villages from the classification of named villages, which typifies the quality wines of the Côtes du Rhône region. The vines are grown on the slopes around the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail", "id": "1197239" }, { "contents": "Catalan wine\n\n\nand Xarel·lo have since become established as the most popular grapes for producing cava. Early versions were called Catalan \"champán\" or \"xampany\" after Champagne but this practice ended when the EU awarded Champagne Protected Geographical Status. Catalan main sparkling wine producers agreed and adopted the name \"Cava\" after the Catalan word for cellar, where the wines were traditionally stored. According to Spanish wine laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions (such as Aranda de Duero, Navarra and Rioja) but 95% of Spanish Cava", "id": "10752898" }, { "contents": "Czech wine\n\n\n. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into the Czech language and subsequently incorporated into the Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards.", "id": "22164447" }, { "contents": "Tokaj (Slovakia)\n\n\nregistration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.", "id": "909099" }, { "contents": "Açores VR\n\n\nThe Açores VR () is a Portuguese wine region located in the archipelago of the Azores. This region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Located in the Atlantic Ocean, some from continental Portugal, the archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine islands, of which three cultivate wine-making grapes for export production: Terceira, Pico and Graciosa. Located on", "id": "4592271" }, { "contents": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero\n\n\namong others, 80% of the affected farmers and the Socialist regional governments of regions such as Extremadura, Andalusia or Castilla-La Mancha. Some Socialist politicians also supported it when they were members of the former Socialist government back in the 90s (e.g. José Borrell, the current leader of the European Spanish Socialist Group and former president of the European Parliament. The scheme was mainly opposed by Zapatero, environmentalist groups, the Socialist regional government of Aragon and some of the citizens of the areas from which water was to be transferred", "id": "14405756" }, { "contents": "Chardonnay\n\n\nThe grape first rose to prominence in the Chablis and Burgundy regions. In Champagne, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier, but is also used to produce single varietal \"blanc de blancs\" styles of sparkling wine. Chardonnay can be found in \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) wines of the Loire Valley and Jura wine region, as well as the \"vin de pays\" wines of the Languedoc. Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by", "id": "16861988" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\ndes Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallée de la Marne. The towns of Reims and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French Kings and a Unesco world heritage site. Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique terroir. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also", "id": "9042171" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\ndiscontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône", "id": "99529" }, { "contents": "Beaumes-de-Venise\n\n\nBeaumes-de-Venise () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The word \"beaumes\" comes from the Provençal word \"bauma\" meaning \"cave\" or \"grotto\". The surrounding hills have many of these caves that were inhabited during the Iron Age. The village gives its name to a sweet wine appellation, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise. It also gives its name to a drier red wine, formerly Côtes du Rhone Villages", "id": "13677675" }, { "contents": "Champagne\n\n\n\"Champagne\" exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name \"Champagne\" is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an \"\"; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia, Chile, Brazil,", "id": "9042121" }, { "contents": "Regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\n147.1 million as the seat of the regional council of Rhône-Alpes, the construction of the building was approved by the regional council on 7 April 2005, followed by a European-level architecture competition from November 2005 to September 2006, the procurement of a building permit on 30 August 2007, groundbreaking on 8 July 2008, and the relocation of employees over a six-week period starting on 19 May 2011. On 21 June 2014, the new headquarters of the regional council of Auvergne at the Hôtel de Région in Clermont", "id": "11327121" }, { "contents": "Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nGálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la", "id": "19301569" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nwere rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de Vouvray, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to \"méthode champenoise\" being forbidden within the European Union as a designation", "id": "13668326" }, { "contents": "Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC\n\n\nCoteaux de Pierrevert is a wine-growing AOC in the western part of the Provence wine region of France, where the wines are produced in 11 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is partly located in the valley of the Durance river in the region of Manosque. Red wines are made from Grenache noir and Syrah which must account for 70% together with a minimum of 30% of each. Secondary varieties are Cinsault, Mourvedre and Carignan. Rosé: Grenache noir minimum 50%, and", "id": "9886739" }, { "contents": "Sierra de Alcaraz (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nSierra de Alcaraz is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Alcaraz, El Ballestero, El Bonillo, Povedilla, Robledo, and Viveros, located in the province of Albacete, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la Tierra\" status in", "id": "20070813" }, { "contents": "Macedonian wine\n\n\nNorth Macedonia produces wine on some of vineyards, and the production was 108,100 tonnes in 2008. There are also some additional of vineyards dedicated to table grapes. Red wine dominates the Macedonian wine production, with around 80 per cent. In contrast, within the European Union, \"Macedonia\" is a protected geographical indication (PGI) for wines produced in the Greek viticulture region of Macedonia. While part of Yugoslavia, North Macedonia was a producer of wine and vodka. In the 1980s, it accounted for around two-thirds", "id": "15227518" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine\n\n\ntoday though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical Champagne grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not regulated to a particular region of DO but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term \"Cava\" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, Aragon, Castile and León, Valencia, Extremadura, Navarre", "id": "8942253" }, { "contents": "South West France (wine region)\n\n\nand the wine region of South West France, and some of its grapes are used to make Vin de Pays under the designation \"Vin de Pays de Côtes de Gascogne\" or mixed with Armagnac to produce the mistelle Floc de Gascogne. South West France is a rather heterogeneous region in terms of its wines and how they are marketed. It is rare to see wines being sold as \"Vins du Sud-Ouest\". Rather, the smaller areas and individual appellations market their wines under their own (smaller) umbrella,", "id": "2626801" }, { "contents": "Vin de France\n\n\n. Simple varietal French wines instead had to use the \"vin de pays\" (\"country wine\") designation, which restricted the sourcing of grapes to the defined \"vin de pays\" regions, such as \"vin de Pays d'Oc\" from Languedoc-Roussillon. No French wine category existed that allowed a producer to source grapes from Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône and Provence, but still sell the wine under a varietal designation. As a result of the ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked", "id": "15811469" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\ntextiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. The scope of the agreement goes beyond tariffs. It includes increased access to public procurement contracts and protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also", "id": "18795598" }, { "contents": "David Schildknecht\n\n\nDavid Schildknecht is an American wine critic, a full-time member of \"Vinous\", and previous member of \"The Wine Advocate\", contributor to recent editions of Robert Parker's \"Wine Buyer’s Guide\". An authority on the wine of Germany and Austria, he also considers the Loire Valley a specialty, a wine region he has described as \"the bargain garden of France\". He currently covers the French regions of the Loire Valley, Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, Champagne, the Jura, the", "id": "17649648" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nusually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were", "id": "99528" }, { "contents": "Loire Valley (wine)\n\n\nof the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designations that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The \"Crémant de Loire\" which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The \"Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France\" refers to any varietally labeled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Sauvignon", "id": "9043145" }, { "contents": "Tourism in France\n\n\ndegree the ideals of the French Renaissance. The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and", "id": "998539" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\nThe history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans did much to spread viticulture across the land they knew as Gaul, encouraging the planting of vines in areas that would become the well known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. Over the course of its history, the French wine industry would be influenced and driven by", "id": "9119560" }, { "contents": "Frédéric Lornet\n\n\nFrédéric Lornet is a wine producer who owns and runs the Abbaye de la Boutière in Montigny-lès-Arsures; a small village just outside Arbois in the Franche-Comté / Jura region of France. Arbois, childhood home to Louis Pasteur, has for centuries been the wine capital of the Jura. As the name Abbaye de la Boutière indicates, the winery was established near Arbois in a hoary Roman Catholic Cistercian (White Monk) abbaye. The Jura is an eastern French winemaking region located between Burgundy and Switzerland - and", "id": "6619754" }, { "contents": "Sovetskoye Shampanskoye\n\n\nof the brand is not restricted. Several producers use the name, including wine producers from Italy and Spain. Under European Union law, as well as treaties accepted by most nations, sparkling wines produced outside the champagne region, even wine produced in other parts of France, do not have the right to use the term \"champagne\". Hungary (which originally produced Sovetskoye Shampanskoye under Soviet license), by contrast, today produces the beverage under the name \"Sovetskoye Igristoye\", a name that was also used by some", "id": "16031654" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\nRhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Wallonia, País Vasco, Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, who wanted to strengthen the local and regional dimension in energy and environmental policies at European level. Thus: \"\"Whereas by effective management, investment, and increasing awareness it is possible to create a system which is more energy efficient and less polluting;\" \"Whereas only an approach based on close proximity with consumers, and on both quantitative and qualitative understanding of their needs, can", "id": "7749570" }, { "contents": "Castilla–La Mancha\n\n\nCastilla–La Mancha (, , ), or Castile–La Mancha, is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete", "id": "21615897" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\n%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities. The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc’s launch in 1991. It also represents the EU’s largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants", "id": "18795596" }, { "contents": "Oeil de perdrix\n\n\n, Valais, and Neuchâtel all have the Oeil de Perdrix AOC today. The early origins of the American wine White Zinfandel can be traced to a California winemaker's attempt at making an Oeil de Perdrix–style wine. The Oeil de Perdrix style of wine is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages in Champagne region of France, prior to that region's development of the sparkling wine style that would take its name. During this period the Champenois were in competition with the Burgundy wine region for the favor of the Royal", "id": "976295" }, { "contents": "Terroir\n\n\ntwo wines will be different due to \"terroir\". The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different \"terroir\" are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. A Spanish or Australian \"chianti\". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the", "id": "19815361" }, { "contents": "Wine law\n\n\nto any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280. In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the \"Reichstag\" 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. In the European Union (EU),", "id": "18794619" } ]

[ { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nand is based in Bordeaux with an office in Strasbourg. The industry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-", "id": "20860572" }, { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nThe Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes Viticoles (AREV) is an organisation of political and trade representatives of wine regions within the European Union (EU) and Eastern Europe. It lobbies the EU on matters affecting its members, and acts as a forum for discussion of policy and marketing. The European Wine Regions Conference (CERV) was created on 20 June 1988 under Alsatian law. It became the Assembly of European Wine Regions (AREV) in 1994. It is financed by membership subscriptions,", "id": "20860571" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n's economic hegemony. The most important \"régions\" are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism)", "id": "18733048" }, { "contents": "Geology of France\n\n\nThe regional geology of France is commonly divided into the Paris Basin, the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Aquitaine Basin, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Côte languedocienne, the Sillon rhodanien, the Massif des Vosges, the Massif Ardennais, the Alsace graben (Rhine graben) and Flanders Basin. The regions Alsace, Franche-Comté, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur are part of the Western Alps. Sediment from the Valais ocean crop out in the Versoyen unit. The basement of the", "id": "9137080" }, { "contents": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nThe region shares two national borders: Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Vaud) to the northeast and Italy (Aosta Valley and Piedmont) to the east. The bordering French provinces are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the northwest, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast, Occitanie to the southwest, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain, Allier, Ardèche, Cantal, Drôme,", "id": "19200082" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\norganisation of the market in wine\" and it is supplemented by several Commission regulations. The former document has been adopted by the Council of the European Union through the member states' ministers of agriculture, while the Commission regulations are written by the European Commission in collaboration with the Wine Management Committee, where the member states are represented. The aspects regulated by EU fall mainly into the categories winemaking practices, classification and labelling, wine-production potential, documentation of wine industry activities, imports from non-EU countries, and duties", "id": "3557885" }, { "contents": "Beaujolais\n\n\nIn some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. The wine takes its name from the historical Province of Beaujolais, a wine-producing region. It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône \"département\" of the Rhône-Alpes region and southern areas of the Saône-et-Loire \"département\" of Burgundy. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to", "id": "6276341" }, { "contents": "Cap21\n\n\nMember of the European Parliament for North-West France as the MoDem's top candidate in the region. However, the party split from the MoDem in the runup to the 2010 regional elections and pursued an alliance with Europe Écologie. Cap 21 was allied with Europe Écologie in Alsace, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Upper Normandy and was allied with the MoDem in Burgundy and Picardy. Following the MoDem's poor result (4.2%) in the regional elections,", "id": "6142218" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n. Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms. The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes. In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French", "id": "18733049" }, { "contents": "Traditional method\n\n\nThe traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Portugal to produce Espumante and in Italy to produce Franciacorta. The method is known as the \"méthode champenoise,\" but the Champagne producers have successfully lobbied the European Union to restrict the use of that term within the EU only to wines produced in Champagne. Thus, wines from elsewhere", "id": "19248881" }, { "contents": "Centre-Val de Loire\n\n\nof the Loire Valley, such as the , the gentle and refined lifestyle, the wine, and the mild and temperate climate, all of which attract many tourists to the region. A new logo was also created. Bordering six other regions, Centre-Val-de-Loire borders the most of all 18 regions in France. The bordering regions are Normandy on the northwest, Île-de-France on the northeast, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the southeast,", "id": "20237325" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\noutside their region. Port cities like Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Rouen emerged as formidable centers of commerce with the wines of Gascony, Haut Pays, Poitou and the Île-de-France. During this period, political climates and alliances played a substantial role in the trade of French wines to other European countries. The 1152 marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Henry Plantagenet, the future Henry II of England, was the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship between Bordeaux and England. The 1295 Auld Alliance between France and Scotland", "id": "9119574" }, { "contents": "Christie's World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine\n\n\nrated on a 100-point scale, and all their wines given a star wine rating (three star maximum). Champagne receives the largest coverage, occupying 98 pages, but 10 other French regions (Alsace, Loire, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Limoux, others) receive 45 pages, while 141 pages covers the rest of the world (Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Austria, Southeast Europe, other European, South Africa, The United States, California, Others USA, Canada, South America", "id": "7765929" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nGerman growers, among others in the EU. In 1962, shortly after the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, or \"Common Market\") a set of rules were drawn up in which the normal common organisation of the market for a type of product – normally limited to a pricing system, rules on intervention and a system for trade with third-party countries – was extended in several areas in order to accommodate the diverse interests of wine production within individual member states. The wine sector required regulation", "id": "17720223" }, { "contents": "Sévérac-le-Château\n\n\nsovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ). The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. It also borders two countries to the south", "id": "14752630" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nin Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They", "id": "19345598" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nChampagne\" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term \"Champagne style\" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term \"methode champenoise\" has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union. Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers.", "id": "13668320" }, { "contents": "Élisabeth Guigou\n\n\n1997–2000. Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 2000–2002. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–1997 (Became minister in 1997, and elected in parliamentary elections). French Parliament Member of the National Assembly of France for Vaucluse : June 1997- July 1997 (Appointed Minister of Justice in July 1997). Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-Saint-Denis : Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007 and 2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : Elected in 1992,", "id": "20264329" }, { "contents": "Cava (Spanish wine)\n\n\nis produced in the Penedès area in Spain, with the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia being home to many of Spain's largest production houses. The two major producers are Codorníu and Freixenet. Cava is also produced in other villages in Aragon, Castile and León, Extremadura, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarre and Valencia. In the past, cava was referred to as \"Spanish champagne\", which is no longer permitted under European Union law, since Champagne has Protected Geographical Status (PGS) and Spain entered the EU", "id": "21344469" }, { "contents": "Merlot\n\n\nlargest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler-climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona. In Costers del Segre, the grape is often used in Bordeaux-style blend while in Aragon (with in 2008), Navarra ( in 2008) and Castilla-La Mancha () sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties. Spain's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula, Portugal, has only a very limited amount", "id": "19315786" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nit. The word \"appellation\" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for", "id": "19345591" }, { "contents": "Korbel Champagne Cellars\n\n\nCzechoslovak brothers named Korbel. It was purchased by Adolph Heck in 1954. Heck's son, Gary, took over in 1984, and over time increased production from 150,000 to 1.3 million cases per year, making Korbel the twelfth largest wine producer in the United States as of 2011. On its website, Korbel calls itself \"producers of fine California méthode champenoise champagnes for 137 years\". Normally, under European Union (EU) law, only wine from France's Champagne wine region may use the terms “Champagne\" or", "id": "21832455" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nThe Champagne wine region (archaic ) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France. The area is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term \"Champagne\" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 100 miles (160 km) east of Paris. The viticultural boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine producing districts within the historical province: Aube, Côte", "id": "9042170" }, { "contents": "Cairanne\n\n\nCairanne () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France whose inhabitants were locally nicknamed \"leis afrontaires de Cairana\", the cheeky ones from Cairanne. It dates from the mid-8th century and is located midway between Orange and Vaison-la-Romaine. The village economy depends largely on its production of wine that falls into the various categories of wines from the Rhône valley. The settlement was first mentioned in 739 CE as \"Queroana\" and later became known as Cayrane", "id": "644328" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEuropean Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production. These regulations form a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of EU, and regulate such things as the maximum vineyard surface allowed to individual EU member states, allowed winemaking practices and principles for wine classification and labelling. The wine regulations exist to regulate total production in order to combat overproduction of wine and to provide an underpinning", "id": "3557877" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nexcess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using \"Grand cru\" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or", "id": "99531" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\n, the European network of regional observatories energy and greenhouse gas. FEDARENE is currently responsible for the coordination of the network and has made a valuable contribution in its creation. The Board of Administration is composed of 16 members of which a President, a General Secretary, 13 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board's members are representatives of the following Regions/Provinces: North West Croatia (HR), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region (FR), Berlin (DE), Rhône-Alpes", "id": "7749574" }, { "contents": "Sablet\n\n\nSablet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a fortified Provençal village rich in history. Sablet is situated at the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail in the Côtes du Rhône wine-producing region. It is located to the west of Mont Ventoux, in a transition zone between the Prealps and the Mediterranean. Sablet is very close to the larger towns of Vaison-la-Romaine to the north, Carpentras to the south and Orange to the west", "id": "16748637" }, { "contents": "Transport express régional\n\n\nhave an average ridership of only about 66 travellers per train. TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes. Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays-de-la-", "id": "14624124" }, { "contents": "Austrian cuisine\n\n\nmost widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished", "id": "17086568" }, { "contents": "Classification of wine\n\n\nstating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to", "id": "5411712" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nvins de la rivière\" and \"vins de la montagne\"- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river Marne which carried the wines down to the Seine and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the Flemish wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century, Pinot noir became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of Burgundy wines,", "id": "9042181" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\n(by volume) of wine is \"vin de table\", while in Germany only 5% is \"deutscher Tafelwein\". Table wine from anywhere in the EU can be blended together to produce European Table Wine. European table wines are generally made from the highest-yielding sites and vinified in an industrial manner. In the 1950s, when per capita consumption of wine was much higher, there was a need for vast quantities of cheap wine, but now much of it goes into the European Union's troublesome \"wine", "id": "13361504" }, { "contents": "Meursault\n\n\nMeursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Côte-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as \"buttery\" to be applied", "id": "18826987" }, { "contents": "Rosé\n\n\nred wines produced in such notable wine regions as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne were \"rosé-style\" wines made from juice that had only brief periods of skin contact during winemaking. But even as the trend in these regions evolved towards more modern ideas of \"red wines\", rosés still hold a prominent place in many of France's major wine regions. Today rosé is produced throughout France from the cooler climate rosé Champagnes and Loire Valley wines to the warm Mediterranean influence climates of Provence and the southern Rhone Valley. Rosés", "id": "19952534" }, { "contents": "Gevrey-Chambertin\n\n\nGevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies 15 km South of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin. Gevrey-Chambertin is one of the wine villages of the Côte de Nuits which lies along the foot of the Côte", "id": "18339026" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nin the east of France. To the north are the French regions of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté, to the west it borders the region Auvergne, to the south it borders Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy. The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border. The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône. The confluence of these", "id": "20237369" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine regions\n\n\nThe mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as \"Denominaciones de Origen\" (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws. In compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002, Spanish wines are classified into two categories, which in turn are further classified into sub-categories depending on the strictness of the criteria applied in producing the type of wine in question: In 2006 a new \"Vino de la Tierra\" \"super-region\" was created", "id": "17220026" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nGerman wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A. On the other side of Rhine from Baden, Alsace is situated. Due to its very large north-south length, Baden is divided into nine districts (\"Bereiche\"), which is more than any other German wine region. From north to south, these districts are: Grape varieties of the Pinot family are responsible for almost 55% of the vineyards of Baden, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) covering 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in", "id": "4626276" }, { "contents": "Erdőbénye\n\n\nThe village Erdőbénye may have 1600 inhabitants and may be located 20 km from the town of Tokaj in Northern Hungary. It may lie in a valley surrounded by mountains and vineyards, in the middle of the famous wine-region ‘Tokaj-Hegyalja’, in Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. The village may be one of the centres for wine-production in this region. There may be more cellars in the village, where the regional wines can be tasted. As the well-known old saying tells us:", "id": "12173553" }, { "contents": "Classification of Saint-Émilion wine\n\n\nthan previous efforts, with tastings and inspections outsourced by INAO to independent groups with no involvement by St.-Emilion Wine Syndicate and Bordeaux wine trade, but instead wine professionals from Burgundy, the Rhône Valley, Champagne, the Loire Valley and Provence made up a seven-person commission. There is no longer a fixed number of châteaus which can be classified, and the new rankings elevated Château Pavie and Château Angélus to Premier Classe A. Among new Premiers grands crus were Larcis Ducasse, Canon-la-Gaffelière and \"garagiste\" producers Valandraud", "id": "3049694" }, { "contents": "Burgundy wine\n\n\n1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines. After Burgundy", "id": "16297307" }, { "contents": "Côtes de Gascogne\n\n\nCôtes de Gascogne is a wine-growing district in Gascony producing principally white wine. It is mainly located in the département of the Gers in the former Midi-Pyrénées region (now part of the Occitanie region), and it belongs to the wine region South West France. The designation Côtes de Gascogne is used for a \"Vin de Pays\" (\"country wine\") produced in the Armagnac area. The decree of 13 September 1968 created the difference between a \"Vin de Pays\" and simpler table wine,", "id": "447824" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\nTable wine is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification. In the United States, \"table wine\" primarily designates a wine style: ordinary wine which is neither fortified nor sparkling nor expensive. In the European Union wine regulations, \"table wine\" (TW) is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond", "id": "13361499" }, { "contents": "Provence wine\n\n\n\"département\" is occasionally cited by some sources with Provence due to some similarities in wine style; the appellation is however officially part of the Rhône wine region and its typicity more closely approaches that of its neighbour on its northern border, Côtes de Ventoux AOC, also a Rhône wine. The region has several \"vin de pays\" designations, with Bouches-du-Rhône, near Aix-en-Provence, being one of the most common designations seen abroad. The Bellet AOC is in southeastern Provence, near Nice", "id": "18590333" }, { "contents": "Buisson, Vaucluse\n\n\nBuisson is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Buisson is a small, wine-producing, Knights Templar village, dating back at least as far as the 12th century, and linked since its beginning to the nearby village of Villedieu, with which it produces its principal crop, Côtes-du-Rhône wine, which is sold from their joint winery, le Cellier du Templier. Situated above the Aygues River, Buisson lies at the northern edge of the Vaucluse", "id": "13677632" }, { "contents": "Burgundy\n\n\nTrémouille until its merger to form the regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Burgundy is one of France's main wine producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including Gamay, Aligote, Pinot blanc, and Sauvignon blanc. The region is divided into the Côte-d'Or, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâcon", "id": "5142782" }, { "contents": "Nuits-Saint-Georges\n\n\nNuits-Saint-Georges () is a commune in the arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It lies in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Nuits-Saint-Georges is the main town of the Côte de Nuits wine-producing area of Burgundy. Nuits-Saint-Georges was the site of the traditional Burgundian festival, \"la Saint-Vincent-Tournante\", in 2007. It is a festival that celebrates the wine of a different Burgundian village each year. The", "id": "13776155" }, { "contents": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union\n\n\nquality wine psr, with the \"psr\" standing for \"\"produced in a specified region\"\". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as table wine. There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the European Commission restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are", "id": "1749448" }, { "contents": "List of Portuguese wine regions\n\n\nPortuguese wine regions are grouped into three levels of classification. At the top are the \"Denominação de Origem Controlada\" (or DOCs) which are Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) under the European Union wine regulations and thus correspond roughly to the French \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Spanish \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) classifications. The second group consist of \"Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada\" (IPRs), and are also QWpsr. IPRs are used for DOC candidates \"in training\"", "id": "12630197" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nBaden is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Under German wine legislation, Baden and Württemberg are separate wine regions. With under vine in 2008, Baden is Germany's third largest wine region, but seems to be much less known on export markets in comparison to many smaller German regions, and in comparison to the neighbouring French region of Alsace, which is", "id": "4626273" }, { "contents": "Roussanne\n\n\nbe found in some white wines from the Côtes du Rhône AOC. Outside of the Rhône, the Roussanne is grown in Provence and the Languedoc-Roussillon région where it is sometimes blended with Chardonnay, Marsanne and Vermentino in some \"vin de pays\". In Savoie, the grape is known as Bergeron where it produces highly aromatic wines in Chignin. Outside France it is grown in the Italian wine regions of Liguria and Tuscany where it is a permitted grape in Montecarlo bianco. In Australia, it was believed to have been", "id": "11395981" }, { "contents": "Grenache\n\n\nvarietal wines and blends. Garnacha plays a major role in the \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) wines in Aragon, Catalonia and Navarra and the \"Denominación de Origen Calificada\" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta. Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape,", "id": "1395794" }, { "contents": "Comité Régional d'Action Viticole\n\n\nregion which the group believes has been plagued by surplus production and a subsequent need to adapt the quality and quantity of wine produced to changing market realities, including reduced domestic demand for simple wine for everyday consumption. This process, which has involved considerable European Union subsidies, has had negative effects on smaller producers and has met with various protests, of which CRAV is the most violent. CRAV's publicised demands have regularly included elements which are more-or-less impossible for French politicians to implement under European Union rules, since", "id": "11085105" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nharmonise regulations for various products which traditionally have been regulated on a national level. The EU wine regulations form a framework for the wine laws of the European Union member states. Since national wine laws have a much longer history than the EU wine regulations, the EU regulations have been designed to accommodate existing regulations of several member states. In particular, the existing regulations concerning French wine, with its detailed appellation laws, formed a basis, while also making room for the very different German wine classification system. In general, the", "id": "3557890" }, { "contents": "Focșani\n\n\nmost popular wine-producing regions in Romania, Odobești being just to the northwest, in Romania, Focșani itself is not considered a wine-producing center. The wine sold as \"Weisse von Fokshan\" in Germany and some other European countries is generally a \"Fetească Albă de Odobești\" wine, and practically a second-rated wine which does not comply to the European Union rules of naming the regions of origin of wines. The vicinity is rich in minerals such as iron, copper, coal, and petroleum. The", "id": "407220" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\ntripe and quenelles. In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard. The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin. Wines in this region include the very famous Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine. Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region. Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times;", "id": "20237377" }, { "contents": "Duriense VR\n\n\nDuriense is a Portuguese wine region covering the same area as the Douro DOC and the Port wine region. In difference from Douro DOC, Duriense VR is a designation at the lower \"Vinho Regional\" (VR) level, which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Thus, it is the simpler or less typical wines of the Douro region that are sold using a Duriense VR label. Before the creation of a separate Duriense VR", "id": "4592280" }, { "contents": "Lombardia (wine)\n\n\nis the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions. The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south) This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since the 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina", "id": "11286179" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nQuality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (often abbreviated to QWpsr or simply \"quality wines\") is a quality indicator used within European Union wine regulations. The QWpsr category identifies wines with protected geographical indications. The European Union regulates and defines the status of \"quality wines\" according to production method, management and geographical location. Its original, fundamental role is in differentiating quality wines from table wines, broadly in line with the system traditionally employed by the French government, amended to account for the preferences and methodology of Italian and", "id": "17720222" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nof enforcement agencies. The wines produced within EU are divided into two quality categories, Table wines (TW) and Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr), where QWpsr is the higher category. Rules for winemaking practices and labelling are different for TW and QWpsr. The similar categories also exist for sparkling wine. The TW and QWpsr categories are translated into different national wine classification for each member state. Thus, some member states may have more than two levels of classification, but all national levels correspond to either TW", "id": "3557886" }, { "contents": "Vino de Pago\n\n\nand wine estates that are classified as Vino de Pago are subject to separate requirements rather than those of the wine region where they are located. One of the requirements is that the estate may only use their own grapes for their wines. The Spanish word \"pago\" comes from the Latin word pagus, meaning a country district. When introduced, the new regulation met with particular interest in Castilla-La Mancha, where the first Vinos de Pago were created. So far, all Vinos de Pago are located in Aragon,", "id": "6206495" }, { "contents": "Chaptalization\n\n\n1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the Northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia,", "id": "20299848" }, { "contents": "Belaire Rosé\n\n\nBelaire Rosé is a French sparkling wine produced in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of the South of France. Officially labelled \"Luc Belaire Rare Rosé,\" the wine is a blend of Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsault grapes typically used in the production of Provencal rosé wines. The brand is owned by niaz the New York-based company Sovereign Brands. The brand's packaging is noteworthy for its opaque black bottles. Rick Ross is one of their major promoters. The brand's range also includes a Brut and", "id": "8086233" }, { "contents": "Terras Madeirenses VR\n\n\nTerras Madeirenses is a Portuguese wine region situated on the islands of Madeira, both on the main island and on the Porto Santo Island. The region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Terras Madeirenses is a designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira, while the more famous fortified Madeira wines use the designation Madeira DOC. There are also two \"Denominação", "id": "4592286" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEU wine regulations provide for minimum standards across EU, while making it possible for individual member states to enact stricter standards in certain areas in their national wine laws. An example comparing a French and two German wine types made from the same grape variety illustrate what the EU wine regulations stipulate, and how the individual countries have applied various stricter regulations than the minimum for these \"quality wines\". In a sense, the EU wine regulations as such are rather invisible to the wine consumers and the wine trade, since the details", "id": "3557891" }, { "contents": "Beaumes de Venise AOC\n\n\nBeaumes de Venise is an appellation of wines from the eastern central region of the southern half of the Rhône Valley. It produces wines of two distinctly different types: 1. A sweet fortified wine of the type \"vin doux naturel\" (VDN), under the designation Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. 2. A red Côtes du Rhône Villages from the classification of named villages, which typifies the quality wines of the Côtes du Rhône region. The vines are grown on the slopes around the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail", "id": "1197239" }, { "contents": "Catalan wine\n\n\nand Xarel·lo have since become established as the most popular grapes for producing cava. Early versions were called Catalan \"champán\" or \"xampany\" after Champagne but this practice ended when the EU awarded Champagne Protected Geographical Status. Catalan main sparkling wine producers agreed and adopted the name \"Cava\" after the Catalan word for cellar, where the wines were traditionally stored. According to Spanish wine laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions (such as Aranda de Duero, Navarra and Rioja) but 95% of Spanish Cava", "id": "10752898" }, { "contents": "Czech wine\n\n\n. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into the Czech language and subsequently incorporated into the Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards.", "id": "22164447" }, { "contents": "Tokaj (Slovakia)\n\n\nregistration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.", "id": "909099" }, { "contents": "Açores VR\n\n\nThe Açores VR () is a Portuguese wine region located in the archipelago of the Azores. This region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Located in the Atlantic Ocean, some from continental Portugal, the archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine islands, of which three cultivate wine-making grapes for export production: Terceira, Pico and Graciosa. Located on", "id": "4592271" }, { "contents": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero\n\n\namong others, 80% of the affected farmers and the Socialist regional governments of regions such as Extremadura, Andalusia or Castilla-La Mancha. Some Socialist politicians also supported it when they were members of the former Socialist government back in the 90s (e.g. José Borrell, the current leader of the European Spanish Socialist Group and former president of the European Parliament. The scheme was mainly opposed by Zapatero, environmentalist groups, the Socialist regional government of Aragon and some of the citizens of the areas from which water was to be transferred", "id": "14405756" }, { "contents": "Chardonnay\n\n\nThe grape first rose to prominence in the Chablis and Burgundy regions. In Champagne, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier, but is also used to produce single varietal \"blanc de blancs\" styles of sparkling wine. Chardonnay can be found in \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) wines of the Loire Valley and Jura wine region, as well as the \"vin de pays\" wines of the Languedoc. Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by", "id": "16861988" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\ndes Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallée de la Marne. The towns of Reims and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French Kings and a Unesco world heritage site. Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique terroir. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also", "id": "9042171" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\ndiscontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône", "id": "99529" }, { "contents": "Beaumes-de-Venise\n\n\nBeaumes-de-Venise () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The word \"beaumes\" comes from the Provençal word \"bauma\" meaning \"cave\" or \"grotto\". The surrounding hills have many of these caves that were inhabited during the Iron Age. The village gives its name to a sweet wine appellation, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise. It also gives its name to a drier red wine, formerly Côtes du Rhone Villages", "id": "13677675" }, { "contents": "Champagne\n\n\n\"Champagne\" exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name \"Champagne\" is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an \"\"; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia, Chile, Brazil,", "id": "9042121" }, { "contents": "Regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\n147.1 million as the seat of the regional council of Rhône-Alpes, the construction of the building was approved by the regional council on 7 April 2005, followed by a European-level architecture competition from November 2005 to September 2006, the procurement of a building permit on 30 August 2007, groundbreaking on 8 July 2008, and the relocation of employees over a six-week period starting on 19 May 2011. On 21 June 2014, the new headquarters of the regional council of Auvergne at the Hôtel de Région in Clermont", "id": "11327121" }, { "contents": "Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nGálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la", "id": "19301569" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nwere rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de Vouvray, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to \"méthode champenoise\" being forbidden within the European Union as a designation", "id": "13668326" }, { "contents": "Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC\n\n\nCoteaux de Pierrevert is a wine-growing AOC in the western part of the Provence wine region of France, where the wines are produced in 11 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is partly located in the valley of the Durance river in the region of Manosque. Red wines are made from Grenache noir and Syrah which must account for 70% together with a minimum of 30% of each. Secondary varieties are Cinsault, Mourvedre and Carignan. Rosé: Grenache noir minimum 50%, and", "id": "9886739" }, { "contents": "Sierra de Alcaraz (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nSierra de Alcaraz is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Alcaraz, El Ballestero, El Bonillo, Povedilla, Robledo, and Viveros, located in the province of Albacete, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la Tierra\" status in", "id": "20070813" }, { "contents": "Macedonian wine\n\n\nNorth Macedonia produces wine on some of vineyards, and the production was 108,100 tonnes in 2008. There are also some additional of vineyards dedicated to table grapes. Red wine dominates the Macedonian wine production, with around 80 per cent. In contrast, within the European Union, \"Macedonia\" is a protected geographical indication (PGI) for wines produced in the Greek viticulture region of Macedonia. While part of Yugoslavia, North Macedonia was a producer of wine and vodka. In the 1980s, it accounted for around two-thirds", "id": "15227518" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine\n\n\ntoday though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical Champagne grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not regulated to a particular region of DO but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term \"Cava\" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, Aragon, Castile and León, Valencia, Extremadura, Navarre", "id": "8942253" }, { "contents": "South West France (wine region)\n\n\nand the wine region of South West France, and some of its grapes are used to make Vin de Pays under the designation \"Vin de Pays de Côtes de Gascogne\" or mixed with Armagnac to produce the mistelle Floc de Gascogne. South West France is a rather heterogeneous region in terms of its wines and how they are marketed. It is rare to see wines being sold as \"Vins du Sud-Ouest\". Rather, the smaller areas and individual appellations market their wines under their own (smaller) umbrella,", "id": "2626801" }, { "contents": "Vin de France\n\n\n. Simple varietal French wines instead had to use the \"vin de pays\" (\"country wine\") designation, which restricted the sourcing of grapes to the defined \"vin de pays\" regions, such as \"vin de Pays d'Oc\" from Languedoc-Roussillon. No French wine category existed that allowed a producer to source grapes from Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône and Provence, but still sell the wine under a varietal designation. As a result of the ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked", "id": "15811469" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\ntextiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. The scope of the agreement goes beyond tariffs. It includes increased access to public procurement contracts and protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also", "id": "18795598" }, { "contents": "David Schildknecht\n\n\nDavid Schildknecht is an American wine critic, a full-time member of \"Vinous\", and previous member of \"The Wine Advocate\", contributor to recent editions of Robert Parker's \"Wine Buyer’s Guide\". An authority on the wine of Germany and Austria, he also considers the Loire Valley a specialty, a wine region he has described as \"the bargain garden of France\". He currently covers the French regions of the Loire Valley, Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, Champagne, the Jura, the", "id": "17649648" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nusually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were", "id": "99528" }, { "contents": "Loire Valley (wine)\n\n\nof the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designations that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The \"Crémant de Loire\" which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The \"Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France\" refers to any varietally labeled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Sauvignon", "id": "9043145" }, { "contents": "Tourism in France\n\n\ndegree the ideals of the French Renaissance. The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and", "id": "998539" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\nThe history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans did much to spread viticulture across the land they knew as Gaul, encouraging the planting of vines in areas that would become the well known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. Over the course of its history, the French wine industry would be influenced and driven by", "id": "9119560" }, { "contents": "Frédéric Lornet\n\n\nFrédéric Lornet is a wine producer who owns and runs the Abbaye de la Boutière in Montigny-lès-Arsures; a small village just outside Arbois in the Franche-Comté / Jura region of France. Arbois, childhood home to Louis Pasteur, has for centuries been the wine capital of the Jura. As the name Abbaye de la Boutière indicates, the winery was established near Arbois in a hoary Roman Catholic Cistercian (White Monk) abbaye. The Jura is an eastern French winemaking region located between Burgundy and Switzerland - and", "id": "6619754" }, { "contents": "Sovetskoye Shampanskoye\n\n\nof the brand is not restricted. Several producers use the name, including wine producers from Italy and Spain. Under European Union law, as well as treaties accepted by most nations, sparkling wines produced outside the champagne region, even wine produced in other parts of France, do not have the right to use the term \"champagne\". Hungary (which originally produced Sovetskoye Shampanskoye under Soviet license), by contrast, today produces the beverage under the name \"Sovetskoye Igristoye\", a name that was also used by some", "id": "16031654" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\nRhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Wallonia, País Vasco, Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, who wanted to strengthen the local and regional dimension in energy and environmental policies at European level. Thus: \"\"Whereas by effective management, investment, and increasing awareness it is possible to create a system which is more energy efficient and less polluting;\" \"Whereas only an approach based on close proximity with consumers, and on both quantitative and qualitative understanding of their needs, can", "id": "7749570" }, { "contents": "Castilla–La Mancha\n\n\nCastilla–La Mancha (, , ), or Castile–La Mancha, is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete", "id": "21615897" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\n%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities. The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc’s launch in 1991. It also represents the EU’s largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants", "id": "18795596" }, { "contents": "Oeil de perdrix\n\n\n, Valais, and Neuchâtel all have the Oeil de Perdrix AOC today. The early origins of the American wine White Zinfandel can be traced to a California winemaker's attempt at making an Oeil de Perdrix–style wine. The Oeil de Perdrix style of wine is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages in Champagne region of France, prior to that region's development of the sparkling wine style that would take its name. During this period the Champenois were in competition with the Burgundy wine region for the favor of the Royal", "id": "976295" }, { "contents": "Terroir\n\n\ntwo wines will be different due to \"terroir\". The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different \"terroir\" are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. A Spanish or Australian \"chianti\". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the", "id": "19815361" }, { "contents": "Wine law\n\n\nto any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280. In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the \"Reichstag\" 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. In the European Union (EU),", "id": "18794619" } ]

[ { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nand is based in Bordeaux with an office in Strasbourg. The industry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-", "id": "20860572" }, { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nThe Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes Viticoles (AREV) is an organisation of political and trade representatives of wine regions within the European Union (EU) and Eastern Europe. It lobbies the EU on matters affecting its members, and acts as a forum for discussion of policy and marketing. The European Wine Regions Conference (CERV) was created on 20 June 1988 under Alsatian law. It became the Assembly of European Wine Regions (AREV) in 1994. It is financed by membership subscriptions,", "id": "20860571" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n's economic hegemony. The most important \"régions\" are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism)", "id": "18733048" }, { "contents": "Geology of France\n\n\nThe regional geology of France is commonly divided into the Paris Basin, the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Aquitaine Basin, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Côte languedocienne, the Sillon rhodanien, the Massif des Vosges, the Massif Ardennais, the Alsace graben (Rhine graben) and Flanders Basin. The regions Alsace, Franche-Comté, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur are part of the Western Alps. Sediment from the Valais ocean crop out in the Versoyen unit. The basement of the", "id": "9137080" }, { "contents": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nThe region shares two national borders: Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Vaud) to the northeast and Italy (Aosta Valley and Piedmont) to the east. The bordering French provinces are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the northwest, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast, Occitanie to the southwest, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain, Allier, Ardèche, Cantal, Drôme,", "id": "19200082" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\norganisation of the market in wine\" and it is supplemented by several Commission regulations. The former document has been adopted by the Council of the European Union through the member states' ministers of agriculture, while the Commission regulations are written by the European Commission in collaboration with the Wine Management Committee, where the member states are represented. The aspects regulated by EU fall mainly into the categories winemaking practices, classification and labelling, wine-production potential, documentation of wine industry activities, imports from non-EU countries, and duties", "id": "3557885" }, { "contents": "Beaujolais\n\n\nIn some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. The wine takes its name from the historical Province of Beaujolais, a wine-producing region. It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône \"département\" of the Rhône-Alpes region and southern areas of the Saône-et-Loire \"département\" of Burgundy. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to", "id": "6276341" }, { "contents": "Cap21\n\n\nMember of the European Parliament for North-West France as the MoDem's top candidate in the region. However, the party split from the MoDem in the runup to the 2010 regional elections and pursued an alliance with Europe Écologie. Cap 21 was allied with Europe Écologie in Alsace, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Upper Normandy and was allied with the MoDem in Burgundy and Picardy. Following the MoDem's poor result (4.2%) in the regional elections,", "id": "6142218" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n. Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms. The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes. In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French", "id": "18733049" }, { "contents": "Traditional method\n\n\nThe traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Portugal to produce Espumante and in Italy to produce Franciacorta. The method is known as the \"méthode champenoise,\" but the Champagne producers have successfully lobbied the European Union to restrict the use of that term within the EU only to wines produced in Champagne. Thus, wines from elsewhere", "id": "19248881" }, { "contents": "Centre-Val de Loire\n\n\nof the Loire Valley, such as the , the gentle and refined lifestyle, the wine, and the mild and temperate climate, all of which attract many tourists to the region. A new logo was also created. Bordering six other regions, Centre-Val-de-Loire borders the most of all 18 regions in France. The bordering regions are Normandy on the northwest, Île-de-France on the northeast, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the southeast,", "id": "20237325" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\noutside their region. Port cities like Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Rouen emerged as formidable centers of commerce with the wines of Gascony, Haut Pays, Poitou and the Île-de-France. During this period, political climates and alliances played a substantial role in the trade of French wines to other European countries. The 1152 marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Henry Plantagenet, the future Henry II of England, was the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship between Bordeaux and England. The 1295 Auld Alliance between France and Scotland", "id": "9119574" }, { "contents": "Christie's World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine\n\n\nrated on a 100-point scale, and all their wines given a star wine rating (three star maximum). Champagne receives the largest coverage, occupying 98 pages, but 10 other French regions (Alsace, Loire, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Limoux, others) receive 45 pages, while 141 pages covers the rest of the world (Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Austria, Southeast Europe, other European, South Africa, The United States, California, Others USA, Canada, South America", "id": "7765929" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nGerman growers, among others in the EU. In 1962, shortly after the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, or \"Common Market\") a set of rules were drawn up in which the normal common organisation of the market for a type of product – normally limited to a pricing system, rules on intervention and a system for trade with third-party countries – was extended in several areas in order to accommodate the diverse interests of wine production within individual member states. The wine sector required regulation", "id": "17720223" }, { "contents": "Sévérac-le-Château\n\n\nsovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ). The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. It also borders two countries to the south", "id": "14752630" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nin Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They", "id": "19345598" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nChampagne\" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term \"Champagne style\" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term \"methode champenoise\" has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union. Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers.", "id": "13668320" }, { "contents": "Élisabeth Guigou\n\n\n1997–2000. Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 2000–2002. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–1997 (Became minister in 1997, and elected in parliamentary elections). French Parliament Member of the National Assembly of France for Vaucluse : June 1997- July 1997 (Appointed Minister of Justice in July 1997). Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-Saint-Denis : Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007 and 2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : Elected in 1992,", "id": "20264329" }, { "contents": "Cava (Spanish wine)\n\n\nis produced in the Penedès area in Spain, with the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia being home to many of Spain's largest production houses. The two major producers are Codorníu and Freixenet. Cava is also produced in other villages in Aragon, Castile and León, Extremadura, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarre and Valencia. In the past, cava was referred to as \"Spanish champagne\", which is no longer permitted under European Union law, since Champagne has Protected Geographical Status (PGS) and Spain entered the EU", "id": "21344469" }, { "contents": "Merlot\n\n\nlargest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler-climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona. In Costers del Segre, the grape is often used in Bordeaux-style blend while in Aragon (with in 2008), Navarra ( in 2008) and Castilla-La Mancha () sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties. Spain's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula, Portugal, has only a very limited amount", "id": "19315786" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nit. The word \"appellation\" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for", "id": "19345591" }, { "contents": "Korbel Champagne Cellars\n\n\nCzechoslovak brothers named Korbel. It was purchased by Adolph Heck in 1954. Heck's son, Gary, took over in 1984, and over time increased production from 150,000 to 1.3 million cases per year, making Korbel the twelfth largest wine producer in the United States as of 2011. On its website, Korbel calls itself \"producers of fine California méthode champenoise champagnes for 137 years\". Normally, under European Union (EU) law, only wine from France's Champagne wine region may use the terms “Champagne\" or", "id": "21832455" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nThe Champagne wine region (archaic ) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France. The area is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term \"Champagne\" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 100 miles (160 km) east of Paris. The viticultural boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine producing districts within the historical province: Aube, Côte", "id": "9042170" }, { "contents": "Cairanne\n\n\nCairanne () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France whose inhabitants were locally nicknamed \"leis afrontaires de Cairana\", the cheeky ones from Cairanne. It dates from the mid-8th century and is located midway between Orange and Vaison-la-Romaine. The village economy depends largely on its production of wine that falls into the various categories of wines from the Rhône valley. The settlement was first mentioned in 739 CE as \"Queroana\" and later became known as Cayrane", "id": "644328" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEuropean Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production. These regulations form a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of EU, and regulate such things as the maximum vineyard surface allowed to individual EU member states, allowed winemaking practices and principles for wine classification and labelling. The wine regulations exist to regulate total production in order to combat overproduction of wine and to provide an underpinning", "id": "3557877" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nexcess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using \"Grand cru\" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or", "id": "99531" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\n, the European network of regional observatories energy and greenhouse gas. FEDARENE is currently responsible for the coordination of the network and has made a valuable contribution in its creation. The Board of Administration is composed of 16 members of which a President, a General Secretary, 13 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board's members are representatives of the following Regions/Provinces: North West Croatia (HR), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region (FR), Berlin (DE), Rhône-Alpes", "id": "7749574" }, { "contents": "Sablet\n\n\nSablet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a fortified Provençal village rich in history. Sablet is situated at the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail in the Côtes du Rhône wine-producing region. It is located to the west of Mont Ventoux, in a transition zone between the Prealps and the Mediterranean. Sablet is very close to the larger towns of Vaison-la-Romaine to the north, Carpentras to the south and Orange to the west", "id": "16748637" }, { "contents": "Transport express régional\n\n\nhave an average ridership of only about 66 travellers per train. TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes. Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays-de-la-", "id": "14624124" }, { "contents": "Austrian cuisine\n\n\nmost widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished", "id": "17086568" }, { "contents": "Classification of wine\n\n\nstating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to", "id": "5411712" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nvins de la rivière\" and \"vins de la montagne\"- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river Marne which carried the wines down to the Seine and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the Flemish wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century, Pinot noir became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of Burgundy wines,", "id": "9042181" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\n(by volume) of wine is \"vin de table\", while in Germany only 5% is \"deutscher Tafelwein\". Table wine from anywhere in the EU can be blended together to produce European Table Wine. European table wines are generally made from the highest-yielding sites and vinified in an industrial manner. In the 1950s, when per capita consumption of wine was much higher, there was a need for vast quantities of cheap wine, but now much of it goes into the European Union's troublesome \"wine", "id": "13361504" }, { "contents": "Meursault\n\n\nMeursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Côte-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as \"buttery\" to be applied", "id": "18826987" }, { "contents": "Rosé\n\n\nred wines produced in such notable wine regions as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne were \"rosé-style\" wines made from juice that had only brief periods of skin contact during winemaking. But even as the trend in these regions evolved towards more modern ideas of \"red wines\", rosés still hold a prominent place in many of France's major wine regions. Today rosé is produced throughout France from the cooler climate rosé Champagnes and Loire Valley wines to the warm Mediterranean influence climates of Provence and the southern Rhone Valley. Rosés", "id": "19952534" }, { "contents": "Gevrey-Chambertin\n\n\nGevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies 15 km South of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin. Gevrey-Chambertin is one of the wine villages of the Côte de Nuits which lies along the foot of the Côte", "id": "18339026" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nin the east of France. To the north are the French regions of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté, to the west it borders the region Auvergne, to the south it borders Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy. The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border. The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône. The confluence of these", "id": "20237369" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine regions\n\n\nThe mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as \"Denominaciones de Origen\" (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws. In compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002, Spanish wines are classified into two categories, which in turn are further classified into sub-categories depending on the strictness of the criteria applied in producing the type of wine in question: In 2006 a new \"Vino de la Tierra\" \"super-region\" was created", "id": "17220026" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nGerman wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A. On the other side of Rhine from Baden, Alsace is situated. Due to its very large north-south length, Baden is divided into nine districts (\"Bereiche\"), which is more than any other German wine region. From north to south, these districts are: Grape varieties of the Pinot family are responsible for almost 55% of the vineyards of Baden, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) covering 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in", "id": "4626276" }, { "contents": "Erdőbénye\n\n\nThe village Erdőbénye may have 1600 inhabitants and may be located 20 km from the town of Tokaj in Northern Hungary. It may lie in a valley surrounded by mountains and vineyards, in the middle of the famous wine-region ‘Tokaj-Hegyalja’, in Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. The village may be one of the centres for wine-production in this region. There may be more cellars in the village, where the regional wines can be tasted. As the well-known old saying tells us:", "id": "12173553" }, { "contents": "Classification of Saint-Émilion wine\n\n\nthan previous efforts, with tastings and inspections outsourced by INAO to independent groups with no involvement by St.-Emilion Wine Syndicate and Bordeaux wine trade, but instead wine professionals from Burgundy, the Rhône Valley, Champagne, the Loire Valley and Provence made up a seven-person commission. There is no longer a fixed number of châteaus which can be classified, and the new rankings elevated Château Pavie and Château Angélus to Premier Classe A. Among new Premiers grands crus were Larcis Ducasse, Canon-la-Gaffelière and \"garagiste\" producers Valandraud", "id": "3049694" }, { "contents": "Burgundy wine\n\n\n1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines. After Burgundy", "id": "16297307" }, { "contents": "Côtes de Gascogne\n\n\nCôtes de Gascogne is a wine-growing district in Gascony producing principally white wine. It is mainly located in the département of the Gers in the former Midi-Pyrénées region (now part of the Occitanie region), and it belongs to the wine region South West France. The designation Côtes de Gascogne is used for a \"Vin de Pays\" (\"country wine\") produced in the Armagnac area. The decree of 13 September 1968 created the difference between a \"Vin de Pays\" and simpler table wine,", "id": "447824" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\nTable wine is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification. In the United States, \"table wine\" primarily designates a wine style: ordinary wine which is neither fortified nor sparkling nor expensive. In the European Union wine regulations, \"table wine\" (TW) is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond", "id": "13361499" }, { "contents": "Provence wine\n\n\n\"département\" is occasionally cited by some sources with Provence due to some similarities in wine style; the appellation is however officially part of the Rhône wine region and its typicity more closely approaches that of its neighbour on its northern border, Côtes de Ventoux AOC, also a Rhône wine. The region has several \"vin de pays\" designations, with Bouches-du-Rhône, near Aix-en-Provence, being one of the most common designations seen abroad. The Bellet AOC is in southeastern Provence, near Nice", "id": "18590333" }, { "contents": "Buisson, Vaucluse\n\n\nBuisson is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Buisson is a small, wine-producing, Knights Templar village, dating back at least as far as the 12th century, and linked since its beginning to the nearby village of Villedieu, with which it produces its principal crop, Côtes-du-Rhône wine, which is sold from their joint winery, le Cellier du Templier. Situated above the Aygues River, Buisson lies at the northern edge of the Vaucluse", "id": "13677632" }, { "contents": "Burgundy\n\n\nTrémouille until its merger to form the regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Burgundy is one of France's main wine producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including Gamay, Aligote, Pinot blanc, and Sauvignon blanc. The region is divided into the Côte-d'Or, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâcon", "id": "5142782" }, { "contents": "Nuits-Saint-Georges\n\n\nNuits-Saint-Georges () is a commune in the arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It lies in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Nuits-Saint-Georges is the main town of the Côte de Nuits wine-producing area of Burgundy. Nuits-Saint-Georges was the site of the traditional Burgundian festival, \"la Saint-Vincent-Tournante\", in 2007. It is a festival that celebrates the wine of a different Burgundian village each year. The", "id": "13776155" }, { "contents": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union\n\n\nquality wine psr, with the \"psr\" standing for \"\"produced in a specified region\"\". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as table wine. There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the European Commission restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are", "id": "1749448" }, { "contents": "List of Portuguese wine regions\n\n\nPortuguese wine regions are grouped into three levels of classification. At the top are the \"Denominação de Origem Controlada\" (or DOCs) which are Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) under the European Union wine regulations and thus correspond roughly to the French \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Spanish \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) classifications. The second group consist of \"Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada\" (IPRs), and are also QWpsr. IPRs are used for DOC candidates \"in training\"", "id": "12630197" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nBaden is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Under German wine legislation, Baden and Württemberg are separate wine regions. With under vine in 2008, Baden is Germany's third largest wine region, but seems to be much less known on export markets in comparison to many smaller German regions, and in comparison to the neighbouring French region of Alsace, which is", "id": "4626273" }, { "contents": "Roussanne\n\n\nbe found in some white wines from the Côtes du Rhône AOC. Outside of the Rhône, the Roussanne is grown in Provence and the Languedoc-Roussillon région where it is sometimes blended with Chardonnay, Marsanne and Vermentino in some \"vin de pays\". In Savoie, the grape is known as Bergeron where it produces highly aromatic wines in Chignin. Outside France it is grown in the Italian wine regions of Liguria and Tuscany where it is a permitted grape in Montecarlo bianco. In Australia, it was believed to have been", "id": "11395981" }, { "contents": "Grenache\n\n\nvarietal wines and blends. Garnacha plays a major role in the \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) wines in Aragon, Catalonia and Navarra and the \"Denominación de Origen Calificada\" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta. Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape,", "id": "1395794" }, { "contents": "Comité Régional d'Action Viticole\n\n\nregion which the group believes has been plagued by surplus production and a subsequent need to adapt the quality and quantity of wine produced to changing market realities, including reduced domestic demand for simple wine for everyday consumption. This process, which has involved considerable European Union subsidies, has had negative effects on smaller producers and has met with various protests, of which CRAV is the most violent. CRAV's publicised demands have regularly included elements which are more-or-less impossible for French politicians to implement under European Union rules, since", "id": "11085105" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nharmonise regulations for various products which traditionally have been regulated on a national level. The EU wine regulations form a framework for the wine laws of the European Union member states. Since national wine laws have a much longer history than the EU wine regulations, the EU regulations have been designed to accommodate existing regulations of several member states. In particular, the existing regulations concerning French wine, with its detailed appellation laws, formed a basis, while also making room for the very different German wine classification system. In general, the", "id": "3557890" }, { "contents": "Focșani\n\n\nmost popular wine-producing regions in Romania, Odobești being just to the northwest, in Romania, Focșani itself is not considered a wine-producing center. The wine sold as \"Weisse von Fokshan\" in Germany and some other European countries is generally a \"Fetească Albă de Odobești\" wine, and practically a second-rated wine which does not comply to the European Union rules of naming the regions of origin of wines. The vicinity is rich in minerals such as iron, copper, coal, and petroleum. The", "id": "407220" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\ntripe and quenelles. In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard. The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin. Wines in this region include the very famous Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine. Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region. Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times;", "id": "20237377" }, { "contents": "Duriense VR\n\n\nDuriense is a Portuguese wine region covering the same area as the Douro DOC and the Port wine region. In difference from Douro DOC, Duriense VR is a designation at the lower \"Vinho Regional\" (VR) level, which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Thus, it is the simpler or less typical wines of the Douro region that are sold using a Duriense VR label. Before the creation of a separate Duriense VR", "id": "4592280" }, { "contents": "Lombardia (wine)\n\n\nis the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions. The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south) This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since the 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina", "id": "11286179" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nQuality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (often abbreviated to QWpsr or simply \"quality wines\") is a quality indicator used within European Union wine regulations. The QWpsr category identifies wines with protected geographical indications. The European Union regulates and defines the status of \"quality wines\" according to production method, management and geographical location. Its original, fundamental role is in differentiating quality wines from table wines, broadly in line with the system traditionally employed by the French government, amended to account for the preferences and methodology of Italian and", "id": "17720222" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nof enforcement agencies. The wines produced within EU are divided into two quality categories, Table wines (TW) and Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr), where QWpsr is the higher category. Rules for winemaking practices and labelling are different for TW and QWpsr. The similar categories also exist for sparkling wine. The TW and QWpsr categories are translated into different national wine classification for each member state. Thus, some member states may have more than two levels of classification, but all national levels correspond to either TW", "id": "3557886" }, { "contents": "Vino de Pago\n\n\nand wine estates that are classified as Vino de Pago are subject to separate requirements rather than those of the wine region where they are located. One of the requirements is that the estate may only use their own grapes for their wines. The Spanish word \"pago\" comes from the Latin word pagus, meaning a country district. When introduced, the new regulation met with particular interest in Castilla-La Mancha, where the first Vinos de Pago were created. So far, all Vinos de Pago are located in Aragon,", "id": "6206495" }, { "contents": "Chaptalization\n\n\n1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the Northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia,", "id": "20299848" }, { "contents": "Belaire Rosé\n\n\nBelaire Rosé is a French sparkling wine produced in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of the South of France. Officially labelled \"Luc Belaire Rare Rosé,\" the wine is a blend of Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsault grapes typically used in the production of Provencal rosé wines. The brand is owned by niaz the New York-based company Sovereign Brands. The brand's packaging is noteworthy for its opaque black bottles. Rick Ross is one of their major promoters. The brand's range also includes a Brut and", "id": "8086233" }, { "contents": "Terras Madeirenses VR\n\n\nTerras Madeirenses is a Portuguese wine region situated on the islands of Madeira, both on the main island and on the Porto Santo Island. The region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Terras Madeirenses is a designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira, while the more famous fortified Madeira wines use the designation Madeira DOC. There are also two \"Denominação", "id": "4592286" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEU wine regulations provide for minimum standards across EU, while making it possible for individual member states to enact stricter standards in certain areas in their national wine laws. An example comparing a French and two German wine types made from the same grape variety illustrate what the EU wine regulations stipulate, and how the individual countries have applied various stricter regulations than the minimum for these \"quality wines\". In a sense, the EU wine regulations as such are rather invisible to the wine consumers and the wine trade, since the details", "id": "3557891" }, { "contents": "Beaumes de Venise AOC\n\n\nBeaumes de Venise is an appellation of wines from the eastern central region of the southern half of the Rhône Valley. It produces wines of two distinctly different types: 1. A sweet fortified wine of the type \"vin doux naturel\" (VDN), under the designation Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. 2. A red Côtes du Rhône Villages from the classification of named villages, which typifies the quality wines of the Côtes du Rhône region. The vines are grown on the slopes around the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail", "id": "1197239" }, { "contents": "Catalan wine\n\n\nand Xarel·lo have since become established as the most popular grapes for producing cava. Early versions were called Catalan \"champán\" or \"xampany\" after Champagne but this practice ended when the EU awarded Champagne Protected Geographical Status. Catalan main sparkling wine producers agreed and adopted the name \"Cava\" after the Catalan word for cellar, where the wines were traditionally stored. According to Spanish wine laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions (such as Aranda de Duero, Navarra and Rioja) but 95% of Spanish Cava", "id": "10752898" }, { "contents": "Czech wine\n\n\n. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into the Czech language and subsequently incorporated into the Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards.", "id": "22164447" }, { "contents": "Tokaj (Slovakia)\n\n\nregistration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.", "id": "909099" }, { "contents": "Açores VR\n\n\nThe Açores VR () is a Portuguese wine region located in the archipelago of the Azores. This region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Located in the Atlantic Ocean, some from continental Portugal, the archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine islands, of which three cultivate wine-making grapes for export production: Terceira, Pico and Graciosa. Located on", "id": "4592271" }, { "contents": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero\n\n\namong others, 80% of the affected farmers and the Socialist regional governments of regions such as Extremadura, Andalusia or Castilla-La Mancha. Some Socialist politicians also supported it when they were members of the former Socialist government back in the 90s (e.g. José Borrell, the current leader of the European Spanish Socialist Group and former president of the European Parliament. The scheme was mainly opposed by Zapatero, environmentalist groups, the Socialist regional government of Aragon and some of the citizens of the areas from which water was to be transferred", "id": "14405756" }, { "contents": "Chardonnay\n\n\nThe grape first rose to prominence in the Chablis and Burgundy regions. In Champagne, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier, but is also used to produce single varietal \"blanc de blancs\" styles of sparkling wine. Chardonnay can be found in \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) wines of the Loire Valley and Jura wine region, as well as the \"vin de pays\" wines of the Languedoc. Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by", "id": "16861988" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\ndes Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallée de la Marne. The towns of Reims and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French Kings and a Unesco world heritage site. Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique terroir. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also", "id": "9042171" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\ndiscontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône", "id": "99529" }, { "contents": "Beaumes-de-Venise\n\n\nBeaumes-de-Venise () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The word \"beaumes\" comes from the Provençal word \"bauma\" meaning \"cave\" or \"grotto\". The surrounding hills have many of these caves that were inhabited during the Iron Age. The village gives its name to a sweet wine appellation, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise. It also gives its name to a drier red wine, formerly Côtes du Rhone Villages", "id": "13677675" }, { "contents": "Champagne\n\n\n\"Champagne\" exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name \"Champagne\" is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an \"\"; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia, Chile, Brazil,", "id": "9042121" }, { "contents": "Regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\n147.1 million as the seat of the regional council of Rhône-Alpes, the construction of the building was approved by the regional council on 7 April 2005, followed by a European-level architecture competition from November 2005 to September 2006, the procurement of a building permit on 30 August 2007, groundbreaking on 8 July 2008, and the relocation of employees over a six-week period starting on 19 May 2011. On 21 June 2014, the new headquarters of the regional council of Auvergne at the Hôtel de Région in Clermont", "id": "11327121" }, { "contents": "Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nGálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la", "id": "19301569" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nwere rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de Vouvray, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to \"méthode champenoise\" being forbidden within the European Union as a designation", "id": "13668326" }, { "contents": "Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC\n\n\nCoteaux de Pierrevert is a wine-growing AOC in the western part of the Provence wine region of France, where the wines are produced in 11 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is partly located in the valley of the Durance river in the region of Manosque. Red wines are made from Grenache noir and Syrah which must account for 70% together with a minimum of 30% of each. Secondary varieties are Cinsault, Mourvedre and Carignan. Rosé: Grenache noir minimum 50%, and", "id": "9886739" }, { "contents": "Sierra de Alcaraz (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nSierra de Alcaraz is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Alcaraz, El Ballestero, El Bonillo, Povedilla, Robledo, and Viveros, located in the province of Albacete, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la Tierra\" status in", "id": "20070813" }, { "contents": "Macedonian wine\n\n\nNorth Macedonia produces wine on some of vineyards, and the production was 108,100 tonnes in 2008. There are also some additional of vineyards dedicated to table grapes. Red wine dominates the Macedonian wine production, with around 80 per cent. In contrast, within the European Union, \"Macedonia\" is a protected geographical indication (PGI) for wines produced in the Greek viticulture region of Macedonia. While part of Yugoslavia, North Macedonia was a producer of wine and vodka. In the 1980s, it accounted for around two-thirds", "id": "15227518" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine\n\n\ntoday though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical Champagne grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not regulated to a particular region of DO but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term \"Cava\" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, Aragon, Castile and León, Valencia, Extremadura, Navarre", "id": "8942253" }, { "contents": "South West France (wine region)\n\n\nand the wine region of South West France, and some of its grapes are used to make Vin de Pays under the designation \"Vin de Pays de Côtes de Gascogne\" or mixed with Armagnac to produce the mistelle Floc de Gascogne. South West France is a rather heterogeneous region in terms of its wines and how they are marketed. It is rare to see wines being sold as \"Vins du Sud-Ouest\". Rather, the smaller areas and individual appellations market their wines under their own (smaller) umbrella,", "id": "2626801" }, { "contents": "Vin de France\n\n\n. Simple varietal French wines instead had to use the \"vin de pays\" (\"country wine\") designation, which restricted the sourcing of grapes to the defined \"vin de pays\" regions, such as \"vin de Pays d'Oc\" from Languedoc-Roussillon. No French wine category existed that allowed a producer to source grapes from Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône and Provence, but still sell the wine under a varietal designation. As a result of the ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked", "id": "15811469" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\ntextiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. The scope of the agreement goes beyond tariffs. It includes increased access to public procurement contracts and protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also", "id": "18795598" }, { "contents": "David Schildknecht\n\n\nDavid Schildknecht is an American wine critic, a full-time member of \"Vinous\", and previous member of \"The Wine Advocate\", contributor to recent editions of Robert Parker's \"Wine Buyer’s Guide\". An authority on the wine of Germany and Austria, he also considers the Loire Valley a specialty, a wine region he has described as \"the bargain garden of France\". He currently covers the French regions of the Loire Valley, Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, Champagne, the Jura, the", "id": "17649648" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nusually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were", "id": "99528" }, { "contents": "Loire Valley (wine)\n\n\nof the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designations that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The \"Crémant de Loire\" which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The \"Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France\" refers to any varietally labeled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Sauvignon", "id": "9043145" }, { "contents": "Tourism in France\n\n\ndegree the ideals of the French Renaissance. The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and", "id": "998539" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\nThe history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans did much to spread viticulture across the land they knew as Gaul, encouraging the planting of vines in areas that would become the well known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. Over the course of its history, the French wine industry would be influenced and driven by", "id": "9119560" }, { "contents": "Frédéric Lornet\n\n\nFrédéric Lornet is a wine producer who owns and runs the Abbaye de la Boutière in Montigny-lès-Arsures; a small village just outside Arbois in the Franche-Comté / Jura region of France. Arbois, childhood home to Louis Pasteur, has for centuries been the wine capital of the Jura. As the name Abbaye de la Boutière indicates, the winery was established near Arbois in a hoary Roman Catholic Cistercian (White Monk) abbaye. The Jura is an eastern French winemaking region located between Burgundy and Switzerland - and", "id": "6619754" }, { "contents": "Sovetskoye Shampanskoye\n\n\nof the brand is not restricted. Several producers use the name, including wine producers from Italy and Spain. Under European Union law, as well as treaties accepted by most nations, sparkling wines produced outside the champagne region, even wine produced in other parts of France, do not have the right to use the term \"champagne\". Hungary (which originally produced Sovetskoye Shampanskoye under Soviet license), by contrast, today produces the beverage under the name \"Sovetskoye Igristoye\", a name that was also used by some", "id": "16031654" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\nRhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Wallonia, País Vasco, Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, who wanted to strengthen the local and regional dimension in energy and environmental policies at European level. Thus: \"\"Whereas by effective management, investment, and increasing awareness it is possible to create a system which is more energy efficient and less polluting;\" \"Whereas only an approach based on close proximity with consumers, and on both quantitative and qualitative understanding of their needs, can", "id": "7749570" }, { "contents": "Castilla–La Mancha\n\n\nCastilla–La Mancha (, , ), or Castile–La Mancha, is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete", "id": "21615897" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\n%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities. The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc’s launch in 1991. It also represents the EU’s largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants", "id": "18795596" }, { "contents": "Oeil de perdrix\n\n\n, Valais, and Neuchâtel all have the Oeil de Perdrix AOC today. The early origins of the American wine White Zinfandel can be traced to a California winemaker's attempt at making an Oeil de Perdrix–style wine. The Oeil de Perdrix style of wine is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages in Champagne region of France, prior to that region's development of the sparkling wine style that would take its name. During this period the Champenois were in competition with the Burgundy wine region for the favor of the Royal", "id": "976295" }, { "contents": "Terroir\n\n\ntwo wines will be different due to \"terroir\". The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different \"terroir\" are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. A Spanish or Australian \"chianti\". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the", "id": "19815361" }, { "contents": "Wine law\n\n\nto any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280. In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the \"Reichstag\" 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. In the European Union (EU),", "id": "18794619" } ]

[ { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nand is based in Bordeaux with an office in Strasbourg. The industry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-", "id": "20860572" }, { "contents": "Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\n\n\nThe Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes Viticoles (AREV) is an organisation of political and trade representatives of wine regions within the European Union (EU) and Eastern Europe. It lobbies the EU on matters affecting its members, and acts as a forum for discussion of policy and marketing. The European Wine Regions Conference (CERV) was created on 20 June 1988 under Alsatian law. It became the Assembly of European Wine Regions (AREV) in 1994. It is financed by membership subscriptions,", "id": "20860571" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n's economic hegemony. The most important \"régions\" are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism)", "id": "18733048" }, { "contents": "Geology of France\n\n\nThe regional geology of France is commonly divided into the Paris Basin, the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Aquitaine Basin, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Côte languedocienne, the Sillon rhodanien, the Massif des Vosges, the Massif Ardennais, the Alsace graben (Rhine graben) and Flanders Basin. The regions Alsace, Franche-Comté, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur are part of the Western Alps. Sediment from the Valais ocean crop out in the Versoyen unit. The basement of the", "id": "9137080" }, { "contents": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nThe region shares two national borders: Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Vaud) to the northeast and Italy (Aosta Valley and Piedmont) to the east. The bordering French provinces are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the northwest, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast, Occitanie to the southwest, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain, Allier, Ardèche, Cantal, Drôme,", "id": "19200082" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\norganisation of the market in wine\" and it is supplemented by several Commission regulations. The former document has been adopted by the Council of the European Union through the member states' ministers of agriculture, while the Commission regulations are written by the European Commission in collaboration with the Wine Management Committee, where the member states are represented. The aspects regulated by EU fall mainly into the categories winemaking practices, classification and labelling, wine-production potential, documentation of wine industry activities, imports from non-EU countries, and duties", "id": "3557885" }, { "contents": "Beaujolais\n\n\nIn some vintages, Beaujolais produces more wine than the Burgundy wine regions of Chablis, Côte d'Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais put together. The wine takes its name from the historical Province of Beaujolais, a wine-producing region. It is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the north of the Rhône \"département\" of the Rhône-Alpes region and southern areas of the Saône-et-Loire \"département\" of Burgundy. While administratively considered part of the Burgundy wine region, the climate is closer to", "id": "6276341" }, { "contents": "Cap21\n\n\nMember of the European Parliament for North-West France as the MoDem's top candidate in the region. However, the party split from the MoDem in the runup to the 2010 regional elections and pursued an alliance with Europe Écologie. Cap 21 was allied with Europe Écologie in Alsace, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Upper Normandy and was allied with the MoDem in Burgundy and Picardy. Following the MoDem's poor result (4.2%) in the regional elections,", "id": "6142218" }, { "contents": "Economy of France\n\n\n. Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms. The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes. In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French", "id": "18733049" }, { "contents": "Traditional method\n\n\nThe traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Portugal to produce Espumante and in Italy to produce Franciacorta. The method is known as the \"méthode champenoise,\" but the Champagne producers have successfully lobbied the European Union to restrict the use of that term within the EU only to wines produced in Champagne. Thus, wines from elsewhere", "id": "19248881" }, { "contents": "Centre-Val de Loire\n\n\nof the Loire Valley, such as the , the gentle and refined lifestyle, the wine, and the mild and temperate climate, all of which attract many tourists to the region. A new logo was also created. Bordering six other regions, Centre-Val-de-Loire borders the most of all 18 regions in France. The bordering regions are Normandy on the northwest, Île-de-France on the northeast, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the southeast,", "id": "20237325" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\noutside their region. Port cities like Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Rouen emerged as formidable centers of commerce with the wines of Gascony, Haut Pays, Poitou and the Île-de-France. During this period, political climates and alliances played a substantial role in the trade of French wines to other European countries. The 1152 marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Henry Plantagenet, the future Henry II of England, was the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship between Bordeaux and England. The 1295 Auld Alliance between France and Scotland", "id": "9119574" }, { "contents": "Christie's World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine\n\n\nrated on a 100-point scale, and all their wines given a star wine rating (three star maximum). Champagne receives the largest coverage, occupying 98 pages, but 10 other French regions (Alsace, Loire, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Limoux, others) receive 45 pages, while 141 pages covers the rest of the world (Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Austria, Southeast Europe, other European, South Africa, The United States, California, Others USA, Canada, South America", "id": "7765929" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nGerman growers, among others in the EU. In 1962, shortly after the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, or \"Common Market\") a set of rules were drawn up in which the normal common organisation of the market for a type of product – normally limited to a pricing system, rules on intervention and a system for trade with third-party countries – was extended in several areas in order to accommodate the diverse interests of wine production within individual member states. The wine sector required regulation", "id": "17720223" }, { "contents": "Sévérac-le-Château\n\n\nsovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ). The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. It also borders two countries to the south", "id": "14752630" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nin Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They", "id": "19345598" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nChampagne\" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term \"Champagne style\" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term \"methode champenoise\" has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union. Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers.", "id": "13668320" }, { "contents": "Élisabeth Guigou\n\n\n1997–2000. Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 2000–2002. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of the European Parliament : 1994–1997 (Became minister in 1997, and elected in parliamentary elections). French Parliament Member of the National Assembly of France for Vaucluse : June 1997- July 1997 (Appointed Minister of Justice in July 1997). Member of the National Assembly of France for Seine-Saint-Denis : Elected in 2002, reelected in 2007 and 2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : Elected in 1992,", "id": "20264329" }, { "contents": "Cava (Spanish wine)\n\n\nis produced in the Penedès area in Spain, with the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia being home to many of Spain's largest production houses. The two major producers are Codorníu and Freixenet. Cava is also produced in other villages in Aragon, Castile and León, Extremadura, La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarre and Valencia. In the past, cava was referred to as \"Spanish champagne\", which is no longer permitted under European Union law, since Champagne has Protected Geographical Status (PGS) and Spain entered the EU", "id": "21344469" }, { "contents": "Merlot\n\n\nlargest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler-climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona. In Costers del Segre, the grape is often used in Bordeaux-style blend while in Aragon (with in 2008), Navarra ( in 2008) and Castilla-La Mancha () sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties. Spain's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula, Portugal, has only a very limited amount", "id": "19315786" }, { "contents": "French wine\n\n\nit. The word \"appellation\" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for", "id": "19345591" }, { "contents": "Korbel Champagne Cellars\n\n\nCzechoslovak brothers named Korbel. It was purchased by Adolph Heck in 1954. Heck's son, Gary, took over in 1984, and over time increased production from 150,000 to 1.3 million cases per year, making Korbel the twelfth largest wine producer in the United States as of 2011. On its website, Korbel calls itself \"producers of fine California méthode champenoise champagnes for 137 years\". Normally, under European Union (EU) law, only wine from France's Champagne wine region may use the terms “Champagne\" or", "id": "21832455" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nThe Champagne wine region (archaic ) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France. The area is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term \"Champagne\" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 100 miles (160 km) east of Paris. The viticultural boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine producing districts within the historical province: Aube, Côte", "id": "9042170" }, { "contents": "Cairanne\n\n\nCairanne () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France whose inhabitants were locally nicknamed \"leis afrontaires de Cairana\", the cheeky ones from Cairanne. It dates from the mid-8th century and is located midway between Orange and Vaison-la-Romaine. The village economy depends largely on its production of wine that falls into the various categories of wines from the Rhône valley. The settlement was first mentioned in 739 CE as \"Queroana\" and later became known as Cayrane", "id": "644328" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEuropean Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production. These regulations form a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of EU, and regulate such things as the maximum vineyard surface allowed to individual EU member states, allowed winemaking practices and principles for wine classification and labelling. The wine regulations exist to regulate total production in order to combat overproduction of wine and to provide an underpinning", "id": "3557877" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nexcess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using \"Grand cru\" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or", "id": "99531" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\n, the European network of regional observatories energy and greenhouse gas. FEDARENE is currently responsible for the coordination of the network and has made a valuable contribution in its creation. The Board of Administration is composed of 16 members of which a President, a General Secretary, 13 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board's members are representatives of the following Regions/Provinces: North West Croatia (HR), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region (FR), Berlin (DE), Rhône-Alpes", "id": "7749574" }, { "contents": "Sablet\n\n\nSablet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a fortified Provençal village rich in history. Sablet is situated at the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail in the Côtes du Rhône wine-producing region. It is located to the west of Mont Ventoux, in a transition zone between the Prealps and the Mediterranean. Sablet is very close to the larger towns of Vaison-la-Romaine to the north, Carpentras to the south and Orange to the west", "id": "16748637" }, { "contents": "Transport express régional\n\n\nhave an average ridership of only about 66 travellers per train. TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes. Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays-de-la-", "id": "14624124" }, { "contents": "Austrian cuisine\n\n\nmost widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the \"Seewinkel\" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished", "id": "17086568" }, { "contents": "Classification of wine\n\n\nstating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list of signatories to", "id": "5411712" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\nvins de la rivière\" and \"vins de la montagne\"- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river Marne which carried the wines down to the Seine and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the Flemish wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century, Pinot noir became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of Burgundy wines,", "id": "9042181" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\n(by volume) of wine is \"vin de table\", while in Germany only 5% is \"deutscher Tafelwein\". Table wine from anywhere in the EU can be blended together to produce European Table Wine. European table wines are generally made from the highest-yielding sites and vinified in an industrial manner. In the 1950s, when per capita consumption of wine was much higher, there was a need for vast quantities of cheap wine, but now much of it goes into the European Union's troublesome \"wine", "id": "13361504" }, { "contents": "Meursault\n\n\nMeursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Côte-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as \"buttery\" to be applied", "id": "18826987" }, { "contents": "Rosé\n\n\nred wines produced in such notable wine regions as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne were \"rosé-style\" wines made from juice that had only brief periods of skin contact during winemaking. But even as the trend in these regions evolved towards more modern ideas of \"red wines\", rosés still hold a prominent place in many of France's major wine regions. Today rosé is produced throughout France from the cooler climate rosé Champagnes and Loire Valley wines to the warm Mediterranean influence climates of Provence and the southern Rhone Valley. Rosés", "id": "19952534" }, { "contents": "Gevrey-Chambertin\n\n\nGevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies 15 km South of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin. Gevrey-Chambertin is one of the wine villages of the Côte de Nuits which lies along the foot of the Côte", "id": "18339026" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\nin the east of France. To the north are the French regions of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté, to the west it borders the region Auvergne, to the south it borders Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy. The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border. The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône. The confluence of these", "id": "20237369" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine regions\n\n\nThe mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as \"Denominaciones de Origen\" (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws. In compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002, Spanish wines are classified into two categories, which in turn are further classified into sub-categories depending on the strictness of the criteria applied in producing the type of wine in question: In 2006 a new \"Vino de la Tierra\" \"super-region\" was created", "id": "17220026" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nGerman wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A. On the other side of Rhine from Baden, Alsace is situated. Due to its very large north-south length, Baden is divided into nine districts (\"Bereiche\"), which is more than any other German wine region. From north to south, these districts are: Grape varieties of the Pinot family are responsible for almost 55% of the vineyards of Baden, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) covering 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in", "id": "4626276" }, { "contents": "Erdőbénye\n\n\nThe village Erdőbénye may have 1600 inhabitants and may be located 20 km from the town of Tokaj in Northern Hungary. It may lie in a valley surrounded by mountains and vineyards, in the middle of the famous wine-region ‘Tokaj-Hegyalja’, in Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County. The village may be one of the centres for wine-production in this region. There may be more cellars in the village, where the regional wines can be tasted. As the well-known old saying tells us:", "id": "12173553" }, { "contents": "Classification of Saint-Émilion wine\n\n\nthan previous efforts, with tastings and inspections outsourced by INAO to independent groups with no involvement by St.-Emilion Wine Syndicate and Bordeaux wine trade, but instead wine professionals from Burgundy, the Rhône Valley, Champagne, the Loire Valley and Provence made up a seven-person commission. There is no longer a fixed number of châteaus which can be classified, and the new rankings elevated Château Pavie and Château Angélus to Premier Classe A. Among new Premiers grands crus were Larcis Ducasse, Canon-la-Gaffelière and \"garagiste\" producers Valandraud", "id": "3049694" }, { "contents": "Burgundy wine\n\n\n1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines. After Burgundy", "id": "16297307" }, { "contents": "Côtes de Gascogne\n\n\nCôtes de Gascogne is a wine-growing district in Gascony producing principally white wine. It is mainly located in the département of the Gers in the former Midi-Pyrénées region (now part of the Occitanie region), and it belongs to the wine region South West France. The designation Côtes de Gascogne is used for a \"Vin de Pays\" (\"country wine\") produced in the Armagnac area. The decree of 13 September 1968 created the difference between a \"Vin de Pays\" and simpler table wine,", "id": "447824" }, { "contents": "Table wine\n\n\nTable wine is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification. In the United States, \"table wine\" primarily designates a wine style: ordinary wine which is neither fortified nor sparkling nor expensive. In the European Union wine regulations, \"table wine\" (TW) is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is \"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\" (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond", "id": "13361499" }, { "contents": "Provence wine\n\n\n\"département\" is occasionally cited by some sources with Provence due to some similarities in wine style; the appellation is however officially part of the Rhône wine region and its typicity more closely approaches that of its neighbour on its northern border, Côtes de Ventoux AOC, also a Rhône wine. The region has several \"vin de pays\" designations, with Bouches-du-Rhône, near Aix-en-Provence, being one of the most common designations seen abroad. The Bellet AOC is in southeastern Provence, near Nice", "id": "18590333" }, { "contents": "Buisson, Vaucluse\n\n\nBuisson is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Buisson is a small, wine-producing, Knights Templar village, dating back at least as far as the 12th century, and linked since its beginning to the nearby village of Villedieu, with which it produces its principal crop, Côtes-du-Rhône wine, which is sold from their joint winery, le Cellier du Templier. Situated above the Aygues River, Buisson lies at the northern edge of the Vaucluse", "id": "13677632" }, { "contents": "Burgundy\n\n\nTrémouille until its merger to form the regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Burgundy is one of France's main wine producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including Gamay, Aligote, Pinot blanc, and Sauvignon blanc. The region is divided into the Côte-d'Or, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâcon", "id": "5142782" }, { "contents": "Nuits-Saint-Georges\n\n\nNuits-Saint-Georges () is a commune in the arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It lies in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Nuits-Saint-Georges is the main town of the Côte de Nuits wine-producing area of Burgundy. Nuits-Saint-Georges was the site of the traditional Burgundian festival, \"la Saint-Vincent-Tournante\", in 2007. It is a festival that celebrates the wine of a different Burgundian village each year. The", "id": "13776155" }, { "contents": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union\n\n\nquality wine psr, with the \"psr\" standing for \"\"produced in a specified region\"\". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as table wine. There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the European Commission restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are", "id": "1749448" }, { "contents": "List of Portuguese wine regions\n\n\nPortuguese wine regions are grouped into three levels of classification. At the top are the \"Denominação de Origem Controlada\" (or DOCs) which are Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) under the European Union wine regulations and thus correspond roughly to the French \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Spanish \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) classifications. The second group consist of \"Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada\" (IPRs), and are also QWpsr. IPRs are used for DOC candidates \"in training\"", "id": "12630197" }, { "contents": "Baden (wine region)\n\n\nBaden is a region (\"Anbaugebiet\") for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which today forms part of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Under German wine legislation, Baden and Württemberg are separate wine regions. With under vine in 2008, Baden is Germany's third largest wine region, but seems to be much less known on export markets in comparison to many smaller German regions, and in comparison to the neighbouring French region of Alsace, which is", "id": "4626273" }, { "contents": "Roussanne\n\n\nbe found in some white wines from the Côtes du Rhône AOC. Outside of the Rhône, the Roussanne is grown in Provence and the Languedoc-Roussillon région where it is sometimes blended with Chardonnay, Marsanne and Vermentino in some \"vin de pays\". In Savoie, the grape is known as Bergeron where it produces highly aromatic wines in Chignin. Outside France it is grown in the Italian wine regions of Liguria and Tuscany where it is a permitted grape in Montecarlo bianco. In Australia, it was believed to have been", "id": "11395981" }, { "contents": "Grenache\n\n\nvarietal wines and blends. Garnacha plays a major role in the \"Denominación de Origen\" (DO) wines in Aragon, Catalonia and Navarra and the \"Denominación de Origen Calificada\" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta. Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape,", "id": "1395794" }, { "contents": "Comité Régional d'Action Viticole\n\n\nregion which the group believes has been plagued by surplus production and a subsequent need to adapt the quality and quantity of wine produced to changing market realities, including reduced domestic demand for simple wine for everyday consumption. This process, which has involved considerable European Union subsidies, has had negative effects on smaller producers and has met with various protests, of which CRAV is the most violent. CRAV's publicised demands have regularly included elements which are more-or-less impossible for French politicians to implement under European Union rules, since", "id": "11085105" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nharmonise regulations for various products which traditionally have been regulated on a national level. The EU wine regulations form a framework for the wine laws of the European Union member states. Since national wine laws have a much longer history than the EU wine regulations, the EU regulations have been designed to accommodate existing regulations of several member states. In particular, the existing regulations concerning French wine, with its detailed appellation laws, formed a basis, while also making room for the very different German wine classification system. In general, the", "id": "3557890" }, { "contents": "Focșani\n\n\nmost popular wine-producing regions in Romania, Odobești being just to the northwest, in Romania, Focșani itself is not considered a wine-producing center. The wine sold as \"Weisse von Fokshan\" in Germany and some other European countries is generally a \"Fetească Albă de Odobești\" wine, and practically a second-rated wine which does not comply to the European Union rules of naming the regions of origin of wines. The vicinity is rich in minerals such as iron, copper, coal, and petroleum. The", "id": "407220" }, { "contents": "Rhône-Alpes\n\n\ntripe and quenelles. In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard. The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin. Wines in this region include the very famous Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine. Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region. Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times;", "id": "20237377" }, { "contents": "Duriense VR\n\n\nDuriense is a Portuguese wine region covering the same area as the Douro DOC and the Port wine region. In difference from Douro DOC, Duriense VR is a designation at the lower \"Vinho Regional\" (VR) level, which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Thus, it is the simpler or less typical wines of the Douro region that are sold using a Duriense VR label. Before the creation of a separate Duriense VR", "id": "4592280" }, { "contents": "Lombardia (wine)\n\n\nis the Piedmont wine region, to the south is Emilia-Romagna and to the east are the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto wine regions. The Lombardy region consists primarily of 13 wine-producing areas (from north-south) This northernmost wine region of Lombardy has been producing wine since the 5th century and is found in the valley of Adda River traveling west to east through the Alps. The vineyards in this area are located at high altitudes around 2,500 feet. For most of its history, the Valtellina", "id": "11286179" }, { "contents": "Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions\n\n\nQuality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (often abbreviated to QWpsr or simply \"quality wines\") is a quality indicator used within European Union wine regulations. The QWpsr category identifies wines with protected geographical indications. The European Union regulates and defines the status of \"quality wines\" according to production method, management and geographical location. Its original, fundamental role is in differentiating quality wines from table wines, broadly in line with the system traditionally employed by the French government, amended to account for the preferences and methodology of Italian and", "id": "17720222" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nof enforcement agencies. The wines produced within EU are divided into two quality categories, Table wines (TW) and Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr), where QWpsr is the higher category. Rules for winemaking practices and labelling are different for TW and QWpsr. The similar categories also exist for sparkling wine. The TW and QWpsr categories are translated into different national wine classification for each member state. Thus, some member states may have more than two levels of classification, but all national levels correspond to either TW", "id": "3557886" }, { "contents": "Vino de Pago\n\n\nand wine estates that are classified as Vino de Pago are subject to separate requirements rather than those of the wine region where they are located. One of the requirements is that the estate may only use their own grapes for their wines. The Spanish word \"pago\" comes from the Latin word pagus, meaning a country district. When introduced, the new regulation met with particular interest in Castilla-La Mancha, where the first Vinos de Pago were created. So far, all Vinos de Pago are located in Aragon,", "id": "6206495" }, { "contents": "Chaptalization\n\n\n1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the Northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia,", "id": "20299848" }, { "contents": "Belaire Rosé\n\n\nBelaire Rosé is a French sparkling wine produced in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of the South of France. Officially labelled \"Luc Belaire Rare Rosé,\" the wine is a blend of Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsault grapes typically used in the production of Provencal rosé wines. The brand is owned by niaz the New York-based company Sovereign Brands. The brand's packaging is noteworthy for its opaque black bottles. Rick Ross is one of their major promoters. The brand's range also includes a Brut and", "id": "8086233" }, { "contents": "Terras Madeirenses VR\n\n\nTerras Madeirenses is a Portuguese wine region situated on the islands of Madeira, both on the main island and on the Porto Santo Island. The region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Terras Madeirenses is a designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira, while the more famous fortified Madeira wines use the designation Madeira DOC. There are also two \"Denominação", "id": "4592286" }, { "contents": "European Union wine regulations\n\n\nEU wine regulations provide for minimum standards across EU, while making it possible for individual member states to enact stricter standards in certain areas in their national wine laws. An example comparing a French and two German wine types made from the same grape variety illustrate what the EU wine regulations stipulate, and how the individual countries have applied various stricter regulations than the minimum for these \"quality wines\". In a sense, the EU wine regulations as such are rather invisible to the wine consumers and the wine trade, since the details", "id": "3557891" }, { "contents": "Beaumes de Venise AOC\n\n\nBeaumes de Venise is an appellation of wines from the eastern central region of the southern half of the Rhône Valley. It produces wines of two distinctly different types: 1. A sweet fortified wine of the type \"vin doux naturel\" (VDN), under the designation Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. 2. A red Côtes du Rhône Villages from the classification of named villages, which typifies the quality wines of the Côtes du Rhône region. The vines are grown on the slopes around the foot of the Dentelles de Montmirail", "id": "1197239" }, { "contents": "Catalan wine\n\n\nand Xarel·lo have since become established as the most popular grapes for producing cava. Early versions were called Catalan \"champán\" or \"xampany\" after Champagne but this practice ended when the EU awarded Champagne Protected Geographical Status. Catalan main sparkling wine producers agreed and adopted the name \"Cava\" after the Catalan word for cellar, where the wines were traditionally stored. According to Spanish wine laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions (such as Aranda de Duero, Navarra and Rioja) but 95% of Spanish Cava", "id": "10752898" }, { "contents": "Czech wine\n\n\n. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into the Czech language and subsequently incorporated into the Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards.", "id": "22164447" }, { "contents": "Tokaj (Slovakia)\n\n\nregistration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.", "id": "909099" }, { "contents": "Açores VR\n\n\nThe Açores VR () is a Portuguese wine region located in the archipelago of the Azores. This region is classified as a \"Vinho Regional\" (VR), which corresponds to table wines with a geographical indication under European Union wine regulations, similar to a French \"vin de pays\" region. Located in the Atlantic Ocean, some from continental Portugal, the archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine islands, of which three cultivate wine-making grapes for export production: Terceira, Pico and Graciosa. Located on", "id": "4592271" }, { "contents": "José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero\n\n\namong others, 80% of the affected farmers and the Socialist regional governments of regions such as Extremadura, Andalusia or Castilla-La Mancha. Some Socialist politicians also supported it when they were members of the former Socialist government back in the 90s (e.g. José Borrell, the current leader of the European Spanish Socialist Group and former president of the European Parliament. The scheme was mainly opposed by Zapatero, environmentalist groups, the Socialist regional government of Aragon and some of the citizens of the areas from which water was to be transferred", "id": "14405756" }, { "contents": "Chardonnay\n\n\nThe grape first rose to prominence in the Chablis and Burgundy regions. In Champagne, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier, but is also used to produce single varietal \"blanc de blancs\" styles of sparkling wine. Chardonnay can be found in \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) wines of the Loire Valley and Jura wine region, as well as the \"vin de pays\" wines of the Languedoc. Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by", "id": "16861988" }, { "contents": "Champagne (wine region)\n\n\ndes Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallée de la Marne. The towns of Reims and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French Kings and a Unesco world heritage site. Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique terroir. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also", "id": "9042171" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\ndiscontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône", "id": "99529" }, { "contents": "Beaumes-de-Venise\n\n\nBeaumes-de-Venise () is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The word \"beaumes\" comes from the Provençal word \"bauma\" meaning \"cave\" or \"grotto\". The surrounding hills have many of these caves that were inhabited during the Iron Age. The village gives its name to a sweet wine appellation, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise. It also gives its name to a drier red wine, formerly Côtes du Rhone Villages", "id": "13677675" }, { "contents": "Champagne\n\n\n\"Champagne\" exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name \"Champagne\" is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an \"\"; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia, Chile, Brazil,", "id": "9042121" }, { "contents": "Regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\n\n\n147.1 million as the seat of the regional council of Rhône-Alpes, the construction of the building was approved by the regional council on 7 April 2005, followed by a European-level architecture competition from November 2005 to September 2006, the procurement of a building permit on 30 August 2007, groundbreaking on 8 July 2008, and the relocation of employees over a six-week period starting on 19 May 2011. On 21 June 2014, the new headquarters of the regional council of Auvergne at the Hôtel de Région in Clermont", "id": "11327121" }, { "contents": "Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nGálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la", "id": "19301569" }, { "contents": "Sparkling wine\n\n\nwere rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de Vouvray, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to \"méthode champenoise\" being forbidden within the European Union as a designation", "id": "13668326" }, { "contents": "Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC\n\n\nCoteaux de Pierrevert is a wine-growing AOC in the western part of the Provence wine region of France, where the wines are produced in 11 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is partly located in the valley of the Durance river in the region of Manosque. Red wines are made from Grenache noir and Syrah which must account for 70% together with a minimum of 30% of each. Secondary varieties are Cinsault, Mourvedre and Carignan. Rosé: Grenache noir minimum 50%, and", "id": "9886739" }, { "contents": "Sierra de Alcaraz (Vino de la Tierra)\n\n\nSierra de Alcaraz is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. \"Vino de la Tierra\" is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Alcaraz, El Ballestero, El Bonillo, Povedilla, Robledo, and Viveros, located in the province of Albacete, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. It acquired its \"Vino de la Tierra\" status in", "id": "20070813" }, { "contents": "Macedonian wine\n\n\nNorth Macedonia produces wine on some of vineyards, and the production was 108,100 tonnes in 2008. There are also some additional of vineyards dedicated to table grapes. Red wine dominates the Macedonian wine production, with around 80 per cent. In contrast, within the European Union, \"Macedonia\" is a protected geographical indication (PGI) for wines produced in the Greek viticulture region of Macedonia. While part of Yugoslavia, North Macedonia was a producer of wine and vodka. In the 1980s, it accounted for around two-thirds", "id": "15227518" }, { "contents": "Spanish wine\n\n\ntoday though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical Champagne grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not regulated to a particular region of DO but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term \"Cava\" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, Aragon, Castile and León, Valencia, Extremadura, Navarre", "id": "8942253" }, { "contents": "South West France (wine region)\n\n\nand the wine region of South West France, and some of its grapes are used to make Vin de Pays under the designation \"Vin de Pays de Côtes de Gascogne\" or mixed with Armagnac to produce the mistelle Floc de Gascogne. South West France is a rather heterogeneous region in terms of its wines and how they are marketed. It is rare to see wines being sold as \"Vins du Sud-Ouest\". Rather, the smaller areas and individual appellations market their wines under their own (smaller) umbrella,", "id": "2626801" }, { "contents": "Vin de France\n\n\n. Simple varietal French wines instead had to use the \"vin de pays\" (\"country wine\") designation, which restricted the sourcing of grapes to the defined \"vin de pays\" regions, such as \"vin de Pays d'Oc\" from Languedoc-Roussillon. No French wine category existed that allowed a producer to source grapes from Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône and Provence, but still sell the wine under a varietal designation. As a result of the ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked", "id": "15811469" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\ntextiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. The scope of the agreement goes beyond tariffs. It includes increased access to public procurement contracts and protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also", "id": "18795598" }, { "contents": "David Schildknecht\n\n\nDavid Schildknecht is an American wine critic, a full-time member of \"Vinous\", and previous member of \"The Wine Advocate\", contributor to recent editions of Robert Parker's \"Wine Buyer’s Guide\". An authority on the wine of Germany and Austria, he also considers the Loire Valley a specialty, a wine region he has described as \"the bargain garden of France\". He currently covers the French regions of the Loire Valley, Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, Champagne, the Jura, the", "id": "17649648" }, { "contents": "Rhône wine\n\n\nusually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were", "id": "99528" }, { "contents": "Loire Valley (wine)\n\n\nof the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designations that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The \"Crémant de Loire\" which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The \"Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France\" refers to any varietally labeled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Sauvignon", "id": "9043145" }, { "contents": "Tourism in France\n\n\ndegree the ideals of the French Renaissance. The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. More than 20 skiing resorts make it a popular destination among Europeans in the winter. Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, Sardinia and", "id": "998539" }, { "contents": "History of French wine\n\n\nThe history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans did much to spread viticulture across the land they knew as Gaul, encouraging the planting of vines in areas that would become the well known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. Over the course of its history, the French wine industry would be influenced and driven by", "id": "9119560" }, { "contents": "Frédéric Lornet\n\n\nFrédéric Lornet is a wine producer who owns and runs the Abbaye de la Boutière in Montigny-lès-Arsures; a small village just outside Arbois in the Franche-Comté / Jura region of France. Arbois, childhood home to Louis Pasteur, has for centuries been the wine capital of the Jura. As the name Abbaye de la Boutière indicates, the winery was established near Arbois in a hoary Roman Catholic Cistercian (White Monk) abbaye. The Jura is an eastern French winemaking region located between Burgundy and Switzerland - and", "id": "6619754" }, { "contents": "Sovetskoye Shampanskoye\n\n\nof the brand is not restricted. Several producers use the name, including wine producers from Italy and Spain. Under European Union law, as well as treaties accepted by most nations, sparkling wines produced outside the champagne region, even wine produced in other parts of France, do not have the right to use the term \"champagne\". Hungary (which originally produced Sovetskoye Shampanskoye under Soviet license), by contrast, today produces the beverage under the name \"Sovetskoye Igristoye\", a name that was also used by some", "id": "16031654" }, { "contents": "FEDARENE\n\n\nRhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Wallonia, País Vasco, Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, who wanted to strengthen the local and regional dimension in energy and environmental policies at European level. Thus: \"\"Whereas by effective management, investment, and increasing awareness it is possible to create a system which is more energy efficient and less polluting;\" \"Whereas only an approach based on close proximity with consumers, and on both quantitative and qualitative understanding of their needs, can", "id": "7749570" }, { "contents": "Castilla–La Mancha\n\n\nCastilla–La Mancha (, , ), or Castile–La Mancha, is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete", "id": "21615897" }, { "contents": "European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement\n\n\n%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities. The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc’s launch in 1991. It also represents the EU’s largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants", "id": "18795596" }, { "contents": "Oeil de perdrix\n\n\n, Valais, and Neuchâtel all have the Oeil de Perdrix AOC today. The early origins of the American wine White Zinfandel can be traced to a California winemaker's attempt at making an Oeil de Perdrix–style wine. The Oeil de Perdrix style of wine is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages in Champagne region of France, prior to that region's development of the sparkling wine style that would take its name. During this period the Champenois were in competition with the Burgundy wine region for the favor of the Royal", "id": "976295" }, { "contents": "Terroir\n\n\ntwo wines will be different due to \"terroir\". The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different \"terroir\" are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. A Spanish or Australian \"chianti\". In the United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the", "id": "19815361" }, { "contents": "Wine law\n\n\nto any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280. In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the \"Reichstag\" 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. In the European Union (EU),", "id": "18794619" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nThe nucleoid (meaning \"nucleus-like\") is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The genome of prokaryotic organisms generally is a circular double-stranded piece of DNA, of which multiple copies may exist at any time. The length of a genome widely varies, but generally is at least a few million base pairs. As in", "id": "7601785" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\na light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids. It has an irregular shape and is found in prokaryotic cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein. The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins that carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid are known as \"nucleoid proteins\"", "id": "7601787" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nall cellular organisms, the length of the DNA molecules of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is very large compared to the dimensions of the cell, and the genomic DNA molecules must be compacted to fit. The nucleoid can be clearly visualized on an electron micrograph at very high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under", "id": "7601786" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nprimary protein components of chromatin are histones, which bind to DNA and function as \"anchors\" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization: Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore", "id": "7037704" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nacids during protein translation. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory). A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes,", "id": "3756005" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nexample of extrachromosomal DNA. Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to", "id": "15088791" }, { "contents": "Cytosol\n\n\na network called the microtrabecular lattice is now seen as unlikely. In prokaryotes the cytosol contains the cell's genome, within a structure known as a nucleoid. This is an irregular mass of DNA and associated proteins that control the transcription and replication of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids. In eukaryotes the genome is held within the cell nucleus, which is separated from the cytosol by nuclear pores that block the free diffusion of any molecule larger than about 10 nanometres in diameter. This high concentration of macromolecules in cytosol causes an effect called", "id": "6870685" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\na range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes. Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in", "id": "6482506" }, { "contents": "Bacteria\n\n\nlight-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. Like all other organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Some bacteria produce intracellular", "id": "6710934" }, { "contents": "Unicellular organism\n\n\nas mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well. Bacteria are one of the world’s", "id": "3446850" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nmany eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today. The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex", "id": "5726753" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nProkaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter. A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions: Plants, animals", "id": "3755997" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthan eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of", "id": "6482505" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\ncontains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids. Like Eukaryotes, prokaryotes may partially duplicate genetic material, and can have a haploid chromosomal composition that is partially replicated, a condition known as merodiploidy. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane", "id": "5726754" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\ncomplete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher", "id": "18728913" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nor nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes, in which DNA is wrapped around a protein core. Instead, these proteins often use other mechanisms to promote compaction such as DNA looping. The most studied NAPs are HU, H-NS, Fis, CbpA, Dps that organize the genome by driving events such as DNA bending, bridging, and aggregation. These proteins can form clusters (", "id": "7601788" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nDNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer", "id": "1764084" }, { "contents": "Exogenote\n\n\nAn exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms. Transferred DNA of Hfr is called exogenote and homologous part of F genophore is called endogenote.An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell", "id": "8666179" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nthe case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication. Chromosomes in eukaryotes are composed of chromatin fiber. Chromatin fiber is", "id": "6482507" }, { "contents": "Hans Ris\n\n\nHans Ris (June 15, 1914 – November 19, 2004) was an American cytologist and pioneer electron microscopist. His studies of chromosome structure revealed the importance of non-histone proteins, and along with evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis, he was one of the first to recognize that blue-green algae were a special type of bacteria. He coined the term genophore for prokaryote DNA to highlight its differences from the eukaryal chromosome. Ris was a founding member of the American Society for Cell Biology and received the Distinguished Scientist Award by", "id": "19843735" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nis tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that", "id": "8040220" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nwith multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell does. Replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. Eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize", "id": "20723314" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals", "id": "11876047" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\non Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a \"true\" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in", "id": "5726752" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nsequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants. DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and", "id": "9649290" }, { "contents": "DNA supercoil\n\n\nof DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, plectonemic supercoils are predominant, because of the circular chromosome and relatively small amount of genetic material. In eukaryotes, DNA supercoiling exists on many levels of both plectonemic and solenoidal supercoils, with the solenoidal supercoiling proving most effective in compacting the DNA. Solenoidal supercoiling is achieved with histones to", "id": "21949092" }, { "contents": "Nucleoid\n\n\nlike H-NS does) in order to locally compact specific genomic regions, or be scattered throughout the chromosome (HU, Fis) and they seem to be involved also in coordinating transcription events, spatially sequestering specific genes and participating in their regulation. In \"E. coli\" small RNA transcribed from repeated extragenic palindromic element (REP325) called nucleoid-associated ncRNA 4 (naRNA4) collaborates with HU protein in condensing the DNA. The secondary structure but not the sequence of the RNA is important in nucleoid condensation. Changes in", "id": "7601789" }, { "contents": "DNA condensation\n\n\nBacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and", "id": "7511093" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\na single strand of messenger RNA in the 5'-to-3' direction. The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure, but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA. The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores, and migrates into the cytoplasm. The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells, as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA, which needs no post-transcriptional modification, whereas, in eukaryotic cells, the first product is called", "id": "4839128" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nreplication. In prokaryotic DNA replication regulation focuses on the binding of the DnaA initiator protein to the DNA, with initiation of replication occurring multiple times during one cell cycle. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA use ATP binding and hydrolysis to direct helicase loading and in both cases the helicase is loaded in the inactive form. However, eukaryotic helicases are double hexamers that are loaded onto double stranded DNA whereas prokaryotic helicases are single hexamers loaded onto single stranded DNA. Segregation of chromosomes is another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Rapidly dividing cells", "id": "8976455" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nmuch larger with a size of approximately 3.2Gb. The eukaryotic genome is linear and can be composed of multiple chromosomes, packaged in the nucleus of the cell. The non-coding portions of the gene, known as introns, which are largely not present in prokaryotes, are removed by RNA splicing before translation of the protein can occur. Eukaryotic genomes evolve over time through many mechanisms including sexual reproduction which introduces much greater genetic diversity to the offspring than the prokaryotic process of replication in which the offspring are theoretically genetic clones of the", "id": "12490464" }, { "contents": "Protein\n\n\na template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second. The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is", "id": "4150607" }, { "contents": "Linear chromosome\n\n\nA linear chromosome is a type of chromosome, found in most eukaryotic cells, in which the DNA is arranged in multiple linear molecules of DNA. In contrast, most prokaryotic cells contain circular chromosomes, where the DNA is arranged in one large circular molecule. However, linear chromosomes are not limited to eukaryotic organisms; some prokaryotic organisms do have linear chromosomes as well, such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\". It is possible to take a prokaryotic cell with a circular chromosome, linearize the chromosome, and still have a viable organism", "id": "7662669" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nto inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes. The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is", "id": "8040218" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\noften referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies", "id": "12022145" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nnucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin. During interphase (the period of the", "id": "6482510" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nA circular prokaryote chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria and archaea, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical prokaryote chromosomes are circular. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. However, a circular", "id": "7743517" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic chromosome structure\n\n\nEukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis. Chromosomes contain long strands of DNA containing genetic information. Compared to prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the nucleus of the cell, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not stored in a nucleus. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and Bütschli, O. The", "id": "3867014" }, { "contents": "Protein biosynthesis\n\n\n, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and is never able to leave. The DNA structure of", "id": "4839126" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\n. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in", "id": "12022142" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\nis required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells", "id": "1444199" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\noccur at the same time on all of the replicons. In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. A plethora replication form in just one replicating DNA molecule, the start of DNA replication is moved away by the multi-subunit protein. This replication is slow, and sometimes about 100 nucleotides per second are added. We take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of DNA, in the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus", "id": "20723313" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nof most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria \"Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola\" and \"Candidatus Tremblaya princeps\", to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium \"Sorangium cellulosum\". Spirochaetes of the genus \"Borrelia\" are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as \"Borrelia burgdorferi\", the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single \"linear\" chromosome. Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure", "id": "6482504" }, { "contents": "Genetics\n\n\n) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins. The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all", "id": "11876048" }, { "contents": "DNA-binding protein\n\n\nstructural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore", "id": "8261475" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\nheld in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones, making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the", "id": "8040230" }, { "contents": "Gene\n\n\n, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up", "id": "1444200" }, { "contents": "Replisome\n\n\nIn terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and ligase. For prokaryotes, each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material which is not a nucleus) requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. The two replisomes continue replication at both forks in", "id": "2263835" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\neukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in circular chromosomes. Within", "id": "8040172" }, { "contents": "Life\n\n\nthat is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material", "id": "18728922" }, { "contents": "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction\n\n\nthe RNA's gene expression further. RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA sequence that would be directly translated into protein after transcription. When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA", "id": "8790658" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nExtrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as", "id": "15088789" }, { "contents": "DNA\n\n\ninto protein. The sequence on the opposite strand is called the \"antisense\" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear. One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing. A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in", "id": "8040198" }, { "contents": "Plastid\n\n\nrepresent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.", "id": "19929373" }, { "contents": "Genome\n\n\nGenome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes", "id": "12022141" }, { "contents": "Transcriptional regulation\n\n\nabsence of modifying factors), eukaryotes have a restrictive basal state which requires the recruitment of other factors in order to generate RNA transcripts. This difference is largely due to the compaction of the eukaryotic genome by winding DNA around histones to form higher order structures. This compaction makes the gene promoter inaccessible without the assistance of other factors in the nucleus, and thus chromatin structure is a common site of regulation. Similar to the sigma factors in prokaryotes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) are a set of factors in eukaryotes that", "id": "14675234" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast\n\n\nalgae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found. In chloroplasts of the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana", "id": "6481788" }, { "contents": "Okazaki fragments\n\n\nmutations in the chromosomes can affect the appearance, the number of sets, or the number of individual chromosomes. Since chromosomes are fixed for each specific species, it can also change the DNA and cause defects in the genepool of that species. Okazaki fragments are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA molecules in eukaryotes differ from the circular molecules of prokaryotes in that they are larger and usually have multiple origins of replication. This means that each eukaryotic chromosome is composed of many replicating units of DNA with multiple origins of replication.", "id": "20723309" }, { "contents": "Haloferax volcanii\n\n\nembedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of \"Haloferax volcanii\" to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid. Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al. proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination. \"H. volcanii\" cells can undergo a pairwise process of genetic", "id": "14516834" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nmade of nucleosomes (histone octamers with part of a DNA strand attached to and wrapped around it). Chromatin fibers are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. Chromatin contains the vast majority of DNA and a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells. Chromatin allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. During cell division chromatin condenses further to form microscopically visible chromosomes. The", "id": "6482508" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\n. Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules. Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about", "id": "1764079" }, { "contents": "Chloroplast DNA\n\n\nform rather than individual circles. Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. In primitive red algae, the chloroplast", "id": "616140" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nrepeat with a highly conserved consensus sequence 5' – TTATCCACA – 3', that are recognized by the DnaA protein. DnaA protein plays a crucial role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of \"oriC\", which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. This region also contains four “GATC”", "id": "7743522" }, { "contents": "Cytoskeleton\n\n\ncell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of", "id": "21453170" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\nincluding 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs. Foreign genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses", "id": "3756006" }, { "contents": "Telomere\n\n\nin telomeres is TTAGGG. Most prokaryotes, having circular chromosomes rather than linear, do not have telomeres. Telomeres compensate for incomplete semi-conservative DNA replication at chromosomal ends. A protein complex known as shelterin serves to protect the ends of telomeres from being recognised as double-strand breaks by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In most prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and, thus, do not have ends to suffer premature replication termination. A small fraction of bacterial chromosomes (such", "id": "10214036" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\nbase pairs. In order for DNA to pack inside the tiny cell nucleus, each strand is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosome structures. These nucleosome pack together to form chromosomes. Depending on the eukaryote, there are multiple independent chromosomes of varying sizes within each nucleus - for example, humans have 46 while giraffes have 30. Within regions of the chromosome, the order of the DNA base pairs makes up specific elements for gene expression and DNA replication. Some of the more common elements include protein coding genes (containing exons and", "id": "15953901" }, { "contents": "Molecular models of DNA\n\n\nDNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or \"package\" DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes. In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in", "id": "21523123" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\nof biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper \"The concept of a bacterium\" (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote", "id": "5726733" }, { "contents": "Prokaryote\n\n\n. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate,", "id": "5726755" }, { "contents": "Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein\n\n\nIn molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions. The protein has a homologue that is encoded by many large, conjugative plasmids. A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology. It is believed that H-NS achieves this by forming complexes with itself and binding to different sections of DNA, bringing them together. Another major role of", "id": "20580119" }, { "contents": "Nuclear organization\n\n\n, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the organizational function of specific DNA regions and proteins. Architectural proteins regulate chromatin structure by establishing physical interactions between DNA elements. These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins include: The first level of genome organization concerns how DNA is arranged linearly, and how it is packaged into chromosomes. DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acids, with two bound and opposing nucleic acids referred to as DNA", "id": "15953900" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nthe role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type I produces transient single-strand breaks in DNA and types II produces transient double-strand breaks. As a result, the type I enzyme removes supercoils from DNA one at a time, whereas the type II enzyme removes supercoils two at a time. The topo I of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the type I topoisomerase. The eukaryotic topo II, bacterial gyrase, and bacterial topo IV belong to the type II", "id": "7743533" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging very long DNA molecules into a more compact, denser shape, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled and plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed networks of chromatin. The", "id": "7037703" }, { "contents": "Chromatin\n\n\nand is localized within the nucleoid region). The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed (\"turned on\") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions", "id": "7037705" }, { "contents": "Biology\n\n\nchloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments that are controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain", "id": "9649291" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\npolymerase III to synthesize a new DNA strand. Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. H-NS binds to DNA with an intrinsic curvature. In \"E. coli\", H-NS", "id": "18485973" }, { "contents": "Euchromatin\n\n\nin contrast to heterochromatin, which stains darkly. This lighter staining is due to the less compact structure of euchromatin. The basic structure of euchromatin is an elongated, open, 10 nm microfibril, as noted by electron microscopy. In prokaryotes, euchromatin is the \"only\" form of chromatin present; this indicates that the heterochromatin structure evolved later along with the nucleus, possibly as a mechanism to handle increasing genome size. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and", "id": "9242996" }, { "contents": "Chromosome\n\n\nA chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once", "id": "6482496" }, { "contents": "Circular prokaryote chromosome\n\n\nreplisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation", "id": "7743520" }, { "contents": "Cell (biology)\n\n\n, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means \"true kernel (", "id": "3755998" }, { "contents": "Photosynthesis\n\n\nchloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA,", "id": "4839021" }, { "contents": "Genome evolution\n\n\nparental cell. Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA). The C-value is another measure of genome size. Research on prokaryotic genomes shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome. This indicates that gene number is the main factor influencing the size of the prokaryotic genome. In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the", "id": "12490465" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic transcription\n\n\nEukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher", "id": "10443786" }, { "contents": "UQCC2\n\n\nUQCC2\" gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 6 in position 21.31 and spans 14,990 base pairs. The gene produces a 14.9 kDa protein composed of 126 amino acids. This protein has no homologous domains with other known proteins. It is associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid, likely located in the peripheral region. This protein's distribution pattern is similar to other components of the mitochondrial nucleoid, like mtSSB and PHB1/PHB2. This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane and sublocalized to the mitochondrial matrix", "id": "1137917" }, { "contents": "Nucleoprotein\n\n\nis nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome, i.e. chromatin in eukaryotes consists of such nucleoproteins. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound. The deoxyribonucleoproteins participate in regulating DNA replication and transcription. Deoxyribonucleoproteins are also involved in homologous", "id": "722418" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nhelix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus", "id": "8976368" }, { "contents": "D-loop\n\n\nresearch suggests that it participates in the organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid. In 1999 it was reported that telomeres, which cap the end of chromosomes, terminate in a lariat-like structure termed a T-loop (Telomere-loop). This is a loop of both strands of the chromosome which are joined to an earlier point in the double-stranded DNA by the 3' strand end invading the strand pair to form a D-loop. The joint is stabilized by the shelterin protein POT1. The T-loop", "id": "377745" }, { "contents": "Protein phosphorylation\n\n\nDNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear. Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine", "id": "1182909" }, { "contents": "Cell nucleus\n\n\nsub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic", "id": "6416565" }, { "contents": "Histone\n\n\nIn biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in human DNA). For example, each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA", "id": "14251288" }, { "contents": "Nucleic acid\n\n\nnucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their", "id": "1764083" }, { "contents": "Bacterial DNA binding protein\n\n\ntranscript for the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and stimulates translation of the protein. Additional to this RNA function, it was also demonstrated that HU binds DsrA, a small non-coding RNA that regulates transcription through repressing H-NS and stimulates translation through increasing expression of rpoS. These interactions suggest that HU has multiple influences on transcription and translation in bacterial cells. Integration host factor, IHF, is a nucleoid-associated protein only found in gram negative bacteria. It is a 20 kDa heterodimer, composed of α and", "id": "18485977" }, { "contents": "Mitochondrion\n\n\ninner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins, one of which is TFAM. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins (\"see: protein biosynthesis\"). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed", "id": "19833195" }, { "contents": "Extrachromosomal DNA\n\n\nare not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end. The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes", "id": "15088797" }, { "contents": "Gemmata obscuriglobus\n\n\nstructure of the nucleoid has been implicated in the unusual radiation tolerance of \"G. obscuriglobus\". Transcription and translation of genes have been reported to occur in spatially segregated locations within the cell, which is otherwise characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. \"G. obscuriglobus\" is one of the few prokaryotes known to synthesize sterols, a process critical to the maintenance of eukaryotic cell membranes and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The sterols identified in the bacterium, lanosterol and parkeol, are relatively simple compared to eukaryotic sterols; as indicated by phylogenetic", "id": "4630441" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nis handled by telomere-binding proteins. Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as \"Ter\" sites. These \"Ter\" sites are bound by the Tus protein. The \"Ter\"-Tus complex", "id": "8976434" }, { "contents": "Facilitated diffusion\n\n\nbind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol. The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to target sites on the chain. Just like prokaryotic cells, in eukaryotes, facilitated diffusion occurs in the nucleoplasm on chromatin filaments, accounted for by the switching dynamics of a protein when it is either bound to a chromatin thread or when freely diffusing in the nucleoplasm. In addition, given that the chromatin molecule is fragmented, its fractal properties", "id": "11423129" }, { "contents": "Eukaryotic DNA replication\n\n\nDNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins of replication and replicative proteins to accomplish. Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a circular shape, and has only one replication origin when replication starts. By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear. When replicated, there are as many as one thousand origins of replication. Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional. Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different. Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins (called O) and termini (called T). \"T\"", "id": "8976452" }, { "contents": "Complementary DNA\n\n\nIn genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as", "id": "7538603" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Cave Rock Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel on U.S. Route 50 (US 50) along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe approximately seven miles (11.4 km) north of Stateline, in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It passes through Cave Rock, a volcanic stone formation. To the Washoe Indian Tribe, Cave Rock (Washo: De ek Wadapush ) is considered a sacred place and the tribe has placed restrictions on recreational activities in the vicinity of the tunnel. The tunnels carry U.S. Route 50 through Cave", "id": "10272053" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nRock, a mountain along the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe. There are numerous small caves adjacent to the south portal of both tunnels which give the rock its name. The tunnel is located between the towns of Zephyr Cove and Glenbrook along the US 50 corridor. This portion of US 50 is a National Scenic Byway, part of the Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive. The westbound bore is long and features exposed rock; the eastbound bore features a concrete liner and is long. The tunnels are an elevation of at approximately ,", "id": "10272054" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nabout above the level of the lake. The tunnel dates back to the Lincoln Highway. Originally the Lincoln Highway was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel", "id": "10272055" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nproject in 2016. The project retrofitted parts of the original 1931 bore with a concrete liner and extended the tunnel by on its north end by constructing a rock fall shelter to protect the roadway from falling rocks. The retrofit included new lighting for both tunnels, and variable message signs on the approaches designed to activate upon the presence of bicyclists or ice inside the tunnel. The Cave Rock area is considered sacred by the Washoe tribe. The Washoe tribal leaders were not consulted about the construction of either bore, and were upset about", "id": "10272057" }, { "contents": "Cave Rock Tunnel\n\n\nTunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in 1957, when US 50 was widened to four lanes, at a cost of just over $450,000 (equivalent to $ million today). Coincidentally, both bores were constructed by Utah-based construction companies. After a 2015 rockslide, and observations of more unstable rock in the area, the Nevada Department of Transportation initiated a safety improvement and retrofit", "id": "10272056" }, { "contents": "De’ek wadapush\n\n\nde'ek wadapush (Washo for Standing Gray Rock), also known as Cave Rock, is a stone formation on U.S. Route 50 north of Stateline, Nevada. It is a column of volcanic andesite standing about tall. US 50 passes under the rock through the Cave Rock Tunnel. The formation is considered sacred by the local Washoe people, and is the subject of a conflict between them and rock climbers, with whom it is a popular climbing site. The formation was designated a Traditional Cultural Property and listed on the National Register", "id": "5755769" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 50 in Nevada\n\n\nsheriff's officer who was shot to death while attempting to rescue a victim of domestic violence from her house. US 50 enters Nevada from California as a busy four-lane thoroughfare on the shores of alpine Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada. The highway follows the eastern shore, squeezing between the lake and the crest of the Carson Range. In one narrow spot, the highway cuts through the mountains via the Cave Rock Tunnel. Eventually, the route crests the Carson Range at Spooner Summit and then descends into Nevada's capital", "id": "20767303" }, { "contents": "Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park\n\n\nunit covers . Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than . Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at \"Spooner Summit.\" The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to", "id": "3367484" }, { "contents": "Tahoe Tessie\n\n\nIn Lake Tahoe folklore, Tahoe Tessie is a creature which resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day. Sightings describe Tessie as being between 10 and 80 feet long, having a large, serpentine body \"as wide across as a", "id": "8384168" }, { "contents": "Lion Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Lion Rock Tunnel, the first major road tunnel in Hong Kong, is a twin-bored toll tunnel, connecting Sha Tin in the New Territories and New Kowloon near Kowloon Tong. It has two lanes in each direction, with toll booths located at the Sha Tin end. It is a vital component of Route 1. The construction of Lion Rock Tunnel started in January 1962. The tunnel was opened on 14 November 1967, as a 1.43 km dual-one single bore tunnel. This tunnel is often described as", "id": "13000384" }, { "contents": "Allegheny Mountain Tunnel\n\n\ncompleted. This tunnel was not used due to concerns about its structural integrity. The eastern end of this original tunnel can be seen by parking on the service road at the turnpike's eastern portal and walking up to the area just above and a bit north of the turnpike portal. The opening is visible in the rocks just uphill. Entering this old tunnel is prohibited. The current westbound tunnel was built in 1939 as part of the original construction for the highway. At first, this tunnel served both westbound and eastbound traffic", "id": "13676026" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\na short speech. The space between the three drifts was then excavated, resulting in a single arch-shaped bore (in cross-section), and the tunnel roof was constructed using steel I-beam ribs spaced apart to support the rock, which were then embedded in concrete up to thick at the crown. No cave-ins occurred during the excavation of the tunnel. After the roof was completed, the remaining core of rock between the tunnel roof and lower deck was excavated using a power shovel. By May", "id": "10424414" }, { "contents": "Mount Carmel Junction, Utah\n\n\nClear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway began in 1927. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking Zion Canyon to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit Grand Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Parks. The north-south trending Sevier", "id": "15461308" }, { "contents": "History of Los Angeles\n\n\nand oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave-ins caused by oil-soaked rock. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876", "id": "20781314" }, { "contents": "Tigris tunnel\n\n\nThe so-called Tigris tunnel is a cave approximately 50 miles north of Diyarbakır in Turkey. It has a length of about . The Berkilin Cay flows through this cave. It forms a source of the Tigris, but not the main one, although the exit was long believed to be this. In fact the spring is near Bingöl not far away from the Tigris tunnel. In its vicinity there are several archaeological monuments, three Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs and five inscriptions. Best preserved are the rock reliefs", "id": "21603203" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\nopening in 1940 until 1968. Due to increasing traffic on the highway, the turnpike commission began upgrading all of its two-lane tunnels, constructing twin bores for its tunnels through the Allegheny, Tuscarora, Kittatinny, and Blue mountains, and bypassing the tunnels under Laurel Hill, Rays Hill, and Sideling Hill with new, six-lane highways climbing the adjacent hills. The Sideling Hill Tunnel and the nearby Rays Hill tunnel, along with connecting segments of four-lane highway, were used for many years as a testing", "id": "18343773" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\n. Consultants decided that a tunnel through West Rock would save $100,000 dollars than a route around the mountain. World War II would cause temporary abandonment of the project. After the tunnel was decided as the best option, workers began to test the character of the rock. A hole was drilled at the summit below the proposed grade. After the tests were complete, the consultants had two plans for the tunnel: A twin bore or a single bore. The final plans were a twin bore tunnel. Work began on the", "id": "17097291" }, { "contents": "Mount Bolu Tunnel\n\n\nMount Bolu Tunnel () is a highway tunnel constructed through the Bolu Mountain in Turkey between Kaynaşlı, Düzce and Yumrukaya, Bolu. The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova-Gerede Highway within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$300 million. It has twin bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault. The November 12, 1999", "id": "9003161" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nheight, two by two lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the A2 motorway, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction since 2013 in the city of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north on two levels with two lanes each", "id": "1455443" }, { "contents": "Brookville Tunnel\n\n\ndisintegrate causing large amounts of earth to fall into the tunnel bore. On two occasions during the tunnel's construction, though great care was taken to provide temporary support, major cave-ins occurred forming craters on top of the ridge, as much as above the tunnel. Another slide occurred on the outside of the western portal that blocked the entrance to the tunnel and prevented workers from repairing the damage from the two internal cave-ins. Rocks often fell down upon the timbers under which the men worked, creating sounds described", "id": "20262937" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nA tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a \"mole\", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (done with micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines", "id": "13773079" }, { "contents": "Yerba Buena Tunnel\n\n\nby injecting cement grout under pressure through 25 holes bored into the loose rock over the crown of the tunnel. After excavating the western and eastern open portals, three drifts were bored from west to east along the path of the tunnel: one at the crown and the other two at the lower corners. The first drift broke through in July 1934, approximately one year after the start of construction. A ceremonial party led by Governor Merriam celebrated the completion of the first drift on July 24 by walking through it, followed by", "id": "10424413" }, { "contents": "Hanging Lake Tunnel\n\n\nThe Hanging Lake Tunnel is a dual bore highway tunnel carrying Interstate 70 (I-70) and U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) through the southern wall of Glenwood Canyon, just east of exit 125 in Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The tunnel is named for Hanging Lake, which resides in a side canyon to Glenwood Canyon and is accessible via a trail head at a rest area near the western portal of the tunnel. Each bore is long. The tunnels house a command center, which is accessed from a hangar", "id": "17057534" }, { "contents": "Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)\n\n\na specialized crane. Pre-cast segments will be put on the tunnels' diameter to prevent cave ins, after the TBMs bore 1.2 metres. Tunnels will have to be dug through a mix of soil and basalt rock, and is expected to be difficult. TBMs can dig at an average rate of 8 metres per day through rock, and at a rate of 14 metres per day through soil. After TBMs bore through section, the metro tunnel will be lined with pre-cast concrete rings to strengthen the tunnels.", "id": "9724932" }, { "contents": "Cheung Tsing Tunnel\n\n\nfirst public housing estate on the island. Construction through the granite of Tsing Yi Peak required explosives to get through the hardness of the hill. To prevent dislodging of rocks and buildings on the surface slopes the rocks were reinforced by concrete and steel. Although the tunnel used explosives in its construction, boring was more used as the primary digging procedure. The tunnel was managed by Tsing Ma Management Limited under Tsing Ma Control Area, along with Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, Rambler Channel Bridge,", "id": "17730633" }, { "contents": "Squirrel Hill Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel consists of two bores that pass through Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, PA, carrying two lanes of one-way traffic in each direction for S.R. 0376 (Parkway East). At a cost of $18 million, it was the most costly single project built by the State Highways Department and completed the last link in the first 8-mile section of the Parkway. The tunnel consists of twin arch-shaped reinforced concrete bores that are 4,225 feet long and approximately 29'-4” wide. The tunnel is segmented longitudinally by expansion joints which", "id": "7243799" }, { "contents": "Huguenot Tunnel\n\n\nthe mountains, the Du Toitskloof pass, using the labour of Italian prisoners of war between 1942 and 1945 and continued with ordinary labour until its completion in 1948. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, tunneling from both ends using drilling and blasting. There were two phases to the tunneling, the first a pilot tunnel to examine the routes geographical obstacles. The second phase bored a 5 m tunnel through granite rock as well as the construction of portals, drainage and ventilation tunnels. The two", "id": "17344722" }, { "contents": "Eiksund Tunnel\n\n\nalong with the tunnel. The total cost of the tunnel was about . The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July 2007, but numerous delays pushed the date back to December 2007 and then eventually to 2008. The tunnel was opened to traffic on 23 February 2008. The Eiksund Tunnel is an undersea rock tunnel created by drilling and blasting, with 1,300 tonnes of explosive used. 660,000 cubic metres of rock were removed during construction. The tunnel carries three lanes of traffic, allowing for a crawler lane", "id": "17951325" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nback to their original value. The rate of sinking was about 2 mm per year before the tunnelling, while the sinking increased to 35 mm. No damage incurred to the three affected houses. During the construction phase up to 500 workers from 13 nations were simultaneously employed at the site. There were no fatal accidents. The two tunnel boring machines were dismantled and removed in 2008. The construction of the tunnel used a tunneling shield to drive through hard rock for the first time in Germany. Two identical, 2,500 ton and", "id": "13819853" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nthe project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million", "id": "19141913" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\n; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $ million in 2019). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels. The tunnel", "id": "19141914" }, { "contents": "Marys Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Marys Rock Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Located at mile marker 32.2 on Skyline Drive, the scenic byway that traverses the length of Shenandoah National Park, it is the only vehicular tunnel in the park. Constructed in 1932 by workers employed with the Civilian Conservation Corps, the tunnel workers took three months to drill and blast through the east slopes of Mary's Rock (). The two lane tunnel is long and only high, so recreational vehicles and taller trucks need to check their height restrictions", "id": "11798370" }, { "contents": "Martina (tunnel boring machine)\n\n\nThe Martina tunnel boring machine is a hard rock tunnel boring machine built by Herrenknecht AG. It is the largest hard rock tunnel boring machine in the world and has been used for drilling the Sparvo Tunnel, a part of the larger Variante di Valico project in Italy. The Martina has a shield diameter of 15.55 metres, an excavation diameter of 15.62 metres, a length of 130 metres, a total weight of 4500 tonnes and an annual operating consumption of 62 million kWh. The machine started work on the Sparvo tunnel in 2011", "id": "18690693" }, { "contents": "Gran Sasso d'Italia\n\n\nvictims. In 1984, a two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway, the Traforo del Gran Sasso, was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or \"Gran Sasso National Laboratory\". The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel and lies beneath of rock.", "id": "9383424" }, { "contents": "Hoosac Tunnel\n\n\n, completing drainage systems and completing the east tunnel facade. The first train passed through the tunnel on February 9, 1875. The tunnel construction project required excavation of of rock. On March 16, 1853, \"Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine\" (a tunnel boring machine) was used; it failed after excavating of rock. Tunnel builders resorted to hand digging, and later used the Burleigh Drilling-machine, one of the first pneumatic drills. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerin", "id": "6636424" }, { "contents": "Xueshan Tunnel\n\n\nsevere traffic jams. Tunnel construction began in July 1991 and took 15 years to complete and cost a total of NT$90.6 billion (US$2.83 billion) to complete. Tunnel construction used of concrete, of cables, and 2,000 lighting units. While excavating the tunnel, engineers encountered difficult geological problems like fractured rock and massive inflows of water, which caused severe delays. One of the three TBMs on the westbound tunnel was buried by a ground collapse. In order to speed up the tunnel boring, an additional working interface in Interchange", "id": "7972609" }, { "contents": "Interstate 70 in Colorado\n\n\n. The first bore was dedicated March 8, 1973. Initially this tunnel was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the second tube (the Johnson bore), which was finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $ million today). Approximately 90% of the funds", "id": "21925781" }, { "contents": "Tavistock Canal\n\n\nmachinery, driven by water flowing along the canal. The canal from Tavistock to the tunnel mouth, including an aqueduct which carried it over the River Lumburn, was opened in 1805. The tunnel was cut through rock, was of small bore, and required Taylor to construct two types of pump, one to keep the workings drained, and the other to clean the air. Both were powered by water wheels, driven by the canal water. The tunnel, which was driven through elvan rock and killas clay-slate,", "id": "3517273" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\n\"Rock Cut\"). This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge. The bridge, which is just long, spans over Placer Creek, the smaller of the two creeks feeding Portage Lake. The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The road continues into the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, often called the Whittier Tunnel after the town at its eastern terminus, is a dual-use (", "id": "8962769" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nThe Caldecott Tunnel is an east–west highway tunnel through the Berkeley Hills between Oakland and Orinda, California. Its four bores carry California State Route 24. Named after Thomas E. Caldecott, former mayor of Berkeley, it opened in 1937 as a two-bore tunnel. The third bore opened in 1964 and the fourth bore in 2013. Currently, the two oldest bores carry eastbound traffic and the two newest bores carry westbound traffic. The east–west tunnel is signed as a part of State Route 24 and connects Oakland", "id": "20009432" }, { "contents": "Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey\n\n\n, the tunnel routes avoided granite and instead they were routed through looser shale rock formations; this speeded up construction and was less labour-intensive, but it could also be dangerous due to an increased risk of rockfalls. The tunnels were dug by the traditional method of drilling and blasting. When the tunnels were bored out, they were lined with concrete. First, the floor was lined, followed by the walls, and, finally, the roof. The walls were concreted using wooden shuttering, the space between the shuttering", "id": "20984321" }, { "contents": "Carmel Tunnels\n\n\nproject was built by Carmelton, a subsidiary of Ashtrom and Shikun UVinui, two of the largest infrastructure companies in Israel, and the tunnels were bored by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), a Chinese company specializing in tunnel boring. In January 2009, boring was completed on the westbound tunnel in the eastern portion of the project. Boring of the last tunnel was completed on June 1, 2009. The cost for drivers is 8.7 NIS for each segment (a drive to the central portal is considered one segment and", "id": "9796064" }, { "contents": "Carlin Tunnel\n\n\nThe Carlin Tunnel is a collective name for a set of four tunnel bores in the Humboldt River's Carlin Canyon, east of Carlin in Elko County, Nevada, United States. The two railroad bores were constructed for different purposes at different times, while the two highway bores were constructed concurrently, all with the goal of bypassing a sharp bend in the river. Currently, two of the bores carry Interstate 80, while the other two bores carry Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route and Central Corridor. Bridges over the Humboldt River", "id": "10272030" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nautomobile transport did not take into account global warming concerns. The approved design is a four-lane, long bored underground tunnel. The tunnel has a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal in South Lake Union, east of Seattle Center. The route goes beneath Pioneer Square, the central business district of Downtown, and Belltown. The project is estimated to cost US$3.29 billion, with $2.8 billion coming from the state and federal governments to cover the tunnel boring and a new interchange in", "id": "9867792" }, { "contents": "Baregg Tunnel\n\n\nThe Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is long. Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for", "id": "2629239" }, { "contents": "Staple Bend Tunnel\n\n\nThe Staple Bend Tunnel, about east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a town called Mineral Point, was constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Construction began on April 12, 1831. This tunnel, at in length, was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States. It is rock-bored and stone-lined. Finished in June 1833, the Staple Bend Tunnel was advertised as the first railroad tunnel in the United States. It was the third tunnel of any kind built in the U.S.", "id": "17041016" }, { "contents": "Zion – Mount Carmel Highway\n\n\ngalleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). At the time of its completion it was the longest non-urban road tunnel in the United States. The tunnel's restricted dimensions", "id": "8859666" }, { "contents": "Portage Glacier Highway\n\n\nhighway to cross over the small Portage Creek, which drains Portage Lake, in turn fed by Portage Glacier. The bridge ends at the start of the Portage Lake Tunnel. The tunnel is long and constructed of concrete. The route proceeds on to a portion of road known as the \"Rock Cut at Portage Lake\" by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF). This road passes along the coast of Portage Lake, and borders a large, man-made cliff to the north (hence the name", "id": "8962768" }, { "contents": "Tunnel construction\n\n\ndeformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In the last decades also soft ground excavations up to became usual. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores", "id": "15958692" }, { "contents": "Skyline Drive\n\n\nThis section of the roadway included the Marys Rock Tunnel, a tunnel that was bored through Marys Rock. A tunnel was constructed at this location as opposed to a cut. The tunnel was justified as a money-saving measure but was also suggested to challenge Bureau of Public Roads and National Park Service landscape architects. With the official establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935, the CCC hired 300 men, most of whom were not local to the area, to continue to build Skyline Drive. On October 1, 1936,", "id": "21018477" }, { "contents": "Leipzig City Tunnel\n\n\nit started a second time. At Bayerischen Bahnhof and at all other stops between, three slurry walls were constructed. The slurry was mixed with cement and hardened in the slot. This mass then formed a waterproof wall through which the tunnel boring machines could run without the surrounding water and rock penetrating. The tunnel has an excavated diameter of nine metres and was driven by a fluid-based plate. This generates a positive pressure that prevented the ingress of water and rock into the tunnel. Using this approach, however, there", "id": "4144468" }, { "contents": "Robertson Tunnel\n\n\nbut there is very little perceptible slope except for several gentle, short grades which exist presumably to follow the easiest-to-bore rock stratum. During construction, the east portal was west of Canyon Road, below City of Portland Reservoir 4. After completion, the road was raised and an overpass placed over the track. This effectively extended the original bored-and-blasted tunnel east by about , making the final length , so that it would emerge to the east of Canyon Road, and on the south side of", "id": "9130492" }, { "contents": "Zbrašov aragonite caves\n\n\nlimited number of visitors in groups. Algae and moss have grown in places with permanent lighting near the visitor routes. These growths are removed twice a year using a solution of sodium hypochlorite. The route made available to the public is a 375 m long (1322 m of known tunnels) tunnel, and the cave tour lasts 50 minutes. 60,000 people visit the caves each year. Cave tours begins in a space named the Boardroom. It is named after the sharp rock in the middle, which commemorates the lectern. Furthermore", "id": "5025491" }, { "contents": "Bayshore Cutoff\n\n\nthe only one of the five tunnels built with twin bores to accommodate four tracks, although the western bore is currently closed. The western bore was built because a high concrete retaining wall was needed to support a city street running alongside that second tunnel. Tunnel Top Park, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, is within the Caltrain-owned right-of-way. These two tunnels were bored through mostly serpentinite rock with clay seams. The Western Pacific Railroad (WP) also built a tunnel through Potrero Hill at nearly the same", "id": "14406325" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\na natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's deformation. By special monitoring the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. In pipe jacking, hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with", "id": "1455435" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nto slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses. Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second. Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, \"We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read\". Though", "id": "19141912" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nto which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel. An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017. The world's largest \"hard rock\" TBM, known as Martina, (", "id": "13773090" }, { "contents": "Eisenhower Tunnel\n\n\nThe Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel, is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. With a maximum elevation of above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in", "id": "19141902" }, { "contents": "Stockton Street Tunnel\n\n\nbeing resolved, and work was to start \"within 30 or 60 days.\" In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days. During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in. Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914. The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north", "id": "15409222" }, { "contents": "Newhall Pass\n\n\nRailroad) go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel. The took a year and a half to complete. Over 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation", "id": "6351629" }, { "contents": "Saverne Tunnel\n\n\nbuilt by Spie Batignolles and Dodin Campenon-Bernard, at a cost of approximately €200 million. The two bores of the Saverne Tunnel were excavated with a , tunnel boring machine (TBM), manufactured by Herrenknecht. The TBM was used to excavate of the tunnel, the remainder consisting of false tunnel constructed at both ends. The TBM was christened \"Charlotte\"—in honor of a girl from a nearby village—in a ceremony on 25 October 2011. It began excavation of the first bore on 10 November 2011 from the eastern", "id": "21284216" }, { "contents": "7 Subway Extension\n\n\nUnderground Structures,\" its 2013 Construction Project of the Year. According to the society, the project team won the award \"for outstanding professional engineering efforts in developing creative solutions and innovative technologies in construction of an infrastructure project. The No. 7 project used the first double-shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to tunnel under New York City while placing precast concrete segments to form the tunnels’ walls. For the first time in the world, a ground freezing method was used to harden soil to act as rock to", "id": "17468987" }, { "contents": "Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel\n\n\nper day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on February 4, 2019. The", "id": "9867768" }, { "contents": "Cumberland Gap Tunnel\n\n\n, with funding provided by both agencies as well as the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. While the project was in the planning phases, Kentucky and Tennessee both began widening their portions of U.S. 25E leading to Cumberland Gap to four lanes. Construction inspection, project management and engineering services were administered by Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers. The first step in construction was the boring of a pilot tunnel underneath the mountain, which revealed some unexpected construction challenges. The boring revealed underground springs and streams that would result in leakage of 450 gallons", "id": "6959745" }, { "contents": "Tunnel\n\n\nA tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or", "id": "1455406" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nLevel Tunnel was renamed, becoming the Caldecott Tunnel. By 1960, the Division of Highways had upgraded the eastern approach to the tunnel into a modern freeway. With Contra Costa County accessible by freeway, its change from an agricultural community into a major suburb accelerated. The Division of Highways purchased sufficient right-of-way to the north of the existing twin bores to build another pair of bores. Given the traffic counts and the expense of tunnel construction, the construction of two additional bores would have been seen as unnecessary and", "id": "20009441" }, { "contents": "Wirral line\n\n\n1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead", "id": "19002981" }, { "contents": "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\n\n\n) which led north through Berkeley, U.S. 50 (38th Street, later MacArthur Blvd.) which led through Oakland, and State Route 17 which ran parallel to U.S. 50, along the Oakland Estuary and through the industrial and port sections of the city. The Yerba Buena passage utilizes the Yerba Buena Tunnel, wide, high, and long. It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world. The large amount of material that was excavated in boring the tunnel was used for a portion of the landfill over the", "id": "4320533" }, { "contents": "Alpine Tunnel\n\n\nIt is more than two miles (3 km) above sea level, with its highest point at 11,523.7 feet (3,512.4 m). It is 500 feet (150 m) under Altman Pass, later to be renamed Alpine Pass to prevent confusion, with a 1,825-foot (556 m) bore. It took 18 months to complete, with most of the construction done during the winter months. The DSP & P had anticipated boring the Alpine tunnel through solid rock, taking about 6 months to complete. In the event,", "id": "9779657" }, { "contents": "Wawona Tunnel\n\n\nThe Wawona Tunnel is a highway tunnel in Yosemite National Park. It, and Tunnel View just beyond its east portal, were completed in 1933. Wawona Tunnel was bored through solid granite bedrock, and carries Wawona Road through a granite mountain on the south side of the Merced River. It is located on one of the three main roads providing access to Yosemite Valley, the most visited section of the park. Wawona Road becomes California State Route 41 on exiting the park. After passing through the tunnel, when leaving Yosemite Valley", "id": "15409275" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nare used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional \"hand mining\" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus", "id": "13773080" }, { "contents": "Pennsylvania Turnpike\n\n\nwas used in lining the tunnel portals. The tunnels include ventilation ducts, drainage structures, sidewalks, lighting, telephone and signal systems. Lighting was installed along the roadway approaching the tunnel portals. The tunnels bored through the seven mountains totaled . The tunnels were Laurel Hill Tunnel, Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, Rays Hill Tunnel, Sideling Hill Tunnel, Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel, and Blue Mountain Tunnel, and the road became known as the \"tunnel highway\". Many bridge designs were used for roads over the highway", "id": "4757592" }, { "contents": "Boßler Tunnel\n\n\nsite logistics. In mid-2009, construction work was scheduled to start in 2010. Due to the unstable rock, planning decisions initially ruled out the use of tunnel boring machines. However, according to entrepreneur Martin Herrenknecht their use could save 70 to 100 million euros over the originally tendered conventional method The company obtained expert opinion at their own cost, and thus achieved the approval of mechanical tunneling. Together with the excavation of Filder tunnel, 80 to 100 million euros could thus been saved. A 2830 m long section was advanced using", "id": "1779812" }, { "contents": "Heroes Tunnel\n\n\nplanning phase. Heroes Tunnel is a twin bore tunnel, 1200 feet in length with bores 63 feet center to center, 23-foot roadways flanked by curbs 2 feet 6 inches wide and tile lined side-walls. The side wall contains 1/4-inch in diameter and spaced 4 inches on the center. The pavement in the tunnel extends 50 feet outside of the tunnel walls at each end. It is eight-inch reinforced concrete. 300 watt lights are space on thirty foot centers. Studies were conducted for a tunnel through West Rock on", "id": "17097289" }, { "contents": "Wilson's Cave\n\n\nWilson's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was named after Major W. H. Wilson, Royal Engineers, Company Commander. Magazine Ramp, Great North Road Tunnel (circa 1944). Wilson's Cave is a large natural limestone cave within the Rock of Gibraltar. It was discovered by the military during World War II during excavation of Magazine Ramp near Green Lane Magazine whilst carrying out extensive tunnelling within the Rock. The miners were developing a structure to absorb a possible blast (known as a blast", "id": "7274387" }, { "contents": "Wushaoling Tunnel\n\n\nspeeds of 160 km/h. The tunnel travels through complex geology, involving four regional fault zones and soft rock. The New Austrian Tunnelling method was adopted as the construction technique. An elliptical cross-section (horseshoe shape) was used for the majority of the tunnel, with a circular section used in the geologically challenging Fault Zone No. 7. The right (east-bound) bore was constructed first, while the left tunnel was a parallel drift with smaller diameter to be enlarged later. The gradient is mainly", "id": "11775263" }, { "contents": "Moffat Tunnel\n\n\nCalifornia Zephyr\" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The Moffat Tunnel was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide. In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially \"holed through\" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a", "id": "17701377" }, { "contents": "Ceneri Base Tunnel\n\n\ntunnel officially commenced. In November 2008, the excavation of a 2.4km-long (1.5 miles) adit tunnel was completed, it involved the excavation of 160,000m³ of hard rock. A tunnel boring machine (TBM), provided by Robbins Company and equipped with 483mm cutters, was used to bore the adit tunnel over the course of ten months during which it advanced at a rate of 18.5 meters per day. During the spring of 2010, work commenced upon the boring of the Ceneri Base Tunnel itself. During March", "id": "17018384" }, { "contents": "Stonehenge road tunnel\n\n\nStonehenge visitor centre to the site underneath this road. As part of the development of the proposals, over 50 routes were considered by the Highways Agency. Since 1991, 51 proposals have been considered for improving the A303 in the area and to remove it from the Stonehenge site. In 1995 it was proposed to build a tunnel for the A303 underneath the World Heritage Site. A conference agreed on a 2.5-mile (4 km) bored tunnel; however, the government instead proposed a cut and cover tunnel, with plans being published", "id": "8192891" }, { "contents": "Niagara Tunnel Project\n\n\nCompany of Solon, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland), and was the world’s largest hard-rock tunnel boring machine as of 2006. The TBM operated as deep as below ground level to avoid the machine's vibrations being felt at surface level. The design-build contractor for the project was the Austrian construction company Strabag AG, a large construction group with extensive experience in large tunnel construction. Boring by the Hatch Mott MacDonald Engineering Company started on 15 September 2006 at the north end, located at and ended on", "id": "11147425" }, { "contents": "City Rail Link\n\n\npublished the following proposed project timeline for the City Rail Link: This timeline will not be adhered to, as completion was re-scheduled to early 2024. The City Rail Link will be constructed using both cut-and-cover and tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods depending on the location of construction. The ground through which the tunnels will be built varies between rock and soft soil, and with a variation in depth to natural ground level of between 40 metres and 0 metres. Cut and cover construction will occur around", "id": "18297036" }, { "contents": "Transportation in Seattle\n\n\ncontroversy demonstrating the Seattle process. Options for replacing the viaduct, which carried 110,000 vehicles per day, included either replacing it with a cut-and-cover tunnel, replacing it with another elevated highway, or eliminating it while modifying other surface streets and public transportation. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel. Construction began in July 2013 using \"Bertha\", at the time the world's largest-diameter tunnel boring machine. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in", "id": "18706590" }, { "contents": "Beaucatcher Tunnel\n\n\nBeaucatcher Tunnel carries U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and US 74A through Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, North Carolina. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 and completed in 1929. The tunnel has two lanes and sidewalks separated from the traffic lanes by concrete barriers. It was renovated in 2014 with new stone portals. For the construction of Interstate 240 on a parallel alignment two new tunnels were considered for the interstate route. In 1967 the North Carolina State Highway Commission endorsed an open cut through the mountain, which was projected", "id": "7038325" }, { "contents": "Waterview Connection\n\n\nHe was unable to predict a completion date for Auckland's 42 km western ring route, saying officials regarded a 2015 target of the previous Labour government as \"aspirational\". On 13 May 2009 NZTA announced its new preferred route for the Waterview Connection motorway as a combination of surface, bored tunnel and cut and cover tunnel. The tunnels would be constructed with provision for three lanes in each direction. A raised surface motorway through Alan Wood Park and the short section between the bored and cut and cover tunnel portals near the Great", "id": "9831827" }, { "contents": "Almannaskarðsgöng\n\n\nAlmannaskarðsgöng is a tunnel along Route 1, located just east of the town of Höfn (Hornafjörður) in the Eastern Region of Iceland. The construction of the tunnel began in March 2004, the breakthrough was in October that same year, and the tunnel was opened on June 24, 2005. The tunnel runs through 1,150 metres of solid rock and some 162 metres of concrete portals, bringing the total length to 1,312 metres (although a sign rounds it off to 1,300 m). The tunnel is two lanes wide, with", "id": "7311971" }, { "contents": "Caldecott Tunnel\n\n\nconstruction of a new tunnel through the Berkeley Hills to replace the old, decrepit and increasingly inadequate existing tunnel. In 1929, Alameda and Contra Costa County formed Joint Highway District 13 to accomplish this goal. Surveys and preliminary work on the approaches began in 1931. On June 17, 1934, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and opened to traffic on December 5 of that year. They were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel (commonly shortened as the", "id": "20009439" }, { "contents": "Bobby Hopper Tunnel\n\n\nThe Bobby Hopper Tunnel is a highway tunnel on Interstate 49 (I-49) in Arkansas, just north of the Crawford–Washington county line. It opened in 1999 to four lanes of traffic. No toll is charged. The tunnel's twin bores are each approximately in length, wide and tall (as measured from the roadway to the top of the tunnel arch). A prominent feature of the tunnel is the noticeably inclined gradient of each bore and its associated roadway. Southbound traffic experiences a significant descending gradient inside the tunnel", "id": "7648954" }, { "contents": "Boring Test Tunnel\n\n\nThe Boring Test Tunnel is a test tunnel in Hawthorne, California, United States that was completed by The Boring Company in late 2018. The single-bore tunnel was constructed during 2017‒2018 using a diameter tunnel boring machine, giving a finished internal diameter. Most of the route runs outside and set back from the perimeter of Hawthorne Municipal Airport, with a very short section under the corner of the airport fence, without going under the runway. The tunnel starts between the Dominguez Channel storm drain and Crenshaw Boulevard at an entrance pit", "id": "12989267" }, { "contents": "75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel\n\n\nUS$121 million. The tunnel was initially named after its location in Selatin village of Germencik district. Following its completion, it was renamed in memory of the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923). As of 2012, it ranks on the second place after the long Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel opened in 2007. It has twin bores of and length, and carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. Each of the bores is wide and high. The tunnel is equipped with a modern electronic road", "id": "7491353" }, { "contents": "Jebel Dahar\n\n\n, with a slight downwards incline so that any rain water can run out of the dwelling. These exit tunnels are usually winding and have niches for stabling animals. The exit door is usually decorated with traditional symbols such as the hand of Fatima or a fish, and is often concealed between rocks and bushes. There is sometimes a nomads' tent and a shelter for animals nearby. The more common and widespread type of cave dwelling is constructed by boring a tunnel into the side of the mountain; softer stone is excavated to", "id": "13347070" }, { "contents": "Nevada State Route 28\n\n\nState Route 28 (SR 28) is a road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe. SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay, continuing across the border as SR 28. SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 and the state scenic byway system since June 1994. The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City. SR 28 was designated in 1948 and has not significantly changed since it was", "id": "19472563" }, { "contents": "Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel\n\n\nhas suffered two separate collapse incidents. The first occurred during the construction process, and six workmen died, while another segment caved in during the 1950s during a project to improve the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period", "id": "1942860" }, { "contents": "Flat Rock Tunnel\n\n\nThe Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River. Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840. In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch. The spacing between the tracks was increased from to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric", "id": "4271567" }, { "contents": "Rastatt Tunnel\n\n\nfirst parts of the tunnel boring machine were delivered at the north portal at Ötigheim and were assembled there in preparation for driving the eastern tube from early February. The first tunnel boring machine was symbolically launched on 8 December 2015. It was expected to start driving the eastern tunnel at the end of May 2016. A stretch of earthworks with a length of about was completed to the north of the tunnel at the end of 2006 and it has been extended at Ötigheim since early 2013. Sensors at the tunnel construction site at Niederbühl", "id": "15399607" }, { "contents": "Tunnel boring machine\n\n\nof doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock). TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the", "id": "13773105" }, { "contents": "Katzenberg Tunnel\n\n\nduring the night was set aside for the maintenance of equipment and for the drilling of pilot holes for exploring the ground ahead. The advance of the eastern tunnel between tunnel-kilometers 3.7 and 4.3 experienced unexpected delays after an inflow of from 20 to 30 litres of water per second were experienced at the rock face and a closed-face tunnelling method had to be adopted. The tunneling of the western bore avoided a delay by making a timely change in tunnelling method. The progress of tunnel boring increased from about ten metres per", "id": "13819849" }, { "contents": "Second Avenue Subway\n\n\n-soil tunnels are in contrast to the hard-rock bored tunnels south of 92nd Street and the cut-and-cover tunnels north of that point (necessitated because Manhattan's rock profile drops sharply north of 92nd Street). Phase 2 will extend the line north from the 96th Street station to the Harlem–125th Street subway station at Lexington Avenue. North of 120th Street, it will be constructed through the use of TBMs. The TBM Launch Box will be located between 121st Street and 122nd Street on Second Avenue. The TBMs", "id": "8847243" }, { "contents": "Bendemeer MRT station\n\n\nto Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd. for approximately S$215.24 million in August 2011. The twin 2.25 km tunnels between Jalan Besar, Bendemeer and Geylang Bahru stations were bored under old pre-war shophouses along Jalan Besar Road and required careful and stringent control of the tunnelling works beneath it. The tunnels were constructed using steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) segments, the first in South East Asia, which enhances the long term durability of the tunnels. The station opened on 21 October 2017, as announced by the Land", "id": "11230713" }, { "contents": "Sideling Hill\n\n\n, is currently in its third phase of life. In the 1880s, a tunnel was partially bored through the mountain by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad project ceased, and the tunnel was left abandoned. When construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was begun in the 1930s by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on the right-of-way of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, the tunnel was completed for highway use by the turnpike. The tunnel, the longest of the seven original turnpike tunnels at long, was used from the turnpike's", "id": "18343772" }, { "contents": "Baker–Barry Tunnel\n\n\nat this time. A rockslide in the tunnel closed it in late 1926, prompting another round of repairs which began in 1928. In October 1935, work began under the Works Progress Administration to bore out the tunnel; when completed on June 30, 1937 at a cost of , the height was extended to and the width was extended to . Workers lined the tunnel with of unreinforced concrete. During the widening work, a long section of the tunnel caved in at the western end of the tunnel on May 31, 1936", "id": "7925262" } ]

[ { "contents": "Trade Lines (newspaper)\n\n\nTrade Lines is a pennysaver-style free weekly newspaper consisting exclusively of classified and display advertising. It has been serving selected markets in Berrien and Van Burren counties in southwestern Michigan since 1949. \"Trade Lines\" is distributed weekly each Monday to 44,000 households in the communities of Baroda, Benton Harbor, Berrien Springs, Berrien Center, Bridgman, Coloma, Eau Claire, Riverside, St. Joseph, Sawyer, Sodus, Stevensville, and Watervliet in Berrien County; and Hartford and South Haven in Van Buren County. Each full page", "id": "7372440" }, { "contents": "Berrien Township, Michigan\n\n\nBerrien Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 5,084. Berrien Township was established in 1832, taking its name from Berrien County. The township is in the southeast portion of the county. The western boundary with Oronoko Charter Township is the St. Joseph River. Berrien Springs also lies to the west, with a small portion east of the river annexed by the village. Sodus Township lies to the northwest, while Pipestone Township and Eau Claire", "id": "211954" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Michigan\n\n\nBerrien County is a county on the south line of Michigan, at the southwestern corner of the state. As of the 2010 census, the population was 156,813. The county seat is St. Joseph. Berrien County is included in the Niles-Benton Harbor, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the South Bend-Elkhart-Mishawaka, IN-MI Combined Statistical Area. As one of the Cabinet counties, Berrien County was named for John M. Berrien of Georgia, US Attorney General (1829–1831) under US", "id": "10837554" }, { "contents": "New Buffalo Times\n\n\nThe New Buffalo Times is a source of information on news and events in the city of New Buffalo and surrounding New Buffalo Township, plus other communities within the Harbor Country region of southwestern Berrien County, Michigan. It is a weekly newspaper published each Thursday. The \"Times\" is one of three weekly newspapers serving the inhabitants of Harbor Country, the others being \"Harbor Country News\" and \"The South County Gazette\". A subscription costs $40/year inside Berrien County and $48/year outside Berrien.", "id": "9227951" }, { "contents": "M-140 (Michigan highway)\n\n\njog along Pokagon Road around Riggins Lake. M-140 turns back northward and runs through the community of Berrien Center. Near Eau Claire, the highway turns bends along Maple Grove Road for about before going north on Watervliet Road. East of town, the trunkline follows Main Street eastward toward the Berrien–Cass county line. M-140 intersects the northern terminus of M-62 and curves north. In northern Berrien County, M-140 follows Watervliet Road to an interchange with Interstate 94 (I-94). The highway continues northward along Main Street into Watervliet,", "id": "800150" }, { "contents": "Harbor Country News\n\n\nThe Harbor Country News is a weekly newspaper published by News-Dispatch Media, the publisher of \"The News-Dispatch,\" the Michigan City, Indiana's daily newspaper. It primarily serves the residents of, and their guests and other visitors to, the small communities of Harbor Country, a rural resort region bordering Lake Michigan in southwestern Berrien County, Michigan. Printed every Thursday, \"Harbor Country News\" bills itself as \"southwestern Berrien County’s best source for local news, sports, entertainment, things to do", "id": "2904422" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs Courthouse\n\n\nBerrien Springs. By the early 1890s, the cities of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor came to an agreement about siting a new courthouse, and a county-wide vote was instituted, with the plan to move the courthouse prevailing. In 1894, the county seat was moved to St. Joseph. The building was sold, and over the next few decades was used as an armory for the Berrien Springs Light Guard, as a center for community affairs and dancehall, and briefly as the campus of Andrews University. In 1922,", "id": "12850349" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)\n\n\n, then further southwest by the Prairie River from the east. The river continues southward into northern Indiana, flowing west through Elkhart, Mishawaka, and South Bend, where it turns abruptly to north to re-enter southwestern Michigan in southeastern Berrien County. In southwestern Michigan, it follows a wide meandering route generally northwest through Niles and past Berrien Springs. It enters Lake Michigan between St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, receiving the Paw Paw River from the north approximately from its mouth on Lake Michigan. There are 190 dams in the", "id": "16994015" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph Valley Railway (1889–1897)\n\n\nthe necessary financing fell through. Soon afterwards the line again changed hands, and continued to decline. In August 1893 the Michigan Railroad Commission again condemned the line; regular service had ceased the previous month. In 1894 an election transferred the county seat from Berrien Springs to St. Joseph; contemporary analysis laid much of the blame on the failure of the St. Joseph Valley Railway and corresponding lack of railroad service in Berrien Springs. In 1897 a new company, the Milwaukee, Benton Harbor & Columbus, realized the old goal of the", "id": "17863161" }, { "contents": "Baroda Township, Michigan\n\n\nBaroda Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 2,801. The village of Baroda is the principal population center in the township. Tension between the communities of Baroda and Bridgman led to Baroda Township being split off from Lake Township in 1923. The township is in the central portion of the county, with Lake Charter Township and Bridgman to the west, Lincoln Charter Township and Stevensville to the north and northwest, Royalton Township to the northeast,", "id": "211918" }, { "contents": "Coloma Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nColoma Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 5,020 at the 2010 census. The city of Coloma lies within the township. The township is located in the north central portion of the county. Hagar Township is to the west, Covert Township of Van Buren County is to the north, Watervliet Township is to the east, Bainbridge Township is to the south, and Benton Charter Township to the southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a", "id": "212027" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph, Michigan\n\n\nlarger operations began operating out of the ports. The Coast Guard still maintains a station on this site. In 1876 the United States Lifesaving Service built a Lifesaving Station at St Joseph, appointing Joseph Napier as the first stationkeeper. After a bitterly fought political contest, St. Joseph was named the seat of Berrien County in 1894, when Berrien Springs relinquished that status. The three largest towns in the county, Benton Harbor, St. Joseph, and Niles, each wanted to be the county seat, but none had a majority vote", "id": "212226" }, { "contents": "The South County Gazette\n\n\nThe South County Gazette is a newspaper that served the southern Berrien County, Michigan communities of Bridgman, Buchanan, Galien, Harbert, Lakeside, New Buffalo, New Troy, Sawyer, Three Oaks, and Union Pier with news of local events and happenings. The bulk of the region that was covered by this weekly is known as Harbor Country, a popular, upscale weekend gateway destination for Chicagoans. Each full page measured 11 x 22 inches (27.9 x 55.9 cm) in size, and the typical issue ran to eight", "id": "2453185" }, { "contents": "Sodus Township, Michigan\n\n\nSodus Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,932 at the 2010 census. There are no incorporated municipalities in the township. The unincorporated community of Sodus in the northwest of the township is its main settlement; the portion of the township just to the west is part of the Benton Harbor/St. Joseph urban area. Probably the first entrepreneur in Sodus Township was James LaRue, a New Jersey native, who purchased riverfront land for the construction of a sawmill in 1835", "id": "212214" }, { "contents": "Area code 269\n\n\nArea code 269 is the telephone area code serving the southwest portion of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. Communities using \"269\" include Dowagiac, Allegan, Battle Creek, Kalamazoo, Paw Paw, Portage, Otsego, Plainwell, St. Joseph, Benton Harbor, Marshall, Niles, Three Rivers, Sturgis, South Haven, Berrien Springs, and Bridgman. \"269\" was created in a July 2002 split of area code 616. The 269 area covers roughly the lower third of 616 before the split. Frontier and AT&T are the", "id": "730086" }, { "contents": "The Herald-Palladium\n\n\nThe Herald-Palladium is a newspaper distributed in the Southwest Michigan region serving all or part of Berrien, Cass, Van Buren, and Allegan Counties. The \"Herald-Palladium\" is a merger of many former local newspapers in the twin cities of Benton Harbor and St. Joseph, Missouri. The \"Herald-Press\" formed in 1916 in St. Joseph from the merger of two other newspapers: In 1916, uncle and nephew merged their operations. The \"News-Palladium\" was formed in 1904 from the merger of", "id": "16585467" }, { "contents": "Southwestern Michigan Athletic Conference\n\n\nThe Southwestern Michigan Athletic Conference (also known as the SMAC or the Big 16) is a high school athletic conference in Southwestern Michigan. It is composed of Class A schools from the MHSAA in Berrien, Calhoun, Kalamazoo, and Van Buren counties. Early Days (1931) The Southwest Michigan Athletic Conference was formed in 1931, consisting of St. Joseph, Niles, Dowagiac, Three Rivers, and South Haven. St. Joseph left in 1938 and then reappeared back in 1940. The official name of the conference has always been", "id": "6068401" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Michigan\n\n\nPresident Andrew Jackson. The county was founded in 1829, and was organized in 1831, before Michigan was accepted into the Union as a state. When Michigan Territory was established in 1805, the area of present Berrien County was included in the boundary of Wayne County. About 1780, New Jersey resident William Burnett established a trading post at the mouth of the St. Joseph River (present-day site of St. Joseph) to serve indigenous peoples and French Canadian residents. Also during that time, Joseph Bertrand established a trading post", "id": "10837555" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs, Michigan\n\n\nBerrien Springs is a village in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,800 at the 2010 census. The village is located within Oronoko Charter Township. Berrien Springs is best known for its Seventh-day Adventist community and Andrews University. Reflecting the community's population, many of the businesses in the village are closed on Saturdays. Berrien Springs, like Berrien County, is named for John M. Berrien; \"Springs\" was added after mineral springs were discovered in the area. The village is the site", "id": "211959" }, { "contents": "Bainbridge Township, Michigan\n\n\nBainbridge Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 2,850. It was organized in 1837. The name is a transfer from Bainbridge, New York. The township is in the northeast portion of the county, with Benton Charter Township to the west, Hagar Township to the northwest, and Coloma Charter Township and Watervliet Charter Township to the north. East of the township is Keeler Township in Van Buren County. Pipestone Township is to the south", "id": "211905" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph Valley Railway (1889–1897)\n\n\nrailroad access. Berrien Springs, then the county seat, had no access at all, while Buchanan sat on the Michigan Central's Chicago–Detroit line but had no cross-county access, nor a direct line to Lake Michigan. The new company, which incorporated on January 27, 1880, proposed to construct a line south from Berrien Springs to Buchanan and on to the Indiana border, which would put the railroad a stone's throw from South Bend, then a major railroad hub. Lack of capital prompted the company", "id": "17863157" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs Courthouse\n\n\nThe Berrien Springs Courthouse is a government building located at the corner of Union and Cass Streets in Berrien Springs, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. It is the oldest courthouse in Michigan. The building today is part of the History Center and Courthouse Square and is operated by the Berrien County Historical Association, and is part of the Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex. Berrien County was first organized in 1831. However, the location of the county seat was in flux for the first few", "id": "12850347" }, { "contents": "Lakeshore School District (Berrien)\n\n\nThe Lakeshore School District in Southwestern lower Michigan serves the communities of Stevensville and Baroda in Berrien County. All elementary schools are kindergarten through 5th grades, plus preschool Lakeshore Summer Learning Website To foster learning over the summer for Lakeshore students a website was created to provide practice for students. Many children enjoy learning using computer activities via the Internet, so we have designed a wiki with many links to great learning websites that are FUN for your student! Check out this valuable resource for students in kindergarten through fifth grade. The district was", "id": "12086780" }, { "contents": "Eau Claire, Michigan\n\n\nEau Claire is a village located in east central Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 625 at the 2010 census. The village lies partially within Pipestone Township and partially within Berrien Charter Township. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. Eau Claire was established in 1861. The community took its name from a nearby creek of the same name. The correct French pronunciation is Eau (pronounced \"O\") Claire. However, many local residents", "id": "212032" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs, Michigan\n\n\nof the earliest settlement in Oronoko Township, and was first known as \"Wolf's Prairie\" in reference to the 1,000-acre prairie in which it was situated. The site had been a village under the leadership of a Potawatamie man named Wolf. The first permanent settlers, John Pike and his family, arrived in 1829. The village of Berrien was platted in 1831, and the village of Berrien Springs was incorporated in 1863. Berrien Springs was the county seat from 1837 until 1894, when St. Joseph became county seat. The", "id": "211960" }, { "contents": "Lake Michigan College\n\n\nLake Michigan College is a community college in Berrien County, Michigan. The main campus is in Benton Township, Michigan with regional campuses in Niles and South Haven. The Welch Center for Wine & Viticulture opened on the main campus in 2019. Lake Michigan College was founded as Benton Harbor Junior College in 1946 within the city of Benton Harbor when voters approved an initiative to create a junior college. In 1954, Benton Harbor Junior College was redesigned into the Benton Harbor Community College and Technical Institute (CCTI). In 1963,", "id": "18386321" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph Valley Railway (1889–1897)\n\n\nThe St. Joseph Valley Railway (1889-1897), earlier known as the St. Joseph Valley Railroad (1880-1889), is a defunct railroad which operated in southern Michigan during the late 19th century. Intended to connect the Berrien County, Michigan communities of Buchanan and Berrien Springs with northern Indiana, the railroad never expanded beyond an initial connection between those two communities and sank under a weight of debt which poor traffic could not offset. The company was formed by local businessmen from both Buchanan and Berrien Springs frustrated by insufficient", "id": "17863156" }, { "contents": "Lincoln Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nLincoln Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 14,691 at the 2010 census. Lincoln Charter Township is located in the west-central portion of Berrien County, with Lake Michigan to the west. The village of Shoreham and St. Joseph Charter Township are to the north, Royalton Township to the east, Baroda Township to the southeast and south, and Lake Charter Township to the south and southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area", "id": "212120" }, { "contents": "Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex\n\n\nthe new building. However, despite the new construction, by the 1870s, the courthouse became too small to hold county records, and county residents of the more populous coastal towns grumbled about the poor transportation to Berrien Springs. By the early 1890s, the cities of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor came to an agreement about siting a new courthouse, and a county-wide vote was instituted, with the plan to move the courthouse prevailing. In 1894, the county seat was moved to St. Joseph. After the relocation of", "id": "13863597" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs, Michigan\n\n\npreserve and restore the courthouse began. The restored courthouse square contains Michigan's oldest courthouse as part of the Midwest's most complete surviving mid-nineteenth century county government complex. Today the square houses a county museum and archives and serves as headquarters for the Berrien County Historical Association. Its original buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The gallery on the first floor of the 1839 Courthouse is devoted to exhibits on Berrien County history. Topics covered include early colonial forts, the fur trade, railroads, the Civil", "id": "211962" }, { "contents": "Dave Pagel (politician)\n\n\nDave Pagel is a businessman and Republican politician from Michigan currently serving in the Michigan House of Representatives. Prior to his election to the House, Pagel served for four years as the chairman of the Berrien County Board of Commissioners. Prior to that, he was the president of the Berrien Springs school board for 14 years. In addition to his political activity, Pagel has been involved in agriculture in Berrien Springs Michigan for more than 40 years. His family owns Dave Pagel Produce, which packages and distributes Michigan-grown fruit sold", "id": "14462741" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalamazoo\n\n\n, Watervliet, St. Joseph, St. Joseph, SS John & Bernard, Benton Harbor, Our Lady Queen of Peace, Bridgman, St. Gabriel, Berrien Springs, St. Mary of the Assumption, Three Oaks, St. Agnes, Sawyer, St. Mary of the Lake, New Buffalo Southeast Deanery \"(9 parishes)\" Dean: Very Reverend German Perez-Diaz St. Charles, Coldwater, Our Lady of Fatima, Union City, St. Barbara, Colon, Holy Angels, Sturgis, St. Joseph, White Pigeon, Immaculate Conception", "id": "14880187" }, { "contents": "Interstate 94 in Michigan\n\n\ncourse away from Lake Michigan. South of Coloma, the trunkline turns eastward and roughly follows the Paw Paw River on a course that takes it south of Watervliet and Hartford. Between the latter two cities, the freeway transitions from northeastern Berrien County into western Van Buren County. It curves around and between Lake Cora and Threemile Lake near the junction with the northern end of M-51. About further east, I-94 crosses M-40 south of Paw Paw. Continuing eastward, the Interstate runs through Mattawan before entering western Kalamazoo County. In Texas", "id": "19001666" }, { "contents": "Benton Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nBenton Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. At the 2010 census, the township population was 14,749. The township was established on March 11, 1837, and was named after Thomas Hart Benton, U.S. senator from Missouri. It remained attached to St. Joseph Township for administrative purposes until 1841. The commune of the House of David was located in the township. In 1967, the Benton Harbor Fruit Market, established in 1860 in Benton Harbor, moved to the township. The Benton", "id": "211923" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)\n\n\nJoseph River watershed drains from 15 counties: Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Hillsdale, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph and Van Buren in Michigan and De Kalb, Elkhart, Kosciusko, LaGrange, Noble, St. Joseph and Steuben in Indiana. The watershed includes 3,742 river miles (6,022 km) and flows through and near the Kalamazoo-Portage, Elkhart-Goshen, Mishawaka-South Bend, and St. Joseph/Benton Harbor metropolitan areas. The St. Joseph River main stem is long, rising in southern Michigan in Hillsdale County", "id": "16994013" }, { "contents": "Benton Harbor, Michigan\n\n\nBenton Harbor is a city in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan which is located southwest of Kalamazoo, and northwest of South Bend, Indiana. In 2010, the population was 10,038 according to the census. It is the smaller, by population, of the two principal cities in the Niles–Benton Harbor Metropolitan Statistical Area, an area with 156,813 people. Benton Harbor and the city of St. Joseph are separated by the St. Joseph River and are known locally as the \"Twin Cities\". Fairplain and Benton Heights", "id": "211930" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs, Michigan\n\n\nBerrien Springs post office opened with the name \"Berrien\" on December 4, 1832 and changed to Berrien Springs on April 18, 1836. When Berrien Springs became the county seat, its courthouse, designed by local architect Gilbert B. Avery, was completed in 1839. The Greek Revival-style courthouse emulated the architecture of ancient Greece with its large columns, triangular pediment and white paint. After the county seat was moved in 1894, the building was put to various uses and briefly was vacant. In 1967, efforts to", "id": "211961" }, { "contents": "Southwest Michigan Council\n\n\nBenton Harbor & Saint Joseph Council and then in 1929 the name was edited to become the Berrien-Cass Area Council. Records show the Council ending in 1941 when its final name of Southwestern Michigan Council (#258) was adopted. The name aptly describes the council which has most of that corner of the state (with La Salle Council in Indiana picking up two of the border counties at the extreme lower tip of the state). Finally, there were several other early councils of note in the town of South Haven", "id": "21440149" }, { "contents": "McCoy Creek (Michigan)\n\n\nMcCoy Creek is a tributary of the St. Joseph River in southeastern Berrien County, Michigan. The headwaters are located in southwestern Bertrand Township in Berrien County, and adjacent portions of Olive and Warren townships in St. Joseph County, Indiana. The main channel flows primarily north (through Bertrand Township) and northeast (through Buchanan Township) for a distance of 6–7 miles (10–11 km) to its confluence with the St. Joseph River at the city of Buchanan. The McCoy Creek drainage is bounded to the north, northeast, east,", "id": "7033318" }, { "contents": "Sodus Township, Michigan\n\n\nPresident of Lithuania. The resort was closed in 1990. Sodus has had retail establishments in the past, though it has none now. The St. Joseph River forms most of the western boundary of the township, with Royalton Township on the other side of the river. The township shares a short western border with the community of Fair Plain in Benton Charter Township north of the St. Joseph River. Benton Charter Township continues as the township to the north, Bainbridge Township is to the northeast, Pipestone Township to the east, Berrien", "id": "212216" }, { "contents": "Paw Paw Lake, Michigan\n\n\nPaw Paw Lake is an unincorporated community in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes, without legal status as a municipality. The community is located within areas of both Coloma Charter Township and Watervliet Township in the area surrounding Paw Paw Lake and Little Paw Paw Lake, excluding the cities of Watervliet and Coloma. The population of the CDP was 3,511 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of", "id": "212182" }, { "contents": "Paw Paw River\n\n\nThe Paw Paw River is located in the U.S. state of Michigan in the southwest portion of the lower peninsula. It is formed by the confluence of the north and south branches at in Waverly Township in the northeast of Van Buren County. It flows approximately through Van Buren County and Berrien County until joining the St. Joseph River just above its mouth on Lake Michigan at Benton Harbor. Native Americans named the Paw Paw River after the paw paw fruit that grew abundantly along the river's banks. The watershed includes rare Great Lakes marshes", "id": "16557888" }, { "contents": "John M. Berrien\n\n\nsurrounding Chatham County. In 1850, he owned 143 slaves. Berrien died in Savannah on January 1, 1856. He is interred in Laurel Grove Cemetery. Berrien County, Georgia, and Berrien County, Michigan (one of Michigan's Cabinet Counties, organized during his term as attorney general), are named in his honor. Berrien was one of the Georgia Historical Society's founders in 1839 and served as the organization's first president. The Georgia Historical Society holds a substantial collection of Berrien papers (including important material relating", "id": "22037623" }, { "contents": "Barratt O'Hara\n\n\nBarratt O'Hara (April 28, 1882 – August 11, 1969) of Chicago was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from Illinois and the last Spanish–American War veteran to serve in Congress; born in Saint Joseph, Berrien County, Mich., April 28, 1882; attended the public schools of Berrien Springs and Benton Harbor, Mich.; went to Nicaragua with his father and attended school at San Juan del Norte; at the age of fifteen years enlisted during the Spanish–American War and served as a corporal in Company I,", "id": "20115149" }, { "contents": "Bannockburn, Georgia\n\n\nBannockburn is an unincorporated community in Berrien County, Georgia, United States. Utopia is an [(Unincorporated area|unincorporated community)] in [(Berrien County, Georgia)], United States. ref Berrien County Chamber of Commerce, Berrien County Historical Foundation at 229-686-5123 Thank you. The former Central of Georgia Railway ran through the settlement. The Riverside Hotel in Bannockburn was built around 1905. At the same time, the Massey Felton Lumber Company operated a sawmill on the west side of the Alapaha River,", "id": "12291938" }, { "contents": "M-140 (Michigan highway)\n\n\nM-140 is a north–south state trunkline highway in Berrien and Van Buren counties of the US state of Michigan. The highway starts in the Niles area at M-139 and runs north through Watervliet to South Haven, ending at Interstate 196/US Highway 31 (I-196/US 31). In between, it runs through farm fields and past lakes in the southwestern part of the Lower Peninsula. The trunkline is used, on average, by between 1,500 and 10,200 vehicles. The state designated M-140 in the early 1930s over a", "id": "800148" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Michigan\n\n\nMichigan Territory Legislature on October 29, 1829 with its present limits. For purposes of revenue, taxation and judicial matters, it was attached to Cass County, and was designated as Niles Township. This assignation was terminated in 1831 when Berrien County's government was organized and initiated. Berrien County began with three townships: Berrien County has favored a Republican Party candidate in all but six elections since 1884. The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages and vital records", "id": "10837557" }, { "contents": "Black Autonomy Network Community Organization\n\n\nBerrien County jury was unable to come to a consensus verdict in Pinkney's felony election fraud case. A mistrial was declared. County officials decided to retry Pinkney on March 29, 2006. On March 22, 2007, a Berrien County jury convicted Pinkney of 5 counts. He was sentenced to probation, but was jailed for violating probation in 2008. In 2009, Pinkney co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)'s Benton Harbor, Michigan chapter and was elected its president. In November", "id": "18364677" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs Courthouse\n\n\nthe Seventh-day Adventists purchased the building and used it for religious services until 1966. Berrien County re-purchased the building in 1967 and restored the building. Restoration was completed in the 1970s. The building today is part of the History Center ant Courthouse Square and is operated by the Berrien County Historical Association. It is used for plays, concerts, and weddings, and houses exhibits on Berrien County history. The Berrien Springs Courthouse is a frame Greek Revival building on a high brick basement, measuring 41 feet by 61", "id": "12850350" }, { "contents": "Oronoko Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nincluded what is now Lake Township, which was organized in 1846. Originally, portions of both Oronoko and Berrien townships were on either side of the St. Joseph River, and at the time a large portion of the village of Berrien Springs was in Berrien Township, even though it was on the other side of the river from most of the township. In 1847, the river was made the dividing line between the townships. There are several accounts given for the name of the township. One is that it was named by", "id": "212175" }, { "contents": "Michiana\n\n\nMichiana is a region in northern Indiana and southwestern Michigan centered on the city of South Bend, Indiana. The Chamber of Commerce of St. Joseph County, Indiana defines Michiana as St. Joseph County and \"counties that contribute at least 500 inbound commuting workers to St. Joseph County daily.\" Those counties include Elkhart, La Porte, Marshall, St. Joseph, and Starke in Indiana, and Berrien and Cass in Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population of those seven counties was 856,377 (647,271 in Indiana and 209,106 in", "id": "21291538" }, { "contents": "Hagar Township, Michigan\n\n\nHagar Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 3,671. The township is in the north of the county with Lake Michigan to the northwest, Covert Township in Van Buren County to the north, Coloma Charter Township to the east, Bainbridge Township to the southeast, and Benton Charter Township to the south. Charles Lamb and his wife came to the area from Vermont in 1839 to become the first white settlers. The township was officially organized", "id": "212105" }, { "contents": "Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex\n\n\nThe Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex is a historic district containing four significant structures, three former county buildings and a house. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan and roughly bounded by Cass, Kimmel, Madison and Union Streets. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Berrien County was first organized in 1831. The first attorney in the county, Francis B. Murdock, arrived here in about 1830 and constructed a log house near this location in 1832. The location of the county seat was in", "id": "13863594" }, { "contents": "Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex\n\n\nflux for the first few years, court being held first in Niles and then in St. Joseph. In 1837, it was moved to the more geographically central Berrien Springs. Berrien Springs donated four lots at this site on which to construct county buildings. A jail with jailor's residence was constructed here in 1837/38. In 1838, Gilbert Button Avery, a local builder, designed a building to house the county court. Builder James Lewis was awarded a contract to erect the building for $2,500; construction was completed in 1839", "id": "13863595" }, { "contents": "Royalton Township, Michigan\n\n\nRoyalton Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan, a few miles southeast of the city of St. Joseph. The population was 4,766 at the 2010 census, up from 3,888 at the 2000 census. There are no incorporated municipalities in the township, but portions are considered to be part of the Benton Harbor/St. Joseph urban area. The unincorporated communities of Hollywood, Scottdale, Arden, and Buckhorn are within the township. Royalton Township was organized in 1835 and originally included portions of Lincoln", "id": "212196" }, { "contents": "Oronoko Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nOronoko Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 9,193 at the 2010 census. The village of Berrien Springs is the only incorporated municipality within the township. Much of the eastern portion of the township is considered to be part of the Berrien Springs urban area. The western portion is primarily agricultural. The township was organized on March 11, 1837, from a portion of Berrien Township. Part of the area was known as Feather Settlement starting in the 1830s. Oronoko initially", "id": "212174" }, { "contents": "Lakeland Athletic Conference\n\n\nfollowed by Dowagiac, who left in 2001 after winning conference their last two years in Basketball (sharing with Berrien Springs in 2000). River Valley left the conference in 2010 to join the Red Arrow Conference. Bridgman became an independent football program in 2010. While Edwardsburg joined the Wolverine Conference in 2012. Edwardsburg, Coloma, and Berrien Springs joined the Wolverine Conference in 2012. The final year for the Lakeland Athletic Conference will be the 2013-14 school year. The remaining schools Bridgman, Brandywine, Buchanan and Cassopolis are", "id": "21746118" }, { "contents": "Niles, Michigan\n\n\nNiles is a city in Berrien and Cass counties in the U.S. state of Michigan, near South Bend, Indiana. In 2010, the population was 11,600 according to the 2010 census. It is the larger, by population, of the two principal cities in the Niles-Benton Harbor Metropolitan Statistical Area, an area with 156,813 people. Niles lies on the banks of the St. Joseph River, at the site of the French Fort St. Joseph, first built in 1697 to protect the Jesuit Mission established in 1691. After 1761", "id": "17875430" }, { "contents": "Watervliet Township, Michigan\n\n\nWatervliet Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,102 at the 2010 census. The township originally included the area of Coloma Charter Township, which was separated in 1917. The city of Watervliet is the only incorporated municipality in the township. The Paw Paw River and Paw Paw Lake are prominent features of the township. The Watervliet area is host to many \"summer homes\", which has contributed considerably to the local economy as well as increased development. Interstate 94 crosses", "id": "212297" }, { "contents": "Southwest Michigan Regional Airport\n\n\nSouthwest Michigan Regional Airport is a public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the central business district of Benton Harbor, a city in Berrien County, Michigan, United States. The airport is owned by the cities of Benton Harbor and St. Joseph, Michigan. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a regional general aviation facility. Southwest Michigan Regional Airport covers an area of 485 acres (196 ha)", "id": "3395384" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Michigan\n\n\nline is drained by small tributaries of the Kankakee River, which ultimately flows into the Mississippi River. This is one of two areas of Michigan drained by the Mississippi River, the other being an area of Michigan's Upper Peninsula near the Wisconsin border. The 2010 United States Census indicates Berrien County had a 2010 population of 156,813. This is a decrease of 5,640 people from the 2000 United States Census, or a 3.5% population decrease. In 2010 there were 63,054 households and 41,585 families in the county. The population density", "id": "10837560" }, { "contents": "Lake Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nLake Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,972 at the 2010 census. The township is located in the west central portion of the county. Lake Michigan and the city of Bridgman are to the west, Lincoln Township to the north, Baroda Township to the east, Weesaw Township to the south, and Chikaming Township to the southwest. In 1848, a village of 80 blocks was platted in section 25 with the name Livingston, but nothing became of it and", "id": "212110" }, { "contents": "Benton Heights, Michigan\n\n\nBenton Heights is an unincorporated community in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also a census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes without any legal status as an incorporated municipality. The population was 4,084 at the 2010 Census, down from 5,458 at the 2000 census. The community is a part of Benton Charter Township and is adjacent to the city of Benton Harbor. Benton Heights was formerly called \"Euclid Center\"; the present name was adopted in 1957. According to the United States Census Bureau", "id": "211950" }, { "contents": "Buchanan Township, Michigan\n\n\nBuchanan Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 3,523. The city of Buchanan is located in the southeast portion of the township. Buchanan Township is bounded by Oronoko Charter Township to the north, Berrien Township to the north and northeast, Niles Township to the east, Bertrand Township to the south and southeast, Galien Township to the southwest, Weesaw Township to the west, and Baroda Township to the northwest. No major highways transit the", "id": "212009" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Michigan\n\n\non the river, in present–day Niles Charter Township. In December 1822, missionary Isaac McCoy moved his family and 18 Indian students from Indiana to the St. Joseph River near present-day Niles, Michigan, to open a religious mission (the Carey Mission) to the Potawatomi Indians,160 km from the nearest White settlement. In 1827 St. Joseph Township was organized as part of Wayne County, It included all lands acquired from the Native Americans by the 1821 Treaty of Chicago. The boundary of Berrien County was delineated by the", "id": "10837556" }, { "contents": "South Berrien Center Union Church and Cemetery\n\n\nSouth Berrien Center Union Church and Cemetery is a historic church and cemetery at 10408 M-140 in Berrien Township, Michigan. It was built in 1858 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. Berrien Township was first settled by Europeans in 1827, and by the 1850s there were nearly 1000 residents. Berrien Center was established in 1857 as the site of the township's only post office. That same year, a union church organization, known as the \"Union Church District,\" was founded by local residents for", "id": "19206088" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nSt. Joseph Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 10,028 at the 2010 census. The township is on the shores of Lake Michigan in the west central portion of the county, south of and adjacent to the city of St. Joseph. The village of Shoreham, on Lake Michigan south of St. Joseph city, is the only incorporated community within the boundaries of the township. Both the village and township are bedroom communities for the city of St. Joseph. The St. Joseph", "id": "212248" }, { "contents": "Lake Michigan Admirals\n\n\nThe Lake Michigan Admirals are a team of the Premier Basketball League that began play in the 2009-10 season as a member of the American Basketball Association. The Admirals are the second ABA team based in Berrien County, Michigan, after the Benton Harbor-based Twin City Ballers folded after their only season of 2006-07. The Admirals will play 15 home games, 10 in Lake Michigan Catholic High School in Saint Joseph, Michigan and 5 at Benton Harbor High School in Benton Harbor, Michigan. The Admirals are owned", "id": "13430434" }, { "contents": "Oronoko Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nthat the name was taken from a variety of tobacco known as \"oronoco\", \"orinoko\", or \"oronooka\". Andrews University (Seventh-day Adventist) is located in the township. The St. Joseph River forms the eastern boundary of the township. Berrien Township lies across the river directly to the east, and Sodus Township is to the north and northeast. Buchanan Township is to the south, Weesaw Township to the southwest, Baroda Township to the west, and Royalton Township to the north. US 31", "id": "212177" }, { "contents": "Berrien's Island\n\n\nCase Records, 1849-1851\" at the Queens Central Library, Berrien's Island had fallen within the County's jurisdiction (the County of New York's line of boundary on the North, across the East river into Flushing Bay). The island is also a half-mile from Astoria than the present location at Randall's Island. Berrien's Island is also as closer to Harlem as it was to Astoria: Berrien's Island is 2 miles distant from Astoria and Harlem. In a letter to George F. Clarke from", "id": "19226198" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph Valley Railroad (1848–1869)\n\n\nThe St. Joseph Valley Rail Road is a defunct railroad which operated in southern Michigan during the mid-19th century. The company was chartered on April 3, 1848, following authorization by an act of the Michigan State Legislature; the bill called for a line from St. Joseph, on the coast of Lake Michigan in Berrien County east through Cassopolis (Cass County) into St. Joseph County. The act stipulated that the company had ten years from the passage of the act to complete its line, a distance of about , or its \"", "id": "17562346" }, { "contents": "Neal Nitz\n\n\nNeal Nitz (March 23, 1954 – April 13, 2015) was a farmer and politician. Nitz was a Republican member of the Michigan House of Representatives from 2003 through 2008. Both prior to and following his service in the House, he was a member of the Berrien County Board of Commissioners. Born in Benton Harbor, Michigan, Nitz went to Southwestern Michigan College. A third-generation farmer, Nitz was the owner of Neal Nitz Farms. He was also a member of the Southwestern Michigan Tourist Council and the", "id": "15730043" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs Courthouse\n\n\nyears, court being held first in Niles and then in St. Joseph. In 1837, it was moved to the more geographically central Berrien Springs. In 1838, Gilbert Button Avery, a local builder, designed this building to house the county court. Builder James Lewis was awarded a contract to erect the building for $2,500; construction was completed in 1839. However, by the 1870s, the courthouse became too small to hold county records, and county residents of the more populous coastal towns grumbled about the poor transportation to", "id": "12850348" }, { "contents": "Point O'Woods Golf & Country Club\n\n\nThe Point O'Woods Golf & Country Club is a private golf club located in Benton Township, Berrien County, Michigan, United States, near Benton Harbor. In 1954, local residents C.E. (Bud) Blake, Charles W. Gore, Richard Merrill, Malcolm Ross and Frederick S. Upton expressed interest in a new golf club in the Benton Harbor/St. Joseph area. When land owned by Donald H. Ross became available, the group contacted Robert Trent Jones to inquire whether he approved of the location as viable for a championship golf", "id": "18323531" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Georgia\n\n\nBerrien County is a county located in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,286. The county seat is Nashville. The county was created February 25, 1856 out of portions of Coffee, Irwin and Lowndes Counties by an act of the Georgia General Assembly. It is named after Georgia senator John M. Berrien. The citizens of the area of Lowndes County and Irwin County that would become Berrien County had to travel long distances to get the county courthouse at Franklinville", "id": "11662300" }, { "contents": "Michigan's 6th congressional district\n\n\nMichigan's 6th congressional district is a United States congressional district in southwest Michigan. It consists of all of Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, and Van Buren, counties, and includes most of Allegan county. 2011 redistricting removed the portion of Calhoun County that had been in the district, and added northwestern Allegan County, leaving only parts of the city of Holland in the 2nd district. Michigan's Sixth Congressional District was originally formed in 1862. At this time it had all the Upper Peninsula except Menominee, Delta", "id": "3917303" }, { "contents": "Kalamazoo, Michigan\n\n\nBuffalo. Some parts of Old US 12 outside of town, especially in Van Buren and Berrien counties to the west, are still called Red Arrow Highway. The term \"Old US 12\" has faded from use. The Kal-Haven Trail, heavily used by cyclists, runners, walkers, and snowmobilers, extends to downtown Kalamazoo. It runs between South Haven, Michigan, to a trailhead just west of Kalamazoo. Between that trailhead and South Haven the trail is run by Van Buren County, even the parts within", "id": "9543442" }, { "contents": "Expo Arena\n\n\nBerrien County Youth Fair Indoor Expo Complex is a 2,896-seat indoor arena located in Berrien Springs, Michigan, built as part of the Berrien County Fairgrounds. It will be used for concerts, sports, conventions and graduation ceremonies. The arena will be funded entirely by donations and corporate sponsorships. The 96,000-square-foot indoor arena will feature 18 luxury suites and 66,500 square feet of arena floor space. Of the 2,896 permanent seats at the arena, 1,866 are chairback seats. The Expo Arena will also feature an adjacent 120,000-square-foot stable", "id": "15262534" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs, Michigan\n\n\nWar, early Berrien County industries, Native Americans and area pre-history. The Sheriff's House gallery hosts changing exhibits. Classroom programs include living history presentations. Teachers can invite a Civil War soldier or French voyageur to speak to their class. Berrien Springs was known as the Christmas pickle capital of the world. In the tradition, an ornamental pickle is placed on a Christmas tree as one of the Christmas decorations. On Christmas morning, the first child to find the pickle on the tree would receive an extra present from", "id": "211963" }, { "contents": "Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex\n\n\nthe county seat, the former courthouse complex was sold to private individuals in 1897. The courthouse itself served for a few years as village hall, as an armory for the Berrien Springs Light Guard, and was used from 1922 to 1967 by the Berrien Springs Village Seventh-Day Adventist Church. The jail was demolished, and the sheriff's residence and office building were remodeled into apartments. The Murdock log house was built onto, becoming a wing of a more modern house. However, the buildings gradually decayed over the years", "id": "13863598" }, { "contents": "Niles Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nCass County on the east and the Indiana state line to the south. Bertrand Township lies to the west and south, Buchanan Township to the west, and Berrien Township to the north. Neighboring townships in Cass County are Pokagon Township to the northeast, Howard Township to the east, and Milton Township to the southeast. To the south in St. Joseph County, Indiana, is Clay Township, and German Township is to the southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, Niles Charter Township has a total area of ,", "id": "212170" }, { "contents": "Nashville, Georgia\n\n\nwere below the poverty line, including 40.6% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over. Berrien County students in kindergarten to grade twelve are in the Berrien County School District, which consists of two elementary schools, a middle school, a high school, and a charter school. The district has 172 full-time teachers and over 3,037 students. The city of Nashville is served by a public library, the Carrie Dorsey Perry Memorial Library, a part of the Coastal Plain Regional Library System", "id": "18797187" }, { "contents": "M-139 (Michigan highway)\n\n\nM-139 is a state trunkline highway entirely within Berrien County in the US state of Michigan. The highway starts at US Highway 12 (US 12) southwest of Niles and runs through rural areas of the county to terminate at an intersection with Business Loop Interstate 94 (BL I-94) in Benton Harbor. The highway runs parallel to the St. Joseph River, crossing the river several times as it follows a set of roads previously used for US 31 in the area. The highway was first designated in the 1930s as a bypass of", "id": "800043" }, { "contents": "Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant\n\n\nDonald C. Cook Nuclear Plant is a nuclear power plant located just north of the city of Bridgman, Michigan which is part of Berrien County, on a site 11 miles south of St. Joseph, Michigan, United States. The plant is owned by American Electric Power (AEP) and operated by Indiana Michigan Power, an AEP subsidiary. It has two nuclear reactors and is currently the company's only nuclear power plant. The construction cost of the power plant was $3.352 billion (2007 USD). The plant produces 2.2", "id": "2200120" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalamazoo\n\n\nThe Diocese of Kalamazoo () is a Roman Catholic diocese in the southwestern portion of the State of Michigan. The Diocese of Kalamazoo encompasses Allegan, Van Buren, Berrien, Cass, Saint Joseph, Kalamazoo, Branch, Calhoun, and Barry Counties. The Diocese consists of 46 parishes, 13 missions, 75 priests, and 36 deacons. The Diocese operates 3 high schools, 2 middle schools and 17 grade schools, serving more than 3,000 students throughout the same. There are also two parish run preschools. It currently has", "id": "14880167" }, { "contents": "Georgia State Route 125\n\n\nthrough Moody Air Force Base and intersects SR 122 at the meeting point of Lowndes, Berrien, and Lanier counties. It travels to the north along the Berrien–Lanier county line and then jogs slightly to the northeast, entering Lanier County proper. In Berrien County, it curves to the north-northwest before entering Ray City. Here, it meets US 129/SR 11/SR 37 (Main Street). At this intersection, US 129/SR 11 begin a concurrency. The three highways head north-northwest", "id": "12476014" }, { "contents": "Benton Harbor, Michigan\n\n\nELB would then appoint Tony R. Saunders II as the youngest Successor-Emergency Financial Manager for the city of Benton Harbor. Library service for the city is provided by the Benton Harbor Public Library. The town has a police department. The city is served by two institutions, Benton Harbor Area Schools within the Berrien Regional Education Service Agency, and Lake Michigan College, a two-year community college just east of Benton Harbor. Whirlpool Corporation, the world's largest manufacturer of major home appliances, has its corporate headquarters in nearby", "id": "211944" }, { "contents": "Bridgman, Michigan\n\n\nBridgman is a city in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,291 at the 2010 census. There was a place in this area known as Plummer's Pier. In 1856 lumbermen founded Charlotteville in this area. Bridgman itself begins with the village of that name platted by George C. Bridgman in 1870. It was centered on a railroad station opened that year. The Bridgman post office, with ZIP code 49106 opened with the name \"Laketon\" on November 11, 1862. The name changed to Bridgman", "id": "211989" }, { "contents": "M-152 (Michigan highway)\n\n\nM-152 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan in Cass and Van Buren counties. The highway runs through the Sister Lakes area providing access to the lake cabins and adjoining farmlands. The highway has existed mostly unchanged since the designation was commissioned in the 1930s. M-152 begins at an intersection with South County Line Road on the border between Van Buren and Berrien counties just west of Round Lake. Known as 92nd Avenue, M-152 travels due east past the Sister Lakes area before turning south on 66th Street. From there", "id": "800225" }, { "contents": "New Buffalo Township, Michigan\n\n\nNew Buffalo Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 2,386. It is the southwesternmost township on the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. When Berrien County was first established in 1831, New Buffalo was a part of Berrien Township. New Buffalo Township was established by an act of the state legislature on March 12, 1836. Five days later, the village of New Buffalo was incorporated. The township originally included what are now Three Oaks Township and", "id": "212142" }, { "contents": "Watervliet, Michigan\n\n\nWatervliet is a city in northeastern Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,735 at the 2010 census, down from 1,843 at the 2000 census. Mostly a rural farming community, the name comes from the Dutch for \"where the waters meet.\" The city is surrounded by Watervliet Charter Township but is administered autonomously. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,735 people", "id": "212290" }, { "contents": "M-62 (Michigan highway)\n\n\ncountry's defense, economy or mobility. M-62 was formed before 1924 along a portion of its current routing. The trunkline started at the Indiana state line and ran north through Edwardsburg and Cassopolis. The northern terminus was at M-40 (now M-51) in Dowagiac. The southern section was moved by the end of 1925 to follow a more direct routing between Edwardsburg and the state line. An extension in 1930 moved the northern terminus west into Berrien County, ending in Eau Claire. The final few miles of highway were transferred back", "id": "1131449" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 31 in Michigan\n\n\nbetween I-94 and the Berrien–Van Buren county line. This section was originally designated as part of I-96/US 31; the former route near the lakeshore became just US 33. The MSHD petitioned federal highway officials to switch the Interstate designations west of Grand Rapids, reversing the I-96 and I-196 numbers to their current configurations. After the designation switch was approved in 1963, an additional was opened from the northern end of the freeway near Benton Harbor to Holland as I-196/US 31. The freeway was also extended northward from", "id": "6787854" }, { "contents": "Shoreham, Michigan\n\n\nShoreham is a village in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 862 at the 2010 census. The village is located within St. Joseph Charter Township on the shore of Lake Michigan, just south of the City of St. Joseph. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 862 people, 392 households, and 261 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 471 housing units", "id": "212203" }, { "contents": "Dave Pagel (politician)\n\n\nforty seasons the business has grown to supply fruit grown around Berrien County to grocery stores and farm stands in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois. In addition to the produce packaging and distribution operation, the Pagel family also maintains an orchard of honeycrisp apples across the street. Pagel’s political career began with public service on the school board of Berrien Springs Public School system. As his own children were beginning school in 1993, Pagel was elected to the board and to the presidency of the board. After 14 years of service to", "id": "14462743" }, { "contents": "Georgia State Route 158\n\n\nState Route 158 (SR 158) is a state highway that runs west-to-east through portions of Berrien, Irwin, Coffee, and Ware counties in the south-central and southeastern parts of the U.S. state of Georgia. SR 158 begins at an intersection with US 129/SR 11 (Alapaha Highway), north-northwest of Alapaha, Georgia. It heads east, along part of the Berrien–Irwin county line, and then part of the Coffee–Irwin county line. Along the Coffee–Irwin", "id": "7221687" }, { "contents": "Michiana\n\n\nof these participants are currently from the state of Michigan, although Berrien and Cass Counties were until they along with Van Buren County were combined into their own MPO, what is now called the Southwest Michigan Planning Commission. Indiana Counties Michigan Counties For a complete list, see List of cities and towns in Michiana Greater Michiana includes the following 15 counties in Indiana and Michigan: The Chamber of Commerce of St. Joseph County (Indiana) defines Greater Michiana as \"counties within a 60-mile driving distance to St. Joseph County\" that are not", "id": "21291541" }, { "contents": "Interstate 196\n\n\nfollows Lake Michigan. The freeway starts northeast of Benton Harbor at exit 34 on I-94 in Benton Charter Township in Berrien County. At the trumpet interchange, I-196 runs north from I-94 and passes to the west of the Point O'Woods Golf & Country Club. US 31 joins I-196 from the southwest and runs concurrently with I-196 as the freeway passes through farm fields in southwestern Michigan. The trunkline turns northwesterly near the Lake Michigan Hills Golf Course and crosses the Paw Paw River. Past the river, the freeway turns northeasterly and runs roughly", "id": "13431412" }, { "contents": "John Proos\n\n\nmost of Van Buren Counties. Proos was easily re-elected to represent Michigan's 21st Senate District again earning nearly two-thirds of the total votes cast against his opponent Bette Piermann (D). Because of legislative redistricting, the boundaries of the 21st Senate District had changed to encompass all communities in Berrien, Cass and St. Joseph Counties. Proos served in the Michigan House of Representatives from 2005 - 2010 and was appointed to several House committees during his tenure. These included: Energy and Technology; Agriculture; Education;", "id": "15181060" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 33 in Michigan\n\n\nUS Highway 33 (US 33) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that was once located in Berrien County, Michigan. At the time it was removed from the state, it was only about long running north from the Indiana state line to an intersection with US 12 south of Niles. The highway was not originally part of the US Highway System in the state; it was added in 1938 as a second designation for part of US 31 between the state line and St. Joseph. It was later extended", "id": "1091341" } ]

[ { "contents": "Trade Lines (newspaper)\n\n\nTrade Lines is a pennysaver-style free weekly newspaper consisting exclusively of classified and display advertising. It has been serving selected markets in Berrien and Van Burren counties in southwestern Michigan since 1949. \"Trade Lines\" is distributed weekly each Monday to 44,000 households in the communities of Baroda, Benton Harbor, Berrien Springs, Berrien Center, Bridgman, Coloma, Eau Claire, Riverside, St. Joseph, Sawyer, Sodus, Stevensville, and Watervliet in Berrien County; and Hartford and South Haven in Van Buren County. Each full page", "id": "7372440" }, { "contents": "Berrien Township, Michigan\n\n\nBerrien Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 5,084. Berrien Township was established in 1832, taking its name from Berrien County. The township is in the southeast portion of the county. The western boundary with Oronoko Charter Township is the St. Joseph River. Berrien Springs also lies to the west, with a small portion east of the river annexed by the village. Sodus Township lies to the northwest, while Pipestone Township and Eau Claire", "id": "211954" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Michigan\n\n\nBerrien County is a county on the south line of Michigan, at the southwestern corner of the state. As of the 2010 census, the population was 156,813. The county seat is St. Joseph. Berrien County is included in the Niles-Benton Harbor, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the South Bend-Elkhart-Mishawaka, IN-MI Combined Statistical Area. As one of the Cabinet counties, Berrien County was named for John M. Berrien of Georgia, US Attorney General (1829–1831) under US", "id": "10837554" }, { "contents": "New Buffalo Times\n\n\nThe New Buffalo Times is a source of information on news and events in the city of New Buffalo and surrounding New Buffalo Township, plus other communities within the Harbor Country region of southwestern Berrien County, Michigan. It is a weekly newspaper published each Thursday. The \"Times\" is one of three weekly newspapers serving the inhabitants of Harbor Country, the others being \"Harbor Country News\" and \"The South County Gazette\". A subscription costs $40/year inside Berrien County and $48/year outside Berrien.", "id": "9227951" }, { "contents": "M-140 (Michigan highway)\n\n\njog along Pokagon Road around Riggins Lake. M-140 turns back northward and runs through the community of Berrien Center. Near Eau Claire, the highway turns bends along Maple Grove Road for about before going north on Watervliet Road. East of town, the trunkline follows Main Street eastward toward the Berrien–Cass county line. M-140 intersects the northern terminus of M-62 and curves north. In northern Berrien County, M-140 follows Watervliet Road to an interchange with Interstate 94 (I-94). The highway continues northward along Main Street into Watervliet,", "id": "800150" }, { "contents": "Harbor Country News\n\n\nThe Harbor Country News is a weekly newspaper published by News-Dispatch Media, the publisher of \"The News-Dispatch,\" the Michigan City, Indiana's daily newspaper. It primarily serves the residents of, and their guests and other visitors to, the small communities of Harbor Country, a rural resort region bordering Lake Michigan in southwestern Berrien County, Michigan. Printed every Thursday, \"Harbor Country News\" bills itself as \"southwestern Berrien County’s best source for local news, sports, entertainment, things to do", "id": "2904422" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs Courthouse\n\n\nBerrien Springs. By the early 1890s, the cities of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor came to an agreement about siting a new courthouse, and a county-wide vote was instituted, with the plan to move the courthouse prevailing. In 1894, the county seat was moved to St. Joseph. The building was sold, and over the next few decades was used as an armory for the Berrien Springs Light Guard, as a center for community affairs and dancehall, and briefly as the campus of Andrews University. In 1922,", "id": "12850349" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)\n\n\n, then further southwest by the Prairie River from the east. The river continues southward into northern Indiana, flowing west through Elkhart, Mishawaka, and South Bend, where it turns abruptly to north to re-enter southwestern Michigan in southeastern Berrien County. In southwestern Michigan, it follows a wide meandering route generally northwest through Niles and past Berrien Springs. It enters Lake Michigan between St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, receiving the Paw Paw River from the north approximately from its mouth on Lake Michigan. There are 190 dams in the", "id": "16994015" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph Valley Railway (1889–1897)\n\n\nthe necessary financing fell through. Soon afterwards the line again changed hands, and continued to decline. In August 1893 the Michigan Railroad Commission again condemned the line; regular service had ceased the previous month. In 1894 an election transferred the county seat from Berrien Springs to St. Joseph; contemporary analysis laid much of the blame on the failure of the St. Joseph Valley Railway and corresponding lack of railroad service in Berrien Springs. In 1897 a new company, the Milwaukee, Benton Harbor & Columbus, realized the old goal of the", "id": "17863161" }, { "contents": "Baroda Township, Michigan\n\n\nBaroda Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 2,801. The village of Baroda is the principal population center in the township. Tension between the communities of Baroda and Bridgman led to Baroda Township being split off from Lake Township in 1923. The township is in the central portion of the county, with Lake Charter Township and Bridgman to the west, Lincoln Charter Township and Stevensville to the north and northwest, Royalton Township to the northeast,", "id": "211918" }, { "contents": "Coloma Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nColoma Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 5,020 at the 2010 census. The city of Coloma lies within the township. The township is located in the north central portion of the county. Hagar Township is to the west, Covert Township of Van Buren County is to the north, Watervliet Township is to the east, Bainbridge Township is to the south, and Benton Charter Township to the southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a", "id": "212027" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph, Michigan\n\n\nlarger operations began operating out of the ports. The Coast Guard still maintains a station on this site. In 1876 the United States Lifesaving Service built a Lifesaving Station at St Joseph, appointing Joseph Napier as the first stationkeeper. After a bitterly fought political contest, St. Joseph was named the seat of Berrien County in 1894, when Berrien Springs relinquished that status. The three largest towns in the county, Benton Harbor, St. Joseph, and Niles, each wanted to be the county seat, but none had a majority vote", "id": "212226" }, { "contents": "The South County Gazette\n\n\nThe South County Gazette is a newspaper that served the southern Berrien County, Michigan communities of Bridgman, Buchanan, Galien, Harbert, Lakeside, New Buffalo, New Troy, Sawyer, Three Oaks, and Union Pier with news of local events and happenings. The bulk of the region that was covered by this weekly is known as Harbor Country, a popular, upscale weekend gateway destination for Chicagoans. Each full page measured 11 x 22 inches (27.9 x 55.9 cm) in size, and the typical issue ran to eight", "id": "2453185" }, { "contents": "Sodus Township, Michigan\n\n\nSodus Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,932 at the 2010 census. There are no incorporated municipalities in the township. The unincorporated community of Sodus in the northwest of the township is its main settlement; the portion of the township just to the west is part of the Benton Harbor/St. Joseph urban area. Probably the first entrepreneur in Sodus Township was James LaRue, a New Jersey native, who purchased riverfront land for the construction of a sawmill in 1835", "id": "212214" }, { "contents": "Area code 269\n\n\nArea code 269 is the telephone area code serving the southwest portion of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. Communities using \"269\" include Dowagiac, Allegan, Battle Creek, Kalamazoo, Paw Paw, Portage, Otsego, Plainwell, St. Joseph, Benton Harbor, Marshall, Niles, Three Rivers, Sturgis, South Haven, Berrien Springs, and Bridgman. \"269\" was created in a July 2002 split of area code 616. The 269 area covers roughly the lower third of 616 before the split. Frontier and AT&T are the", "id": "730086" }, { "contents": "The Herald-Palladium\n\n\nThe Herald-Palladium is a newspaper distributed in the Southwest Michigan region serving all or part of Berrien, Cass, Van Buren, and Allegan Counties. The \"Herald-Palladium\" is a merger of many former local newspapers in the twin cities of Benton Harbor and St. Joseph, Missouri. The \"Herald-Press\" formed in 1916 in St. Joseph from the merger of two other newspapers: In 1916, uncle and nephew merged their operations. The \"News-Palladium\" was formed in 1904 from the merger of", "id": "16585467" }, { "contents": "Southwestern Michigan Athletic Conference\n\n\nThe Southwestern Michigan Athletic Conference (also known as the SMAC or the Big 16) is a high school athletic conference in Southwestern Michigan. It is composed of Class A schools from the MHSAA in Berrien, Calhoun, Kalamazoo, and Van Buren counties. Early Days (1931) The Southwest Michigan Athletic Conference was formed in 1931, consisting of St. Joseph, Niles, Dowagiac, Three Rivers, and South Haven. St. Joseph left in 1938 and then reappeared back in 1940. The official name of the conference has always been", "id": "6068401" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Michigan\n\n\nPresident Andrew Jackson. The county was founded in 1829, and was organized in 1831, before Michigan was accepted into the Union as a state. When Michigan Territory was established in 1805, the area of present Berrien County was included in the boundary of Wayne County. About 1780, New Jersey resident William Burnett established a trading post at the mouth of the St. Joseph River (present-day site of St. Joseph) to serve indigenous peoples and French Canadian residents. Also during that time, Joseph Bertrand established a trading post", "id": "10837555" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs, Michigan\n\n\nBerrien Springs is a village in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,800 at the 2010 census. The village is located within Oronoko Charter Township. Berrien Springs is best known for its Seventh-day Adventist community and Andrews University. Reflecting the community's population, many of the businesses in the village are closed on Saturdays. Berrien Springs, like Berrien County, is named for John M. Berrien; \"Springs\" was added after mineral springs were discovered in the area. The village is the site", "id": "211959" }, { "contents": "Bainbridge Township, Michigan\n\n\nBainbridge Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 2,850. It was organized in 1837. The name is a transfer from Bainbridge, New York. The township is in the northeast portion of the county, with Benton Charter Township to the west, Hagar Township to the northwest, and Coloma Charter Township and Watervliet Charter Township to the north. East of the township is Keeler Township in Van Buren County. Pipestone Township is to the south", "id": "211905" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph Valley Railway (1889–1897)\n\n\nrailroad access. Berrien Springs, then the county seat, had no access at all, while Buchanan sat on the Michigan Central's Chicago–Detroit line but had no cross-county access, nor a direct line to Lake Michigan. The new company, which incorporated on January 27, 1880, proposed to construct a line south from Berrien Springs to Buchanan and on to the Indiana border, which would put the railroad a stone's throw from South Bend, then a major railroad hub. Lack of capital prompted the company", "id": "17863157" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs Courthouse\n\n\nThe Berrien Springs Courthouse is a government building located at the corner of Union and Cass Streets in Berrien Springs, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. It is the oldest courthouse in Michigan. The building today is part of the History Center and Courthouse Square and is operated by the Berrien County Historical Association, and is part of the Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex. Berrien County was first organized in 1831. However, the location of the county seat was in flux for the first few", "id": "12850347" }, { "contents": "Lakeshore School District (Berrien)\n\n\nThe Lakeshore School District in Southwestern lower Michigan serves the communities of Stevensville and Baroda in Berrien County. All elementary schools are kindergarten through 5th grades, plus preschool Lakeshore Summer Learning Website To foster learning over the summer for Lakeshore students a website was created to provide practice for students. Many children enjoy learning using computer activities via the Internet, so we have designed a wiki with many links to great learning websites that are FUN for your student! Check out this valuable resource for students in kindergarten through fifth grade. The district was", "id": "12086780" }, { "contents": "Eau Claire, Michigan\n\n\nEau Claire is a village located in east central Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 625 at the 2010 census. The village lies partially within Pipestone Township and partially within Berrien Charter Township. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. Eau Claire was established in 1861. The community took its name from a nearby creek of the same name. The correct French pronunciation is Eau (pronounced \"O\") Claire. However, many local residents", "id": "212032" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs, Michigan\n\n\nof the earliest settlement in Oronoko Township, and was first known as \"Wolf's Prairie\" in reference to the 1,000-acre prairie in which it was situated. The site had been a village under the leadership of a Potawatamie man named Wolf. The first permanent settlers, John Pike and his family, arrived in 1829. The village of Berrien was platted in 1831, and the village of Berrien Springs was incorporated in 1863. Berrien Springs was the county seat from 1837 until 1894, when St. Joseph became county seat. The", "id": "211960" }, { "contents": "Lake Michigan College\n\n\nLake Michigan College is a community college in Berrien County, Michigan. The main campus is in Benton Township, Michigan with regional campuses in Niles and South Haven. The Welch Center for Wine & Viticulture opened on the main campus in 2019. Lake Michigan College was founded as Benton Harbor Junior College in 1946 within the city of Benton Harbor when voters approved an initiative to create a junior college. In 1954, Benton Harbor Junior College was redesigned into the Benton Harbor Community College and Technical Institute (CCTI). In 1963,", "id": "18386321" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph Valley Railway (1889–1897)\n\n\nThe St. Joseph Valley Railway (1889-1897), earlier known as the St. Joseph Valley Railroad (1880-1889), is a defunct railroad which operated in southern Michigan during the late 19th century. Intended to connect the Berrien County, Michigan communities of Buchanan and Berrien Springs with northern Indiana, the railroad never expanded beyond an initial connection between those two communities and sank under a weight of debt which poor traffic could not offset. The company was formed by local businessmen from both Buchanan and Berrien Springs frustrated by insufficient", "id": "17863156" }, { "contents": "Lincoln Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nLincoln Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 14,691 at the 2010 census. Lincoln Charter Township is located in the west-central portion of Berrien County, with Lake Michigan to the west. The village of Shoreham and St. Joseph Charter Township are to the north, Royalton Township to the east, Baroda Township to the southeast and south, and Lake Charter Township to the south and southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area", "id": "212120" }, { "contents": "Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex\n\n\nthe new building. However, despite the new construction, by the 1870s, the courthouse became too small to hold county records, and county residents of the more populous coastal towns grumbled about the poor transportation to Berrien Springs. By the early 1890s, the cities of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor came to an agreement about siting a new courthouse, and a county-wide vote was instituted, with the plan to move the courthouse prevailing. In 1894, the county seat was moved to St. Joseph. After the relocation of", "id": "13863597" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs, Michigan\n\n\npreserve and restore the courthouse began. The restored courthouse square contains Michigan's oldest courthouse as part of the Midwest's most complete surviving mid-nineteenth century county government complex. Today the square houses a county museum and archives and serves as headquarters for the Berrien County Historical Association. Its original buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The gallery on the first floor of the 1839 Courthouse is devoted to exhibits on Berrien County history. Topics covered include early colonial forts, the fur trade, railroads, the Civil", "id": "211962" }, { "contents": "Dave Pagel (politician)\n\n\nDave Pagel is a businessman and Republican politician from Michigan currently serving in the Michigan House of Representatives. Prior to his election to the House, Pagel served for four years as the chairman of the Berrien County Board of Commissioners. Prior to that, he was the president of the Berrien Springs school board for 14 years. In addition to his political activity, Pagel has been involved in agriculture in Berrien Springs Michigan for more than 40 years. His family owns Dave Pagel Produce, which packages and distributes Michigan-grown fruit sold", "id": "14462741" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalamazoo\n\n\n, Watervliet, St. Joseph, St. Joseph, SS John & Bernard, Benton Harbor, Our Lady Queen of Peace, Bridgman, St. Gabriel, Berrien Springs, St. Mary of the Assumption, Three Oaks, St. Agnes, Sawyer, St. Mary of the Lake, New Buffalo Southeast Deanery \"(9 parishes)\" Dean: Very Reverend German Perez-Diaz St. Charles, Coldwater, Our Lady of Fatima, Union City, St. Barbara, Colon, Holy Angels, Sturgis, St. Joseph, White Pigeon, Immaculate Conception", "id": "14880187" }, { "contents": "Interstate 94 in Michigan\n\n\ncourse away from Lake Michigan. South of Coloma, the trunkline turns eastward and roughly follows the Paw Paw River on a course that takes it south of Watervliet and Hartford. Between the latter two cities, the freeway transitions from northeastern Berrien County into western Van Buren County. It curves around and between Lake Cora and Threemile Lake near the junction with the northern end of M-51. About further east, I-94 crosses M-40 south of Paw Paw. Continuing eastward, the Interstate runs through Mattawan before entering western Kalamazoo County. In Texas", "id": "19001666" }, { "contents": "Benton Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nBenton Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. At the 2010 census, the township population was 14,749. The township was established on March 11, 1837, and was named after Thomas Hart Benton, U.S. senator from Missouri. It remained attached to St. Joseph Township for administrative purposes until 1841. The commune of the House of David was located in the township. In 1967, the Benton Harbor Fruit Market, established in 1860 in Benton Harbor, moved to the township. The Benton", "id": "211923" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)\n\n\nJoseph River watershed drains from 15 counties: Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Hillsdale, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph and Van Buren in Michigan and De Kalb, Elkhart, Kosciusko, LaGrange, Noble, St. Joseph and Steuben in Indiana. The watershed includes 3,742 river miles (6,022 km) and flows through and near the Kalamazoo-Portage, Elkhart-Goshen, Mishawaka-South Bend, and St. Joseph/Benton Harbor metropolitan areas. The St. Joseph River main stem is long, rising in southern Michigan in Hillsdale County", "id": "16994013" }, { "contents": "Benton Harbor, Michigan\n\n\nBenton Harbor is a city in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan which is located southwest of Kalamazoo, and northwest of South Bend, Indiana. In 2010, the population was 10,038 according to the census. It is the smaller, by population, of the two principal cities in the Niles–Benton Harbor Metropolitan Statistical Area, an area with 156,813 people. Benton Harbor and the city of St. Joseph are separated by the St. Joseph River and are known locally as the \"Twin Cities\". Fairplain and Benton Heights", "id": "211930" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs, Michigan\n\n\nBerrien Springs post office opened with the name \"Berrien\" on December 4, 1832 and changed to Berrien Springs on April 18, 1836. When Berrien Springs became the county seat, its courthouse, designed by local architect Gilbert B. Avery, was completed in 1839. The Greek Revival-style courthouse emulated the architecture of ancient Greece with its large columns, triangular pediment and white paint. After the county seat was moved in 1894, the building was put to various uses and briefly was vacant. In 1967, efforts to", "id": "211961" }, { "contents": "Southwest Michigan Council\n\n\nBenton Harbor & Saint Joseph Council and then in 1929 the name was edited to become the Berrien-Cass Area Council. Records show the Council ending in 1941 when its final name of Southwestern Michigan Council (#258) was adopted. The name aptly describes the council which has most of that corner of the state (with La Salle Council in Indiana picking up two of the border counties at the extreme lower tip of the state). Finally, there were several other early councils of note in the town of South Haven", "id": "21440149" }, { "contents": "McCoy Creek (Michigan)\n\n\nMcCoy Creek is a tributary of the St. Joseph River in southeastern Berrien County, Michigan. The headwaters are located in southwestern Bertrand Township in Berrien County, and adjacent portions of Olive and Warren townships in St. Joseph County, Indiana. The main channel flows primarily north (through Bertrand Township) and northeast (through Buchanan Township) for a distance of 6–7 miles (10–11 km) to its confluence with the St. Joseph River at the city of Buchanan. The McCoy Creek drainage is bounded to the north, northeast, east,", "id": "7033318" }, { "contents": "Sodus Township, Michigan\n\n\nPresident of Lithuania. The resort was closed in 1990. Sodus has had retail establishments in the past, though it has none now. The St. Joseph River forms most of the western boundary of the township, with Royalton Township on the other side of the river. The township shares a short western border with the community of Fair Plain in Benton Charter Township north of the St. Joseph River. Benton Charter Township continues as the township to the north, Bainbridge Township is to the northeast, Pipestone Township to the east, Berrien", "id": "212216" }, { "contents": "Paw Paw Lake, Michigan\n\n\nPaw Paw Lake is an unincorporated community in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes, without legal status as a municipality. The community is located within areas of both Coloma Charter Township and Watervliet Township in the area surrounding Paw Paw Lake and Little Paw Paw Lake, excluding the cities of Watervliet and Coloma. The population of the CDP was 3,511 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of", "id": "212182" }, { "contents": "Paw Paw River\n\n\nThe Paw Paw River is located in the U.S. state of Michigan in the southwest portion of the lower peninsula. It is formed by the confluence of the north and south branches at in Waverly Township in the northeast of Van Buren County. It flows approximately through Van Buren County and Berrien County until joining the St. Joseph River just above its mouth on Lake Michigan at Benton Harbor. Native Americans named the Paw Paw River after the paw paw fruit that grew abundantly along the river's banks. The watershed includes rare Great Lakes marshes", "id": "16557888" }, { "contents": "John M. Berrien\n\n\nsurrounding Chatham County. In 1850, he owned 143 slaves. Berrien died in Savannah on January 1, 1856. He is interred in Laurel Grove Cemetery. Berrien County, Georgia, and Berrien County, Michigan (one of Michigan's Cabinet Counties, organized during his term as attorney general), are named in his honor. Berrien was one of the Georgia Historical Society's founders in 1839 and served as the organization's first president. The Georgia Historical Society holds a substantial collection of Berrien papers (including important material relating", "id": "22037623" }, { "contents": "Barratt O'Hara\n\n\nBarratt O'Hara (April 28, 1882 – August 11, 1969) of Chicago was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from Illinois and the last Spanish–American War veteran to serve in Congress; born in Saint Joseph, Berrien County, Mich., April 28, 1882; attended the public schools of Berrien Springs and Benton Harbor, Mich.; went to Nicaragua with his father and attended school at San Juan del Norte; at the age of fifteen years enlisted during the Spanish–American War and served as a corporal in Company I,", "id": "20115149" }, { "contents": "Bannockburn, Georgia\n\n\nBannockburn is an unincorporated community in Berrien County, Georgia, United States. Utopia is an [(Unincorporated area|unincorporated community)] in [(Berrien County, Georgia)], United States. ref Berrien County Chamber of Commerce, Berrien County Historical Foundation at 229-686-5123 Thank you. The former Central of Georgia Railway ran through the settlement. The Riverside Hotel in Bannockburn was built around 1905. At the same time, the Massey Felton Lumber Company operated a sawmill on the west side of the Alapaha River,", "id": "12291938" }, { "contents": "M-140 (Michigan highway)\n\n\nM-140 is a north–south state trunkline highway in Berrien and Van Buren counties of the US state of Michigan. The highway starts in the Niles area at M-139 and runs north through Watervliet to South Haven, ending at Interstate 196/US Highway 31 (I-196/US 31). In between, it runs through farm fields and past lakes in the southwestern part of the Lower Peninsula. The trunkline is used, on average, by between 1,500 and 10,200 vehicles. The state designated M-140 in the early 1930s over a", "id": "800148" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Michigan\n\n\nMichigan Territory Legislature on October 29, 1829 with its present limits. For purposes of revenue, taxation and judicial matters, it was attached to Cass County, and was designated as Niles Township. This assignation was terminated in 1831 when Berrien County's government was organized and initiated. Berrien County began with three townships: Berrien County has favored a Republican Party candidate in all but six elections since 1884. The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages and vital records", "id": "10837557" }, { "contents": "Black Autonomy Network Community Organization\n\n\nBerrien County jury was unable to come to a consensus verdict in Pinkney's felony election fraud case. A mistrial was declared. County officials decided to retry Pinkney on March 29, 2006. On March 22, 2007, a Berrien County jury convicted Pinkney of 5 counts. He was sentenced to probation, but was jailed for violating probation in 2008. In 2009, Pinkney co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)'s Benton Harbor, Michigan chapter and was elected its president. In November", "id": "18364677" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs Courthouse\n\n\nthe Seventh-day Adventists purchased the building and used it for religious services until 1966. Berrien County re-purchased the building in 1967 and restored the building. Restoration was completed in the 1970s. The building today is part of the History Center ant Courthouse Square and is operated by the Berrien County Historical Association. It is used for plays, concerts, and weddings, and houses exhibits on Berrien County history. The Berrien Springs Courthouse is a frame Greek Revival building on a high brick basement, measuring 41 feet by 61", "id": "12850350" }, { "contents": "Oronoko Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nincluded what is now Lake Township, which was organized in 1846. Originally, portions of both Oronoko and Berrien townships were on either side of the St. Joseph River, and at the time a large portion of the village of Berrien Springs was in Berrien Township, even though it was on the other side of the river from most of the township. In 1847, the river was made the dividing line between the townships. There are several accounts given for the name of the township. One is that it was named by", "id": "212175" }, { "contents": "Michiana\n\n\nMichiana is a region in northern Indiana and southwestern Michigan centered on the city of South Bend, Indiana. The Chamber of Commerce of St. Joseph County, Indiana defines Michiana as St. Joseph County and \"counties that contribute at least 500 inbound commuting workers to St. Joseph County daily.\" Those counties include Elkhart, La Porte, Marshall, St. Joseph, and Starke in Indiana, and Berrien and Cass in Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population of those seven counties was 856,377 (647,271 in Indiana and 209,106 in", "id": "21291538" }, { "contents": "Hagar Township, Michigan\n\n\nHagar Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 3,671. The township is in the north of the county with Lake Michigan to the northwest, Covert Township in Van Buren County to the north, Coloma Charter Township to the east, Bainbridge Township to the southeast, and Benton Charter Township to the south. Charles Lamb and his wife came to the area from Vermont in 1839 to become the first white settlers. The township was officially organized", "id": "212105" }, { "contents": "Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex\n\n\nThe Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex is a historic district containing four significant structures, three former county buildings and a house. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan and roughly bounded by Cass, Kimmel, Madison and Union Streets. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Berrien County was first organized in 1831. The first attorney in the county, Francis B. Murdock, arrived here in about 1830 and constructed a log house near this location in 1832. The location of the county seat was in", "id": "13863594" }, { "contents": "Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex\n\n\nflux for the first few years, court being held first in Niles and then in St. Joseph. In 1837, it was moved to the more geographically central Berrien Springs. Berrien Springs donated four lots at this site on which to construct county buildings. A jail with jailor's residence was constructed here in 1837/38. In 1838, Gilbert Button Avery, a local builder, designed a building to house the county court. Builder James Lewis was awarded a contract to erect the building for $2,500; construction was completed in 1839", "id": "13863595" }, { "contents": "Royalton Township, Michigan\n\n\nRoyalton Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan, a few miles southeast of the city of St. Joseph. The population was 4,766 at the 2010 census, up from 3,888 at the 2000 census. There are no incorporated municipalities in the township, but portions are considered to be part of the Benton Harbor/St. Joseph urban area. The unincorporated communities of Hollywood, Scottdale, Arden, and Buckhorn are within the township. Royalton Township was organized in 1835 and originally included portions of Lincoln", "id": "212196" }, { "contents": "Oronoko Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nOronoko Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 9,193 at the 2010 census. The village of Berrien Springs is the only incorporated municipality within the township. Much of the eastern portion of the township is considered to be part of the Berrien Springs urban area. The western portion is primarily agricultural. The township was organized on March 11, 1837, from a portion of Berrien Township. Part of the area was known as Feather Settlement starting in the 1830s. Oronoko initially", "id": "212174" }, { "contents": "Lakeland Athletic Conference\n\n\nfollowed by Dowagiac, who left in 2001 after winning conference their last two years in Basketball (sharing with Berrien Springs in 2000). River Valley left the conference in 2010 to join the Red Arrow Conference. Bridgman became an independent football program in 2010. While Edwardsburg joined the Wolverine Conference in 2012. Edwardsburg, Coloma, and Berrien Springs joined the Wolverine Conference in 2012. The final year for the Lakeland Athletic Conference will be the 2013-14 school year. The remaining schools Bridgman, Brandywine, Buchanan and Cassopolis are", "id": "21746118" }, { "contents": "Niles, Michigan\n\n\nNiles is a city in Berrien and Cass counties in the U.S. state of Michigan, near South Bend, Indiana. In 2010, the population was 11,600 according to the 2010 census. It is the larger, by population, of the two principal cities in the Niles-Benton Harbor Metropolitan Statistical Area, an area with 156,813 people. Niles lies on the banks of the St. Joseph River, at the site of the French Fort St. Joseph, first built in 1697 to protect the Jesuit Mission established in 1691. After 1761", "id": "17875430" }, { "contents": "Watervliet Township, Michigan\n\n\nWatervliet Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,102 at the 2010 census. The township originally included the area of Coloma Charter Township, which was separated in 1917. The city of Watervliet is the only incorporated municipality in the township. The Paw Paw River and Paw Paw Lake are prominent features of the township. The Watervliet area is host to many \"summer homes\", which has contributed considerably to the local economy as well as increased development. Interstate 94 crosses", "id": "212297" }, { "contents": "Southwest Michigan Regional Airport\n\n\nSouthwest Michigan Regional Airport is a public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the central business district of Benton Harbor, a city in Berrien County, Michigan, United States. The airport is owned by the cities of Benton Harbor and St. Joseph, Michigan. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a regional general aviation facility. Southwest Michigan Regional Airport covers an area of 485 acres (196 ha)", "id": "3395384" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Michigan\n\n\nline is drained by small tributaries of the Kankakee River, which ultimately flows into the Mississippi River. This is one of two areas of Michigan drained by the Mississippi River, the other being an area of Michigan's Upper Peninsula near the Wisconsin border. The 2010 United States Census indicates Berrien County had a 2010 population of 156,813. This is a decrease of 5,640 people from the 2000 United States Census, or a 3.5% population decrease. In 2010 there were 63,054 households and 41,585 families in the county. The population density", "id": "10837560" }, { "contents": "Lake Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nLake Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,972 at the 2010 census. The township is located in the west central portion of the county. Lake Michigan and the city of Bridgman are to the west, Lincoln Township to the north, Baroda Township to the east, Weesaw Township to the south, and Chikaming Township to the southwest. In 1848, a village of 80 blocks was platted in section 25 with the name Livingston, but nothing became of it and", "id": "212110" }, { "contents": "Benton Heights, Michigan\n\n\nBenton Heights is an unincorporated community in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also a census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes without any legal status as an incorporated municipality. The population was 4,084 at the 2010 Census, down from 5,458 at the 2000 census. The community is a part of Benton Charter Township and is adjacent to the city of Benton Harbor. Benton Heights was formerly called \"Euclid Center\"; the present name was adopted in 1957. According to the United States Census Bureau", "id": "211950" }, { "contents": "Buchanan Township, Michigan\n\n\nBuchanan Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 3,523. The city of Buchanan is located in the southeast portion of the township. Buchanan Township is bounded by Oronoko Charter Township to the north, Berrien Township to the north and northeast, Niles Township to the east, Bertrand Township to the south and southeast, Galien Township to the southwest, Weesaw Township to the west, and Baroda Township to the northwest. No major highways transit the", "id": "212009" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Michigan\n\n\non the river, in present–day Niles Charter Township. In December 1822, missionary Isaac McCoy moved his family and 18 Indian students from Indiana to the St. Joseph River near present-day Niles, Michigan, to open a religious mission (the Carey Mission) to the Potawatomi Indians,160 km from the nearest White settlement. In 1827 St. Joseph Township was organized as part of Wayne County, It included all lands acquired from the Native Americans by the 1821 Treaty of Chicago. The boundary of Berrien County was delineated by the", "id": "10837556" }, { "contents": "South Berrien Center Union Church and Cemetery\n\n\nSouth Berrien Center Union Church and Cemetery is a historic church and cemetery at 10408 M-140 in Berrien Township, Michigan. It was built in 1858 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. Berrien Township was first settled by Europeans in 1827, and by the 1850s there were nearly 1000 residents. Berrien Center was established in 1857 as the site of the township's only post office. That same year, a union church organization, known as the \"Union Church District,\" was founded by local residents for", "id": "19206088" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nSt. Joseph Charter Township is a charter township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 10,028 at the 2010 census. The township is on the shores of Lake Michigan in the west central portion of the county, south of and adjacent to the city of St. Joseph. The village of Shoreham, on Lake Michigan south of St. Joseph city, is the only incorporated community within the boundaries of the township. Both the village and township are bedroom communities for the city of St. Joseph. The St. Joseph", "id": "212248" }, { "contents": "Lake Michigan Admirals\n\n\nThe Lake Michigan Admirals are a team of the Premier Basketball League that began play in the 2009-10 season as a member of the American Basketball Association. The Admirals are the second ABA team based in Berrien County, Michigan, after the Benton Harbor-based Twin City Ballers folded after their only season of 2006-07. The Admirals will play 15 home games, 10 in Lake Michigan Catholic High School in Saint Joseph, Michigan and 5 at Benton Harbor High School in Benton Harbor, Michigan. The Admirals are owned", "id": "13430434" }, { "contents": "Oronoko Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nthat the name was taken from a variety of tobacco known as \"oronoco\", \"orinoko\", or \"oronooka\". Andrews University (Seventh-day Adventist) is located in the township. The St. Joseph River forms the eastern boundary of the township. Berrien Township lies across the river directly to the east, and Sodus Township is to the north and northeast. Buchanan Township is to the south, Weesaw Township to the southwest, Baroda Township to the west, and Royalton Township to the north. US 31", "id": "212177" }, { "contents": "Berrien's Island\n\n\nCase Records, 1849-1851\" at the Queens Central Library, Berrien's Island had fallen within the County's jurisdiction (the County of New York's line of boundary on the North, across the East river into Flushing Bay). The island is also a half-mile from Astoria than the present location at Randall's Island. Berrien's Island is also as closer to Harlem as it was to Astoria: Berrien's Island is 2 miles distant from Astoria and Harlem. In a letter to George F. Clarke from", "id": "19226198" }, { "contents": "St. Joseph Valley Railroad (1848–1869)\n\n\nThe St. Joseph Valley Rail Road is a defunct railroad which operated in southern Michigan during the mid-19th century. The company was chartered on April 3, 1848, following authorization by an act of the Michigan State Legislature; the bill called for a line from St. Joseph, on the coast of Lake Michigan in Berrien County east through Cassopolis (Cass County) into St. Joseph County. The act stipulated that the company had ten years from the passage of the act to complete its line, a distance of about , or its \"", "id": "17562346" }, { "contents": "Neal Nitz\n\n\nNeal Nitz (March 23, 1954 – April 13, 2015) was a farmer and politician. Nitz was a Republican member of the Michigan House of Representatives from 2003 through 2008. Both prior to and following his service in the House, he was a member of the Berrien County Board of Commissioners. Born in Benton Harbor, Michigan, Nitz went to Southwestern Michigan College. A third-generation farmer, Nitz was the owner of Neal Nitz Farms. He was also a member of the Southwestern Michigan Tourist Council and the", "id": "15730043" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs Courthouse\n\n\nyears, court being held first in Niles and then in St. Joseph. In 1837, it was moved to the more geographically central Berrien Springs. In 1838, Gilbert Button Avery, a local builder, designed this building to house the county court. Builder James Lewis was awarded a contract to erect the building for $2,500; construction was completed in 1839. However, by the 1870s, the courthouse became too small to hold county records, and county residents of the more populous coastal towns grumbled about the poor transportation to", "id": "12850348" }, { "contents": "Point O'Woods Golf & Country Club\n\n\nThe Point O'Woods Golf & Country Club is a private golf club located in Benton Township, Berrien County, Michigan, United States, near Benton Harbor. In 1954, local residents C.E. (Bud) Blake, Charles W. Gore, Richard Merrill, Malcolm Ross and Frederick S. Upton expressed interest in a new golf club in the Benton Harbor/St. Joseph area. When land owned by Donald H. Ross became available, the group contacted Robert Trent Jones to inquire whether he approved of the location as viable for a championship golf", "id": "18323531" }, { "contents": "Berrien County, Georgia\n\n\nBerrien County is a county located in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,286. The county seat is Nashville. The county was created February 25, 1856 out of portions of Coffee, Irwin and Lowndes Counties by an act of the Georgia General Assembly. It is named after Georgia senator John M. Berrien. The citizens of the area of Lowndes County and Irwin County that would become Berrien County had to travel long distances to get the county courthouse at Franklinville", "id": "11662300" }, { "contents": "Michigan's 6th congressional district\n\n\nMichigan's 6th congressional district is a United States congressional district in southwest Michigan. It consists of all of Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, and Van Buren, counties, and includes most of Allegan county. 2011 redistricting removed the portion of Calhoun County that had been in the district, and added northwestern Allegan County, leaving only parts of the city of Holland in the 2nd district. Michigan's Sixth Congressional District was originally formed in 1862. At this time it had all the Upper Peninsula except Menominee, Delta", "id": "3917303" }, { "contents": "Kalamazoo, Michigan\n\n\nBuffalo. Some parts of Old US 12 outside of town, especially in Van Buren and Berrien counties to the west, are still called Red Arrow Highway. The term \"Old US 12\" has faded from use. The Kal-Haven Trail, heavily used by cyclists, runners, walkers, and snowmobilers, extends to downtown Kalamazoo. It runs between South Haven, Michigan, to a trailhead just west of Kalamazoo. Between that trailhead and South Haven the trail is run by Van Buren County, even the parts within", "id": "9543442" }, { "contents": "Expo Arena\n\n\nBerrien County Youth Fair Indoor Expo Complex is a 2,896-seat indoor arena located in Berrien Springs, Michigan, built as part of the Berrien County Fairgrounds. It will be used for concerts, sports, conventions and graduation ceremonies. The arena will be funded entirely by donations and corporate sponsorships. The 96,000-square-foot indoor arena will feature 18 luxury suites and 66,500 square feet of arena floor space. Of the 2,896 permanent seats at the arena, 1,866 are chairback seats. The Expo Arena will also feature an adjacent 120,000-square-foot stable", "id": "15262534" }, { "contents": "Berrien Springs, Michigan\n\n\nWar, early Berrien County industries, Native Americans and area pre-history. The Sheriff's House gallery hosts changing exhibits. Classroom programs include living history presentations. Teachers can invite a Civil War soldier or French voyageur to speak to their class. Berrien Springs was known as the Christmas pickle capital of the world. In the tradition, an ornamental pickle is placed on a Christmas tree as one of the Christmas decorations. On Christmas morning, the first child to find the pickle on the tree would receive an extra present from", "id": "211963" }, { "contents": "Old Berrien County Courthouse Complex\n\n\nthe county seat, the former courthouse complex was sold to private individuals in 1897. The courthouse itself served for a few years as village hall, as an armory for the Berrien Springs Light Guard, and was used from 1922 to 1967 by the Berrien Springs Village Seventh-Day Adventist Church. The jail was demolished, and the sheriff's residence and office building were remodeled into apartments. The Murdock log house was built onto, becoming a wing of a more modern house. However, the buildings gradually decayed over the years", "id": "13863598" }, { "contents": "Niles Charter Township, Michigan\n\n\nCass County on the east and the Indiana state line to the south. Bertrand Township lies to the west and south, Buchanan Township to the west, and Berrien Township to the north. Neighboring townships in Cass County are Pokagon Township to the northeast, Howard Township to the east, and Milton Township to the southeast. To the south in St. Joseph County, Indiana, is Clay Township, and German Township is to the southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, Niles Charter Township has a total area of ,", "id": "212170" }, { "contents": "Nashville, Georgia\n\n\nwere below the poverty line, including 40.6% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over. Berrien County students in kindergarten to grade twelve are in the Berrien County School District, which consists of two elementary schools, a middle school, a high school, and a charter school. The district has 172 full-time teachers and over 3,037 students. The city of Nashville is served by a public library, the Carrie Dorsey Perry Memorial Library, a part of the Coastal Plain Regional Library System", "id": "18797187" }, { "contents": "M-139 (Michigan highway)\n\n\nM-139 is a state trunkline highway entirely within Berrien County in the US state of Michigan. The highway starts at US Highway 12 (US 12) southwest of Niles and runs through rural areas of the county to terminate at an intersection with Business Loop Interstate 94 (BL I-94) in Benton Harbor. The highway runs parallel to the St. Joseph River, crossing the river several times as it follows a set of roads previously used for US 31 in the area. The highway was first designated in the 1930s as a bypass of", "id": "800043" }, { "contents": "Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant\n\n\nDonald C. Cook Nuclear Plant is a nuclear power plant located just north of the city of Bridgman, Michigan which is part of Berrien County, on a site 11 miles south of St. Joseph, Michigan, United States. The plant is owned by American Electric Power (AEP) and operated by Indiana Michigan Power, an AEP subsidiary. It has two nuclear reactors and is currently the company's only nuclear power plant. The construction cost of the power plant was $3.352 billion (2007 USD). The plant produces 2.2", "id": "2200120" }, { "contents": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalamazoo\n\n\nThe Diocese of Kalamazoo () is a Roman Catholic diocese in the southwestern portion of the State of Michigan. The Diocese of Kalamazoo encompasses Allegan, Van Buren, Berrien, Cass, Saint Joseph, Kalamazoo, Branch, Calhoun, and Barry Counties. The Diocese consists of 46 parishes, 13 missions, 75 priests, and 36 deacons. The Diocese operates 3 high schools, 2 middle schools and 17 grade schools, serving more than 3,000 students throughout the same. There are also two parish run preschools. It currently has", "id": "14880167" }, { "contents": "Georgia State Route 125\n\n\nthrough Moody Air Force Base and intersects SR 122 at the meeting point of Lowndes, Berrien, and Lanier counties. It travels to the north along the Berrien–Lanier county line and then jogs slightly to the northeast, entering Lanier County proper. In Berrien County, it curves to the north-northwest before entering Ray City. Here, it meets US 129/SR 11/SR 37 (Main Street). At this intersection, US 129/SR 11 begin a concurrency. The three highways head north-northwest", "id": "12476014" }, { "contents": "Benton Harbor, Michigan\n\n\nELB would then appoint Tony R. Saunders II as the youngest Successor-Emergency Financial Manager for the city of Benton Harbor. Library service for the city is provided by the Benton Harbor Public Library. The town has a police department. The city is served by two institutions, Benton Harbor Area Schools within the Berrien Regional Education Service Agency, and Lake Michigan College, a two-year community college just east of Benton Harbor. Whirlpool Corporation, the world's largest manufacturer of major home appliances, has its corporate headquarters in nearby", "id": "211944" }, { "contents": "Bridgman, Michigan\n\n\nBridgman is a city in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,291 at the 2010 census. There was a place in this area known as Plummer's Pier. In 1856 lumbermen founded Charlotteville in this area. Bridgman itself begins with the village of that name platted by George C. Bridgman in 1870. It was centered on a railroad station opened that year. The Bridgman post office, with ZIP code 49106 opened with the name \"Laketon\" on November 11, 1862. The name changed to Bridgman", "id": "211989" }, { "contents": "M-152 (Michigan highway)\n\n\nM-152 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan in Cass and Van Buren counties. The highway runs through the Sister Lakes area providing access to the lake cabins and adjoining farmlands. The highway has existed mostly unchanged since the designation was commissioned in the 1930s. M-152 begins at an intersection with South County Line Road on the border between Van Buren and Berrien counties just west of Round Lake. Known as 92nd Avenue, M-152 travels due east past the Sister Lakes area before turning south on 66th Street. From there", "id": "800225" }, { "contents": "New Buffalo Township, Michigan\n\n\nNew Buffalo Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 2,386. It is the southwesternmost township on the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. When Berrien County was first established in 1831, New Buffalo was a part of Berrien Township. New Buffalo Township was established by an act of the state legislature on March 12, 1836. Five days later, the village of New Buffalo was incorporated. The township originally included what are now Three Oaks Township and", "id": "212142" }, { "contents": "Watervliet, Michigan\n\n\nWatervliet is a city in northeastern Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,735 at the 2010 census, down from 1,843 at the 2000 census. Mostly a rural farming community, the name comes from the Dutch for \"where the waters meet.\" The city is surrounded by Watervliet Charter Township but is administered autonomously. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,735 people", "id": "212290" }, { "contents": "M-62 (Michigan highway)\n\n\ncountry's defense, economy or mobility. M-62 was formed before 1924 along a portion of its current routing. The trunkline started at the Indiana state line and ran north through Edwardsburg and Cassopolis. The northern terminus was at M-40 (now M-51) in Dowagiac. The southern section was moved by the end of 1925 to follow a more direct routing between Edwardsburg and the state line. An extension in 1930 moved the northern terminus west into Berrien County, ending in Eau Claire. The final few miles of highway were transferred back", "id": "1131449" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 31 in Michigan\n\n\nbetween I-94 and the Berrien–Van Buren county line. This section was originally designated as part of I-96/US 31; the former route near the lakeshore became just US 33. The MSHD petitioned federal highway officials to switch the Interstate designations west of Grand Rapids, reversing the I-96 and I-196 numbers to their current configurations. After the designation switch was approved in 1963, an additional was opened from the northern end of the freeway near Benton Harbor to Holland as I-196/US 31. The freeway was also extended northward from", "id": "6787854" }, { "contents": "Shoreham, Michigan\n\n\nShoreham is a village in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 862 at the 2010 census. The village is located within St. Joseph Charter Township on the shore of Lake Michigan, just south of the City of St. Joseph. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 862 people, 392 households, and 261 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 471 housing units", "id": "212203" }, { "contents": "Dave Pagel (politician)\n\n\nforty seasons the business has grown to supply fruit grown around Berrien County to grocery stores and farm stands in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois. In addition to the produce packaging and distribution operation, the Pagel family also maintains an orchard of honeycrisp apples across the street. Pagel’s political career began with public service on the school board of Berrien Springs Public School system. As his own children were beginning school in 1993, Pagel was elected to the board and to the presidency of the board. After 14 years of service to", "id": "14462743" }, { "contents": "Georgia State Route 158\n\n\nState Route 158 (SR 158) is a state highway that runs west-to-east through portions of Berrien, Irwin, Coffee, and Ware counties in the south-central and southeastern parts of the U.S. state of Georgia. SR 158 begins at an intersection with US 129/SR 11 (Alapaha Highway), north-northwest of Alapaha, Georgia. It heads east, along part of the Berrien–Irwin county line, and then part of the Coffee–Irwin county line. Along the Coffee–Irwin", "id": "7221687" }, { "contents": "Michiana\n\n\nof these participants are currently from the state of Michigan, although Berrien and Cass Counties were until they along with Van Buren County were combined into their own MPO, what is now called the Southwest Michigan Planning Commission. Indiana Counties Michigan Counties For a complete list, see List of cities and towns in Michiana Greater Michiana includes the following 15 counties in Indiana and Michigan: The Chamber of Commerce of St. Joseph County (Indiana) defines Greater Michiana as \"counties within a 60-mile driving distance to St. Joseph County\" that are not", "id": "21291541" }, { "contents": "Interstate 196\n\n\nfollows Lake Michigan. The freeway starts northeast of Benton Harbor at exit 34 on I-94 in Benton Charter Township in Berrien County. At the trumpet interchange, I-196 runs north from I-94 and passes to the west of the Point O'Woods Golf & Country Club. US 31 joins I-196 from the southwest and runs concurrently with I-196 as the freeway passes through farm fields in southwestern Michigan. The trunkline turns northwesterly near the Lake Michigan Hills Golf Course and crosses the Paw Paw River. Past the river, the freeway turns northeasterly and runs roughly", "id": "13431412" }, { "contents": "John Proos\n\n\nmost of Van Buren Counties. Proos was easily re-elected to represent Michigan's 21st Senate District again earning nearly two-thirds of the total votes cast against his opponent Bette Piermann (D). Because of legislative redistricting, the boundaries of the 21st Senate District had changed to encompass all communities in Berrien, Cass and St. Joseph Counties. Proos served in the Michigan House of Representatives from 2005 - 2010 and was appointed to several House committees during his tenure. These included: Energy and Technology; Agriculture; Education;", "id": "15181060" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 33 in Michigan\n\n\nUS Highway 33 (US 33) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that was once located in Berrien County, Michigan. At the time it was removed from the state, it was only about long running north from the Indiana state line to an intersection with US 12 south of Niles. The highway was not originally part of the US Highway System in the state; it was added in 1938 as a second designation for part of US 31 between the state line and St. Joseph. It was later extended", "id": "1091341" } ]