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Opomydas is a genus of flies in the family Mydidae.
Species
Opomydas limbatus (Williston, 1886)
Opomydas townsendi (Williston, 1898)
References
Mydidae
Brachycera genera
Taxa named by Charles Howard Curran
Diptera of North America |
Neo-Adlerian psychologists are those working in the tradition of, or influenced by Alfred Adler, an early associate of, and dissident from the ideas of, Sigmund Freud.
Education
Neo-Adlerian ideas have been identified in the field of education, associated particularly with the work of Rudolf Dreikurs. The Neo-Adlerian classroom model stresses the importance of the student's search for feelings of belonging.
Neo-Freudians
Fritz Wittels used the term 'Neo-Adlerian' to refer derogatively to the Neo-Freudians, due to their emphasis on the social aspects of psychology. Heinz Ansbacher however sought to capture the Neo-Freudians as neo-Adlerians, to promote Adler's influence. Henri Ellenberger would later adjudge that what he called the neo-psychoanalysts like Karen Horney and Erich Fromm would indeed more accurately be known as neo-Adlerians.
Transactional Analysis has also been termed a neo-Adlerian school - Eric Berne himself acknowledging that "of all those who preceded transactional analysis, Alfred Adler comes the closest to talking like a script analyst". A direct line of influence runs from Adler through Harry Stack Sullivan to Thomas Anthony Harris - one of the co-creators of TA - with Adler's ideas on guiding fictions and the sense of inferiority feeding into Berne's concept of psychological games, which can also be considered in terms of the interactions of different life style systems.
See also
Adlerian
Classical Adlerian psychology
Positive Discipline
School discipline
References
Further reading
'Adlerian Psychotherapy' in Wedding, D. and Corsini, R.J., 2013. Current psychotherapies. Cengage Learning.
Cowie, H. and Jennifer, D., 2008. New perspectives on bullying. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
External links
'What is an Adlerian?'
'Positive Discipline Association'
Adlerian psychology
Psychoanalytic schools
Philosophy of education |
Al-Qaisin () is a sub-district located in As Sawma'ah District, Al Bayda Governorate, Yemen. Al-Qaisin had a population of 3334 according to the 2004 census.
References
Sub-districts in As Sawma'ah District |
The 2012 Paros beating and rape of a teenage girl on the island of Paros, Greece by Ahmed Waqas (alternate names reported including Ahmet Vaka, Ahmet Bakas, and Ahmet Vakash) The case attracted widespread attention due to the fact the victim, who was usually referred to in the Greek press solely by her first name "Myrto" (), suffered substantial injuries resulting in permanent disability.
The event
On 23 July 2012 a teenage girl, Myrto Papadomichelaki (), was found partially clothed, beaten and in a coma, on one of the most popular beaches in the Greek island of Paros. Her head had been struck with a rock. The authorities ordered the girl to be transferred to a hospital in Athens. At first, police treated the incident as an accident, however, when a forensic specialist from Athens, Dr. Nikos Kalogrias announced that he had found semen on the girl's body, the focus of the investigation changed to rape and assault.
Suspects
According to the police report, initial suspects were 12 men, Greeks and foreigners, who either worked by the beach and the crime scene or had been seen by witnesses in the area. As the investigation continued, the suspects were narrowed down to four and police concluded, with the help of eyewitnesses, that the suspect was a man who worked by the crime scene. Specifically the mother of the teenage girl reported that she saw a man, wearing white trousers and a colorful shirt, walking away from the crime scene. Ahmed Waqas's co-workers said that he was wearing this kind of clothes at work the day of the incident. However, Ahmed had already left the island to go to Athens, ostensibly because of the serious illness of one of his relatives. Ahmed was picked up during a random check in Athens and DNA was used to identify him as the likely culprit.
Perpetrator
A few days later the police arrested Ahmed Waqas, in Nea Chalkidona, Athens. Police located him through his mobile phone and with the help of other immigrants. Ahmed's DNA matched that found on the girl's clothes and body, after which Ahmed confessed. Ahmed Waqas was reportedly calm and emotionless while describing the events of the crime to the police officers. As he stated, his first intention was to steal the girl's mobile phone but she tried to repel his attack. Then, he started beating her with a rock until she fell unconscious. While the girl could not fight anymore he raped her and then beat her again against the stones. The perpetrator had been scheduled for voluntary repatriation to Pakistan at the time of the arrest.
After his confession, Ahmed Waqas was taken to the island of Syros where he testified again before the district prosecutor. While the police accompanied him from the ferry to the prosecutor's office, passersby shouted slogans against him. After the initial trial, the perpetrator was discovered to have lied about his age in order to be tried and punished as a juvenile.
Reaction
In the days following the identification of the perpetrator, Nikos Dendias, the Minister of Citizen Protection, announced a crackdown on illegal immigrants in Athens. He deployed 4,500 police, who arrested 7,000 people in 72 hours. According to The Guardian, the trigger event was the crime on Paros. Several news sources reported crimes against migrants in Greece as revenge, including the murder of an Iraqi man.
Trial
The defendant initially convinced authorities that he was a minor, he first reported having been born in 1991, then in 1993 and finally 1995. The trial was a national news story in Greece. Waqas was sentenced to "a life sentence for the robbery, 18 years in jail for the attempted murder, 18 years in jail for the rape and three months in jail for illegal employment".
Victim
A substantial sum was raised by the Greek public to pay for the victim's medical care. , the teenage girl was out of the coma and was working to regain her strength and abilities in a rehabilitation center. Three years after the attack, she remained unable to walk or to feed herself.
Andreas Lykourentzos, Greek Minister for Health, announced in May 2013 that the victim would be transferred to a hospital in the United States to undergo advanced treatment at the expense of the Greek government. A decision continued by Greek Minister for Health, Adonis Georgiadis. Nevertheless, private funds were required and the money was raised by the Greek-American community in the United States to fund Myrto Papadomichelaki's treatment at Harvard's Children's and Spaulding Hospitals in Boston.
In December 2017, the victim's mother sued the Greek state as the €730 monthly allowance she was receiving was not enough for medical bills. The compensation could not be taken from the perpetrator due to a lack of a bilateral agreement with his country. The lawsuit was rejected by the Administrative Court of First Instance and the Administrative Court of Appeal on the basis of the state not being responsible for the actions of illegal migrants as claimed in the suit. In May 2021, in response to the lawsuit's failure, the Boeotia Police Union began paying the victim's living and medical costs.
See also
Crime in Greece
References
2012 crimes in Greece
2012 in Greece
2012 in Greek politics
2013 in Greece
2013 in Greek politics
Illegal immigration to Europe
Immigration to Greece
Incidents of violence against women
July 2012 events in Europe
Pakistani emigrants to Greece
Violence against women in Greece |
Reedsoceras is a genus of large discosorids (Nautiloidea) in the family Westonoceratidae from the middle and upper Ordovician of North America.
Reedsoceras was named as a genus characterized by rapidly expanding exogastric cyrtocones with unconstricted apertures and straight sutures. The siphuncle is close to the venter, which is the externally convex side of the shell, and is composed of very short, broadly rounded segments. Structure of the siphuncle wall is unknown.
Reedsoceras seems to be derived from Simardoceras and to be more closely related to a group that also includes Sinclairoceras than to other westonoceratids, especially those with long narrowing body chambers and bent back exogastric phragmocones like Winnipegoceras.
References
Flower, R.H.and Curt Teichert 1957. The Cephalopod Order Discosorida. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Mollusca, Article 6. July 1957
Teichert, C 1964. Nautiloidea -Discosorida. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part K. Geological Soc of America and Univ. Kansas Press.
Prehistoric nautiloid genera
Ordovician molluscs
Middle Ordovician first appearances
Late Ordovician extinctions
Discosorida |
Bolton Abbey in Wharfedale, North Yorkshire, England, takes its name from the ruins of the 12th-century Augustinian monastery now known as Bolton Priory. The priory, closed in the 1539 Dissolution of the Monasteries ordered by King Henry VIII, is in the Yorkshire Dales, next to the village of Bolton Abbey.
The estate is open to visitors, and includes many miles of all-weather walking routes. The Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway terminates at Bolton Abbey station one and a half miles/2.5 km from Bolton Priory.
Bolton Priory
The monastery was founded at Embsay in 1120. Led by a prior, Bolton Abbey was technically a priory, despite its name. It was founded in 1154 by the Augustinian order, on the banks of the River Wharfe. The land at Bolton, as well as other resources, were given to the order by Lady Alice de Romille of Skipton Castle in 1154. In the early 14th century Scottish raiders caused the temporary abandonment of the site and serious structural damage to the priory. The seal of the priory featured the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Child and the phrase sigillum sancte Marie de Bolton.
The nave of the abbey church was in use as a parish church from about 1170 onwards, and survived the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
Building work was still going on at the abbey when the Dissolution of the Monasteries resulted in the termination of the priory in January 1540. The east end remains in ruins. A tower, begun in 1520, was left half-standing, and its base was later given a bell-turret and converted into an entrance porch. Most of the remaining church is in the Gothic style of architecture, but more work was done in the Victorian era, including windows by August Pugin. It still functions as a church today, holding services on Sundays and religious holidays.
Bolton Abbey churchyard contains the war grave of a Royal Flying Corps officer of the First World War. The churchyard also has the grave of cricketer Fred Trueman.
Bolton Abbey Estate
The Domesday Book lists Bolton Abbey as the caput manor of a multiple estate including 77 carucates of ploughland (around 9240 acres/3850 ha) belonging to Edwin, Earl of Mercia. The estate then comprised Bolton Abbey, Halton East, Embsay, Draughton; Skibeden, Skipton, Low Snaygill, Thorlby; Addingham, Beamsley, Holme, Gargrave; Stainton, Otterburn, Scosthrop, Malham, Anley; Coniston Cold, Hellifield and Hanlith. They were all laid waste in the Harrying of the North after the defeat of the rebellion of Edwin, Earl of Mercia and classified as the Clamores (disputed land) of Yorkshire until around 1090, when they were transferred to Robert de Romille, who moved its administrative centre to Skipton Castle. The Romille line died out around 1310, and Edward II granted the estates to Robert Clifford.
In 1748 Baroness Clifford married William Cavendish and Bolton Abbey Estate thereafter belonged to the Dukes of Devonshire, until a trust was set up by the 11th Duke of Devonshire turning it over to the Chatsworth Settlement Trustees to steward.
Today, the 33,000 acre (134 km2) estate contains six areas designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest, including Strid Wood, an ancient woodland (mainly oak), which contains the length of the River Wharfe known as The Strid, and a marine fossil quarry. The estate encompasses 8 miles (13 km) of river, 84 farms, 84 buildings of architectural interest, and four Grade I listed buildings; and is currently home to 27 businesses from tearooms to bookshops. The iconic stepping stones cross the River Wharfe near the Abbey ruins. The estate includes extensive grouse moors, including Barden Moor on the west side of Wharfedale and Barden Fell on the east side of the dale. There is also a pheasant shoot. Apart from people employed within these businesses, the estate employs about 120 staff to work on the upkeep of the estate. Much of the estate is open to the public. A charge is made for car parking.
The Dales Way passes through the estate on a permissive path. Barden Moor and Barden Fell, which includes the prominent crag of Simon's Seat, are on access land, and permissive paths, including a route called the Valley of Desolation, lead up to the moors. Access to the moors may be closed to the public during the shooting season.
Bolton Abbey Hall, originally the gatehouse of the priory, was converted into a house by the Cavendish family. The hall is a Grade II* listed building.
As well as Bolton Abbey, the Cavendish family also own the Chatsworth (Derbyshire, England) and Lismore Castle (Waterford, in the Republic of Ireland) estates.
In the early nineteenth century, a cow known as the Craven Heifer was bred on the Bolton Abbey estate. Weighing 312 stones (1.98 tonnes), and measuring 11 ft 4ins in length and over 7 ft in height, she remains to this day Britain's largest ever cow.
The Priory Church
The Priory Church of St. Mary and St. Cuthbert, Bolton Abbey, is an active Church of England church, serving the village and parish of Bolton Abbey, with a full calendar of liturgical events, and a full-time rector who lives in the adjacent Rectory. The current church is the surviving part of the otherwise ruined 12th-century Augustinian religious community originally known as Bolton. It is situated in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, within the Bolton Abbey estate.
Bolton Abbey in culture
The remains of the priory can still be seen, and the setting is immortalised in both art and poetry.
These include a painting by Edwin Landseer and watercolours by J. M. W. Turner one of which, Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire (1809), is held at the British Museum. The young Brontë sisters are believed to have visited the estate while Landseer was in residence. (Researching for his painting Bolton Abbey in Olden Times, the young authors were escorted on an exclusive guided tour by an unnamed 'E'.) The following year Charlotte Brontë exhibited a drawing 'Bolton Abbey' alongside stars of the day at the Royal Northern Festival of Arts, Leeds. When first discovered by Jane Sellars and Christine Alexander in 1994, it was thought based on Turner's view of 1809, but further research, and detail of a drifting heron relates the drawing more closely to Landseer's oil-sketch of the same scene, which shows a heron drifting toward Charlotte's reciprocal bird, as if to embrace. Landseer's sketch was never exhibited or reproduced, it reiterates therefore that the Brontës met the influential artist in 1833. William Wordsworth's poem The White Doe of Rylstone was inspired by a visit to Bolton Abbey in 1807.
In Anthony Trollope's Lady Anna (1874), an excursion is made to Wharfedale, and a dramatic incident takes place on the banks of the river that encircles the Abbey.
Characters played by Richard Harris and Rachel Roberts picnic at Bolton Abbey in the 1963 film This Sporting Life.
In episode 6 of the BBC series The Trip, Bolton Abbey is visited.
A blurred photo of the Abbey is used for the cover of Faith by The Cure, an album from 1981, with the picture taken by Andy Vella.
The 1985 music video for the Love and Rockets song "If There's A Heaven Above" was filmed at Bolton Abbey.
The BBC Television series Gunpowder (2017) used Bolton Abbey as a location.
See also
List of monastic houses in North Yorkshire
List of monastic houses in England
List of English abbeys, priories and friaries serving as parish churches
Gallery
References
External links
Bolton Abbey Estate
The Cavendish Pavilion
The Priory Church of St. Mary and St. Cuthbert
Photos of Bolton Abbey and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk
Chatsworth House
Lismore Castle
Wharfedale
Craven District
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation
Country estates in England |
Rodolfo R. Lana Jr. (born October 10, 1972), known professionally as Jun Robles Lana, is a Filipino filmmaker. The winner of 11 Palanca Awards for Literature, he became the youngest member of the Palanca Hall of Fame in 2006.
In 2015, he directed the actual one-shot film, Shadow Behind The Moon, which won the Best Director, NETPAC and FIPRESCI awards at the 13th Pacific Meridian Film Festival. At the 20th International Film Festival of Kerala, he won the Best Director award for the same film.
Writing career
He was born Rodolfo Lana Jr. in Makati, and attended local schools.
Interested in writing from an early age, he began to write and submit plays in Filipino language to competitions. He has adopted Jun Lana as his pen name. At age 19, he received an "Honorable Mention" citation in the 1991 Palanca Awards in the category Dulang May Isang Yugto (One-Act Play in Filipino), for his play Eksodo. The following year, Lana won Third Prize in the same category for Churchill.
In the next eight years, Lana won nine more Palanca Awards for his Filipino-language screenplays and teleplays, including First Prizes for the screenplays Karinyo-Brutal (1995) and Mga Bangka sa Tag-araw (1996); and for the teleplays Sa Daigdig ng mga Taksil (1995), and together with Peter Ong Lim, for Pula (1997).
In 2006, Lana's teleplay Milagrosa won his fifth First Prize Palanca Award and his 11th overall. With his fifth First Prize, Lana was inducted into the Palanca Hall of Fame.
Film and television work
Since 1998, Lana has written screenplays for such directors as Marilou Diaz-Abaya Mel Chionglo and Maryo J. de los Reyes. His screenplay for Diaz-Abaya's Sa Pusod ng Dagat (1998) won Lana the Best Screenplay award from the Brussels European Film Festival|Brussels International Film Festival in 1998.
He has won two FAMAS Best Screenplay awards — in 1998 for Jose Rizal (shared with Ricky Lee and Peter Ong Lim) and in 1999 for Soltera (shared with Jerry Lopez Sineneng). His screenplay for Jose Rizal also won awards from the Metro Manila Film Festival and the Star Awards for Movies. In 2005, Lana's Palanca-award-winning play Mga Estranghero at ang Gabi (1994) was adapted for film by Rody Vera. Renamed Pusang Gala and directed by Ellen Ongkeko-Marfil, the film was nominated for several FAMAS awards, including a Best Story nomination for Lana.
Lana made his film directorial debut with Gigil (2006), starring Katrina Halili. The following year, he wrote and directed Roxanne. Since 2006, Lana has been employed by GMA Television Network, where he functions as a creative consultant for the drama department, and as head writer of Magpakailanman and other shows. Lana also directs for television, sometimes in collaboration with actor Cesar Montano. For GMA Network, he directed his Palanca Award-winning teleplay Milagroso, which was aired as a television special and became a finalist at the 2006 Asian TV Awards. Lana has also directed television episodes for Love2Love, Wag Kukurap, and Fantastikids.
His 2012 film Bwakaw was selected as the Filipino entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards, but it did not make the final shortlist.
In 2014, Lana and frequent filmmaking partner, Perci Intalan, established The IdeaFirst Company, a company for creative content creation and consultancy. The company has produced many films of which has been awarded in numerous screenings in the Philippines and overseas.
In the 29th Tokyo International Film Festival, his 2016 film Die Beautiful won the festival's Audience Choice Award, and also the Best Actor award for Paolo Ballesteros.
2019 he won the Best Director Award for his feature film Kalel, 15 at the Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival. The film had its world premiere in the Estonian capital where it was screened in the official selection.
In 2023, his new feature Your Mother’s Son was screened at the Toronto Film Festival.
Personal life
Lana is gay and married Perci Intalan, a former TV5 executive, in a same-sex wedding ceremony in New York City on October 14, 2013. Lana and Intalan were in an open relationship until their separation in December 2021. They consider themselves as best friends and co-parents to their content creation and artist management company, IdeaFirst. Lana is the vice president of the IdeaFirst.
Credits
Films
Sa Pusod ng Dagat (1998; writer)
Sagad sa Init (1998; writer)
Jose Rizal (1998; writer)
Saranggola (1999; writer)
Soltera (1999; writer)
Sa Paraiso ni Efren (1999; writer)
Muro Ami (1999; writer)
Mapagbigay (2000; writer)
Red Diaries (2001; writer)
Bagong Buwan (2001; writer)
I Think I'm in Love (2002; writer)
Bedtime Stories (2002; writer)
Two Timer (2002; writer)
Pusong Gala (2005; story)
Gigil (2006; director)
Roxxxanne (2008; writer, director)
My Neighbor's Wife (2011; writer, director)
Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow (2011; director)
Bwakaw (2012; writer, director)Barber's Tales / Mga Kwentong Barbero (2013; writer, director)So It's You (2014; writer, director)The Prenup (2015; director)Haunted Mansion (2015; director)Bakit Lahat ng Gwapo may Boyfriend? (2016; director)Die Beautiful (2016; director)Ang Dalawang Mrs. Reyes (2018; director)Ang Babaeng Allergic sa Wifi (2018; director)The Panti Sisters (2019: director)Unforgettable (2019; director) Especially For Your Love (2020; director)About Us But Not About Us (2022: director, writer)Ten Little Mistresses'' (2023: director, producer)
Awards
References
External links
1972 births
Filipino dramatists and playwrights
Living people
Filipino television directors
Filipino screenwriters
Palanca Award recipients
People from Makati
Writers from Metro Manila
Filipino LGBT screenwriters
Gay dramatists and playwrights
LGBT film producers
Gay screenwriters
GMA Network (company) people |
Zaghareed (also: Zigareid, Zagharid, al-Zagharid) is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate north of the city of Fallujah, between the town of Saqlawiyah and the villages of Shiha and Albu Sudayra.
In 2016, during the Siege of Fallujah and Operation Breaking Terrorism, there was intense fighting in the area between the Iraqi army and ISIL militants. On 29 May, Iraqi troops seized a key bridge between Zaghareed and Saqlawiyah in order to facilitate the entry of the security forces from the international highway road into the center of Saqlawiyah.
References
Populated places in Al Anbar Governorate |
The National Payment Card System (NSPK) is an operational and payment clearing house for processing bank card transactions within Russia and the operator of the Mir card payment system. It is the operational and payment clearing house of the and wholly owned by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CBR).
References
Economy of Russia
Government agencies of Russia
Russian entities subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions |
The history of Westchester County, a county in the state of New York, can be traced back to the founding of a settlement between the Hudson River and Long Island Sound in the 17th century. The area now known as Westchester County had seen human occupation since at least the Archaic period, but significant growth in the settlements that are now incorporated into the county did not occur until the Industrial Revolution.
Prehistory
At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Native American inhabitants of present Westchester County were part of the Algonquian peoples, whose name for themselves was Lenape, meaning the people. They called the region Lenapehoking, which consisted of the area around and between the Delaware and Hudson Rivers. Two related languages, collectively known as the Delaware languages, were spoken throughout the region: Unami and Munsee. They were part of the larger Algonquian language family and related to Mahican. Munsee was spoken by the inhabitants of present-day Westchester County as well as on Manhattan Island. Some ethnographers, lacking valid contemporary sources, simply referred to the various tribes of the area as Munsee speakers, or, even more generally, as Lenni Lenape.
Title deeds given to European settlers supply considerable information on the sub-tribes in the region and their locations. The Manhattans occupied the island known by that name today, as well as the part of southern Westchester now covered by Yonkers. The Wecquaesgeek band of the Wappinger lived along the Hudson River and near the modern settlements of Dobbs Ferry, Tarrytown and White Plains. The Siwanoy lived along the coast of the Long Island Sound near present-day Pelham, New Rochelle, Larchmont, Mamaroneck and Rye. The northern portions of the county were occupied by smaller bands of Wappinger such as the Tankiteke, Kitchawank and Sintsink.
Colonial era
The first European explorers to visit the Westchester area were Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 and Henry Hudson in 1609. European settlers were initially sponsored by the Dutch West India Company in the 1620s and 1630s, while English settlers arrived from New England in the 1640s. By 1664, the Dutch lost control of the area to the English and large tracts of Westchester were established as manors (held by a single owner) or patents (held by partners). The manor and patent owners leased land to tenant farmers and provided them with many essential services.
Westchester County was one of the original twelve counties of the Province of New York, created by an act of the New York General Assembly in 1683. At the time it also included present day Bronx County, which included the original Town of Westchester and portions of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham.
During the colonial period, life in Westchester was quite primitive. Roads were few and in poor condition, and transportation was heavily dependent on water. Nearly everything settlers consumed was raised or made on their farms. Wood, cattle and food were bartered for the items the settlers couldn't grow or make themselves. Over time cottage industries, such as shoe and furniture making, sprang up. This led to heavier use of local roads, which encouraged improvements, which in turn spurred increased travel. Taverns catering to travelers were established and ferries were launched. By 1775, Westchester was the richest and most populous county in the colony of New York.
American Revolutionary War
The county experienced a variety of effects, caused by the American Revolutionary War, as families were often divided between Patriot and Loyalist sympathies. After the battles of Pell's Point and White Plains in 1776, the primary American headquarters was located at Continental Village, north of Peekskill, while the British were headquartered in New York City. The region between Morrisania and the Croton River, which was called "neutral ground" was pillaged by both sides. Two loyalist factions, Skinner's Greens and De Lancey's Cowboys, engaged in guerrilla warfare, cattle theft, and looting. Warfare, settling scores against neighbors, and rape caused many residents to abandon their homes and flee the area. The novel The Spy is set in the Neutral Ground.
The Philipsburg Manor House played an important role: British General Sir Henry Clinton used the manor house during the war. There in 1779 he wrote the Philipsburg Proclamation, which declared all Patriot-owned slaves to be free, and that blacks taken prisoner while serving in Patriot forces would be sold into slavery.
Although the Revolutionary War devastated the county, recovery after the war was rapid. The large landowners in Westchester were mostly Loyalists, and after the war their lands were confiscated by the state and sold. Many local farmers were able to buy the lands they had previously farmed as tenants. In 1788, five years after the end of the war, the county was divided into 20 towns. In 1798, the first federal census recorded a population of 24,000 for the county.
19th century
In 1800, the first commercial toll road, the Westchester Turnpike, which ran through Pelham and New Rochelle, was chartered. Other toll roads, including the Croton (Somerstown) Turnpike, were later established. During this same period, steamboats began to be used on the Hudson River. The expansion of transportation options encouraged economic growth. Larger industries were established, such as iron foundries in Peekskill and Port Chester, brickyards in Verplank and Croton, and marble quarries in Ossining and Tuckahoe.
Two developments in the first half of the 19th century – the construction of the first Croton Dam and Aqueduct, and the coming of the railroad – had enormous impact on the growth of both Westchester and New York City. The Croton Dam and Aqueduct was begun in 1837 and completed in 1842. The aqueduct carried water from Croton to two reservoirs in Manhattan to be distributed to the city. Now a National Historic Landmark, the Croton Aqueduct is considered one of the great engineering achievements of the 19th century.
In the 1840s, the first railroads were built in Westchester. In 1844, the New York and Harlem Railroad reached White Plains. The Hudson River Railroad was completed to Peekskill in 1849, as was the New York and New Haven Railroad's route through eastern Westchester. The railroads often determined whether a town grew or declined, and they contributed to a population shift from Northern to Southern Westchester. By 1860, the total county population was 99,000, with the largest city being Yonkers. Many small downtowns, centered on railroad stations, flourished.
The period following the American Civil War enabled entrepreneurs in the New York area to create fortunes, and many built large estates in Westchester. Several mansions of this era are preserved and open to the public, including: Lyndhurst in Tarrytown, Kykuit in Pocantico Hills, the Jay Heritage Center in Rye, Caramoor in Katonah and Glenview in Yonkers.
Expansion of the New York City water supply system also impacted local development, as new dams, bridges and roads were built. The flooding of thousands of acres for reservoirs created considerable dislocations in many towns north of White Plains. The building of the New Croton Dam and its reservoir, for instance, resulted in the relocation of the hamlet of Katonah to higher ground. In North Salem, the hamlet of Purdys was moved when five percent of the town was inundated.
During the latter half of the 19th century, Westchester's transportation system and labor force attracted a manufacturing base, particularly along the Hudson River and Nepperhan Creek. Pills and patent medicines were manufactured in Ossining; greenhouses in Irvington; beer in Dobbs Ferry; sugar, paving materials and conduit in Hastings; and in Yonkers, elevators and carpets.
In 1874, the western portion of the present Bronx County, consisting of the towns of Kingsbridge, West Farms, and Morrisania, was transferred to the City & County of New York; and in 1895 the remainder of present-day Bronx County, consisting of the Town of Westchester (centered on the present-day Westchester Square) and portions of the towns of Eastchester and Pelham, was also transferred to the City & County of New York. Prior to that, a portion of the town of Eastchester had seceded, to become the city of Mount Vernon. In 1898, these annexed portions were formed into the Borough of the Bronx. In January 1914, The Bronx was split off from New York County and Bronx County was created, thus making the Borough of Manhattan & the County of New York coterminous with each other.
20th century
During the 20th century, the rural character of Westchester would transform into the suburban county known today. Between the county's railroad network and the proliferation of the automobile in the early 20th century, working in New York City and living in the country became possible for the middle class. In 1907 the Bronx River Commission, a joint venture between New York City and Westchester County, was established to improve the river's water quality. The commission's efforts led to the creation of the Bronx River Parkway Reservation, completed in 1925, and the first modern, multi-lane limited-access roadway in North America. The success of the parkway encouraged the County government to develop its parks system, preserving great tracts of open space.
Playland in Rye, a National Historic Landmark, opened to the public in 1928, the first planned amusement park in the country, and is operated by Westchester County to this day. The development of Westchester's parks and parkway systems supported existing communities and encouraged the establishment of new ones, transforming the development pattern for Westchester. Homes were constructed on former estates and farms. New businesses appeared in response to expanded markets; White Plains, with branches of many New York City stores, became the county's central shopping district. With the need for homes expanding after World War II, multistory apartment houses appeared in the urbanized areas of the county, while the market for single-family houses continued to expand. By 1950, the total County population was 625,816.
Major interstate highways were constructed in Westchester during the 1950s and 1960s. The establishment of these roadways, along with the construction of the Tappan Zee Bridge, encouraged many major corporations, such as PepsiCo, General Foods, Ciba-Geigy and IBM to establish headquarters in Westchester.
21st century
See also
List of counties in New York
National Register of Historic Places listings in Westchester County, New York
USS Westchester County (LST-1167)
Downstate New York
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Westchester County Government
Hudson Valley Directory, listings pertaining to Westchester County, New York
Westchester County Historical Society
Westchester County, New York
Westchester |
Bernardino of Fossa (b. at Fossa, in the Diocese of Aquila, Italy, in 1420; d. at Aquila, 27 November 1503) was an Italian Franciscan historian and ascetical writer.
Life
Bernardino belonged to the Amici family, and sometimes bears the name of Aquilanus on account of his long residence and death in the town of Aquila. He received his early training at Aquila and thence went to Perugia to study canon and civil law. On 12 March 1445, he received the habit from James of the Marches who was then preaching a course of Lenten sermons at Perugia.
Bernardine was provincial of the province of St. Bernardine and of the province of Dalmatia and Bosnia, and would have been chosen Bishop of Aquila had not his humility forbidden him to accept this dignity. His cult was approved by Pope Leo XII on 26 March 1828. His feast is kept in the Franciscan Order on 7 November.
Works
The writings of Bernardino include several sermons and short ascetical and historical works, including the Chronica Fratrum Minorum Observantiae. This chronicle was first edited by Leonard Lemmens from the autograph manuscript, and is prefaced by a life of Bernardino and a critical estimate of his writings. Bernardino was the author of the first life of his patron, Bernardino of Siena.
References
Leo, Lives of the Saints and Blessed of the Three Orders of St. Francis (Taunton, 1887), IV, 42–44;
Lemmens, Chronica Fratrum Minorum Observantiae B. Bernardini Aquilani (Rome, 1905);
Luke Wadding, Annales Minorum, XII, 277- 480;
Hugo von Hurter, Nomenclator, IV, 968;
Hugh a Pescocostanza, Vita del B. Bernardino da Fossa (Naples, 1872)
External links
Catholic Encyclopedia article
1420 births
1503 deaths
People from the Province of L'Aquila
University of Perugia alumni
Italian Franciscans
Italian chroniclers
15th-century Italian historians |
Doublemint is a variety of chewing gum made by the Wrigley Company; according to early advertisements, it is "double strength" peppermint flavored. It was launched in the United States in 1914, and has had variable market share since then.
The Doublemint Twins history
As a play on the word "double" in the name, one of the most notable aspects of this brand is the advertising campaign featuring identical twins wearing matching outfits. Beginning in 1939 with stylized illustrations of twins, advertisements continued with print ads and later television commercials, featuring actual twins as spokespersons.
The first set of women to portray the Doublemint Twins, were sisters Marie and Mildred Maier of Silverhill, Alabama.
New Doublemint Twins were heard on the radio at WBBM-AM. Jane and Joan Boyd were regular performers as the Doublemint Twins on "The Music Wagon," a program on WBBM from 1957 until 1963. This program was hosted by Mal Bellairs whose notes indicate the understanding that the Boyds were the first Doublemint Twins.
The first Doublemint Twins to appear on television came along in 1959. The role belonged to 21-year-old twins Jayne and Joan Knoerzer (professionally using their mother's maiden name, Boyd) of Hammond, Indiana, who appeared in advertisements for Doublemint until 1963 when Joan became pregnant. The company, however, continued sporadically to promote the campaign, which included twins Jennie and Terrie Frankel in the late 1960s; later "Doublemint Twins" included June and Patricia Mackrell through the 1970s (who had also been the Toni Twins for Toni Home Permanent, which used the slogan "Which twin has the Toni?"), Patricia and Priscilla aka (Cybil or "Cyb") Barnstable, Denise and Dian Gallup, Cynthia and Brittany Daniel (future co-stars as the Wakefield twins in the TV series based on the Sweet Valley High novels), Tia and Tamera Mowry in the early 90s (future co-star of The Game with both Tia Mowry and Brittany Daniel and future co-stars of Sister, Sister), Heidi and Alissa Kramer, figure skaters Pamela and Jeremy Green, and Jean (née Barbara) and Elizabeth Sagal (daughters of TV director Boris Sagal and sisters of Married... with Childrens Katey Sagal). The Sagal twins enjoyed a brief run as the stars of a sitcom, Double Trouble, in 1984. Later twins projected more sex appeal in keeping with trends in American advertising; the Barnstable twins were later asked to pose for Playboy due to their popularity as spokeswomen for the gum. In 1987, Denise and Dian Gallup spoofed their roles as the Doublemint Twins in cameo roles in the Mel Brooks film, Spaceballs.
"Doublemint" trademark denied in EU
In 2004, the European Union Court of Justice ultimately denied Wrigley's request for trademark status on the name "Doublemint"; the Court found that the mark DOUBLEMINT was descriptive of the product and in violation of trademark law.
Known ingredients
The actual flavorings used in Doublemint gum are a trade secret, but the company does say that the main flavor ingredient is peppermint. Although it is not a sugarless gum, in 2003 Wrigley's replaced some of the sugar with artificial sweeteners aspartame and acesulfame potassium.
Listed
Sugar, gum base, dextrose, corn syrup, natural and artificial flavors; less than 2% of glycerol, aspartame, gum arabic, soy lecithin, acesulfame K, color (titanium dioxide, blue 1 lake, beta-carotene), BHT
Chris Brown
R&B singer Chris Brown performed a modified version of "Forever" in a 2008 commercial for Doublemint, which introduced a thinner Plen-T-Pack package.
References
External links
Official Doublemint Gum website
Wrigley Company brands
Chewing gum
Products introduced in 1914
Food advertising characters |
Lactarius is a genus of mushroom-producing, ectomycorrhizal fungi, containing several edible species. The species of the genus, commonly known as milk-caps, are characterized by the milky fluid ("latex") they exude when cut or damaged. Like the closely related genus Russula, their flesh has a distinctive brittle consistency. It is a large genus with over 500 known species, mainly distributed in the Northern hemisphere. Recently, the genus Lactifluus has been separated from Lactarius based on molecular phylogenetic evidence.
Systematics and taxonomy
The genus Lactarius was described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797 with L. piperatus as the original type species. In 2011, L. torminosus was accepted as the new type of the genus after the splitting-off of Lactifluus as separate genus.
The name "Lactarius" is derived from the Latin lac, "milk".
Placement within Russulaceae
Molecular phylogenetics uncovered that, while macromorphologically well-defined, milk-caps were in fact a paraphyletic genus; as a consequence, the genera Lactifluus was split from Lactarius, and the species L. furcatus was moved to the new genus Multifurca, together with some former Russula species. Multifurca also represents the likely sister group of Lactarius (see phylogeny, right). In the course of these taxonomical rearrangements, the name Lactarius was conserved for the genus with the new type species Lactarius torminosus; this way, the name Lactarius could be retained for the bigger genus with many well-known temperate species, while the name Lactifluus has to be applied only to a smaller number of species, containing mainly tropical, but also some temperate milk-caps such as Lactifluus volemus and Lf. vellereus.
Relationships within Lactarius
Phylogenetic analyses have also revealed that Lactarius, in the strict sense, contains some species with closed (angiocarpous) fruitbodies, e.g. L. angiocarpus described from Zambia. The angiocarpous genera Arcangeliella and Zelleromyces are phylogenetically part of Lactarius.
Systematics within Lactarius is a subject of ongoing research. Three subgenera are currently accepted and supported by molecular phylogenetics:
Piperites: Northern temperate region, three species in tropical Africa.
Russularia: Northern temperate region and tropical Asia.
Plinthogalus: Northern temperate region, tropical Africa, and tropical Asia.
Some more species, all tropical, do not seem to fall into these subgenera and occupy more basal positions within Lactarius. This includes for example L. chromospermus from tropical Africa with an odd brown spore color.
Currently, around 600 Lactarius species are described, but roughly one fourth or 150 of these are believed to belong to Lactifluus, while the angiocarpous genera Arcangeliella and Zelleromyces have not yet been synonymized with Lactarius. It is estimated that a significant number of Lactarius species remain to be described.
Description
Macromorphology
The eponymous "milk" and the brittle consistency of the flesh are the most prominent field characters of milk-cap fruitbodies. The milk or latex emerging from bruised flesh is often white or cream, but more vividly coloured in some species; it can change upon exposition or remain unchanged. Fruitbodies are small to very large, gilled, rather fleshy, without veil, often depressed or even funnel-shaped with decurrent gills. Cap surface can be glabrous, velvety or pilose, dry, sticky or viscose and is often zonate. Several species have pits (scrobicules) on the cap or pileus surface. Dull colors prevail, but some more colorful species exist, e.g. the blue Lactarius indigo or the orange species of section Deliciosi. Spore print color is white to ocher or, in some cases, pinkish. Some species have angiocarpous, i.e., closed fruitbodies.
Micromorphology
Microscopically, Lactarius species have elliptical, rarely globoid spores with amyloid ornamentation in the form of more or less prominent warts or spines, connected by ridges, like other members of the family Russulaceae. The trama (flesh) contains spherical cells that cause the brittle structure. Unlike Russula, Lactarius also have lactiferous, i.e. latex-carrying hyphae in their trama.
Species identification
Distinguishing Lactarius from Lactifluus based on morphology alone is difficult; there are no synapomorphic characters known so far that define both genera unequivocally but tendencies exist: zonate and viscose to glutinose caps are only found in Lactarius, as well as closed (angiocarpous) and sequestrate fruitbodies. All known annulate and pleurotoid (i.e., laterally stiped) milk-caps, on the contrary, belong to Lactifluus.
Characters important for identification of milk-caps (Lactarius and Lactifluus) are: initial colour of the latex and color change, texture of cap surface, taste (mild, peppery, or bitter) of latex and flesh, odor, and microscopical features of the spores and the cap cuticle (pileipellis). The habitat and especially the type of host tree can also be critical. While there are some easily recognizable species, other species can be quite hard to determine without microscopical examination.
Distribution
Lactarius is one of the most prominent genera of mushroom-forming fungi in the Northern hemisphere. It also occurs natively in Northern Africa, tropical Africa, tropical Asia, Central America, and Australia. Its possible native distribution in South America and different parts of Australasia is unclear, as many species in those regions, poorly known, might in fact belong to Lactifluus, which has a more tropical distribution than Lactarius. Several species have also been introduced with their host trees outside their native range, e.g. in South America, Southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
Ecology
Lactarius belongs to a lineage of ectomycorrhiza obligate symbionts. As such, they are dependent on the occurrence of possible host plants. Confirmed habitats apart from temperate forests include arctic tundra and boreal forest, mediterranean maquis, tropical African shrubland, tropical Asian rainforest, mesoamerican tropical oak forests, and Australian Eucalyptus forests.
While most species display a preference towards either broadleaf or coniferous hosts, some are more strictly associated with certain genera or species of plant hosts. A well-studied example is that of alders, which have several specialized Lactarius symbionts (e.g. L. alpinus, L. brunneohepaticus, L. lilacinus), some of which even evolved specificity to one of the Alnus subgenera. Other examples of specialized associations of Lactarius are with Cistus shrubs (L. cistophilus and L. tesquorum), beech (e.g. L. blennius), birches (e.g. L. pubescens), hazel (e.g. L. pyrogalus), oak (e.g. L. quietus), pines (e.g. L. deliciosus), or fir (e.g. L. deterrimus). For most tropical species, host plant range is poorly known, but species in tropical Africa seem to be rather generalist.
Lactarius species are considered late-stage colonizers, that means, they are generally not present in early-colonizing vegetation, but establish in later phases of succession. However, species symbiotic with early colonizing trees, such as L. pubescens with birch, will rather occur in early stages. Several species have preferences regarding soil pH and humidity, which will determine the habitats in which they occur.
Edibility
Several Lactarius species are edible. L. deliciosus notably ranks among the most highly valued mushrooms in the Northern hemisphere, while opinions vary on the taste of other species, such as L. indigo or L. deterrimus. Several species are reported to be regularly collected for food in Russia, Tanzania and Hunan, China. Some Lactarius are considered toxic, for example L. turpis, which contains a mutagenic compound, or L. helvus. There are, however, no deadly poisonous mushrooms in the genus. Bitter or peppery species, for example L. torminosus, are generally not considered edible, at least raw, but are nevertheless consumed in some regions, e.g. in Finland. Some small, fragrant species, such as the "candy caps", are sometimes used as flavoring.
L. deliciosus is one of the few ectomycorrhizal mushrooms that has been successfully cultivated.
Chemistry
Different bioactive compounds have been isolated from Lactarius species, such as sesquiterpenoids, aromatic volatiles, and mutagenic substances. Pigments have been isolated from colored Lactarius species, such as L. deliciosus or L. indigo.
Pharmacology
An extract of Lactarius badiosanguineus exhibits inhibitory activity on thrombin.
A selection of well-known species
Lactarius deliciosus - saffron milk-cap or red pine mushroom
Lactarius deterrimus - false saffron milk-cap
Lactarius indigo - indigo milk-cap
Lactarius quietus - oak milk-cap
Lactarius torminosus - woolly milk-cap
Lactarius turpis - ugly milk-cap
Lactarius trivialis - dark purple or creamy brown cap
See also
List of Lactifluus species
References
External links
North American species of Lactarius by L. R. Hesler and Alexander H. Smith, 1979 (full text of monograph).
Russulales genera |
Nicholas Laurence Joseph Browne (born 24 March 1991) is an English cricketer who plays for Essex as a left-handed batsman who bowls leg breaks.
He studied at Trinity Catholic High School, Woodford Green, and has played for South Woodford CC since childhood, progressing from their youth teams into their 1st XI.
He played for a number of seasons for Essex's 2nd XI, scoring over a 1000 runs for the Essex 2nd XI that year and eventually this led to his call up to the first team. Making his first-class debut in May 2013 against Worcestershire, he scored 3 and took 0-59 in a rain effected draw.
Browne scored his maiden first-class fifty in June 2014 in a County Championship game against Gloucestershire. He scored 65 in a partnership of 139 with fellow opener Tom Westley. His maiden First-Class century came the following week against Derbyshire at Chesterfield, when he was unbeaten on 132*, the highest score ever made by an Essex opener carrying his bat. In the second innings scored 100* to become the first Essex player since Ravi Bopara in 2010 to score a century in both innings of a match. He spent every minute of the match on the pitch. In the final fixture of the 2014 season he scored 118 against Worcestershire at Chelmsford.
At The Oval on 27 April 2015 Browne made his highest First Class score to date, scoring 143 against Surrey. In a County Championship match versus Lancashire at Old Trafford on 9 July he scored 105 in the first innings, and 50 in the second innings as Essex were made to follow on. He continued his run of good form with his sixth Championship century against Glamorgan making 129 in an opening stand of 237 with Liam Dawson at Chelmsford on 14 July 2015. The following day he was awarded his County Cap during the lunch interval.
Browne became the first Essex player to reach 1,000 First-Class runs in a season since Bopara achieved the feat in 2008. He brought up the milestone on day four of the match against Leicestershire during a career best knock of 151* in the second innings.
He continued his fine form the following winter playing 1st grade cricket in Australia for Mosman CC, scoring a double century (206) that beat the previous highest score by an English batsman in 1st grade cricket, but fell just short of breaking the Australian record of 210 in a 1st grade game.
Upon his return to county cricket in 2016 he struck 87 in the first innings against Cambridge University followed by 100 in the second innings. In the first county division 2 game of the season he helped Essex to a 10-wicket win over Gloucestershire with a second innings 55* not out.
In the Championship match versus Derbyshire in May 2016, he scored his maiden first-class double century, finally falling for 255.
In 2017 Browne played an important role in helping Essex win the Championship, scoring solid runs and
averaging over 40. However, 2018 proved disappointing with an average of 24 and no centuries.
Even though he remains one of the few England-qualified batsmen who have maintained an overall career batting average over 40 but who has never represented England, his 2018 form was not sufficient to merit consideration to replace the retiring Alastair Cook as England test opener.
References
External links
1991 births
English cricketers
Essex cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Living people
Sportspeople from Leytonstone
Cricketers from the London Borough of Waltham Forest
English cricketers of the 21st century |
Mobile reserve divisions
221st division
222nd division
224th division
225th division
229th division
230th division
231st division
234th division
Coastal defense divisions
303rd division
308th division
312th division
316th division
320th division
The 320th division has completed organization 25 July 1945 in Daegu, performing a police duties from Daegu to Seoul. After the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945, the 320th division was ordered to move north to Wonsan, but did not complete the move due to the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.
Notes
This section incorporates material from Japanese Wikipedia page 第320師団 (日本軍), accessed 22 July 2016
321st division
322nd division
344th division
351st division
354th division
355th division
See also
List of Japanese Infantry Divisions
Notes and references
This article incorporates material from Japanese Wikipedia page 本土決戦第三次兵備, accessed 20 July 2016
Madej, W. Victor, Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937–1945 [2 vols], Allentown, PA: 1981.
Infantry divisions of Japan
Military units and formations established in 1945
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1945 establishments in Japan
1945 disestablishments in Japan
Army Divisions |
William A. Jackson was a spy/freed slave for the Union forces during the American Civil War. A household slave and coachman of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America, he observed communications between Davis and other Confederate officials. When he escaped and fled to the north in 1861, he gave the Union detailed information about Confederate military deployments, supply problems, and planning. The information was recognized at the time as valuable to the Union war efforts. Little known for many years, Jackson's life was recognized more recently as part of the larger issue of Black Dispatches, studied among others by the United States Central Intelligence Agency's Center for the Study of Intelligence.
References
American Civil War spies
African Americans in the American Civil War
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
19th-century American slaves |
Daniel O. Theno (born May 8, 1947) was an American politician and educator.
Born in Ashland, Wisconsin, Theno graduated with a BS from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1969. He spent his senior year teaching at the University of Rio Grade do Sol in Porto Alegre, Brazil, under a university fellowship. He taught agriculture. Theno won a special election to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1972 from the 25th District of northern Wisconsin, defeating Ernest J. Korpela. He was re-elected in 1974, 1978, and 1982. In April 1986, Theno was elected mayor of Ashland, Wisconsin.
References
Mayors of places in Wisconsin
Republican Party Wisconsin state senators
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
People from Ashland, Wisconsin
Educators from Wisconsin
1947 births
Living people |
Secondary education in Taiwan refers to the Taiwanese education system in junior high school (year 7-9) and senior high school (year 10-12). Junior high school education is compulsory in Taiwan. Children and youths aged 6 to 15 are required to receive nine years of compulsory education. By law, every pupil who completed his or her primary education must attend a junior high school for at least three years, with exemptions to homeschooling and severe disorder or disabilities. Legal guardians of offenders may be subjected to fines up to NT$300, where penalties may be repeatedly imposed until offenders return to school.
History
Empire of Japan
The history of secondary education in Taiwan dates back to the Japanese rule. In 1896, Taiwan's colonial government implemented the policy of Direct Schools System, which was the first modern schooling system with reference to the Western system in the history of education in Taiwan. Japan later made three revisions to the educational policy in Taiwan and made use of education to promote militarism and loyalty to the Empire of Japan.
Republic of China
In August 1945, the Pacific War ended and Taiwan was handed over to the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China. The current secondary education system in Taiwan was formed in 1968, in which the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China implemented nine years of compulsory education to enhance the level of knowledge of Taiwanese.
Upon completion of studies in a junior high school, students may opt to pursue further studies or enter workforce. For those pursuing further studies, 2014 graduates could take the Comprehensive Assessment Program (國中教育會考) or the Special Entrance Examination (特色招生考試).
Several educational reforms were vastly promoted, which included the extension and normalization of education and independent learning. The calls for extension of years of education started in 1983, and came to a consensus in 2003. It was announced in 2011 that the Twelve Years of Basic Education (十二年國民基本教育) will be implemented three years later, where education in Taiwan will be extended from nine years to twelve years, while the current promotion system to a senior high school will be abolished. This causes a fundamental impact on Secondary education in Taiwan.
Period
Taiwan uses the Minguo calendar system. A school year consists of two semesters, with the fall semester begins in early September every year and runs through late January or early February. The spring semester begins in mid February and ends in early June. Semester breaks typically last for around two or three weeks surrounding the Spring Festival and Lunar New Year. Statistics on education are according to each academic year, while expenditures according to each fiscal year.
Subjects and medium of instruction
In junior high schools, subjects covered including literature, mathematics, English, science, technology, social studies, home economics and craft, arts and physical education. The language used in both junior and senior high schools is Mandarin at all levels. However, English classes are mandatory throughout the whole secondary education period.
Students
According to the Educational Statistics of the Republic of China (中華民國教育統計), Taiwan has 932 junior high schools in total, 844,884 students and 880 full-time teachers in those schools, as of the 101st academic year (August 2012 to July 2013). There has been a steep increase in those numbers since the implementation of nine years of compulsory education, which reflects the growth and changes in the junior high school education in Taiwan.
For students, the proportion of the number of students dropped from 93.96% in the 39th academic year (August 1950 to July 1951) to 50.18% in the 98th academic year (August 2009 to July 2010), showing the change in the educational structure of Taiwan. Another fact worth mentioning is the change in proportion of genders. In the 39th academic year (August 1950 to July 1951), there were 40,670 boys, which nearly doubled that of the 20,412 girls. However, as of the 101st academic year (August 2012 to July 2013), the difference in the proportion of boys and girls significantly reduced, where there was 440,711 boys and 404,173 girls. This indicates that under the compulsory education policy and the rise in feminism, the education conditions for girls have improved. In addition to this, the promotion rates of students in junior high schools increased from 51.15% to 99.15% from the 39th to the 101st academic year. In other words, currently in Taiwan, almost every student can be promoted and pursue further studies.
Schools
For schools, in the 39th academic year, there were only 66 junior high schools. After the implementation of compulsory education, junior high schools were set up to meet the goal of One Junior High School in Each Township (一鄉鎮一國中). In the fiscal year of 2009, the total expenditure on education was NT$802.3 billion, which was 5.83% of the Gross domestic product (GDP).
Aboriginal and non-Taiwanese education
As for the aboriginal education, there were 72,652 aboriginal students studying in junior high schools in the 101st academic year. The first five groups in terms of student population are: Amis (26,113), Atayal (13,410), Paiwan (12,946), Bunun (8,113) and Truku (4,600). In that academic year, there were a total of 41,525 students who were new immigrants; sorted by the nationality (non-ROC national) of a parent, the first three countries are: People's Republic of China (16,221), Vietnam (10,690) and Indonesia (8,099), where they sum up to comprise 84.30% of the total number of new-immigrant student population. As for overseas Taiwanese, there were 206 students who returned to Taiwan to attend a junior high school in the 98th academic year (August 2009 to July 2010), mainly those residing in Indonesia (60), followed by the United States (29).
See also
Education in Taiwan
K-12 Education Administration
Notes
References
External links
Ministry of Education, Republic of China
K-12 Educational Administration, Ministry of Education
Education in Taiwan
Taiwan |
Lev Fink (Russian: Лев Матве́eвич Финк, 1910–1988) was a Soviet physicist. He was a Doktor nauk in Telecommunication.
He was born in Kiev, at the time part of the Russian Empire.
He died in Leningrad a few years before the collapse of the Soviet Union.
1910 births
1988 deaths
Engineers from Kyiv
Soviet engineers
Soviet physicists
Burials at Serafimovskoe Cemetery
20th-century Ukrainian engineers
Ukrainian physicists |
Kesho Yvonne Scott (born 1953) is associate professor of American studies and sociology at Grinnell College. Scott's interests include black women in America, multiculturalism, and unlearning racism.
She is the first African-American woman to receive tenure at Grinnell.
Early life and education
Scott was born in Detroit and received her BA from Wayne State University.
Scott received her M.A. in political sociology at the University of Detroit and received her Ph.D. in American studies from the University of Iowa in 1988.
Career
After receiving her doctoral degree she became Distinguished American Studies Scholar in Residence at Pennsylvania State University in Harrisburg (1989), visiting professor at Nanjing University in China (1994), and Fulbright visiting professor at Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia (2001–2002).
Scott has served as a faculty member for Semester at Sea (Spring 1991, Fall 2008, and Spring 2015) and has been a trainer and consultant for the program. Scott has appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, the Sonya Live show, the Last Call show, and on TBS's Family of Women show hosted by Jane Fonda.
On January 21, 2017, Scott spoke at the Women's March in Des Moines, Iowa.
Awards
Iowa Woman of the Year (1986).
American Book Award (1988) for Tight Spaces
Cristine Wilson Medal for Equality and Justice (2008)
Iowa African-American Hall of Fame Inductee (2016)
Bibliography
The Habit of Surviving: Black Women's Strategies for Life (1991)
Tight Spaces (1987, reissued 1999)
References
External links
Homepage at Grinnell
CHAMPION FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE: KESHO SCOTT
1953 births
Living people
American sociologists
American women sociologists
Grinnell College faculty
American Book Award winners
21st-century American women |
Welch, Welch's, Welchs or Welches may refer to:
People
Welch (surname)
Places
Welch, Oklahoma, a town, US
Welches, Oregon, an unincorporated community, US
Welch, Texas, an unincorporated community, US
Welchs, Virginia, an unincorporated community, US
Welch, West Virginia, a city, US
Welch Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota, US
Welch Township, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, US
Welch Mountains, Palmer Land, Antarctica
Welch Peak, British Columbia, Canada
Welch Peaks, Washington, US
Welch Island (disambiguation)
Welch Rocks, north of Welch Island, Antarctica
2405 Welch, an asteroid
In the military
Welch Regiment or The Welch, a former British Army regiment
Welch's Regiment of Militia, a unit in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
USS Welch, the name of a patrol craft and a gunboat
Other uses
Welch's, US brand of fruit-based products
An archaic spelling of Welsh
Welch baronets, a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Welch College, Gallatin, Tennessee, a private four-year college
Welch Training School, New Haven, Connecticut, on the National Register of Historic Places
Welch Hall (disambiguation), various buildings
Francis G. Welch Stadium, a sports stadium in Emporia, Kansas
Welch Motor Car Company
See also
Welch method, a method of estimating the power of a signal vs. frequency
Welch's t test, a statistical test
Welsh (disambiguation) |
RV Horizon, ex Auxiliary Fleet Tug ATA-180, was a Scripps Institution of Oceanography research vessel from 1949 through 1968. During that time she made 267 cruises and logging spending 4,207 days at sea.
Construction
ATA-180 was launched 14 July 1944, was commissioned 27 September 1944 and served in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater. She was laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet and stricken from the Naval Register in 1948.
Service history
As a tug the ship had an obscure history, without an entry in the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships and only the bare facts of her construction and deployment. The only mention of ATA-180 on the Naval History and Heritage Command web site is listing as part of Task Unit 1.2.7 (Salvage Unit) at Operation Crossroads.
The ship became notable in her second career as one of the trailblazing postwar oceanographic research vessels beginning with her conversion in 1949.
Research career and significance
The ship was notable in the early days of national oceanography following World War II when small converted vessels began multiple expeditions for educational institutions, often under Navy sponsorship. Henry W. Menard notes "It is a rare senior oceanographer anywhere in the world who has not at least seen the ship" and compares her to the Soviet Vityaz and French Calypso active during the period.
Horizon made the first of Scripps' deep sea expeditions, a joint Scripps Institution of Oceanography-US Navy effort in 1950 given the name Midpac, during which it was discovered that the sea floor was young. This discovery changed the conception that the sea floor was old and sediment filled and was an early lead to the current Plate Tectonics theory The ship was engaged in Scripps' Capricorn Expedition jointly sponsored by the U.S. Navy and University of California, which included echo sounding, seismic and magnetic data collection, coring and heat flux measurement among other tasks. The ship developed a detailed description of the Capricorn Seamount on the eastern flank of the Tonga trench where lies the Horizon deep named for the vessel.
The ship's name is given to the Horizon Guyot (), Horizon Deep (), Horizon Channel (), and the Horizon Bank (). Horizon and Argo discovered and explored the Horizon Ridge ( – ) during the 1962 Lusiad Expedition, a part of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE).
References
External links
– Research fleet (Vityaz)
– Vityaz photos
Research vessels of the United States |
The uncertainty reduction theory, also known as initial interaction theory, developed in 1975 by Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese, is a communication theory from the post-positivist tradition. It is one of the few communication theories that specifically looks into the initial interaction between people prior to the actual communication process. The theory asserts the notion that, when interacting, people need information about the other party in order to reduce their uncertainty. In gaining this information people are able to predict the other's behavior and resulting actions, all of which according to the theory is crucial in the development of any relationship.
Berger and Calabrese explain the connection between their central concept of uncertainty and seven key variables of relationship development with a series of axioms, and deduce a series of theorems accordingly. Within the theory two types of uncertainty are identified; cognitive uncertainty and behavioral uncertainty. There are three types of strategies which people may use to seek information about someone: passive, active, and interactive. Furthermore, the initial interaction of strangers can be broken down into individual stages—the entry stage, the personal stage, and the exit stage. According to the theory, people find uncertainty in interpersonal relationships unpleasant and are motivated to reduce it through interpersonal communication.
History
The foundation of the uncertainty reduction theory stems from the information theory, originated by Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver. Shannon and Weaver suggests, when people interact initially, uncertainties exist especially when the probability for alternatives in a situation is high and the probability of them occurring is equally high. They assume uncertainty is reduced when the amount of alternatives is limited and/or the alternatives chosen tend to be repetitive.
In 1975, Berger and Calabrese created uncertainty reduction theory "to explain how communication is used to reduce uncertainties between strangers engaging in their first conversation together". Previous researchers had approached interpersonal communication from empirical perspectives. Hypotheses had been derived from social psychological theories as well. However, the lack of focus on interpersonal communication process motivated Berger and Calabrese to form hypotheses that directly involve communication behavior.
Further research expanded uncertainty reduction theory’s explanatory power in areas such as verbal communication, nonverbal communication, intimacy, reciprocity, and information seeking, etc. Scholars suggest that people should use “variety of sources when collecting information to reduce their uncertainty.” The variety sources include not only the words being said, but also the way people say.
Brashers helped to further expand the scope of uncertainty reduction theory outside the traditional dyadic interpersonal exchange. Now, scholars talk about uncertainty reduction, they tend to take humanity’s discomfort with uncertainty as a basic tenet of what it means to be human, which is in grander terms.
Assumptions
There are seven assumptions associated with the uncertainty reduction theory:
People experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings.
Uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress.
When strangers meet, their primary concern is to reduce their uncertainty or to increase predictability.
Interpersonal communication is a developmental process that occurs through stages.
Interpersonal communication is the primary means of uncertainty reduction.
The quantity and nature of information that people share can change through time.
It is possible to predict people's behavior in a lawlike fashion.
Types of uncertainty
Cognitive uncertainty
Cognitive uncertainty is the uncertainty about other persons' beliefs and thoughts. It pertains to the level of uncertainty associated with the cognition (beliefs and attitudes) of each other in the situation. Uncertainty is high in initial interactions because individuals are not aware of the beliefs and attitude of the other party.
Behavioral uncertainty
Behavioral uncertainty is the uncertainty about other persons' actions. It pertains to "the extent to which behavior is predictable in a given situation". Uncertainty is one motivation behind adoption of norms in most societies in which people tend to abide by, and if in initial conversations one chooses to ignore such norms there are risks of increasing behavioral uncertainty and reducing the likelihood of having future interactions. A great example of ignoring societal norms is engaging in inappropriate self-disclosure.
Reasons to reduce uncertainty
Berger suggests that an individual will tend to actively pursue the reduction of uncertainty in an interaction if any of the three conditions are verified. According to the theory, any single factor or all three of them combined can result in an increase in one's desire to reduce uncertainty in interpersonal interactions.
Anticipation of future interaction: A future meeting is a certainty.
Incentive value: They have or control something we want.
Deviance: They act in a manner that is departing from accepted standards
Example: For a couple of weeks there will be a new manager in your workplace, therefore future interactions with this person is a certainty. The manager is assigning projects to the people in your department, every project returns a different commission which will directly influence your income. Arguably, being assigned a higher paying project has a greater incentive value for anyone in the department. The manager has a sibling in your department, which could influence the manager's decision on project assignments.
Stages of relational development
Berger and Calabrese separate the initial interaction of strangers into three stages: the entry stage, the personal stage, and the exit stage. Each stage includes interactional behaviors that serve as indicators of liking and disliking. Understanding the cycle of relational development is key to studying how people seek to reduce uncertainty about others.
The entry stage: the entry stage of relational development is characterized by the use of behavioral norms. Meaning individuals begin interactions under the guidance of implicit and explicit rules and norms, such as pleasantly greeting someone or laughing at ones innocent jokes. The contents of the exchanges are often dependent on cultural norms. The level of involvement will increase as the strangers move into the second stage.
The personal stage: the personal phase occurs when strangers begin to explore one another's attitudes and beliefs. Individuals typically enter this stage after they have had several entry stage interactions with a stranger. One will probe the other for indications of their values, morals and personal issues. Emotional involvement tends to increase as disclosure increases.
The exit stage: in the exit phase, the former strangers decide whether they want to continue to develop a relationship. If there is no mutual liking, either can choose not to pursue a relationship.
Example: Rob Grace and Jason Chew Kit Tham discussed the three stages of crisis communication during the COVID-19 pandemic in the article Adapting Uncertainty Reduction Theory for Crisis Communication: Guidelines for Technical Communicators. In the first stage, city officials increased "the frequency of crisis communication, explaining recent events over five news conferences held during the week, and providing resources for citizens seeking information." In the second stage, the officials "recognized citizens’ needs and experiences by adding a FAQs section and COVID-19 Dashboard to the city’s website and by fielding citizens’ questions during eight news conferences and city council sessions." In the last stage, the officials "broadcasted two news conferences and explained the roles that state and local officials would assume during the phased reopening."
Strategies for reducing uncertainty
People engage in passive, active, or interactive strategies to reduce uncertainty with others. Strategies as seeking information, focusing on primary goals, contingency planning, plan adaptation, accretive planning, and framing are often utilized by human communicators.
These strategies are meaningful to communication studies in a way that people's "unique capacities for forethought and planning and their ability to monitor carefully ongoing communication episodes" is valued in communicative process.
Passive strategy: according to Berger, If a person were to observe another in their natural environment, intentionally unnoticeable, to gain information on another, would be categorized as using a passive tactic for reducing uncertainties. For example, watching someone in class, cafeteria, or any common area without attracting attention.
Active strategy: an active strategist would result to means of reducing uncertainties without any personal direct contact. For example, if one were to ask a friend about a particular person, or ask the particular person's friend for some information without actually confronting the person directly.
Interactive strategy: an interactive strategist would directly confront the individual and engage in some form of dialog to reduce the uncertainties between the two.
Extractive information seeking: A new strategy for reducing uncertainty was suggested in 2002 by Ramirez, Walther, Burgoon, and Sunnafrank that complements computer mediated communication and the technological advancements. Given the vast amount of information one could find about an individual via online resources a fourth uncertainty reduction strategy that uses online mediums to obtain information was labeled as extractive information seeking.
Axioms and theorems
Berger and Calabrese propose a series of axioms drawn from previous research and common sense to explain the connection between their central concept of uncertainty and seven key variables of relationship development: verbal communication, nonverbal communication, information seeking, intimacy level, reciprocity, similarity, and liking. The uncertainty reduction theory uses scientific methodology and deductive reasoning to reach conclusions. This part of uncertainty reduction theory demonstrates the positivistic approach Berger and Calabrese took. The approach "advocates the methods of the natural sciences, with the goal of constructing general laws governing human interactions".
Axioms
Axiom 1: Verbal communication: Given the high level of uncertainty present at the onset of the entry phase, as the amount of verbal communication between strangers increases, the level of uncertainty for each interactant in the relationship will decrease. As uncertainty is further reduced, the amount of verbal communication will increase. It is also important to consider more recently published work by Berger, in which, he states the importance of appropriate levels of verbal communication, where too much verbal communication may lead to information seeking by the other party.
Axiom 2: Non-verbal affiliative expressiveness/warmth: Non-verbal affiliative expressiveness includes eye contact, head nods, arm gestures and physical distance between the interactants(closeness). As non-verbal affiliate expressiveness increases, uncertainty levels will decrease in an initial interaction situation. In addition, decreases in uncertainty level will cause increases in non-verbal affiliative expressiveness
Axiom 3: Information seeking: In initial interactions, interactants are expected to engage in question asking, and the questions asked might only demand relatively short answers, for example: request for information of one's occupation, hometown, places of prior residence and so on. High levels of uncertainty cause increases in information-seeking behavior. As uncertainty levels decline, information-seeking behavior declines
Axiom 4: Intimacy level of communication content: High levels of uncertainty in a relationship cause decreases in the intimacy level of communication content. Low levels of uncertainty produce high levels of intimacy For example, during initial interaction, the communication content are expected to be of low intimacy level such as demographic information, rather than content of high intimacy level such as attitudes and opinions.
Axiom 5: Reciprocity: High levels of uncertainty produce high rates of reciprocity. Low levels of uncertainty produce low rates of reciprocity. Berger and Calabrese assume that the easiest way to reduce mutual uncertainty would be to ask for and give the same kinds of information at the same rate of exchange and that as uncertainty is reduced, there is less need for symmetric exchanges of information at a rapid rate.
Axiom 6: Similarity: Similarities between persons reduce uncertainty, while dissimilarities produce increases in uncertainty Dissimilarity between persons increased uncertainty because the number of alternative explanations for behavior also increases.
Axiom 7: Liking: Increases in uncertainty level produce decreases in liking; decreases in uncertainty produce increases in liking. A number of theorists have presented supportive evidence that there is a positive relationship between similarity and liking. In the view of Axiom 6, the tendency that people seek out similar others in order to reduce uncertainty should tend to produce liking.
Based on further research two additional axioms were added to the theory, the 8th axiom was added by Berger and Gudykunst (1991) and the 9th axiom was suggested by Neuliep and Grohskopf (2000):
Axiom 8: Shared Networks: Shared communication networks reduce uncertainty, while lack of shared networks increases uncertainty. This axiom is based on further research done by Berger and William B. Gudykunst (1991) which pertained to relationship beyond the entry stage.
Axiom 9: Communication satisfaction: There is an inverse relationship between uncertainty and communication satisfaction. Communication satisfaction is defined as "an affective response to the accomplishment of communication goals and expectations". Suggested by James Neuliep and Erica Grohskopf (2000), this is an important axiom because it relates uncertainty to a specific communication outcome variable.
Kathy Kellerman and Rodney Reynolds examined factors that motivate people to reduce uncertainty: deviance and incentive value of the target. On the basis of their study, they suggested adding two more axioms:
Axiom: As the target’s behavior becomes more deviant, the level of uncertainty increases.
Axiom: The greater the incentive values of the target, the lower a person’s level of uncertainty.
Scholars create more additional axioms as the theory expands to other areas. For example, Theodore Avtgis's findings in a study of married couples could be considered as an axiom: “...as uncertainty between spouses decreases, reports of emotional and social support increase.”
When you combine axioms, it allows for the production of comprehension in relationships.
Theorems
Berger and Calabrese formulated the following theorems deductively from their original seven axioms:
Verbal communication is positively related with nonverbal affiliative expressiveness, intimacy level, similarity, and liking, while it is negatively related with information seeking, and reciprocity.
Nonverbal affiliative expressiveness is positively related with verbal communication, intimacy level, similarity, and liking, while it is negatively related with information seeking, and reciprocity.
Information seeking is positively related with reciprocity, while it is negatively related with verbal communication, nonverbal affiliative expressiveness, intimacy level, similarity, and liking.
Intimacy level is positively related with verbal communication, nonverbal affiliative expressiveness, similarity, and liking, while it is negatively related with information seeking, and reciprocity.
Reciprocity is positively related with information seeking, while it is negatively related with verbal communication, nonverbal affiliative expressiveness, intimacy level, similarity, and liking.
Similarity is positively related with verbal communication, nonverbal affiliative expressiveness, intimacy level, and liking, while it is negatively related with information seeking, and reciprocity.
Liking is positively related with verbal communication, nonverbal affiliative expressiveness, intimacy level, and similarity, while it is negatively related with information seeking, and reciprocity.
Viewed collectively, the theorems provide a framework for examining and predicting the process of getting to know someone.
Table 1: Theorems of Uncertainty Reduction Theory
*Table 1 summarizes the seven axioms and their relationships as theorems
Types of uncertainty reduction
According to Berger and Calabrese, uncertainty reduction has two different types with different process. Based on the two different types of uncertainty reduction, Berger and Calabrese suggest that interpersonal communication behavior has at least two different roles to play within this framework. First, communication behavior itself is what we endeavor to predict and explain. Second, communication behavior is one vehicle that enables the formulation of predictions and explanations.
Proactive uncertainty reduction
Proactive uncertainty reduction, which is making predictions of the most likely alternative actions the other person might take, is strategic communication planning prior to interaction. In initial meetings, people attempt to predict what the other may want to hear based on the meaning they acquired from previous statements, observations, or information ascertained. However, there is more to come after the initial interaction. There is a change in the intimacy of content exchanged, nonverbal exchanging, as well as reciprocity between the communicators.
Retroactive uncertainty reduction
Retroactive uncertainty reduction is the process of analyzing the situation post interaction, which refers to making explanations for the other person's behavior and interpreting the meaning of behavioral choices.
Application of theory
The uncertainty reduction theory has been applied to new relationships in recent years. Although it continues to be widely respected as a tool to explain and predict initial interaction events, it is now also employed to study intercultural interaction (Gudykunst et al., 1985), organizational socialization (Lester, 1986), and as a function of media (Katz & Blumer, 1974). Gudykunst argues it is important to test the theory in new paradigms, thus adding to its heuristic value (Gudykunst, 2004).
Intercultural communication
Study has shown that intercultural communication apprehension—the fear or anxiety with intercultural communication is positively associated with uncertainty. In addition to that, socio-communication orientation, which refers to people's ability to be a good speaker and good listener, is negatively associated with uncertainty in intercultural communication. Measures of intercultural communication apprehension and ethnocentrism are significantly and negatively correlated with measures of uncertainty reduction and communication satisfaction according to James Neuliep's study in 2012.
Studies have been conducted to determine the differences in the uses of uncertainty reduction strategies among various ethnicities. A study, conducted in the United States, suggests that significant differences are apparent. Self-disclosure has a pan-cultural effect on attributional confidence but other types of uncertainty reduction strategies appeared to be more culture-specific. "A multiple comparisons analysis using a least significance difference criterion indicated that for both self- and other-disclosure, African-Americans used greater self-disclosure than Euro-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, and Asian-Americans and perceived greater other intraethnic disclosure. The only other significant differences found in the multiple comparisons test were between self- and other-disclosure levels for Hispanic-Americans and Asian-Americans, namely, the former perceived greater self- and other-disclosure levels than Asian-Americans."
Results of study that compares verbal behaviors and perceptions in intracultural interactions and intercultural interactions during the initial communication suggest that "intercultural interactions may not be as dissimilar from intracultural interactions as has been traditionally assumed". This result also proves that the sixth axiom of uncertainty reduction theory may be weak, which claims a positive relationship between similarity and uncertainty reduction.
Korean-Americans and Americans
A study of intercultural communication between Korean-Americans and Americans conclude that Korean-Americans' uncertainty level toward Americans did not decrease as their amount of verbal communication increased. However, as Korean-Americans' intimacy level of communication content increased, their uncertainty level toward Americans decreased. But these two tested axioms are only a partially useful formulation for understanding such intercultural communication.
Japanese and Americans
Another study suggests that cultural similarities between strangers influence the selection of uncertainty reduction strategies by increasing the intent to interrogate, intent to self-disclose, and nonverbal affiliative expressiveness. The study also expressed an individual's culture influences their selection of uncertainty reduction strategies. For example, US students exhibit higher levels of interrogation and self-disclosure than in Japanese students.
Indian and Americans
Study of mock hiring interviews examines nonverbal behavior between Indian applicants and United States interviewers. It shows that the effects of the similarity/dissimilarity of interviewers' and interviewees' nonverbal behaviors exhibited during an intercultural hiring interview have some effects on interviewers' perceptions of and hiring decisions about interviewees, but such effects are much less than Berger and Calabrese claim.
In-group identification
Empirical studies have examined the relationship between the effects of self-uncertainty and in-group entitativity. One important question that was investigated was; what motivates people to join or identify with groups and engage in specific forms of inter-group behavior? Based on the concept of uncertainty reduction theory, the hypothesis that people identify most strongly with groups if they felt self-conceptual uncertainty was tested. Results revealed that people who feel self-conceptual uncertainty are motivated to join groups in which they identify with as an efficient strategy and immediate way to reduce one's self-conceptual uncertainty. Hogg bases his argument on the premise that subjective uncertainty, especially those about one's self and identity are unpleasant and that people strive to reduce uncertainties they feel about themselves.
A person's self-categorization is affected by group identification including nationality, religion, gender, ethnicity and many other associated groups. Thus people continue to try to reduce the uncertainties they feel about themselves by identifying with even more specific groups. There is also evidence that people who are highly uncertain about themselves are more likely to identify with more homogeneous groups to reduce their uncertainty of self and reach a more definite state. Generally, people will be able to reduce their self-uncertainty either significantly or to a low degree, depending on the type of group they join and to what extent one can relate to his or herself within a group.
Job hiring process
Scholarly studies have examined the practical application of uncertainty reduction theory in the context of job hiring by studying the communication process between interviewers and applicants prior and during an interview. Understanding the interview process as an interactive communication process aimed to reduce uncertainty is important to organizations, as it has been proven that the more positive and negative information about expectations and organizational norms are shared during the interview process, both by the applicant and interviewer, the greater the job satisfaction and the less turnover rates. An applicant's interview satisfaction is measured in terms of the amount of information and time given to the applicant. Findings suggest that applicants prefer conversational questions that helps them reduce uncertainties about the job they are applying to.
The interview is suggested to be the initial means of communication in which both participants thrive to reduce their uncertainties. Both interviewees and interviewers engage in strategies to reduce uncertainty.
Job hiring via extracted information
Research studies have applied uncertainty reduction theory to online information seeking utilized in the context of job hiring. Using uncertainty reduction strategies through online sources have proven to be good predictions and indicators of targeted individuals. However, findings have also concluded the negative effects on job applicants when negative information is obtained by employers via online sources that may conflict with the already developed perception of the job applicant obtained from normal means such as résumés and cover letters.
Furthermore, online information's effect on job applicants has been widely discussed, as many guide books now suggest that applicants minimize what could be preserved by employers as negative presence in their online communities and strategically enhance any positive presence. As more organizations are including online information extract as part of their recruiting process, empirical results show that applicants with negative online presence are perceived as less qualified than those with a positive or neutral online presence.
Medical treatment
When our health and wellness is in doubt, we usually ask doctors and nurses for help to reduce the anxiety associated with uncertainty. This is the process of reducing uncertainty. According to Stephen W. Littlejohn, Karen A. Foss, "Uncertainty reduction theory has been used to guide examination of the ways e-mail is used between doctors and patients to provide relevant information concerning health care diagnosis and treatment." In addition, Vivian C. Sheer and Rebecca J. Cline proposed and tested a model of perceived information adequacy and uncertainty reduction in doctor‐patient interactions.
Computer-mediated communication
Given that uncertainty reduction theory was primarily developed for face-to-face interactions, critics have questioned the theory's applicability to computer-mediated communication (CMC). Pratt, Wiseman, Cody and Wendt argue that the theory is only partially effective in asynchronous, computer-mediated environments. Although many computer mediated communications limit the possibility of utilizing many traditional social cues theories, such as social information processing and the hyperpersonal model, suggest individuals are quite capable of reducing uncertainties and developing intimate relationships.
Antheunis, Marjolijn L., et al. investigated whether language-based strategies, employed by computer-mediated communication users, would aid in reducing uncertainties despite the absence of nonverbal cues. Examining three interactive uncertainty reduction strategies (i.e., self-disclosure, question asking, and question/disclosure intimacy) in computer mediated communications, the study questioned the use of language-based strategies to three communication options: face-to-face, visual CMC supported by a webcam, or text-only CMC. It finds that "text-only CMC interactants made a greater proportion of affection statements than face-to-face interactants. Proportions of question asking and question/disclosure intimacy were higher in both CMC conditions than in the face-to-face condition, but only question asking mediated the relationship between CMC and verbal statements of affection."
In addition, a study was conducted on 704 members of a social networking site to see what reduction theory strategies they used while gaining information on people they had recently met in person. All respondents used passive, active and interactive strategies, but the most common and beneficial strategy was the interactive strategy through which people show a perceived similarity and increasing social attraction.
Online auctions
In an online consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce context, transactions usually happen directly between individuals with a third party involved acting as an intermediary or a communication platform, but not guaranteeing that the transaction happens. Therefore, C2C e-commerce platforms constantly involve initial interaction between strangers that is motivated by the desire to exchange a product for money. Such environments are a significant risk for both the seller and the buyer, given the financial and psychological cost of a transaction failing because of a lack of information.
Online auction platforms such as eBay are considered to be risky and uncertain environments for exchange, especially from the standpoint of the bidder, as there is limited information available regarding both the merchandise and the seller.
Using uncertainty reduction theory and predicted outcome value theory, a study of 6477 randomly selected data sets of auctions conducted on eBay.com indicated that the more detailed information about a certain product was available as part of the product description the more bids there were and the higher the final bid was. In addition, a higher seller's reputation resulted in more bids and a higher selling price. One means to reduce the uncertainty of a product's worth is having extensive descriptions and pictures of the item available and more positive feedback from previous users.
Findings from the study illustrate that uncertainty reduction theory provides an insightful framework in which individuals' initial interactions in the context of online auctions can be understood. The study also provides evidence that strategies for reducing uncertainty in online initial interaction are similar to those used in face-to-face transactions. Although online auction users seem to favor passive strategies, including viewing product information and seller reputation, there are more active strategies in use: a user may look up the seller in other online platforms to gather relevant information or may use an interactive strategy, sending a private message to the seller asking for more information.
Online dating
Online dating sites typically bring together individuals who have no prior contact with one another and no shared physical space where nonverbal cues can be communicated through gestures, facial expression and physical distance. This limited access to nonverbal cues produces a different set of concerns for individuals, as well as a different set of tools for reducing uncertainty. Gibbs, Ellison and Lai report that individuals on online dating websites attempt to reduce uncertainty at three levels: personal security, misrepresentation, and recognition. The asynchronous nature of the communications and the added privacy concerns may make people want to engage in interactive behaviors and seek confirmatory information sooner than those who engage in offline dating.
Online dating mainly supports passive strategies for reducing uncertainties. The option to view profiles online without needing to directly contact an individual is the main premise of passively reducing uncertainties. Gibbs, et al. found that "participants who used uncertainty reduction strategies tended to disclose more personal information in terms of revealing private thoughts and feelings, suggesting a process whereby online dating participants proactively engage in uncertainty reduction activities to confirm the private information of others, which then prompts their own disclosure."
Online surrogacy ads
Parents and surrogate mothers have great incentive for reducing uncertainty, taking optimal control, and finding a suitable third party for their pregnancy process. May and Tenzek assert that three themes emerged from their study of online ads from surrogate mothers: idealism, logistics, and personal information. Idealism refers to surrogates' decision to share details regarding their lifestyle and health. Logistics refers to the surrogates' requested financial needs and services. Personal information refers to the disclosure of details that would typically take several interactions before occurring, but has the benefit of adding a degree of tangible humanness to the surrogate (e.g. the disclosure of family photos). Idealism, logistics and personal information all function to reduce potential parents' uncertainty about a surrogate mother.
Social media
Social media has become an indispensable part of our daily lives. In this new media era, a lot of communications has moved from offline to online. In online communication, people still face so many uncertainties, which motivate them to reduce uncertainty. There are a lot of scholars studying the uncertainty reduction in the social media platforms. Cynthia Palmieri, Kristen Prestano, Rosalie Gandley, Emily Overton and Qin Zhang investigated the effects of self-disclosure on Facebook on perceived uncertainty reduction. The findings revealed the levels of self-disclosure on an individual's Facebook Page affect perceived uncertainty about that individual. Stephanie Tom Tong discussed information-seeking behaviors during the stages of relationship termination. Relational dissolution is a socially embedded activity, and affordances of social network sites offer many advantages in reducing uncertainty after a breakup. A survey collected responses from those who use Facebook to gather information about their romantic ex-partners.
Critique
The scope of the axioms and theorems
Due to the law-like framework to explain and predict other's behavior, if a particular theorem is disproved, it destroys the axiological base upon which it rests. Through their studies with 1,159 students from 10 universities in the United States, Kathy Kellerman and Rodney Reynolds conclude that "no need exists to integrate concern for uncertainty reduction into the axiomatic framework" (1990). They also provide evidence with their studies that there is no association between information seeking and level of uncertainty, which disprove axiom 3 developed by Berger and Calabrese.
Uncertainty measurement
In addition, the subjectivity of people's self-assessment render the premise of uncertainty reduction problematic. The generation of uncertainty comes from people's lack of knowledge about themselves, information and environment. However, it is primarily people's self-perception about one's own cognitions and ability that cause uncertainty, and this self-perception itself is hard to measure. In Brashers' study on uncertainty management's application to health communication, he explains the uncertainty of self-perception that people's feeling of uncertain is not necessarily correspond to its self-assessment of available knowledge.
Beyond initial interaction
Uncertainty reduction theory has been cast doubt on its association with communication beyond initial interaction. Planalp & Honeycutt suggest that people's potential changes, lack of understanding each other, or impetuous behavior will increase uncertainty in communication outside initial interaction. Their study questions the assumption that increased knowledge of other people and relationships will help social actors to function effectively in the social world. However, their findings provide supportive evidence that uncertainty (in long-term relationships) usually impacts negatively on the relationship.
Motivation to reduce uncertainty
Uncertainty reduction theory has sparked much discussion in the discipline of communication. Critics have argued that reducing uncertainty is not the driving force of interaction. Michael Sunnafrank's predicted outcome value theory (1986) indicated that the actual motivation for interaction is a desire for positive relational experiences. In other words, individuals engaging in initial interactions are motivated by rewards opposed to reducing uncertainties. According to Sunnafrank, when we communicate we are attempting to predict certain outcome to maximize the relational outcomes. Kellerman and Reynolds (1990) pointed out that sometimes there are high level of uncertainty in interaction that no one wants to reduce. Their study find that the central determinant of both information seeking (axiom 3) and liking (axiom 4) is the predicted outcome values rather than reducing uncertainty.
Motivation to reduce uncertainty (MRU) model
The uncertainty reduction theory also lead to the formation of a model originated by Michael W. Kramer. Kramer presents some major tenets and criticisms of the uncertainty reduction theory and then propose a Motivation to Reduce Uncertainty (MRU) model.
MRU suggests that different levels of motivation to reduce uncertainty can lead to certain communication behaviors depending on competing goals.
MRU suggests at least four different reasons for low motivation to seek information:
People do not experience uncertainty in every event or encounter. Predictable or easily understood situations will not result in significant levels of uncertainty.
Individuals have different levels of tolerance for uncertainty. The more one tolerates uncertainty the less information one seeks.
Because communication always has social or effort costs, minimizing those costs with limited effort may be preferable to information seeking.
Individuals may also create certainty with minimal information seeking and without overt communication. For example, classification systems, such as stereotyping, create certainty out of uncertain situations.
Research demonstrates that MRU could be used to examine how employees manage uncertainty during adjustment processes. MRU uses theoretical explanations for examining the approaches to understanding group decision making. "When groups are highly motivated to reduce the uncertainty surrounding a decision and there are no competing motives such as time or cost limitations, highly rational behaviors lead to information seeking to reduce uncertainty to optimize decisions." MRU could be used at the organizational level to examine communication related to organizational strategy.
Anxiety/uncertainty management theory
Inspired by Berger's theory, the late California State, Fullerton, communication professor William Gudykunst began to apply some of the axioms and theorems of uncertainty reduction theory to intercultural settings. Despite their common axiomatic format and parallel focus on the meeting of strangers, this theory contrasts uncertainty reduction theory by identifying reduction as only one of the many actions that people take when uncertainty arises.
Gudykunst's anxiety/uncertainty management theory (AUM) also differs from Berger's uncertainty reduction theory in several significant ways. First, AUM asserts that people do not always try to reduce uncertainty. When uncertainty allows people to maintain positive predicted outcome values, they may choose to manage their information intake such that they balance their level of uncertainty. Second, AUM claims that people experience uncertainty differently in different situations. People must evaluate whether a particular instance of uncertainty is stressful, and if so, what resources are available.
Gudykunst also points out that uncertainty reduction theory was formulated to describe the actions and behaviors of middle-class, white strangers in the United States. This is the demographic in the studies Berger and Calabrese used to develop the theory.
Example: Online cancer research
Hurley, Kosenko and Brashers argue that 65% of internet-based cancer news is associated with the increase of uncertainty. In order of their degree of magnitude, information regarding treatment, prevention, detection, survivorship, and end-of-life issues yielded the most uncertainty. Given the inverse relationship between information-seeking behavior and uncertainty reduction, Hurley, Kosenko and Brashers assert that Uncertainty Management Theory may be more accurate and effective than uncertainty reduction theory. More research is needed to determine what computer-mediated communications exacerbate and help individuals manage their uncertainty regarding their health.
Defense
Eleven years after uncertainty reduction theory was introduced, Berger published Uncertain Outcome Values in Predicted Relationships: Uncertainty Reduction Theory Then and Now. His aim was to defend his theory in new contexts and modify it, as necessary. Berger later proposed three types of information seeking behavior: passive (watching the interactant for clues in reactions to stimuli), active (posing questions to other individuals about the interactant), and interactive ( posing direct questions to the interactant). Later research by Berger and Bradac (1982) indicated that disclosures by interactants may lead them to be judged as more or less attractive. The judgment will determine whether the judge will continue to reduce their uncertainties or end the relationship. Berger also acknowledges the works of Gudykunst, et al. (1985) and Parks & Adelman (1983) to extend uncertainty reduction theory to the realm of more established relationships.
See also
List of basic communication topics
References
Further reading
External links
Em Griffin, the author of A First Look at Communication Theory, conducted an interview with Charles Berger on uncertainty reduction theory. During the interview, Berger explains how the theory came to exist, how it has evolved throughout the years, why he used axioms and thermos to develop the theory and the connection of uncertainty reduction theory to his work on cognitive plans and strategic communication.
Interpersonal communication |
Ruslan Serafymovych Tarpan (; born 14 August 1971) is a Ukrainian businessman, living in the United Arab Emirates. The founder of the "Incor-Group" company, Tarpan served as a member of the Odesa City Council from the pro-Russian Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine from 1994 to 2010, and was heavily involved in the rebuilding of monuments in Odesa. In 2010, Tarpan began construction on a deep-sea sewage pipeline. The project, which lasted seven years and was never completed, ended in Tarpan and his associates being charged with the embezzlement of ₴200 million. Subsequently, Tarpan fled Ukraine for the United Arab Emirates, where he has lived since 2017.
Early life and foundation of Incor Group
Ruslan Serafymovych Tarpan was born on 14 August 1971 in Odesa, then in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, and earned a PhD in economics. From 1994 to 2010, Tarpan served as a member of the Odesa City Council, as a member of the pro-Russian Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine.
Tarpan founded the Incor Group development company in 1997, specializing in commercial and residential construction, engineering and restoration of historical buildings.
Odesan cultural heritage
Tarpan achieved significant attention in Ukraine due to his support for restoration of cultural heritage in Odesa. Among his most significant and controversial projects was the restoration of the Monument to the founders of Odesa and the reconstruction of the nearby Yekaterinskaya Square. During the monument's restoration, protests against it were held by Ukrainian nationalists, Cossack groups and Orthodox priests. The monument continued to remain controversial, with protesters unsuccessfully petitioning for its destruction following the 2014 Revolution of Dignity and the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In November 2022 the Odesa City
Council decided that the monument to the founders of Odesa would be dismantled and temporarily moved to the Odesa Fine Arts Museum.
Tarpan's reconstruction of Odesan cultural heritage has been criticised by other supporters of Ukrainian cultural heritage as "destroying" the spirit of Odesa, with multiple renovations resulting in substantial deviations from the original buildings. Following his 2017 flight from Ukraine, he has continued to embezzle state tenders for the reconstruction of buildings. Tarpan's model of embezzlement, known in Ukraine as "tender trolling", is the usage of an intermediary or fictitious organisation to win state tenders and artificially inflate the cost of goods required to complete the project.
Sewage discharge project and flight from Ukraine
In 2010, Tarpan began work on a project for the construction of a deep-sea sewage discharge pipeline for Odesa. Given a total of ₴600 million (US$16 million in August 2022) by the governments of Odesa and Ukraine, Tarpan on multiple occasions requested and sued for further funds, in 2015 arguing that a further ₴165 million was needed to complete the project. President Viktor Yanukovych publicly criticised the pipeline, saying in 2012, "Almost ₴600 million swelled into this project, without a mind, without a head, and now additional funds are needed in order to correct this mistake. We will do this, we will fix it, but this will not happen again."
In 2017, a criminal investigation into the sewage discharge project was launched. The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), along with the Odesa Oblast prosecutor's office, accused Tarpan of criminal fraud and the theft of 200 million griven. The court seized multiple properties belonging to Tarpan, including a 16-storey apartment complex under construction, four apartments, a land plot in the town of , a 1937 ZIS-101, 1981 ZIL-4104, and a Lexus LX 470. Prior to the seizure, Tarpan fled the country for the United Arab Emirates, where he continues to reside. Tarpan has also been reportedly seen in Russia, Israel, and several African countries.
References
1971 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Odesa
Politicians from Odesa
Ukrainian philanthropists
Odesa National Economics University alumni |
The 1955 Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football bowl game between the Southwest Conference champion Arkansas Razorbacks and the champions of the SEC, the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. Georgia Tech defeated Arkansas, 14–6, in front of 75,550 spectators. Arkansas would get their revenge in the 1960 Gator Bowl, a 14–7 Hog win.
Setting
Arkansas lost only two games by a total of eight points, despite being picked to finish next-to-last in the SWC during the preseason. The Razorbacks were propelled by their most memorable win, against the #5 Ole Miss Rebels, on what is called the Powder River Play. The game turned on a 66-yard pass from tailback Buddy Bob Benson to blocking back Preston Carpenter, the only score of the game. The halfback pass gave Arkansas the 6-0 in War Memorial Stadium. The play was called "perhaps the most important in Arkansas football history to that time" by Orville Henry. Arkansas had struggled winning bowl games, entering at 1-0-2.
Georgia Tech, however, was very rich in bowl tradition. Bobby Dodd's Ramblin' Wreck had played in four Orange Bowls and three Sugar Bowls entering this matchup. Assistant coach Frank Broyles would become a legend coaching the Razorbacks from 1958–76, including winning the 1964 National Championship.
Game summary
The Razorbacks and Yellow Jackets played to a scoreless tie until Razorback sophomore QB/HB George Walker scored, completing an 80-yard drive before halftime. Walker could not connect on the extra point, however, and Arkansas would go up only 6-0. After halftime, Georgia Tech would take over. The Jackets' powerful running game produced two touchdowns, first by Paul Rotenberry, then by Wade Mitchell, and Arkansas could gain only eight yards rushing in the second half, the combination of which proved enough to defeat the Porkers, 14-6.
Georgia Tech won their ninth of eleven bowl games, while Arkansas' record in the postseason dropped to 1-1-2.
References
Cotton Bowl Classic
Cotton Bowl Classic
Arkansas Razorbacks football bowl games
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football bowl games
January 1955 sports events in the United States
Cotton Bowl |
Anania is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Anania Shirakatsi (610–685), mathematician, astronomer and geographer
Bartolomeu Anania (1921–2011), bishop, translator, writer and poet
George Anania (1941–2013), Romanian writer
Anania Muhingi (born 1994) businessman from Kashenyi Murongo-Karagwe Kagera, Tanzania
Michael Anania (born 1939), American poet, novelist, and essayist
See also
Ananias (disambiguation)
References |
The Niobrara River (; , , literally "water spread-out horizontal-the" or "The Wide-Spreading Water") is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately long, running through the U.S. states of Wyoming and Nebraska. The river drains one of the most arid sections of the Great Plains, and has a low flow for a river of its length. The Niobrara's watershed includes the northern tier of Nebraska Sandhills, a small south-central section of South Dakota, as well as a small area of eastern Wyoming.
Course
The river rises in the High Plains of Wyoming, in southern Niobrara County. The Niobrara flows east as an intermittent stream past Lusk and southeast into northwestern Nebraska. It then flows southeast across the Pine Ridge country of Sioux County, then east through Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, past Marsland, and through Box Butte Reservoir. The stream flows east across northern Nebraska, near the northern edge of the Sandhills and past Valentine. It is joined by the Snake River about southwest of Valentine. In north-central Nebraska it is joined by the Keya Paha River approximately west of Butte. The river joins the Missouri northwest of Niobrara in northern Knox County, just upstream of Lewis and Clark Lake. Its total drainage basin is about .
Discharge
Although the annual runoff is low relative to the size of its drainage basin, the Niobrara has a stronger and more consistent flow than many other streams in the region. An estimated 70 percent of the river's water results from seepage from the Ogallala Aquifer that underlies the area, with the remaining 30 percent from precipitation. The river is highest in the spring and early summer (February through April) and lowest in early fall (August and September). By late fall, river levels begin to rise as demands for river water for irrigation subside.
The Niobrara's average discharge between 1958 and 2013, measured at the U.S. Geological Survey stream gage at Verdel, Nebraska, above the mouth, is . The highest flow recorded was on March 27, 1960. The lowest daily mean was on November 13, 1960.
History
The lower Niobrara valley is the traditional home of the Ponca tribe of Native Americans. Between 1861 and 1882, the stretch of the Niobrara River from the mouth of the Keya Paha to its confluence with the Missouri marked the boundary between Nebraska and the Dakota Territory.
National Scenic River
A stretch of the Niobrara River in central Nebraska, from the town of Valentine east to Nebraska State Highway 137, has been designated as the Niobrara National Scenic River since 1991. It is managed by the Department of the Interior (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and National Park Service) to protect the water quality, geologic, paleontologic, fish and wildlife, scenic and recreation values.
Most of the lands within the boundary of the National Scenic River are, and will remain, in private ownership. Management is based upon working with private, county, state and federal landowners and stakeholders to coordinate protection of the river while ensuring a quality experience for river visitors. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages the 9 miles of river that flow through the Fort Niobrara Refuge primarily for wilderness and wildlife habitat, but allows recreation downstream from Cornell Dam. The National Park Service manages the remaining 67 miles, acting as a facilitator for resource protection by landowners and river users, providing law enforcement and visitor education services, and coordinating resource management activities.
River modifications
The Box Butte Dam, completed in 1946 by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), is the only major dam on the Niobrara River proper. Located in Dawes County in western Nebraska, the dam is part of the Mirage Flats Project, which irrigates on the north side of the Niobrara River. Dunlap Diversion Dam, below Box Butte, diverts water through a canal to the farmland.
The Snake River tributary is impounded by the Merritt Dam and irrigates about in the area of Valentine, Nebraska. The project is part of the Ainsworth Unit of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program, also operated by the USBR.
Cornell Dam, built in 1915 at the confluence of Minnechaduza Creek near Valentine, generated power until 1985. The following year the dam was acquired by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Although officially decommissioned, the dam remains standing. The feasibility of removing the defunct dam has been studied, although the accumulation of sediment behind the dam, which may include high levels of chemicals from pesticides, may be harmful to the river environment if released.
Spencer Dam, about from the mouth of the Niobrara, was the last operational hydroelectric plant on the river. The dam was built in 1927 and was operated by the Nebraska Public Power District. It includes two Westinghouse generators, with a combined capacity of 3,000 kW. In a 2015 agreement with Nebraska local and state government entities, NPPD agreed to decommission the dam in 2017. The dam was breached by flooding caused by a March 2019 storm.
Native American languages
In the Cheyenne language, the river is Hisse Yovi Yoe, meaning "surprise river"; in Pawnee, Kíckatariʾ; and in Lakota, Wakpá Tȟáŋka, meaning “great river”.
See also
Agate Fossil Beds National Monument
Box Butte Reservoir
Fort Niobrara, a U.S. Army outpost (1880–1906)
Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge
Niobrara National Scenic River
Niobrara State Park, located at the confluence of the Niobrara and Missouri Rivers
Samuel R. McKelvie National Forest
Smith Falls
List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)
List of Nebraska rivers
List of Wyoming rivers
References
External links
Niobrara National Scenic River - U.S. National Park Service
Niobrara State Park - Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
Smith Falls State Park - Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge - U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Agate Fossil Beds National Monument - U.S. National Park Service
Rivers of Nebraska
Rivers of Wyoming
Tributaries of the Missouri River
Rivers of Sioux County, Nebraska
Rivers of Dawes County, Nebraska
Rivers of Boyd County, Nebraska
Rivers of Cherry County, Nebraska
Rivers of Knox County, Nebraska
Rivers of Keya Paha County, Nebraska
Rivers of Brown County, Nebraska
Rivers of Rock County, Nebraska
Rivers of Sheridan County, Nebraska
Rivers of Holt County, Nebraska
National Park Service Wild and Scenic Rivers
Federal lands in Nebraska
National Park Service areas in Nebraska
Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States |
Zow () may refer to:
Zu, North Khorasan, a village in North Khorasan Province, Iran
Zu-ye Olya, a village in North Khorasan Province, Iran
Zu-ye Sofla (disambiguation)
Zaav, a legendary king of Iran
See also
ZOW |
The 1943 NCAA baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 1943. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. No national championship event was held until 1947.
Conference winners
This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1943 season.
Conference standings
The following is an incomplete list of conference standings:
References
1943 in American sports
NCAA season
College baseball seasons in the United States |
The Northern Chanyu (, reigned 89–91) was an unnamed and obscure chanyu or ruler of the Xiongnu who lived in the 1st century CE.
In February 91, he was defeated by Geng Kui during the Battle of the Altai Mountains, on an expedition sent by Dou Xian. His younger brother Yuchujian Chanyu (reigned 91–93) was his sole heir, but was killed by generals Ren Shang and Wang Fu in 93.
According to the Book of Wei, the remnants of Northern Chanyu's tribe, whom Lev Gumilyov termed "Weak Xiongnu", settled, as Yueban (悅般), near Kucha and Wusun; while the rest fled across the Altai mountains towards Kangju.
Footnotes
References
Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, reprint Moscow-Leningrad, 1950
Taskin B.S., "Materials on Sünnu history", Science, Moscow, 1968, p. 31 (In Russian)
Han dynasty
Chanyus
1st-century monarchs in Asia
Unidentified people
Year of birth unknown |
MERODE is an Object Oriented Enterprise Modeling method developed at KU Leuven (Belgium). Its name is the abbreviation of Model driven, Existence dependency Relation, Object oriented DEvelopment. MERODE is a method for creating domain models (also called conceptual models) as basis for building information systems making use of two prominent UML diagramming techniques - class diagram and state diagrams. Starting from a high-level PIM (close to a Computational Independent Model (CIM)) allows removing or hiding details irrelevant for a conceptual modelling view which makes the approach easier to understand.
The method is grounded in process algebra, which enables mathematical reasoning on models. Thanks to this, models can be checked for internal consistency and mutual completeness, i.e. inter/intra model consistency and syntactical quality. The automated reasoning ("consistency by construction") also caters for autocomplete functionality, which allows creating correct models faster.
A typical MERODE analysis or conceptualisation consists of three views or diagrams: a so-called existence dependency graph (EDG) similar to a UML class diagram, a proprietary concept namely an object event table (OET) and a group of finite state machines.
MERODE fosters a model-driven engineering approach to software development. It targets platform independent domain models that are sufficiently complete for execution, i.e. transformation to platform-specific models and to code. In order to achieve automated transformation of models, MERODE limits the use of UML to a number of well-defined constructs with clear semantics and complements this with the notion of "existence dependency" and a proprietary approach to object interaction modelling.
MERODE-models can be created with the opensource case tool JMermaid. The tool also allows checking the models for consistency and readiness for transformation.
A companion code generator allows to generate a fully working prototype. One-click prototype production lowers the required skill-set for its useful application. By embedding the models into the application, the behaviour of the prototype can be traced back to the models, i.e. making it possible to validate the semantic quality of models. MERODE prototypes are augmented with feedback (textual and graphical) that links the test results to their causes in the model.
References
External links
More information on Merode
sourceforge website for Mermaid
Enterprise modelling |
Ottar Lie (5 March 1896 – 1 March 1943) was a Norwegian communist and resistance member.
He was born in Løten, to a father from Vang and a mother from Ås. He was married twice, last to Inga, née Knutsen. He had two children, and lived in Oslo.
He was originally a member of the Norwegian Labour Party. In 1921 he was hired as county secretary in Hedmark. At the time he was also active in the Young Communist League (until 1923 the Labour Party youth wing). In 1923, at the founding of the Communist Party, Lie became Hedmark's representative in the central board. He continued as party secretary in Hedmark until 1927, then in Oslo for the party nationwide. Before it was stopped in 1940, Lie was also a board member of the newspaper Arbeideren.
He was a member of the Communist resistance movement, as Norway was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1940. In the now-illegal Communist Party he was one of the leading figures together with Henry W. Kristiansen, Just Lippe, Johan Strand Johansen and Emil Løvlien. He was held imprisoned in Møllergata 19 from August to September 1940. Eventually, together with Arne Gauslaa he led the party's organizational centre which had contact with communist resistance members who hid in the mountains. The centre was moved from Steinsfjorden to Vikersund in October 1942. The centre was blown after former resistance member Karsten Sølvberg had cracked during Gestapo torture, become a Gestapo agent and ratted them out. Already on 30 October 1942 the centre in Vikersund was surrounded by Gestapists. Gauslaa and another person were shot to death. Lie was arrested and tortured. He was held at Møllergata 19 from 30 October 1942, then in Grini detention camp from 24 February 1943. He was transferred to Trandum on 1 March 1943 and executed at Trandumskogen. He was buried in Oslo.
His brother Ivar Lie was also a communist resistance member, who managed to flee to Sweden.
References
1896 births
1943 deaths
People from Løten
Hedmark politicians
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Communist Party of Norway politicians
Norwegian resistance members
Grini concentration camp prisoners
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
Norwegian civilians killed in World War II
Norwegian torture victims
Norwegian people executed by Nazi Germany
People executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad |
The Battle of Kashmir (1814) (also known as the 'third invasion of Ranjit Singh" to invade Kashmir. After the invasion of Attock, Ranjit Singh wanted to invade Kashmir, which led to the third campaign in Kashmir under Hari Singh Nalwa and Ram Dayal. During the third campaign of Ranjit Singh, Sardar Muhammad Azeem Khan defeated Ranjit Singh's forces, inflicting heavy casualties.
The Battle
Ranjit Singh's first attempt failed in 1812. His second failed in 1813. So this battle was his third attempt. Afghans repulsed the attacked and the Sikh were forced to retreat.
Aftermath
Kashmir remained part of the Durrani Empire until 1819 when it was finally conquered by the Sikhs.
References
Conflicts in 1814
Kashmir
Attock |
Robin Geffen is a British financier and classic-winning racehorse owner.
Early life
Geffen was born in London in October 1957. He attended Oxford University, graduating in 1979 from Keble College in Politics, Philosophy and Economics.
Career
Following graduation, Geffen worked for Charterhouse J Rothschild, before moving to Eagle Star to work across European and Asia Pacific funds. He worked for York Plc, Scottish Equitable and CIO before founding his own business, Neptune Investment Management in 2002.
Geffen was CEO for Neptune, but also continued to work across fund management. The firm enjoyed strong early performance and pioneered a move to encourage UK and European investors to allocate assets towards rapidly-evolving emerging markets. Geffen’s approach was to promote young fund managers rapidly. Whilst many were not successful others went on to found their own asset management businesses. In the later years of the business concerns were raised about staff turnover, fund performance and family promotions within the organisation. In August 2019, profits declined by 90%, Geffen stepped down as CEO as Neptune Investment Management was acquired by Liontrust for £40million. Geffen remained with Liontrust in a Head of Global Equity role, although the Neptune brand was ultimately dropped.
Horse racing
Geffen's involvement in racing came in the 1990s with ownership through syndicates. In 2010, he became an owner of King Of Wands alongside Rachel Hood, the ROA President. Trained by John Gosden, he won the Esher Cup at Sandown. Geffen and Hood then purchase Arctic Cosmos, and won the St Leger at Doncaster. Geffen also owned Western Hymn a two time Grade 3 winner, and 6th in the 2014 Epsom Derby. Geffen owned GM Hopkins who won the 2015 Royal Hunt Cup at Royal Ascot.
Alongside his flat horses, he also owned National Hunt horses trained by the likes of Paul Nicholls, David Pipe and Nicky Henderson. Geffen owned the likes of Wonderful Charm a two time Grade 2 winner including the Persian War at Chepstow.
In addition to being an owner, Geffen utilised his Neptune Investment Management business as a sponsor. He partnered Cheltenham Racecourse from 2009, and sponsored a broader series of races as "Neptune Investment Management Novices' Hurdles" across Cheltenham, Sandown and Warwick.
Personal life
Geffen is married to Camilla and they have two sons. In 2013, he appeared on the Sunday Times Rich List with a net worth of £90million.
In 2013 Geffen's ex race horse, King of Wands, was the subject of a dispute between him and Aristocratic Escort Charlotte Colquhoun, whom Geffen had gifted the horse to. Geffen had in addition, paid Colquhoun £2,000 towards costs. Colquhoun subsequently went on to sell King of Wands against Geffen's interests, he later went on to label her a "fantasist".
References
Living people
People_from_London
1957 births
Alumni_of_Keble_College,_Oxford
British_businesspeople
British_company_founders
British_financial_company_founders
British_financial_businesspeople
British_money_managers
British racehorse owners and breeders |
This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Lismore and Appin in Highland, Scotland.
List
|}
Key
See also
List of listed buildings in Highland
Notes
References
All entries, addresses and coordinates are based on data from Historic Scotland. This data falls under the Open Government Licence
Lismore And Appin |
Torsukattak Strait (old spelling: Torssukátak) is a strait in Avannaata municipality in northwestern Greenland.
Geography
Located in the northeastern part of Uummannaq Fjord, it separates the Ukkusissat Peninsula in the northeast from Appat Island in the southwest. The strait waterway is an extension of Itillarsuup Kangerlua fjord. Its northwestern mouth opens into the Uummannaq Fjord 4 km southwest of the Ukkusissat settlement.
Mining
Qaqortuatsiaq, located on the northern coast of Appat Island near the shore of the strait is a former marble quarry, now abandoned. Mining activities in the area are likely to resume in the future, providing an economic lifeline to the communities of the Uummannaq region, keeping the relatively new Qaarsut Airport open.
References
Straits of Greenland
Uummannaq Fjord |
Just Like The River And Other Songs For Guitar is a folk album released in 2008 by Robin Williamson. The song "Through The Horned Clouds" is originally from the 1972 album Myrrh, "The Man In The Van" is from the 1978 album American Stonehenge and "Wild Horses" is from The Rolling Stones' 1971 album Sticky Fingers.
Track listing
All songs written by Robin Williamson, except "When First To This Country" (Traditional), "Wild Horses" (Jagger/Richards) and "Absolutely Sweet Marie" (Bob Dylan).
Take A Heed Of Me Sometime
Through The Horned Clouds
Wild Horses
When First To This Country
Jordan Is A Hard Road
The Man In The Van
Matt Groves And Lady Barnard
Down In Cupid's Garden
Absolutely Sweet Marie
Just Like The River
The Silence Between The Words
Song For Bina
2008 albums
Robin Williamson albums |
Marion is a city in, and the county seat of, Marion County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 1,922. The city was named in honor of Francis Marion, a brigadier general of the American Revolutionary War, known as the "Swamp Fox".
History
Early history
For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.
19th century
In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.
In 1806, Zebulon Pike led the Pike Expedition westward from St Louis, Missouri, of which part of their journey followed the Cottonwood River through Marion County near the current cities of Florence, Marion, Durham.
In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1855, Marion County was established within Kansas, which included the land for modern day Marion.
The city of Marion Centre was founded in 1860 and became the county seat, named in honor of Francis Marion. A post office was established on September 30, 1862, which shortened the name to Marion on October 15, 1881. The city officially adopted the shorter name on January 17, 1882. In 1875, Marion incorporated as a city as a 3rd class city, later in 1888 it became a 2nd class city.
As early as 1875, city leaders of Marion held a meeting to consider a branch railroad from Florence. In 1878, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and parties from Marion County and McPherson County chartered the Marion and McPherson Railway Company. In 1879, a branch line was built from Florence to McPherson, in 1880 it was extended to Lyons, in 1881 it was extended to Ellinwood. The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The line from Florence to Marion, was abandoned in 1968. In 1992, the line from Marion to McPherson was sold to Central Kansas Railway. In 1993, after heavy flood damage, the line from Marion to McPherson was abandoned. The original branch line connected Florence, Marion, Canada, Hillsboro, Lehigh, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Conway, Windom, Little River, Mitchell, Lyons, Chase, Ellinwood. Later, the Santa Fe depot building was converted into the Marion Library. Most locals still refer to this railroad as the "Santa Fe".
In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a branch line north-south from Herington through Marion to Caldwell. It foreclosed in 1891 and was taken over by Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, which shut down in 1980 and reorganized as Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas Railroad, merged in 1988 with Missouri Pacific Railroad, and finally merged in 1997 with Union Pacific Railroad. Most locals still refer to this railroad as the "Rock Island".
In 1889, the Marion Belt and Chingawasa Springs Railroad built a railroad from Marion north-east to Chingawasa Springs. A hotel was built near the site of the spa at Chingawasa Springs, and a depot and eatery as well. Both Santa Fe and Rock Island offered round trip fares from Chicago and western cities to Chingawasa Springs. An economic panic in 1893 closed down the health spa and hotel, and quarry business along the tracks never developed sufficiently. In 1893, the railroad ceased operations, and tracks were removed in 1910.
20th century
The National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, was established in 1912, and was routed through Lehigh, Hillsboro, Marion and Lost Springs.
In 1937, the Marion County Lake was completed by the Civilian Conservation Corps south-east of Marion for the purpose of recreation. There were numerous floods during the early history of Marion. In June and July 1951, due to heavy rains, rivers and streams flooded numerous cities in Kansas, including Marion. Many reservoirs and levees were built in Kansas as part of a response to the Great Flood of 1951. From 1964 to 1968, the Marion Reservoir was constructed north-west of Marion. Downstream from the Marion Reservoir, levees were built in the low areas of Marion and Florence.
21st century
2023 newspaper raid
In August 2023, Marion County police raided the newspaper Marion County Record, its owners, and a local city council member after the police had become aware that the paper had received evidence, from a confidential source, that a local business owner had a drunk driving conviction and continued to drive without a license.
Geography
Marion is located in the scenic Flint Hills and Great Plains of the state of Kansas. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.
Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Marion has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
Demographics
2010 census
At the 2010 census, there were 1,927 people, 846 households, and 514 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 973 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.6% White, 0.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.
There were 846 households, of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.2% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.90.
The median age was 44 years. 24.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.5% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64; and 23% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.
2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 2,110 people, 859 households and 556 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 968 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.58% White, 0.05% African American, 0.81% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.24% from other races, and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.37% of the population.
There were 859 households, of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.94.
25.5% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 22.8% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 26.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.0 males.
The median household income was $32,125 and the median family income was $42,202. Males had a median income of $30,907 compared with $23,929 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,464. About 5.3% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.5% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.
Arts and culture
Area events
Chingawassa Days Festival
Old Settler's Day
Art in the Park and Craft Show
Area attractions
Marion has five listings on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
Elgin Hotel (NRHP), 115 North 3rd Street. Currently a Bed and Breakfast.
First Presbyterian Church (NRHP), 610 East Lawrence Street.
Hill Grade School (NRHP), 601 East Main Street.
Marion County Courthouse (NRHP), 200 South 3rd Street.
Marion County Museum, 623 East Main Street. Formerly the First Baptist Church from 1882 to mid-1950s.
Nearby recreational areas:
Marion County Lake, southeast of Marion, east of Marion on 190th Street (Main) then south on Upland Road.
Marion Reservoir, northwest of Marion, exists along US-56 (closest to farthest): Marion cove and Cottonwood Point cove (Pawnee Road), Overlook and Dam (Old Mill Road), Hillsboro cove (Nighthawk Road), French Creek cove (Limestone Road).
Government
City
The Marion government consists of a mayor and four council members. The city council meets every other Monday at 4:30pm.
City Hall – 208 E. Santa Fe St.
Police Department – 112 N. 5th St. As of August 2023, the police department had five full time members.
Fire Department – 114 N. 5th St.
County
Marion County Courthouse – 203 S. 4th St.
U.S.
U.S. Post Office – 423 E. Main St.
U.S. Consolidated Farm Service Agency – 301 N. Eisenhower Dr.
Education
Public schools
The community is served by Marion–Florence USD 408 public school district. The high school is a member of T.E.E.N., a shared video teaching network between five area high schools.
Marion High School (Kansas), 701 E Main St.
Marion Middle School, 125 S Lincoln St.
Marion Elementary School, 1400 E Lawrence St.
Library
Each USD 408 school has a library for student access. The city is served by the Marion City Library at 101 Library Street. The library is a member of the North Central Kansas Libraries System, which provides an inter-library book loan service between its members.
Media
Print
Marion County Record, official newspaper for City of Marion and Marion County.
Hillsboro Free Press, free newspaper for greater Marion County area.
Radio
Marion is served by numerous radio stations from the Wichita-Hutchinson listening market area, and satellite radio. (See Media in Wichita, Kansas.)
Television
Marion is served by over-the-air ATSC digital TV of the Wichita-Hutchinson viewing market area, cable TV, and satellite TV. (See Media in Wichita, Kansas.)
Infrastructure
Transportation
U.S. Route 56 runs along the city's northern side, and U.S. Route 77 is east of the city. Kansas Highway 256 runs through the center of town as Main Street, past the east end business section, Marion High School and the downtown business district. A regional Kansas Department of Transportation office is located on the north side of Marion at the corner of U.S. Route 56 and Cedar Street.
The Oklahoma Kansas Texas (OKT) line of the Union Pacific Railroad runs north-south through the city.
Marion Municipal Airport, FAA:43K, is located south-east of Marion and centered at .
Notable people
Randolph Carpenter (1894–1956), U.S. Representative from Kansas and a U.S. Army World War I veteran.
Charlie Faust (1880–1915), Major League baseball player
Beverly Hoch (born 1951), soprano
Edward Hoch (1849–1925), Kansas House of Representatives, 17th Governor of Kansas, editor of Marion County Record, Hoch Auditoria at University of Kansas was named after him.
Homer Hoch (1879–1949), U.S. Congressman, member of Kansas Supreme Court, lawyer, editor of Marion County Record
Tex Jones (1885–1938), Major League baseball player
Eric Meyer (born 1953), journalism professor at University of Illinois, Pulitzer Prize nominee, president and majority owner of Hoch Publishing Co (in Marion)
Fay Moulton (1876–1945), Olympic sprinter, football player and coach, lawyer; served as fifth head football coach at Kansas State Agricultural College (Kansas State University)
Samuel Peters (1842–1910), Captain in Union Army (1861–1865), lawyer, Kansas State Senator (1874–1875), Judge of 9th District (1875–1883), U.S. House of Representatives (1883–1891), newspaper editor
William Runyan (1870–1957), preacher, composer of "Great Is Thy Faithfulness"
Carla Stovall (born 1957), Kansas Attorney General
See also
Cottonwood River and Great Flood of 1951
Historical Maps of Marion County, Kansas
National Old Trails Road
National Register of Historic Places listings in Marion County, Kansas
References
Further reading
External links
Marion - Directory of Public Officials, League of Kansas Municipalities
Historic Images of Marion, Special Photo Collections at Wichita State University Library
Marion city map, KDOT
Cities in Kansas
County seats in Kansas
Cities in Marion County, Kansas
Populated places established in 1860
1860 establishments in Kansas Territory |
Elections to Cumbria County Council were held on 4 May 1989. This was on the same day as other UK county council elections. The whole council of 83 members was up for election and the council remained under no overall control.
Results
References
Cumbria
1989
1980s in Cumbria |
Indrajaalam () is a 1990 Indian Malayalam-language crime thriller film produced and directed by Thampi Kannanthanam and written by Dennis Joseph. The film stars Mohanlal, Rajan P. Dev and Geetha, with music composed by S. P. Venkatesh. It was released on 3 September 1990. The Film became major commercial success and was major breakthrough for Rajan P Dev for his villain character Carlos.
Plot
The plot revolves around the uprising of an underworld gangster.
Cast
Mohanlal as Kannan Nair
Sreeja as Vinu, Kannan's love interest
Rajan P. Dev as Carlos
Geetha as Jayanthi
A. T. Jose IPS (Retd) as Commissioner David
Vijayan Karote as Home minister K. G. Menon
Anupam Kher as Maharashtra Chief Minister
Vijayaraghavan as Thankappan
Mohan Jose as Michael
Jose Prakash as Baba
K. P. A. C. Sunny as Adv.Narayana Swamy
Sathaar as Chandrakumar
Kunchan as Appu
Prathapachandran as Baburaj
Sainuddin as Kuttan
Meenakumari as Mariyamma
Balan K. Nair as Ayyappan Nair
Ravi Menon as Ravi, Press Photographer
Production
Action choreographer Sham Kaushal debuted with this film, who signed on in May 1990. One of Dennis Joseph's acquittances, Kennedy had recommended Rajan P. Dev to him after the success of the theatre play Kattukuthira. Thilakan was initially considered for the role of Carlos. However, they then decided to cast a new actor for the role. When they contacted Nana magazine, they recommended Rajan P. Dev for the role and he was eventually cast. Filming took place mostly in Bombay.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by S. P. Venkatesh.
Release and reception
Indrajaalam was released on 3 September 1990, Onam day. N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express wrote, "High-speed cameras, sensitive film, innovative choreography of action and use of newfangled props have helped in this direction". Despite facing competition from three other Onam releases – Arhatha, Iyer the Great and Oliyampukal – it emerged the bigger success.
References
External links
1990 crime thriller films
1990 films
1990s Malayalam-language films
Films about organised crime in India
Indian crime thriller films
Indian gangster films
Films shot in Mumbai
Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police
Films directed by Thampi Kannanthanam |
Antaramena is a municipality in Ihorombe Region in central Madagascar.
It is connected with Ihosy in the west, and Farafangana in the east by the largely unpaved Route nationale 27.
Populated places in Ihorombe |
The 1961 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University during the 1961 NCAA University Division football season. The Bears were led by third-year head coach John Bridgers and played their home games at Baylor Stadium in Waco, Texas. They competed as members of the Southwest Conference, finishing in sixth with a regular season record of 5–5 (2–5 SWC). Baylor was invited to the first Gotham Bowl, where they beat the previously-undefeated Utah State Aggies, 24–9.
Schedule
References
Baylor
Baylor Bears football seasons
Baylor Bears football |
Phanerosteon is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish from the Carboniferous period. The type species, P. mirabile, was recovered from the Calciferous sandstone series (Pennsylvanian), Scotland. A second species, P. phonax was described from the Serpukhovian aged Bear Gulch Limestone lagerstätte in Montana, United States.
See also
Prehistoric fish
List of prehistoric bony fish
References
Palaeonisciformes
Carboniferous bony fish
Carboniferous Scotland
Carboniferous Montana |
NFC Employees Cooperative Housing Society or NFCHS is a housing estate located within union council 144 (Haloke), Constituency NA-134 , in the administrative town of Nishtar of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
History
The housing estate was founded by the employees of the National Fertilizer Corporation of Pakistan. NFCHS is divided into NFCHS I and NFCHS II. NFCHS I is a beautifully planned town managed and controlled by the executive committee of society elected after every 3 years by the residents of society via elections. The estate is divided into 4 portions called "Blocks" (Block A, Block B, Block C and Block D). Plot cutting is in 4 Kanals, 2 Kanals, 1 Kanal and 10 Marlas with separate roads, avenues And streets respectively. Society has 2 Jamia Mosques, market area, civic centre, a monumental central park with 10 mini parks, wide roads, public and private transport facility, proper water and sanitation system, State of the art street lights, 24/7 fool proof security and direct approach to M-2 motorway.
Location
It is surrounded by WAPDA Town , Valancia and Tariq Gardens.
The objectives of society include the promotion of economic interests of its members and providing them with the highest level of quality life.
External links
NFC Lahore Official Site
Nishtar Town
Company towns in Pakistan |
The Little Nine Partners Patent was a land patent granted in 1706 in Dutchess County, New York, United States. It was the last of fourteen patents granted between 1685 and 1706 which came to cover the entirety of historic Dutchess County (which until 1812 included today's Putnam County).
The first ten, granted between 1685 and 1697, covered almost all of Hudson River shoreline in the original county, with three - Rombouts, the Great Nine Partners, and Philipse Patents, extending significantly inland. The eleventh, and smallest, Cuyler, 1697, was the first to contain solely inland territory, just in from the Hudson. The twelfth, and next smallest, Fauconnier, in 1703, completed the Hudson River shoreline. The last two, Beekman, 1705, and the Little Nine Partners, 1706, laid claim to the remaining interior lands.
History
The patent was located in the northern part of the county, and comprises all or parts of the modern towns of Milan, Pine Plains, and North East. Roughly triangular in shape, it was bounded on the north by Columbia County, on the south by the Great Nine Partners Patent (1697) and on the west by the Schuyler (1686) and Rhinebeck (1697) patents. Its eastern boundary was the area known as The Oblong, a narrow strip of land along the eastern edge of Dutchess County, bordering the state of Connecticut.
Partners
There were eight original patentees of the Little Nine Partners Patent:
Sampson Broughton
Rip Van Dam
Thomas Wenham
Roger Mompesson
Peter Fauconier
Augustine Graham
Richard Sackett
Robert Lurting
George Clarke subsequently bought a ninth share, becoming the ninth partner, but not a patentee.
Allocation
Although awarded in 1706, it was not until 1744 that the allocation of each of the nine partners was associated with a specific lot through a Dutchess County Court process that involved a lottery system, drawn by "two boys...under the age of sixteen."
See also
Great Nine Partners Patent
Rombout Patent
Dutchess County land patents
Philipse Patent
External links
Little Nine Partners Historical Society
Historic map
References
Pre-statehood history of New York (state)
History of the Thirteen Colonies
1706 in the Province of New York |
The 1955 North Dakota State Bison football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota State University during the 1955 college football season as a member of the North Central Conference. In their second year under head coach Del Anderson, the team compiled a 0–9 record.
Schedule
References
North Dakota State
North Dakota State Bison football seasons
College football winless seasons
North Dakota State Bison football |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP+)}}
In enzymology, a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP+) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-6,9alpha-epoxy-11alpha,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13- dienoate + NADP+ (5Z,13E)-6,9alpha-epoxy-11alpha-hydroxy-15-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADPH + H+
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are (5Z,13E)-(15S)-6,9alpha-epoxy-11alpha,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-, dienoate, and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are (5Z,13E)-6,9alpha-epoxy-11alpha-hydroxy-15-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate, NADPH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (5Z,13E)-(15S)-6,9alpha-epoxy-11alpha,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoa te:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include prostacyclin dehydrogenase, PG I2 dehydrogenase, prostacyclin dehydrogenase, NADP+-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin (prostacyclin) dehydrogenase, NADP+-dependent PGI2-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP+).
References
EC 1.1.1
NADPH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
Tandi Iman Dupree (August 14, 1978 – December 31, 2005) was an American drag queen best known for her "Wonder Woman" performance at the Miss Gay Black America pageant in 2001, the video of which went on to become an Internet viral hit after it was uploaded to YouTube in 2005.
Biography
Dupree was born and raised in Memphis, Tennessee. Dupree began her dance career in high school when she was co-captain of the majorette squad until her graduation. She first began competing at the N-Cognito nightclub in Memphis, where she created original routines with other dancers in the area. Dupree's drag mother was Tamisha Iman. Dupree died from complications of AIDS in December 2005, without achieving her dream of winning the Miss Gay Black America pageant.
2001 Miss Gay Black America pageant
At the 2001 Miss Gay Black America pageant, Dupree and her dance partner Dee St. James performed a routine to the song "Holding Out for a Hero" by Bonnie Tyler. During the performance, Dupree was dressed as Wonder Woman, with St. James dressed as Superman. Dupree notably entered the performance by dropping from the ceiling, landing on the stage in a split. In 2009, this video was uploaded to YouTube, where it went viral.
Accolades
Jake Coyle, an entertainment reporter for The Associated Press, described Dupree’s stage entrance at the 2001 pageant as the greatest entrance of all time.
The Dallas Voice expressed admiration for Dupree’s performance at the 2001 pageant, particularly describing the stage entrance as the "Best Drag Queen Entrance Ever."
Influence on popular culture
Dupree's performance at the 2001 pageant inspired a tribute on the television series Glee, where Kitty Wilde began her dance performance to "Holding Out for a Hero" by landing on the floor in a split, an imitation of Dupree's performance at the 2001 pageant. In its review of the Glee episode, Out magazine referred to Dupree's stage entry as an "epic entrance."
Dupree's performance was referenced in episode three of the thirteenth season of RuPaul's Drag Race, in which Dupree's drag mother, Tamisha Iman, is a competitor. Kate Kulzick of The AV Club described the acknowledgement of Dupree's legacy as "wonderful to see".
References
External links
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Tandi-Iman-Dupree/20017684966
African-American drag queens
American drag queens
1978 births
2005 deaths
AIDS-related deaths in the United States
American female dancers
20th-century American dancers
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American women
21st-century American LGBT people |
LAD Square is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the Aqua Line of Nagpur Metro in Nagpur, India. It was opened on 22 October 2020.
Station Layout
Entry/Exit
See also
Nagpur
Maharashtra
List of Nagpur Metro stations
Rapid transit in India
References
Nagpur Metro stations
Railway stations in India opened in 2020 |
16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione (16α-OH-A4), also known as 16α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, is an endogenous and naturally occurring steroid and metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of estriol during pregnancy. It is produced from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is converted into 16α-hydroxy-DHEA sulfate, then desulfated and aromatized into 16α-hydroxyestrone, and finally converted into estriol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
See also
15α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone
Androstenedione
11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
References
Androstanes
Steroid hormones |
Awl may refer to:
Tools
Bradawl, a woodworking hand tool for making small holes
Scratch awl, a woodworking layout and point-making tool used to scribe a line
Stitching awl, a tool for piercing holes in a variety of materials such as leather or canvases
Biology
Butterfly species called "awl", of the family Hesperiidae
Awls, genus Hasora
Awl-flies, family Xylophagidae
Awl nematode, or genus Dolichodorus
People
Aime M. Awl (1887–1973), American scientific illustrator
Farah Awl (1937–1991), Somali writer
William Maclay Awl (1799–1876), American psychiatrist and politician
Other uses
AA-4 'Awl', the NATO reporting name for the Raduga K-9 air-to-air missile
Academic Word List, a word frequency list from a broad range of academic texts
Alliance for Workers' Liberty, a Trotskyist group in Britain
Arizona Winter League, a former instructional baseball league
The Awl, a current events and culture website in New York City
Statement List (German: Anweisungsliste (AWL)), an instruction list language of Siemens
Alas Nacionales, a former airline, ICAO airline code AWL
See also
Owl (disambiguation)
Aul, a type of fortified village found throughout the Caucasus mountains and Central Asia
Ahlspiess or awl pike, a 15th–16th century thrusting spear |
Julie Alexander (born November 23, 1962) is a current member of the Michigan House of Representatives from the 64th District. The 64th District comprises the City of Jackson, along with the townships of Concord, Hanover, Napoleon, Pulaski, Sandstone, Spring Arbor and Summit.
Biography
Before serving as a representative, Alexander served as a middle school teacher for nine years and an adult education teacher for thirteen years. Alexander also served three terms on the Jackson County Board of Commissioners.
Alexander and her husband currently operate a third-generation farm in Hanover, Michigan.
Electoral history
References
Living people
Republican Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
1962 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Politicians from Saginaw, Michigan
People from Hanover, Michigan
Women state legislators in Michigan
Western Michigan University alumni |
Yash Chopra (1932–2012) was an Indian film director and producer known for his works in Bollywood. Acknowledged as one of the greatest filmmakers from the country, he was credited by the media for "changing the face of romance to become a brand" in the industry. He made his directorial debut with the family drama Dhool Ka Phool, which was produced by his elder brother Baldev Raj. The film, released in 1959, became a commercial success worldwide and gave him critical acclaim. Chopra's next film, Dharmputra (1961), failed to perform well at the box office but won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. In 1965, he directed the drama Waqt about a family who are separated due to a natural disaster. A commercial success, it was one of the earliest Indian films to star an ensemble cast and won a first Best Director trophy for him at the Filmfare Awards.
The 1980s was the most unsuccessful period of his career. Following the failure of his romantic drama Silsila (1981), which he co-wrote, directed and produced, Chopra's popularity began to wane. According to his biographer, the British academic Rachel Dwyer, this was because action and crime films were more popular at the time while most of his films were romances. Chopra experimented with making two action films, Mashaal (1984) and Vijay (1988), which underperformed financially but were well-received by critics. Chandni was his only box-office success of the decade. Starring Sridevi in the title role, the film tells the story of a young woman who is accused of being responsible for her lover's accident. Chopra's career began to revive since its premiere in 1989; the film was named the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment at the 37th National Film Awards and considered one of his best films.
Chopra next directed and produced the intergenerational musical romantic drama Lamhe (1991). Although it did not succeed at the Indian box office, it proved to be a major commercial success in overseas territories. Parampara (1993) was the last film directed by Chopra but not produced under his company; reviewers were critical of it due to its clichéd storyline. The musical psychological thriller Darr (1993) and the romantic comedy Yeh Dillagi (1994)—both of which were produced by him, with Chopra serving as a director for the former—succeeded commercially. He later produced his son Aditya's directorial debut Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995), the longest-running film in Indian cinema history. Chopra's next film, the musical romantic drama Dil To Pagal Hai (1997), was a major commercial success and won the Filmfare Award for Best Film. After producing several films that performed well critically and commercially, including Mohabbatein (2000) and Saathiya (2002), Chopra returned to directing with the 2004 epic cross-border love saga Veer-Zaara, which critics lauded for its portrayal of India–Pakistan relations. The film won several best film trophies at major award functions, including that of Filmfare. Jab Tak Hai Jaan (2012) was the last film directed by him before his death.
Films
References
Bibliography
External links
Director filmographies
Indian filmographies |
Khadija Osman bey qizi Gayibova () (24 May 1893 – 27 October 1938) was an Azerbaijani pianist. From Georgia in the then USSR, Gayibova died in Stalin's Great Purge of the 1930s.
Early life
Khadija Gayibova (née Muftizadeh) was born in the city of Tiflis (present-day capital of Georgia). Her father, Osman Muftizadeh, was an Azeri Sunni Muslim scholar, while her mother hailed from the Teregulov family of Volga Tatar origin who settled in Tiflis in 1845. Gayibova was trained in piano while studying at the St. Nina Gymnasium for Girls between 1901 and 1911. After graduating at age 18, she married engineer Nadir Gayibov, son of Mirza Huseyn Afandi Qayibov and brother of Nigar Shikhlinskaya. For the next several years, she taught at the local Russian-Muslim school.
Career
She became known as one of the first Azerbaijani musicians to perform mugham (an Azeri folk music genre) on piano. In 1919, Gayibova moved to Baku with her family. She was one of the founders of the Azerbaijan State Conservatory in 1920. After Sovietization, she became head of the Department of Oriental Music in the Azerbaijan People's Commissariat for Education. During this period, Gayibova organized short-term piano and drama classes for women. In 1927, she was admitted to the Azerbaijan State Conservatoire specialising as a composer.
First arrest
In 1933, Gayibova was arrested and incarcerated allegedly for espionage and counter-revolutionary activity. She was released three months later and the charges were dropped due to lack of evidence. In the following year she was employed by the Azerbaijan State Conservatoire to research Azerbaijan's folk musical heritage.
Second arrest and death
Outgoing and social, the Gayibovins held musical "salons" for foreign visitors, many from Turkey, and also attracting musicians, poets, writers, academics, and artists to gather there. The salons began to come to the attention of Soviet authorities who viewed them in a political context, suspecting relations with the Turkish government.
On 17 March 1938, shortly after her husband's second arrest, Gayibova, now a target for spy allegations, was arrested once again and accused of maintaining links with the Musavat party. For the next five weeks, she was interrogated nine times, until found guilty on the charges of espionage. Gayibova did not plead guilty and according to her former fellow inmate Zivar Afandiyeva (wife of executed statesman Sultan Majid Afandiyev), while incarcerated, she believed that she would be exiled to Siberia at most.
However, on 19 October 1938, after a 15-minute final court hearing, Gayibova was sentenced to execution by firing squad. The sentence was carried out at Baku.
Exoneration
In 1956, at the request of Gayibova's daughter Alangu Sultanova, Gayibova's case was reviewed, and she was officially exonerated.
References
External links
Aida Huseynova. Contemporary Music Of Azerbaijan: Restructuring “Eurasian” Phenomenon. Princeton University Paper URL
"Politically Correct Music: Stalin's Era and the Struggle of Azerbaijani Composers," by Aida Huseinova in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 14:2 (Summer 2006), pp. 56–65.
Azerbaijani classical pianists
1893 births
1938 deaths
Musicians from Tbilisi
Great Purge victims from Azerbaijan
Soviet Azerbaijani people
Soviet rehabilitations
Soviet pianists
Soviet women pianists
20th-century classical pianists
Women classical pianists
Azerbaijani people executed by the Soviet Union
People from the Russian Empire of Tatar descent
Pianists from the Russian Empire |
Yannick Souvré (born 19 September 1969) is a French former basketball player who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics. She was born in Toulouse. She was inducted into the French Basketball Hall of Fame, in 2011. She was awarded with the Glory of Sport in 2013.
References
1969 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Toulouse
French women's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for France
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics |
The Australian migration zone is a legal device created by the Australian Government for the purpose of Australia's visa policy and immigration policy, as the territory in which Australia's visa policy applies. The Australian migration zone covers such Australian controlled territories as the government may determine. Prior to 2001, the Australian migration zone consisted of the mainland, as well as some external territories. Norfolk Island, for example, was not part of the Australian migration zone until 2016. Under Australia’s universal visa policy, a non-citizen must hold an Australian visa within the Australian migration zone. Without such a visa, or a bridging visa, the non-citizen is an unlawful non-citizen and treated as an "unauthorised arrival". However, the main effect of the migration zone is that unauthorised arrivals outside the zone have very limited access for review by Australian courts.
In the Australian government’s strategy to stem the flow of unauthorised arrivals into Australia, in September 2001, the government passed the Migration Amendment (Excision from Migration Zone) Act 2001 and the Migration Amendment (Excision from Migration Zone) (Consequential Provisions) Act 2001 which removed ("excised") a number of external territories from the Australian migration zone. The excised territories included Ashmore, Cartier, Christmas and Cocos Islands, which lie in the Indian Ocean between Indonesia and Australia. The effect of the change was to limit the ability of unauthorised arrivals arriving there, termed "offshore entry persons", to apply for a visa on arrival. However, the Minister was still empowered to grant a visa to such persons “in the public interest”. In 2010, a landmark High Court ruled that the processing procedures on Christmas Island were unlawful and unconstitutional.
After these territories were excised, increasing numbers of asylum seekers attempted to reach the Australian mainland by-passing those islands. To combat this tactic, on 30 October 2012, the Australian government excised the entire Australian mainland from the Australian migration zone. The objective of the change was to limit judicial review for boat arrivals. The legislation to excise the mainland itself from the migration zone was passed by Parliament on 16 May 2013. Before the excise, asylum seekers who reached the mainland by boat could not be sent for immigration processing to offshore Australian immigration detention facilities on Nauru or Papua New Guinea's Manus Island.
The excising of islands from the Australian migration zone was and remains a controversial aspect of Australian immigration policy. Refugee advocates argue that Australia is not meeting its obligations under international law to protect refugees. This was not accepted by the Howard government, which contended that international law obliged Australia to provide temporary protection only and not necessarily permanent settlement.
Effect on unauthorised arrivals
The Australian government claims that in the excised areas Australia has no obligation to grant asylum seekers a visa to settle permanently in Australia (as opposed to temporary protection). The main objective of excising areas from the Australian migration zone is to limit access of unauthorised arrivals to review by Australian courts. Asylum seekers who land in an excised area may only apply for refugee status with the UNHCR.
The Acts also included the powers to move unauthorised arrivals to another country where their claim for protection could be considered. Under this authority, thousands of asylum seekers have been moved to off-shore immigration detention facilities on Christmas Island, Nauru, and Manus Island.
In subsequent years, the government excised other islands, sometimes attempting to do so retroactively, after asylum seekers had already landed.
However, the Rudd government abolished the temporary protection visa scheme in 2008. The practice of diverting boat-borne arrivals to Christmas Island remained, effectively disallowing judicial review.
On 16 May 2013, the Australian Parliament passed an Act to effectively excise the entire Australian mainland from the migration zone.
Legal implications of excision
At times, there has been confusion over the effect on Australia's sovereignty over the excised area. Various constitution authorities have voiced the opinion that excising territory from the migration zone does not affect Australia's sovereignty.
The "excision" of areas from the migration zone has no effect on the rights of Australian citizens and permanent residents to travel to and remain in that area, and no documentation is required to travel between these areas and the rest of Australia. Nor is there any effect on the rights of those non-citizens who arrive in these territories with valid visas.
Bringing Norfolk Island within the zone
Norfolk Island, an Australian external territory, was brought within the Australian migration zone on 1 July 2016. From that date, anyone living on Norfolk Island needed to be an Australian citizen or hold a visa under the Australian Migration Act 1958, and all island legislation on the matter ceased to apply. The Department of Immigration and Border Protection became responsible for administering the system and non-citizen permit holders (except those holding visitor permits) or permanent residents of Norfolk Island were given comparable Australian visa categories. However, a new temporary visa, called Provisional Resident Return visa (subclass 159) was created for those persons who held a work permit for Norfolk Island, who were then only entitled to work on Norfolk Island, and not the rest of Australia.
See also
Visa policy of Australia
Australian permanent resident
Mandatory detention in Australia
Pacific Solution
Permanent Resident of Norfolk Island visa
References
External links
DIMIA - New Measures to Strengthen Border Control
DIMIA - 'Excision' Legislative Changes
Australian migration law |
Juan Guas (c. 1430-33 – c. 1496) was a Spanish artist and architect of French origin. He worked in a group of architects to create the Isabelline style. Born in Saint-Pol-de-Léon, he moved to Spain when he was young, and is often thought to have been Spanish. Among his notable buildings are:
Monasterio de San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo
Palacio del Infantado, Guadalajara
Segovia Cathedral - Guas worked on the original cathedral and his cloister and part of his facade were transferred to the new site and rebuilt next to Hontañon's cathedral church a generation later.
Castle of Belmonte.
Colegio de San Gregorio
Monastery of El Paular, Cloister.
References
Encyclopædia Britannica
1430s births
1496 deaths
People from Saint-Pol-de-Léon
15th-century Breton people
15th-century French architects
15th-century Spanish architects
Gothic architects |
Lucio Magri (19 August 1932 – 28 November 2011) was an Italian journalist and politician.
Biography
Magri was born in Ferrara in Emilia-Romagna, one of the most left-wing regions of Italy, but grew up in the strongly Catholic Bergamo, Lombardy. His first involvement in politics was as a member of the Christian Democrats, taking up positions firmly on the left wing of the party. However, in 1958 he was one of a number of Catholic intellectuals who joined the Italian Communist Party (PCI). In 1969, he was one of the founders of the far-left newspaper il manifesto, co-editing it with Rossana Rossanda. The newspaper's work was controversial with the Communist Party's leadership, and by the end of that year Magri had been expelled from the party.
He was co-founder (in 1974) and secretary of the Proletarian Unity Party (PdUP), which later merged with the PCI in 1984. When the latter renounced communism to become the Democratic Party of the Left in 1991, Magri joined the newly-established Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), founding an internal movement within the party whose structure recalled that of the PdUP.
In 1995 he left the PRC to form the Movement of Unitarian Communists, established to support a centrist cabinet led by Lamberto Dini. When the Movement entered the newly formed Democratic Party of the Left in 1998, Magri abandoned it, devoting himself only to il manifesto.
In 2009 he published an essay on the history of the Italian Communist Party, entitled "Il sarto di Ulm. Una possibile storia del PCI" ("The Tailor of Ulm. A possible history of the PCI"). In 2011, Verso Books published The Tailor of Ulm: Communism in the Twentieth Century. Reviewing the book, John Green praised it as 'an invaluable platform for understanding the apparent impasse of the present global and systemic crisis'.
In his later years, Magri suffered from depression, exacerbated by the death of his wife Mara in 2008. He chose to take up assisted suicide, passing away in Zurich, Switzerland. He was survived by a daughter, Jessica, and a granddaughter, Emma.
Gallery
References
Sources
'Retracing a Century', Review 31
External links
Official biography at Italian Parliament website
1932 births
2011 suicides
2011 deaths
Deaths by euthanasia
Politicians from Ferrara
Italian Communist Party politicians
20th-century Italian politicians
Communist Refoundation Party politicians
20th-century Italian journalists
Italian male journalists
Italian politicians who committed suicide
Suicides in Switzerland |
Ferry de Clugny, Cardinal and Bishop of Tournai (Autun ca. 1430 – Rome 7 October 1483) was a highly placed statesman and ecclesiastic in the service of the Dukes of Burgundy.
He was born at Autun, Burgundy, of a distinguished house that produced the marquises of Montlyon and Raigny. He was the eldest son of Henri de Clugny, seigneur of Conforgien and Joursenvault, a councillor of Jean sans Peur, duke of Burgundy, and his wife, Pierrette Coullot. At the University of Bologna he obtained a doctorate utroque iure, in both civil (Roman) and canon law.
Councillor and statesman in Burgundy
While still a young man he was a member of the grand council of Philip the Good, the reigning duke of Burgundy, and a maître des requêts in the ducal court. Asked by the duke to assist, representing the clergy, in reducing to writing the customary law of Burgundy, he was sent instead as ambassador on several occasions, notably to Pope Callixtus III (in 1456 with Geoffroy de Thoisy, seigneur de Mimeure) and with the duke of Cleves, to the Council of Mantua (1459), convoked by Pope Pius II, who was engaged in planning war against the Turks. Clugny obtained from Pius confirmation of the Treaty of Arras (1435) and of the acts of Pope Eugenius IV and his successors. Duke Philip agreed to promote him to the see of Autun or see of Mâcon, whichever became vacant first. Lieutenant of the chancellor of Bourgogne at the see of Autun, 2 December 1459. He was named Apostolic Protonotary.
He was one of the three Burgundian ambassadors sent to Louis XI of France in Melun in January 1465. After Philip's death, he was entrusted by the new duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, to negotiate the Treaty of Péronne (1468), to treat with Louis again at Noyon, and in 1473 to negotiate the Treaty of Senlis. He headed the Duke's grand council from 29 May 1473, and was named Chancellor of the Order of the Golden Fleece the following 15 September.
With the death of Charles the Bold, 5 January 1477, Maximilian received the vast Burgundian inheritance by right of his wife. In the transfer of power to the Habsburg, Ferry de Clugny was confirmed in his positions, including that of Chancellor of the Golden Fleece (10 December 1477), where he guided the new sovereign of the order, and as councillor.
Abbacies in commendam
Like all major prelates of the time, he held multiple abbacies in commendam, which supported him in his official capacities in a manner befitting his rank. Not all these benefices came to him easily: though he was elected bishop of Cavaillon by its cathedral chapter in 1467, the election was never confirmed, and in 1468, he was unsuccessful in getting appointed dean by the chapter of Amiens. Later, he was provost of the collegiate church of Saint-Barthélemy de Béthune, canon of the cathedral chapter of Cambrai, and archdeacon of Ardennes in Liège.
Patronage
His patronage of the arts must be assessed by a handful of survivals. On 7 November 1465, he obtained permission from the cathedral chapter of Autun, where he was a canon, to have a chapel built to be his sepulchre; it is called the Chapelle Dorée from the profusion of its gilding. For its painted walls he commissioned Pierre Spicre to provide figures of four Old Testament patriarchs, the four Evangelists and four doctors of the Church. In the Annunciation attributed to Rogier van der Weyden or one of his disciples, Hans Memling, that is now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ferry de Clugny's arms appear in the carpet and in the stained glass above the Virgin's head; it too must have been commissioned by him. At Bruges he commissioned from the illuminators Loyset Liéder and Liévin van Latham a richly illuminated pontifical with 95 miniatures and rinceau borders. He commissioned a suite of at least ten Franco-Flemish tapestry hangings of Illustrious Women, figuring among many armorials his arms and the cardinal's hat; eight fragmentary remains that survived the burning of the Château de Thénisset in 1791 are now at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Bishop of Tournai
Between 1410 and 1483 four presidents of the great council of Burgundy succeeded one another as bishops of Tournai: Jehan de Thoisy, Jehan Chevrot, Guillaume Fillastre, and Ferry de Clugny. Following the death of Fillastre, Clugny was elected 8 October 1473, with the consent of Louis XI, as was the king's right; he took possession the following 22 March and occupied the see until his death. In January 1484, in Brussels, he baptised Marguerite, daughter of Archduke Maximilian, future Holy Roman Emperor, and Marie, the heiress of Burgundy.
To Rome
Clugny was created cardinal in secret by Pope Paul II in May or June 1471; the creation was not published because of the unexpected death of the Pope. He was publicly created cardinal priest in his absence, in the consistory of 15 May 1480. He arrived from Flanders in Rome with his household, which included the composer Marbrianus de Orto, 3 June 1482. On 10 June, he was received by the pope, who gave him the red hat. On 7 October 1483 he died suddenly, of a stroke; on the following day, he was buried in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, far from the Clugny chapel that he had prepared at Autun.
Notes and references
Further reading
Pycke, J. "De Louis de la Trémoille à Ferry de Clugny: cinq évéques tournaisiens au service des ducs de Bourgogne (1388–1483)" Les Grands siècles de Tournai (Tournai) 1993, pp 209–238.
Ruysschaert, José, "La bibliothèque de Ferry de Clugny, évêque de Tournai (1473–1483). Un siècle de recherches érudites." Mémoires de la Société Historique et Archéologique de Tournai 6 (1989).
External links
"Autour des Messieurs de Clugny" Genealogical notices.
Rogier van der Weyden, Annunciation Commissioned by Ferry de Clugny.
1430 births
1483 deaths
People from Autun
15th-century French cardinals
Bishops of Tournai
15th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Holy Roman Empire
Officers of the Order of Golden Fleece
Apostolic pronotaries
Year of birth unknown |
Mihály Farkas (born Hermann Lőwy; 18 July 1904 – 6 December 1965) was a Hungarian Communist politician who served as Minister of National Defense of the Hungarian People's Republic.
Biography
He was born in 1904 in Abaújszántó to Jewish parents, in the Abaúj-Torna County of the Kingdom of Hungary, and became a Communist in the 1920s. He lived in Košice and Prague then. He fought in the Spanish Civil War; later he moved to the Soviet Union. He returned to Hungary in late 1944 alongside other Hungarian communists and became a member of the Central Committee, the Political Committee and the Secretariat of the Hungarian Communist Party from May 1945. In 1945 he became under-secretary of Home Affairs. In 1946 he was elected deputy secretary and became the chairman of the party's Management Committee.
He was Minister of National Defence from 9 September 1948 to 2 July 1953. He was one of the main instigators during the Rákosi era. In 1956 he was expelled from the party and convicted. He was released from prison in 1961 and spent his last years working as an editor and publisher in Budapest, where he died in 1965.
His son Vladimir was a colonel of the security police during the Rákosi era.
Awards
Order of the Hungarian People's Republic 1st and 2nd Classes (1949)
Order of the Freedom Silver Class (1945) and Golden Class (1946)
Order of Kossuth 1st Class (1950)
Medal for Public Security Silver Grade (1947, awarded for the services as Ministry of the Interior State Security)
1848-1948 Commemorative Medal
Medal "For the Victory Over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Merit of the Star of the Garibaldi Brigade (1945)
Military Order of the White Lion 2nd Class (1945)
References
Sources
Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000–1990
1904 births
1965 deaths
People from Abaújszántó
Jewish Hungarian politicians
Hungarian Communist Party politicians
Members of the Hungarian Working People's Party
Defence ministers of Hungary
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1945–1947)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1947–1949)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1949–1953)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1953–1958)
People of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Jewish socialists
Jewish anti-fascists
Burials at Farkasréti Cemetery |
To Get to You: Greatest Hits Collection is the second greatest hits compilation album by American country music artist Lorrie Morgan. It was released by BNA Records in February 2000. There were four new songs on this album - "Whoop-De-Do", "To Get to You", "If I Cry", and a live cover of the Sarah McLachlan song, "Angel". The only song released as a single was "To Get to You", which peaked at #63 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The album peaked at #21 on the Top Country Albums chart.
Track listing
"We Both Walk" (Tom Shapiro, Chris Waters) – 3:08
"Half Enough" (Wendy Waldman, Reed Nielsen) – 3:48
"Another Lonely Song" (Billy Sherrill, Norro Wilson, Tammy Wynette) – 2:38
"Whoop-De-Do" (Craig Carothers, Angela Kaset) – 3:29
"By My Side" (Constant Change) – 2:54
duet with Jon Randall
"Good as I Was to You" (Don Schlitz, Billy Livsey) – 3:28
"Go Away" (Stephony Smith, Cathy Majeski, Sunny Russ) – 2:50
"To Get to You" (Brett James, Holly Lamar) – 3:57
"One of Those Nights Tonight" (Susan Longacre, Rick Giles) – 3:51
"Maybe Not Tonight" (Keith Stegall, Dan Hill) – 4:09
duet with Sammy Kershaw
"I Guess You Had to Be There" (Jon Robbin, Barbara Cloyd) – 4:10
"Trainwreck of Emotion" (Jon Vezner, Alan Rhody) – 3:07
"If I Cry" (John Bettis, Trey Bruce, Brian D. Siewert) – 4:02
"Standing Tall" (Larry Butler, Ben Peters) - 3:03
"He Talks to Me" (Mike Reid, Rory Bourke) – 3:27
"Something in Red" (Kaset) – 4:40
"Angel" (Sarah McLachlan) – 4:33
Chart performance
References
2000 greatest hits albums
Lorrie Morgan albums
BNA Records compilation albums |
Herchen station is a through station in the town of Windeck in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The station was opened in 1860 on a section of the Sieg Railway, opened by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (, CME) between Eitorf and Wissen on 1 August 1861. It has two platform tracks and is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.
The station is served by the Rhein-Sieg-Express (RE 9), S-Bahn S 12 services from Köln-Ehrenfeld (Horrem in the peak) to Au (Sieg) and S19 services on weekdays from Düren to Herchen or Au (Sieg). The RE 9 and S12 services operate hourly, and the S19 services are less frequent.
Notes
Railway stations in North Rhine-Westphalia
Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn stations
S12 (Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn)
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1860
1860 establishments in Prussia
Buildings and structures in Rhein-Sieg-Kreis |
Amphimallon bruckii is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Greece.
References
Beetles described in 1879
bruckii
Endemic fauna of Greece
Beetles of Europe |
Sídlisko is a term used in Slovak () which mainly means housing estate. Other terms associated with this term are housing project, housing estate, settlement, or neighbourhood. In these housing projects, apartment buildings are built in the most of the sídlisko's area, most of these building being paneláks. Most paneláks were built by the socialist government of the former Czechoslovakia. Such buildings remain in these housing projects and many of them are being gentrified and painted vibrant colors today. These housing projects can be found in urban areas, as well as in suburbs. These housing projects were built to provide fast and affordable housing. Most of these housing projects are occupied by various different social classes. People living in these housing projects usually own their apartments, but some owners rent them instead, usually as private landlords, a legal concept similar to Section 8.
See also
Housing estate
Public housing
Subsidized housing
Affordable housing
Panelák (Czech Republic and Slovakia)
Panelház (Hungary)
Plattenbau (Germany)
HLM (France)
Million Programme (Sweden)
Khrushchyovka (former Soviet Union)
References
Slovak words and phrases
Human habitats
Housing
House types
Public housing |
Maksim Razumaw (; ; born 4 March 1977) is a Belarusian former professional footballer. Razumaw played for various Belarusian clubs till 2015, in 1997-1998 - for the Lithuanian club Kareda. After retiring, he worked as a youth football coach.
Honours
Lokomotiv-96 Vitebsk
Belarusian Cup winner: 1997–98
Gomel
Belarusian Premier League champion: 2003
Belarusian Cup winner: 2001–02
Naftan Novopolotsk
Belarusian Cup winner: 2008–09
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Belarusian men's footballers
Belarus men's international footballers
Belarusian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Lithuania
FC Vitebsk players
FC Gomel players
FC Naftan Novopolotsk players
FC DSK Gomel players
FC Smorgon players
FC Lokomotiv Gomel players
FC Orsha players
FK Kareda Kaunas players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Vitebsk |
At the Gates of Moscow 1941 (ATGOM) is a 1985 video game published by Strategic Games Publications for the Apple II, based on the board game of the same name.
Gameplay
At the Gates of Moscow 1941 is a game in which the battle between Germany and Russia from summer 1941 is simulated.
Reception
Lew Fisher reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "ATGOM is an excellent effort for the designer's first computer game."
References
1985 video games
Apple II games
Apple II-only games
Computer wargames
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games about Nazi Germany
Video games based on board games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Moscow
Video games set in the Soviet Union
World War II video games |
Sigmund Feyling (8 May 1895 – 1980) was a priest who served as a civil servant representing Nasjonal Samling during the Second World War.
He was born in Egersund. He finished his secondary education in 1916, took the cand.theol. degree in 1924, practical-theological seminary in 1926 and was ordained as a priest in the same year. He was appointed as a curate in his hometown in 1926, promoted to vicar in 1929 and dean in 1936.
During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany he joined the Fascist party Nasjonal Samling. In February 1941 he was appointed as deputy under-secretary of state in the Ministry of Education and Church Affairs, and his tenure which lasted until 1945 was marked by an endeavor to nazificate the Church of Norway. He issued Liv og lære (1937, reissue 1941), Kirke og stat (1941) and Kirkelig hvitbok (1942).
After the war he worked part time for the Inner Mission in Oslo between 1955 and 1964. He resided in Oslo. He died in 1980.
References
1895 births
1980 deaths
People from Egersund
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian priests
Norwegian civil servants
People convicted of treason for Nazi Germany against Norway
Members of Nasjonal Samling
Members of the clergy convicted of crimes |
is a Japanese comedian and singer who is represented by Ohta Production.
Saruganseki
Born in Aki District, Hiroshima, Japan, Ariyoshi formed the owarai duo Saruganseki with Kazunari Moriwaki in 1994. The pair became famous through the variety television show Susume! Denpa Shōnen when they were made to hitchhike across Asia, a task that was covered on the show for six months. They were so popular when they returned that when they published a book about their travels, it became a best-seller. When they released a single, Shiroi kumo no yō ni, it reached number three on the Oricon charts, with the album reaching number two. They even received a new artist award at the Japan Record Awards in 1997. While for a time they were earning 20 million yen a month (about $170,000 in 1997 US dollars), their fame did not last long, and the duo broke up in 2004.
Solo career
After his career went into decline, Ariyoshi's income reportedly fell to virtually nothing. However, he gradually began reappearing on television, now as a solo comedian noted for his poison tongue. His career really began to revive around 2006 when, on shows like Ametalk (hosted by Ameagari Kesshitai), he became known for giving mischievous nicknames to famous personalities. In 2009, public opinion research conducted by Oricon found that those polled considered him to be the number one "comeback" personality of the year. By 2011, he was ranked as the top television tarento in terms of number of appearances. He now hosts and have hosted several television shows, including Ariyoshi AKB Kyōwakoku with AKB48 and Matsuko & Ariyoshi Karisome Tenkoku with Matsuko Deluxe, and is a regular guest on variety shows like London Hearts.
As of September 2019, Ariyoshi has over 11 ongoing regular television programs in his name and as the MC and several other special programs.
Personal life
On 2 April 2021, it was announced that Ariyoshi had married the TV announcer Miku Natsume, who was the host on Matsuko & Ariyoshi's Angry New Party.
TV programs
Matsuko & Ariyoshi's Angry New Party (2011–2017)
Matsuko & Ariyoshi Karisome Tengoku (2017–)
London Hearts (2011–)
Ariyoshi-Kun no Shōjiki Sanpo (2012–)
Ariyoshi Japon (2012–)
Ariyoshi Seminar (2013–)
Ariyoshi Hanseikai (2013–)
Sakurai-Ariyoshi The Yakai (co-host with Sakurai Sho of Arashi, 2014–)
Ariyoshi Base (2016–)
Ariyoshiiieeeee! (2018–)
Ariyoshi no Okane Hakken Totsugeki! Kaneo-Kun (2019–)
Ariyoshi's Wall (2020–)
74th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen (2023)
Filmography
Films
Bubble Fiction: Boom or Bust (2007) – played a cameo role
Beck (2010) – played a cameo role
Television drama
Bengoshi no Kuzu (2006, TBS) – Shinpei Kozuka
Dubbing roles
Ted – Ted
Ted 2 – Ted
References
External links
Official profile Ohta Productions (in Japanese)
Japanese male comedians
1974 births
Living people
Japanese television personalities
Singers from Hiroshima Prefecture
21st-century Japanese male singers |
Matthew Frank Shaheen (born June 8, 1965) is an American politician serving as a member of the Texas House of Representatives from the 66th district. Elected in the November 2014, he assumed office in January 2015.
Early life and education
Shaheen was born in Virginia. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business economics from Randolph–Macon College and a Master of Arts in liberal arts from Southern Methodist University.
Career
Shaheen worked as a business executive at Hewlett Packard Enterprise. He was also a member of the Collin County Board of Commissioners. Shaheen was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in November 2014 and assumed office in January 2015. During the 2019–2020 legislative session, Shaheen was the vice chair of the House Urban Affairs Committee. Shaheen is the founder of the Texas Freedom Caucus, a legislative caucus in the Texas House modeled after the Freedom Caucus.
During the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, Shaheen endorsed Senator Ted Cruz.
Shaheen was viewed as a possible candidate for the Texas Senate in 2018, but opted to seek re-election to the House instead.
Shaheen supports a ban on Democrats being given committee chairmanships as long as the Republicans hold the majority of seats in the Texas House.
Electoral history
References
External links
Campaign website
State legislative page
1965 births
Living people
People from Plano, Texas
Randolph–Macon College alumni
Southern Methodist University alumni
Republican Party members of the Texas House of Representatives |
Karl Luick (1865-1935) was the de facto founder of the Vienna School of English historical linguistics, which was continued by Herbert Koziol and has been expanded, most notably and most recently, by Herbert Schendl and Nikolaus Ritt as the most recent holders of the "Luick Chair" in English historical linguistics.
Biography
Luick was born on 27 January 1865 in Floridsdorf, which is now part of Vienna. He died on 20 September 1935 in Vienna. Luick studied English and other languages at the University of Vienna, where he passed the examinations to be a high school teacher in 1888, received his doctorate in 1889 and his habilitation ("second book") in 1890, all from the University of Vienna. Before completing his doctorate, he spent some time in England and France, then became a privatdocent at the University of Vienna. In 1891, Luick had his habilitation transferred to the University of Graz, where he founded the Department of English, in 1893 a.o. Professor in Graz, the year he turned down a call to the University of Heidelberg. In 1898 he became Full Professor at the University of Graz, in 1900/01 Dean at that university. In 1908, he responded to a call from the University of Vienna as Full Professor. In 1915, he became a full member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and on 3 July 1925, he received a call to a newly created second chair of English Philology at the Berlin Friedrich-Wilhelms University, which he turned down. In 1926, he became rector of the University of Vienna. Luick was also a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences.
Academic work
His most important publication is his Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache in two volumes originally published in 1914 and 1921. In its 1964 edition by Blackwell Publishers, the work is still a key text in the field of historical phonology. Luick also published on English literate and German dialectology, above all the Austrian German dialects and the emerging Austrian standard variety of German.
References
1865 births
1935 deaths
Linguists from Austria
Historical linguists of English
Academic staff of the University of Graz
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
University of Vienna alumni
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Linguists from Austria-Hungary |
Christian Kit Goguen (born September 9, 1978) is an Acadian singer-songwriter/actor from Saint-Charles, New Brunswick. His work is mostly in French, but he also writes and sings in English.
Winner of the 2003 Gala de la chanson de Caraquet for singer-songwriter and best song, the first time that the competition awarded the two top prizes to one artist. He has since performed as a solo artist and as part of the musical revue "Ode à l'Acadie". He was also awarded the Prix Rideau-Acadie in 2006 and the winner of the competition "Le choix du future" organised by Moncton's CHOY-FM.
Christian has performed his own songs and versions of other well-known Acadian artists. He has performed in the United States, in Canada, Switzerland, Belgium, France, Spain, Burkina Faso. He regularly presents a Mi'kmaq version of "The Gathering Song" during his shows. His version of this song is part of his trademark, and shows the collaboration and friendship that has developed between the Mi'kmaq and the Acadians. He released his first self-titled album in 2005.
He studied drama at the Université de Moncton, did some acting with the Théâtre l'Escaouette in Moncton and on the television show Samuel, broadcast on Radio-Canada, the French CBC.
He has been a special guest at the East Coast Music Award Show, and has also been invited by Benoît Pelletier, to perform for the Premier of Quebec Jean Charest at the Salon Rouge in the National Assembly in Quebec City.
He is a singer on the Cirque du Soleil production Corteo.
References
External links
Biography
Myspace page
Official Website
1978 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Acadian people
Musicians from New Brunswick |
The Radio-Television of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (locally known as Radiotelevizija Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine or RTVFBiH for short) is entity level public broadcaster which operates own radio and television services in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity.
Services
The radio and television program is mainly produced in Bosnian and Croatian language. Headquarters of RTVFBiH is located in Sarajevo (along with national public broadcaster – BHRT and local public broadcaster TVSA). Television program initially aired on two television channels (FTV1 and FTV2). Since April 2003 the television program is reduced to one (under the label FTV).
RTVFBiH currently consists of two organizational units:
Federalni Radio – entity level public radio service () and
Federalna televizija – entity level public television channel ()
There is a public corporation in the establishment which should be consisted of all public broadcasters in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
See also
Federalni Radio
Federalna televizija
RTRS
BHRT
RTVHB
References
External links
Multilingual broadcasters
Television channels and stations established in 2001
Television stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Radio stations established in 2001
Mass media in Sarajevo
Publicly funded broadcasters
2001 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Government-owned companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Grevillea bemboka is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a restricted area of far south-eastern New South Wales. It is a spreading to erect shrub with hairy branchlets, egg-shaped to elliptic leaves and red or reddish-pink flowers.
Description
Grevillea bemboka is a spreading to erect shrub that typically grows up to high and wide and has hairy branchlets. Its leaves are egg-shaped to elliptic, mostly long and wide, the upper surface more or less glabrous and the lower surface covered with silky or woolly hairs. The flowers are arranged in cylindrical or dome-shaped clusters of 16 to 28 in leaf axils or on the ends of branches, each flower on a hairy peduncle long, the rachis long. The flowers are apricot-coloured in the bud stage, later red or reddish pink, the pistil long. Flowering mainly occurs from August to March and the fruit is a glabrous follicle long.
Taxonomy
Grevillea bemboka was first formally described in 2005 by Val Stajsic and Bill Molyneux in the journal Muelleria from specimens collected in the Bemboka State Forest in 1992. The specific epithet (bemboka) is a reference to the Bemboka section of the South East Forests National Park and is itself a corruption of the Aboriginal name bumbooke, meaning "moon rising in the sky".
Distribution and habitat
This grevillea is only known from four to six sites in the Bemboka section of the South East Forests National Park, where it grows in forest.
References
bemboka
Flora of New South Wales
Proteales of Australia
Plants described in 2005 |
Alpha Force is a series of novels written by Chris Ryan, formerly of the Special Air Service. The books are adventure novels aimed at teenagers. The eponymous Alpha Force are a group of five teenagers with unique talents, skills and personalities who were shipwrecked together in the first book, Survival, and after being forced to work together as a team, created strong friendships with each other. Every school holiday they meet up to complete different challenges to test all of their skills but always manage to get sucked into fighting wrongdoing because of their talents and inability to let injustice go unpunished.
Characters
Alpha Force, the series' protagonists. The name originating from the initial letters of the members' first names, it consists of the five main characters in the series, all in their teenage years. Hex had come up with the name in the first book, Survival, both in reference to the connection with the members' names, as well as the fact that "Alpha" is the first letter in the Ancient Greek alphabet, and indicates a new beginning.
Alex is a survival expert from Northumberland. He is described as being tall with long, gangly limbs. He has floppy blonde hair and grey eyes. His eyes are described as grey until the middle of the series, then they are described as blue. He was taught about surviving in different situations by his father who is a member of the SAS. Despite being rejected from the Army in Red Centre, he still has hopes of following in his father's footsteps. He rarely becomes agitated with people and he always tries to find a logical solution to a situation. He always carries the survival tin that his father gave him and is very attached to it. He is nominated mostly as a team leader by the other four characters, due to his survival skills and experience in the treacherous conditions which he routinely faces. Alex never mentions his family apart from his father, who he helped in Rat Catcher, and his mother; because of this, it is assumed that Alex is an only child.
Li is Anglo-Chinese, and a martial arts expert. Li is described as petite with long, silky black hair that she often ties in a braid. With her parents being zoologists, she knows a lot about nature and animals in particular. She constantly wants to prove herself and is caring but always take the opportunity to do something exciting and a little bit dangerous for the adrenaline rush. She has a fiery temper and is quick to want to fight injustice. She has strong will-power and is not one to give up easily. Li is also a very skilled free climber, although she briefly goes through a phase of Acrophobia in Hunted, after witnessing her former instructor cripple herself in a climbing accident. Li never mentions a sibling, so she is, apparently, an only child. She has a very close relationship with Paulo, which is suggested to be romantic in nature.
Paulo (Paolo) is a laid back Argentinian with curly hair and tan skin. He is the group's medical expert, has great mechanical skills, can drive many forms of vehicle, can pilot a helicopter and small plane to a certain degree, and has an affinity with animals, particularly horses. These skills come from him living on a large ranch in Argentina, since the size of the place can sometimes leave him days away from medical help, and requires him to utilize vehicles to get around the place quickly. Although he seems to be quite lazy, a new mission, an engine to fix or Li can always get him motivated. He is a big flirt and quite vain, but he is a well-loved character. Paulo is very affectionate towards Li and throughout the series there is an obvious relationship building between the two of them. Paulo mentions a few times throughout the series that he comes from a big family which seems to mainly consist of sisters, all being younger than he is.
Hex is a skilled hacker from "a rough part of London". He is described as having spiky brown hair and green eyes. He is brilliant at code breaking, bypassing most security systems and cracking into computer systems. This also gives him the ability to work things out when others can't, which once caused him to recognise that a supposed accident was actually an assassination. Even though he seems a "couch potato", Hex keeps himself very fit by going to the gym and jogging. Although he is often referred to by the name "Hex," this is actually his codename, and his real name is shown to be "Melvin," something that obviously embarrasses him. He seems to be attracted to Amber, although his first love will always be his palm top. In the books there are mentions of Hex being a loner and an outcast at school. He also mentions that he has a younger brother who, as he says in Survival, nearly got thrown out of school as he was being picked on by a teacher.
Amber is a rich girl, mentioned to be a billionaire from the United States - She has close cropped hair and dark skin as well as being described as very beautiful. She's a navigational expert, having spent years on her parents' yacht, and is a skilled linguist. She is a diabetic and after her parents were killed on a secret mission she had little will to live; but Alpha Force gave her new motivation. She used to seem rather snobbish, selfish and act very spoiled but as the books progress these qualities lessen, although she can still use that snobbish attitude on a mission. Her supposedly selfish and spoiled nature was later revealed to be because of her urgency over her diabetes. After saving his life at the end of Survival, she develops a genuine affection towards Hex, despite their previous enmity in A-watch. Amber's Uncle John Middleton is a recurring character; providing a base, new challenges and resources for the team. Amber is the only character whose family background is explicitly stated: she is an only child, whose only mentioned relative is her guardian, her Uncle John. Amber lives with her uncle and his housekeeper, Roseanne. Amber also cannot cook, as mentioned in Untouchable, although Hex is surprisingly good at it.
Personal Relationships within the group
Amber and Hex
Amber seems to take an interest in Hex, as evidenced in Hostage, first when Chris Ryan tells us Alpha Force, and Hex in particular, are the people she loved most. Despite their initial enmity in Survival (due to her parents' role in computer software, which conflicts with his hacker skill, as well their opposing backgrounds), she risks her own life to save his by swimming in shark-infested water to retrieve the antibiotics necessary to treat a Komodo dragon bite. In Blood Money, Li asks Hex and Amber if they have feelings for each other. Hex, embarrassed, refuses to answer unless Li balances in a handstand on a bed frame for a minute; halfway through, she is interrupted by an important discovery by Hex and loses her balance, so he never answers her question. And at the end of the book, Radha asks if Amber and Hex are married when he has seen them flirting with one another (page 312). In Fault Line, Hex writes something to Amber on his Palmtop, near death, but he deletes it before Amber can see. In Untouchable, when Hex is trying to find music on his palmtop to calm Alex down, we see that one of the albums there is named Amber, which seems to be another small indication he is interested in Amber. In Hostage, Amber kisses Hex on the cheek just before she gets taken hostage in the underwater mines. And in Desert Pursuit, Khalid can see straight through Amber, forcing her into admitting that she likes Hex. She can't let anybody know that she is affectionate towards 'Code-boy', so quickly refutes Khalid's statements, however both Khalid and Amber know that she does have a soft spot for Hex.
Li and Paulo
In Survival, both Li and Paulo take an interest in each other, flirting on occasion. Li is very desperate to find Paulo in Rat-Catcher and Paulo gets very angry and starts to beat Alex up when Li disguises herself as a boy to follow the notorious slaver known as the Scorpion in Desert Pursuit. More evidence of their relationship appears in Blood Money when Li tried to get Hex to admit his fancy towards Amber, by saying "you probably wish Amber was here instead of me," but Hex retorted with "you probably wish Paulo was here instead of me." Also, when they volunteer to build a school for an Indian village during Blood Money, they flirt with one another, flicking mortar playfully at each other, Radha comes up to them and asks if they are married. They were both very surprised at the question and they quickly denied it. In Desert Pursuit, Chris Ryan tells us that Paulo was more fond of Li than he cared to admit and he has been known to give her a fond smile
Alex
Alex doesn't seem to have any girlfriend in any of the books, considering there are only two girls in the entire group, both of which are more interested in the other two boys. In Survival, he kisses Amber after she gets medicine to save Hex, but this is the only indication that he has any feelings for anyone in the group.
Books
Survival (2002)
The first book in the series. A-Watch: an unlikely group of kids, are forced to work together to survive when they are marooned on an Indonesian Island. They unite their individual skills in order to keep healthy and survive. They face many dangers such as Komodo dragons, sharks, finding food and water and modern day pirates. Hex is scratched by a Komodo's teeth and becomes extremely ill and feverish. They find antibiotics on a pleasure boat captured by pirates. They and the pleasure boat family escape and are rescued by a helicopter. Their adventures have only just begun on their huge journey with alpha force.
Contains tips for surviving in tropical conditions.
Rat Catcher (2002)
Alpha Force go to South America to secretly take part in a covert SAS operation to catch an evil drugs baron. After seeing the huge number of children on the street they come up with a plan to try to get information about the drugs baron from them. Paulo goes undercover dressed as a street kid and becomes good friends with a young girl called Eliza. When some "adoption men" come to take Eliza to a "new home", Paulo, against strict instructions goes with Eliza to protect her. Paulo and Eliza soon find themselves in a difficult position when Paulo's cover is blown and the remaining members of Alpha Force go on a mission to rescue Paulo and Eliza from an inevitable peril.
Contains tips on surviving in mountain conditions.
Desert Pursuit (2003)
Undercover in the Sahara desert, the characters gather evidence of young landmine victims. But they end up racing across the desert when their friend is taken. Then they discover something worse - a gang of child slavers operating in the area.
Contains tips on surviving in a desert.
Hostage (2003)
Flying to Northern Canada to investigate reports of illegal dumping of toxic waste, they must dive into an icy river, cross the harsh landscape on snowmobiles and use their caving skills to complete their mission. But most of all, they need courage and determination when they come face-to-face with a man who is ready to kill to stop them.
Contains tips on surviving in cave systems.
Red Centre (2004)
Alpha Force are in Australia, helping with a TV reality show. But when Paulo spots a dangerous terrorist hiding out in a nearby town, events lead them into adventure as the terrorist seizes hostages and flies off into the bush. Supporting the Australian SAS, Alpha Force have to take action - even if it means flying into the full force of an out-of-control bushfire.
Contains tips on escape and evasion.
Hunted (2004)
Alpha Force head to Zambia to compete in an extreme sports contest. When they discover a horrifying threat to the local wildlife, they take action, only to find themselves facing a flight across the African plains, pursued by a group who are prepared to shoot to kill.
Contains tips on dealing with wild animals.
Blood Money (2005)
When Amber, Li, Paulo, Hex and Alex visit India to help build a school, they discover an abuse of human rights - the deliberate theft of human organs for transplant surgery. When a young girl is taken, Alpha Force must utilize all their skills to locate her before she is used.
Contains tips on street surveillance.
Fault Line (2005)
Alpha Force are in Belize for jungle survival training, but when they are caught in an earthquake tremor and must help a victim to safety, they find themselves at the epicentre of a massive quake. As buildings crumble, trapping people underground, and surface structures buckle, Alpha Force need all their courage and skills to help as many as possible survive.
Contains tips on dealing with an earthquake.
Black Gold (2005)
Alpha Force are in the Caribbean, diving, when a sudden oil spill draws them into a new mission. Having to watch out for assassins, sharks and the bends. All their skills - powerboating, scuba-diving and jetskiing - are needed when an underwater bomb explodes. An assassin's strike thickens the plot and worsens the situation.
Contains tips on survival in and around water.
Untouchable (2005)
In the Scottish highlands, Alpha Force are helping out on a survival outdoors adventure holiday programme for problem youngsters when they stumble across evidence of an illegal drugs laboratory, hidden deep in the moors of the Laird's land; Alpha Force take it upon themselves to sort out the drug issue themselves. Potholing, kayaking and racing powerful quad bikes across the moors, the team's expertise and individual skills are pushed to their limit.
Contains tips on standard operating procedure, used by alpha force.
References
Alpha Force, Chris Ryan
Novel series |
"Making Love" is a 1982 song written by Burt Bacharach, Bruce Roberts, and Carole Bayer Sager to serve as the theme song for the film of the same name in which, as recorded by Roberta Flack with Bacharach/ Bayer Sager producing, it played under the closing credits: a Top 20 hit single for Flack (who arranged the track), "Making Love" was included on the singer's 1982 album release I'm the One.
Background
Carole Bayer Sager was a frequent lyricist for either Burt Bacharach - whom she married in April 1982 - or Bruce Roberts but all three songwriters only collaborated on occasion: "Making Love" is the second and most successful of three charting collaborations for the Bacharach/ Roberts/ Bayer Sager songwriting team, subsequent to "Stronger Than Before" - #30 as recorded by Carole Bayer Sager in 1981 - and preceding the 1986 El DeBarge hit "Love Always" (#43).
In the late 1960s Burt Bacharach had regularly visited the Capitol Hill club Mr Henry's to hear a pre-stardom Roberta Flack sing, but "Making Love" marked the first time Flack had recorded a Bacharach composition: Flack's 1983 duet album with Peabo Bryson: Born to Love, would feature two Bacharach/ Bayer Sager songwriting/ producing collaborations: "Blame It On Me" and "Maybe". Flack would recall having had no preview of the song "Making Love" prior to recording it: (Roberta Flack quote:)"I just went into the studio, sight-read it, and I love the way it came out."
The song's lyrics "There's more to love...than making love" were prominently displayed on the poster and also newspaper/magazine promo ads for the parent film Making Love, described as the first mainstream gay-themed Hollywood production: commenting on singing the theme for a potentially controversial film Flack would state she "[could never be] afraid of singing a song about love...Love is universal, like music," adding: "I was so glad when that song charted." In fact the heavily hyped film proved to be a box office disappointment, largely leaving Flack's single to fare on its own merit: with no overt same-sex references in its lyrics Flack would allow that some fans of the song "did not know that the song was about love between two men" adding: "I would talk about it in my shows...about how love is love [whether] between a man and a woman, between two men, between two women." Apparently Flack was unaware that the lyrics are about the love between the male and female protagonists of the film, celebrating, after their breakup due to the man's coming to terms with his homosexuality, their ability to still love each other (But now neither one of us is breaking/ There's more to love, I know/ Than making love).
Impact
Overview
"Making Love" would return Flack - as a soloist - to the Top 20 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 for the first time since 1974: she had in 1978 reached #2 with the Donny Hathaway duet "The Closer I Get to You" and that same year reached #24 with the movie theme song "If Ever I See You Again" (not sung by Flack in its parent film). Another of Flack's more moderate single successes of the 1970s: her version of the Janis Ian composition "Jesse" which had reached #30 in 1973, served as the B-side of the "Making Love" single. Eventually ranked at #46 on the Billboard Hot 100 tally for the year 1982, "Making Love" was also a hit on Billboard magazine's Adult Contemporary chart (#7) and also on the magazine's R&B chart (#29).
Flack's followup single: "I'm the One", stalled at #42 on the Hot 100, leaving "Making Love" her sixth and final Top 40 hit although she would subsequently reach the Top 20 with two duets: "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love" with Peabo Bryson (#16/ 1983) and "Set the Night to Music" with Maxi Priest (#6/ 1991) which, with her three Donny Hathaway duet hits from the 1970s, would make Flack's overall Top 40 tally eleven hits.
"Making Love" was not one of Flack's major international successes, charting low in both Australia (#63) and Canada (#43) (the track did reach #22 on the Adult Contemporary chart for Canada).
Chart history
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Critical reception
Roberta Flack's recording of "Making Love" drew polarized critical opinion. The Washington Post music critic Geoffrey Himes considered that track's parent album: I'm the One, evinced "the mistaken notion that the slower and dreamier the song, the more profound it is", citing "Making Love" itself as the "worst example": "Flack whispers the maudlin lyrics [of "Making Love"] 'meaningfully' and the syrupy melody drags interminably." However, Chuck Graham of the Tucson Citizen characterized the I'm the One album as "sweetly tempered [with] moods...done in pastels [i.e. subtly]", deeming the track "Making Love" "an expression of adult confidence that overcomes the hurt of infidelity [whose] lyric is several steps above the usual level of pop songs." "Snicks" of the Logo TV site NewNowNext.com ranked Flack's "Making Love" at #12 on his 50 Movie Songs Of The 80s ranking, citing it as a "gorgeous ballad [that is] one of Roberta’s finest moments."
Other versions
The song has been covered by:
The Chi-Lites on their 1983 album Bottom's Up: the track served as B-side for the R&B chart single "Bad Motor Scooter" (#28).
Anita Meyer on her 1989 album Close to You - the most beautiful songs of Burt Bacharach.
Jaya on her 2011 covers album of mostly smooth soul hits All Souled Out.
References
External links
Roberta Flack songs
1982 singles
Songs with music by Burt Bacharach
Songs written by Bruce Roberts (singer)
Songs written by Carole Bayer Sager
Film theme songs
1982 songs
Atlantic Records singles |
Havank, pseudonym of Hendrikus Frederikus (Hans) van der Kallen (February 19, 1904 – June 22, 1964), was a Dutch writer, journalist, and translator. He published over 30 crime novels and is considered one of the founding fathers of the Dutch detective genre.
Biography
Van der Kallen was born in Leeuwarden and, under the pen-name of Havank, published over 30 crime-novels and stories, with as principal characters French police officers Bruno Silvère and Charles C.M. Carlier (the latter better known as De Schaduw, "the Shadow").
During World War II, Havank worked as an editor, and occasionally as a war correspondent, for the London edition of the Dutch weekly Vrij Nederland. Shortly after the war, he was invited to ghost-write the memoirs of Lieutenant-Colonel Oreste Pinto, the original spycatcher. These memoirs were serialized in the News Chronicle.
Havank also translated some 45 novels into Dutch, mainly those of fellow crime writers like Leslie Charteris, Raymond Chandler, and E. Phillips Oppenheim. Since the mid-1950s, his books were published in paperback editions with covers designed by the illustrator Dick Bruna. Havank is estimated to have sold more than 6 million copies in his lifetime. His books remained in print until the early 1980s when sales began to decline. However, they still are available in print-on-demand editions. To date, only two of the books have been translated into another language; both in German but published in Switzerland. After his death, an unfinished novel was finished and published by journalist Pieter Terpstra, who continued to churn out Havank titles under the name Havank-Terpstra.
Havank lived most of his life abroad in the south of France, on Majorca (Spain), and in England. He died of a heart attack back in Leeuwarden, less than thirty yards distance from his birthplace. The Dutch forensic system, , links criminals and their fingerprints via what is called a HAVANK number.
References
External links
1904 births
1964 deaths
People from Leeuwarden
20th-century Dutch journalists |
The Commissioner for Jobs and Social Rights is a member of the European Commission. The position was previously titled as the Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs, Skills and Labour Mobility until 2019.
The portfolio is responsible for matters relating to employment, social affairs, skills and labour mobility. It also includes the coordination of the European Social Fund (ESF), the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF) and the management of the EU Programme for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI), which brings together three EU programmes since 2014, namely EURES, PROGRESS and Progress Microfinance.
List of commissioners
See also
Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities
European Social Fund
European Year of Equal Opportunities for All
References
External links
Commissioner's website
European Commission's Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities
European Social Fund
European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF)
EU Programme for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI)
EURES – European Job Mobility Portal
Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities |
Hiram Mulero (September 16, 1983) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler. He is best known under his ring name, Hiram Tua, which he has used in several of Puerto Rico's promotions, including the International Wrestling Association, the World Wrestling Council and the World Wrestling League.
Career
Early career
Mulero began his career in the independent promotion, Caribbean Wrestling Association. His first gimmick being that of a Samoan wrestler named Airan Anoy Tua. It was in this company that he won his first two titles, the CWA Cruiserweight Championship and the CWA Tag Team Championship with Roger Díaz. Continuing to perform in the independent circuit, Mulero entered the Extreme Wrestling Organization, where he first adopted the ring name Hiram Tua. His gimmick was the "owner of space", which emphasized aerial style wrestling. He also wrestled in the Puerto Rico Wrestling Association.
Mulero debuted in the International Wrestling Association on November 4, 2005, wrestling against Díaz in a losing effort. His first win took place a month after in a mixed tag team match. He wrestled Díaz twice during the following month, losing both contests. Mulero's first singles victory was over Armando Gorbea on January 14, 2006. Throughout the rest of the year he continued competing on alternate dates, challenging cruiserweights with mixed results. On November he entered a tournament for the IWA Cruiserweight Championship, but was eliminated in the opening round.
At Histeria Boricua 2007, Mulero was teamed with Díaz in a 3 on 3 match. Due to their ability to perform flashy aerial maneuvers, Jack Melendez decided to book them as a tag team that eventually became known as Los Aereos. Mulero occasionally wrestled in single contests even winning the Hardcore Championship on January 27, 2007, despite being mostly a tag team contender. On February 3, 2007, the team was officially named following a contest with then main eventer Joe Bravo. The following week, Mulero dropped the title. In April 2007, Los Aereos entered a feud with NWA Tag Team Champions, Los Luchas. Their subsequent feud was with top heel faction La Revolución Dominicana, which saw them unsuccessfully challenging for the IWA World Tag Team Championship in a ladder match. In a rematch, Los Aereos won the titles. Los Aereos continued rising in the tag team division, eventually entering a feud with the Naturals, dropping the belts. After failing to regain them from the Naturals, they defeated Los Dueños de la Malicia, Dennis Rivera and Noel Rodríguez, for the first contenders spot, but once again lost the titular match.
On October 13, 2007, he won the Cruiserweight Championship, holding on to it until leaving it vacant. The angle with La Malicia continued until early 2008, when Los Aereos left the IWA following an event that broke the promotion's administration in two conflicting bands, Miguel Peréz against Mario Savoldi. Los Aereos remained inactive for several months, until Tua joined EWO for a brief stint. On October 31, 2008, they debuted in the World Wrestling Council. The team entered a short feud against The Texas Outlaws upon arriving in the promotion, which saw them lose a first contenders match for the WWC World Tag Team Championship. This was followed by a series of contests with Gorbea and Ricky Reyes, which saw both teams trade victories. Upon defeating Gorbea and Reyes in a rubber match, Los Aereos went on to unsuccessfully challenge Thunder and Lightning for the championship.
On July 26, 2009, Mulero turned on Díaz, adopting a heel persona known as "El Dueño del Espacio" Hiram Tua, a throwback to his EWO gimmick. He entered a feud with Díaz before joining Orlando Colón in a stable, which saw both of them portray a single character, La Pesadilla. Following Aniversario 2009, where Colón lost his mask, the two created a tag team that became known as Los Traidores. He continued to feud with Díaz, eventually being revealed as La Sombra. However, their partnership was short lived and Los Aereos eventually reunited as a face team. This was followed by a feud against Idol Stevens and King Tonga Jr., who had won the titles. Los Aereos won the Championships from them on April 10, 2010, dropping them back a three weeks later. The final match of this angle took place at Aniversario 2010, in which they were victorious. Subsequently, both were separated in order to pursue single storylines. Mulero feuded with José "Black Pain" Torres and Hideo Saito for the WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship, but eventually faded from WWC programming.
Mulero's next appearance was in the IWA, where he challenged Noel Rodríguez, losing an IWA Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship eliminatory. Immediately afterwards, he entered a feud with Eric Pérez, which extended for several months. On April 2, 2011, Mulero defeated Pérez to win his first IWA Undisputed World Heavyweight Championship. Mulero then joined a group led by Savio Vega, who invaded WWC's Aniversario 2011 in the first interpromotional angle between both companies. He held on to the title for four months, eventually entering a feud against an stable known as the Academy. At Summer Attitude, he dropped the title to Academy member and undefeated Intercontinental Champion, Chris Angel. Later in the same event, he was among the wrestlers that defended the IWA from a counter-invasion from WWC's talent. A month later, Mulero was fired from the IWA by Miguel Pérez as part of a storyline. He subsequently explained this action, stating that he intended to retire from the Puerto Rican circuit in order to pursue an international wrestling career. Mulero completed previous compromises with independent companies EWO and New Professional Wrestling to conclude his local run. He was ranked in the 150th slot in Pro Wrestling Illustrated's 2011 PWI 500, making him the highest rated wrestler that competed exclusively in Puerto Rico that year.
On November 11, 2011, he made his foreign debut for East Coast Professional Wrestling. Mulero won this contest, going over Billy Daly. He returned to ECPW on April 13, 2012, participating in a three-way match, he picked the pinfall following a shooting star press after throwing his second opponent outside the ring. In early 2012, Mulero became tied to Amaro Productions, who went on to form a stable that also included Díaz. He abandoned his local retirement for one night, briefly reforming Los Aereos in a charity card named "Un Junte para la Historia". Mulero returned to New Jersey in autumn, wrestling there for National Pro Wrestling Superstars on October 26–27, 2012. On his first date, he teamed with Frankie Flow to face a team known as Absolutely Latino. Mulero defeated "The Latin Lover" Chachi in a singles match the following night. On June 8, 2013, Mulero performed in La Guerra, an event held prior to the Puerto Rican Day Parade, defeating Bestia 666.
World Wrestling League (2014-2016)
Mulero returned to local wrestling on December 13, 2014 on Navidad Corporativa, aiding El Sensacional Carlitos, by attacking Mr. 450, but later turning on Carlitos by attacking him. On January 6, 2015 in Guerra De Reyes, he interfered in a match between El Sensacional Carlitos and Mr. 450, costing Carlitos the match by pushing the ladder and throwing Carlitos of the top rope.
On August 15, 2015, "El Sensacional" Carlitos and "El Dueño del Mundo" Hiram Túa faced off to determine the First Mega Champion of the TV of the WWL. Both Carlitos and Túa, launched their entire arsenal of movements. Túa ended up winning and being the First Mega Champion of the TV of the WWL.
Health issues (2018)
On September 26, 2018, Mulero announced that he was forced to take "Time Off" from Wrestling due to "health issues" which forced him to cancel appearances for CWA and CKCW among others. A reunion of Los Aéreos scheduled for November would mark his final match. On October 3, 2018, Mulero (who had back problems preceding his career).
With his future in wrestling still uncertain, Mulero saw action at Hugo Savinovich's MysterManía winning an obstentible opportunity for the Wrestling Superstar World Tag Team Championship along Star Roger. Mulero entered a hiatus while recovering from his back injury. His prognosis improved, allowing him to return to the ring.
CWA, OIL/GZW (2021–present)
Tua got medically cleared and joined the CWA full-time.
Tua restarted his rivalry against Star Roger, formerly known as El Sensacional Carlitos, which ended up with them teaming up to challenge the CWA Tag Team Champions, Los Fugitivos Alejandro Niche Marrero and Wilfredo Lynx Rivera. On CWA Aniversario 11, on July 20, 2019, The Aereos, Hiram Tua and Star Roger defeat Los Fugitivos and became the new CWA Tag Team Champions.
Mulero joined Organización Internacional de Lucha (OIL) as part of a heel group known as Black and White. When the administration splintered and several left to join Ground Zero Wrestling (GZW) in 2022, he was among the talents that migrated there, being placed in a feud with heavyweight champion Bryan Idol.
On Saturday, April 29, 2023, the CWA and CWS presented the first Tomás Marin "El Martillo" cup at the San Juan Bosco auditorium in Cantera, Santurce, where Tua returns to the CWA and defeats "El Mejor" Dimes to become CWA Champion for the first time.
Championships and accomplishments
International Wrestling Association (Puerto Rico)
IWA Undisputed World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
IWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Sensacional Carlitos
IWA Hardcore Championship (2 times)
IWA Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Council
WWC World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Sensacional Carlitos
Caribbean Wrestling Association
CWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
CWA Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
CWA Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
CWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Sensacional Carlitos
Championship Wrestling School
CWS World Championship (1 time)
United Wrestling Alliance
UWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling League
WWL World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WWL Television Championship (1 time)
Wrestling Superstar
WS World Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 150 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2011
See also
Professional wrestling in Puerto Rico
References
External links
Puerto Rican male professional wrestlers
Living people
1983 births
People from Guaynabo, Puerto Rico |
Camunda provides a workflow and decision automation platform offering process orchestration capabilities to organizations of any size. Camunda Platform comes from years of research and development including open source initiatives.
Camunda Platform ships with tools for creating workflow and decision models, operating deployed models in production, and allowing users to execute workflow tasks assigned to them. It is developed in Java and released as source-available software; the Desktop Modeler is licensed under the MIT License, other components under proprietary licenses. Camunda is present in North and South America, Asia, and Europe.
It provides a Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) standard compliant workflow engine and a Decision Model and Notation (DMN) standard compliant decision engine, which can be embedded in Java applications and with other languages via REST.
History
Camunda was founded by Jakob Freund and Bernd Rücker in 2008 as a business process management (BPM) consulting company. Over the next four years, Camunda built a consulting customer base of more than 250 customers.
On 18 March 2013, Camunda forked the Activiti project to launch Camunda BPM as an open-source project.
In 2017 and 2018, Camunda was named in Deloitte Technology Fast 500 EMEA. and in 2019 and 2020 was listed in Deloitte's Technology Fast 50 Germany.
In December 2018, Camunda raised 25 million in series A funding from Highland Europe.
In March 2021, Camunda raised 82 million in a series B funding round led by Insight Partners, along with series A investors Highland Europe.
In April 2022, Camunda released Camunda Platform 8, which incorporates Zeebe, a cloud-native workflow and decision engine.
Architecture
Camunda Platform is a lightweight, Java-based framework. It can be used as a standalone process engine server or embedded inside custom Java applications. It offers non-Java developers a REST API and dedicated client libraries to build applications connecting to a remote workflow engine.
Features
The Camunda Modeler desktop application allows developers to create and edit BPMN process diagrams and DMN decision tables. Created files are deployed in the Camunda Engines, which use a BPMN parser to transform BPMN 2.0 XML files, and DMN XML files, into Java Objects, and implements BPMN 2.0 constructs with a set of BPMN Behavior implementations.
Typical use cases for the Camunda BPMN Workflow Engine can be microservices orchestration and human task management.
The Camunda DMN Decision Engine executes business-driven decision tables. It is pre-integrated with the Workflow Engine but can be used as a stand-alone application via REST or inside Java applications.
Camunda’s additional web applications provide the following tools for developers and business users:
Operate: A tool for technical process operations enabling users to monitor workflows and decisions in production, to analyze and solve technical problems.
Tasklist: Allows end users to work on assigned tasks and provides additional visibility when using the Camunda Workflow Engine for human task management.
Optimize: An analytics and reporting tool to identify errors and bottlenecks in workflow processes.
Modeler: A collaborative modeling tool allowing multiple users to create, edit and specify BPMN process diagrams.
Console: Allows users to manage Camunda web applications or REST API users. Existing user management can be integrated via LDAP.
Clients
Camunda has been deployed in companies such as True Engineering 24 Hour Fitness, Royal Bank of Scotland, Lufthansa Technik, Zalando, NASA, Universal Music, AXA Insurance, Intuit, T-Mobile, Kühne + Nagel, Sparebank1 and Generali.
References
External links
Official website
JAXenter Innovation Awards 2016
Workflow applications
Cross-platform free software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Free business software
2013 software |
James McCarthy may refer to:
James McCarthy (bishop) (1853–1943), Bishop of Galloway
James McCarthy (footballer) (born 1990), Ireland international footballer
James McCarthy (Gaelic footballer) (born 1990), player for Dublin and Ballymun Kickhams
James McCarthy (oceanographer) (1944–2019), Harvard professor of biological oceanography
James McCarthy (rugby union), (born 1999), Welsh rugby union player
James McCarthy (sociologist) (born 1949), president of Suffolk University in Boston, Massachusetts
James McCarthy (surveyor) (1853–1919), Irish surveyor who mapped the boundaries of Siam in the 19th century
James F. McCarthy (coach), college football coach
James Francis McCarthy (born 1942), American Roman Catholic bishop
James P. McCarthy (born 1935), U.S. Air Force general
James William McCarthy (1872–1939), U.S. federal judge
James Joseph McCarthy (1817–1882), Irish architect
Babe McCarthy (James H. McCarthy, 1923–1975), American basketball coach
Sir James McCarthy (died 1824), governor of Cape Coast Castle
James McCarthy, villain of the Sherlock Holmes story The Boscombe Valley Mystery
See also
James MacCarthy (1945–2019), Irish artist
Jim McCarthy (disambiguation) |
Glaucoclystis immixtaria is a moth of the family Geometridae described by Francis Walker in 1862. It is known only from Sri Lanka, the Chagos Archipelago, Queensland and Fiji. It could prove to be more widely distributed, with populations in more seasonally dry habitats such as Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands.
Description
The wingspan is about 18 mm. Palpi with the second joint reaching slightly beyond the frons. Hindwings with vein 3 from angle of cell or shortly stalked with vein 4. Male lack secondary sexual characters on the wings. Adults are uniform fuscous, with a slight rufous tinge. The forewings have a subbasal black speck on the costa and an antemedial oblique series of three specks. The hindwings have a medial waved line and traces of a submarginal waved line. Ventral side whitish with fuscous margins. Both wings with postmedial black line found angled at vein 4.
References
External links
Moths described in 1862
Eupitheciini |
The 1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 36th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.
Pre-game
The Irish Civil War cast a shadow on the match — Kerry initially considered refusing to play in protest at the imprisonment of County Board chairman and republican Austin Stack. The Kerry team played a selection match between pro- and anti-Treaty players.
Match
Summary
Dublin won the final by two points, with a goal by P. J. Kirwan. Kerry had led 1–2 to 0–1 at half time with a goal from Brosnan but failed to score again in the game.
Joe Stynes, granduncle of Australian rules footballer Jim Stynes, played on the winning Dublin team that day.
It was the third of three All-Ireland football titles won by Dublin in the 1920s, which made them joint "team of the decade" with Kerry who also won three.
Details
Post-match
The 1923 final marked the end of the initial era of the rivalry between Dublin and Kerry. Dublin would not beat Kerry in the Championship again until the 1976 final. An attendance of 25,000 people was reported at the 1923 final. Dublin would not win another All-Ireland football title until 1942, the county's 19-year barren spell rivalled only by their team of the late 1990s and 2000s.
References
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, 1923
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship finals
Dublin county football team matches
Kerry county football team matches |
Persidi stands for Persatuan Sepakbola Idi (en: Football Association of Idi). Persidi Idi is an Indonesian football club based in Idi Rayeuk, East Aceh Regency, Aceh. They play in Liga 3.
Honours
Liga 3 Aceh
Champion: 2019
References
External links
Liga-Indonesia.co.id
Football clubs in Indonesia
Football clubs in Aceh
Association football clubs established in 1980
1980 establishments in Indonesia |
Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate (abbreviated to DOA5 Ultimate or DOA5U) is a fighting game in the Dead or Alive series, developed by Team Ninja, and released by Tecmo Koei for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in September 2013. It was followed by an Arcade edition later in 2013. It is the first arcade game to be released by Koei Tecmo since Dead or Alive 2 Millenium in 2000.
DOA5 Ultimate is an expanded edition of 2012's Dead or Alive 5, incorporating some features from the PlayStation Vita's Dead or Alive 5 Plus as well as additional content, including five characters that are new or returning to the series (including two Ninja Gaiden characters), a comprehensive story mode, as well as gameplay system tweaks and expansions, many of them in the online multiplayer tag team mode (including an introduction of two-on-two tag team battles). The game received generally favorable reviews.
A free-to-play cut version of DOA5 Ultimate, titled Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate: Core Fighters, was released on the PlayStation Store alongside the retail game. The arcade edition Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate: Arcade was released on 24 December 2013, distributed by Sega. 5 Ultimate was followed by Dead or Alive 5 Last Round in 2015.
Gameplay
Besides having fixed all known bugs, Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate adds new training modes from Dead or Alive 5 Plus: Tutorial (a training mode designed to practice key moves and strategies and consisting of the lesson part and the mission part) and Combo Challenge (a special training mode designed to learn and practice combos), as well as Team Fight mode where the players choose up to seven characters. A new gameplay feature, called the Power Launcher and working similar to the Power Blow of DOA5 (that can be used only once per round when the player's character's health falls below 50%), launches opponents high into the air, allowing more advanced players to follow up with a combo. Returning characters also gain new combos.
Some major changes were made to the Tag mode gameplay, which now features two-on-two tag battles in online multiplayer (introduced "due to high demand from DOA fans around the world"). Several of them are supposed to make the new tag team mode better suited for competitive play by high-level players, including a restriction to the amount of health that can be recovered by the character that is tagged out and stays in the background, and a new Tag mode specific attack, called the Force Out, which knocks the opponent's current character out of the ring and forces the opponent to use just the other tag partner for a period of time. The game also features many new tag poses and tag throws unique for various tag teams (depending on the characters that were chosen for the team), as well as new taunts and appeals. The developer Team Ninja also promised to smooth the online fights and shorten the match-finding wait times, while a new system of Character Points is supposed to let the players know how good their opponents are with the currently selected fighters (similar to Street Fighter IVs Battle Points), as well as their world rank.
Similar to in DOA5 Plus, the players are also able to choose their own custom music outside Dead or Alive series for the fights; Ultimate also features' the returning characters' past themes. The game comes with new costumes for all characters and includes some of downloadable content (DLC) costume packs from the original game (now as just unlockable content); the remaining DLC costumes (Costume Packs 3, 6, 7 and 8) are not included in the game but can be used with DOA5 Ultimate if they were purchased for DOA5. The game features a total of 231 costumes (more than twice increase from 114 alternate outfits in the original DOA5) that are to be unlockable using new system of Grade Points the players might earn by winning the matches as Prize Fighters in four levels (Bronze, Silver, Gold and Platinum).
Characters
The game adds five more playable characters to the original roster of Dead or Alive 5, for a total of 29 fighters. Three more characters (Marie Rose, Phase-4 and Nyotengu) were added to the roster later, for a total of 32.
New
Jacky Bryant, an American indy car racer, Sarah Bryant's older brother, and a new guest character from the Virtua Fighter series. He uses Bruce Lee's fighting style jeet kune do.
Marie Rose, a young Swedish maid who uses systema and servant of Helena Douglas. She is the new character in Arcade Edition in Japan. She was added to console versions in March 2014.
Momiji, a Japanese kunoichi and the Dragon Ninja clan's shrine maiden from the Ninja Gaiden series. She has become Ryu Hayabusa's disciple to learn unarmed combat and is using ninpo and aikijujutsu.
Nyotengu, a female tengu, who uses attacks similar to those of Tengu (Gohyakumine Bankotsubo) from previous games. She was added to the console versions in September 2014.
Phase-4, another of Kasumi's clones and a final version of Alpha Project, who briefly appeared in the post credit of the original Dead or Alive 5 Story Mode. She was added to the console versions in June 2014.
Rachel a human/fiend hybrid fiend hunter from the Vigoor Empire, and a friend of Ryu Hayabusa. She is another character from the Ninja Gaiden series. In DOA5 Ultimate, Rachel is a heavyweight power-type fighter of a weight class similar to that of Leon, and her fighting style is reminiscent of Spartan-458's in Dead or Alive 4.
Returning
Ein, the ninja Hayate's karateka alter-ego. He is a returning character from the earlier titles in the DOA series.
Leon, a former sambo practitioner from Italy who has become a close-quarters combat fighter. He too is a returning character from the earlier DOA games.
Development
Previously in 2012, the series' producer Yosuke Hayashi has stated they will not be releasing additional characters or stages as DLC for the original version of DOA5, as Team Ninja views it as unfair to players who cannot afford to pay for the DLC and because it will make it harder to balance the game. A teaser trailer showing Momiji in a new version of DOA5 was shown on April 28, 2013 at a Playse event in Tokyo. On May 8, Famitsu revealed it as Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate, set to be released sometime in fall 2013, and to include all of new content from Dead or Alive 5 Plus and to feature more characters and stages. Later that same month, the launch date was announced as September 3, 2013.
The game's director Yohei Shimbori said: "Since we launched Dead or Alive 5, we received a lot of feedback from fans around the world. DoA5 Ultimate is a reflection of that feedback we received." He added: "We received a lot of feedback on stages, and we've really heard our fans loud and clear on what they wanted." The most requested stages to make a comeback included the Forest and Lost World stages from Dead or Alive 3; another popular request was for a stage with an uneven grounding, resulting in the creation of the Desert Wasteland stage. Team Ninja has held contests to design DLC costumes.
Release
Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 was released first in North America on September 3, 2013, followed by Japan on September 5, Europe on September 6, and Australia on September 26. The official guide book was released in Japan on the same day as the game.
Promotion
It was announced that the game's Japan-only limited edition titled Kasumi-chan Blue & Momiji Red Package contains Dead or Alive 5 Original Soundtrack Volume 3, a set of 12 "I'm a Fighter" posters, "Kasumi-chan Blue" and "Momiji Red" 3D mousepads, Kasumi and Momiji themed playing cards, life-size tapestries and bath posters, and download codes for the "Ultimate Sexy" and "Idol" costume packs. The Kasumi-chan Blue and Momiji Red editions contain only either Kasumi or Momiji themed bonuses. A standard collector's edition includes a soundtrack CD, "Kasumi-chan Blue" 3D mousepad, Kasumi playing cards, and a code for the "Ultimate Sexy Costume".
Tecmo Koei Europe offered exclusive downloadable in-game costumes (the packs J-Pop, Schoolgirl and Bad Girl) as pre-order bonuses, making them available for the different characters depending on a given retailer: Kokoro, Leifang, Hitomi and Mila from GAME, and Kasumi and Ayane from Amazon. Exclusive costumes for Christie, Helena, Lisa, Rachel, Tina and Momiji were made available via indie retailers through CentreSoft.
In Japan, first-print copies of Tecmo Koei's Musou Orochi 2 Ultimate (Warriors Orochi 3 Ultimate) were bundled with DLC codes for special “Orochi” themed DOA5U costumes for Kasumi, Ayane and Momiji. Tokyo Game Show themed booth babe costume for Kasumi was released as a free downloadable content. Bonus DLC costumes for Ryu and Momiji were announced to come with the special edition of Yaiba: Ninja Gaiden Z.
Core Fighters
A free digital version of the game, titled Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate: Core Fighters, was released on the PlayStation Store alongside the retail version. Hayashi said he wants to introduce more people to the genre and make them interested, hoping it might help to bring back the fighting games' golden era of the 1990s. Soon after the announcement of Core Fighters, Namco Bandai announced and quickly released Tekken Revolution, their own take on a concept of a free-to-play fighting game.
Core Fighters features four playable characters (Ryu Hayabusa, Kasumi, Hayate and Ayane) and almost all of the game's modes, whilst additional playable characters (for $4 each) and the game's Story Mode (for $15) may purchased separately as DLC (Core Fighters is compatible with DLC costumes from DOA5, but comes with no free additional costumes). The digital version has only been announced for PlayStation 3, with an Xbox 360 release slated as 'possible'.
Arcade
Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate: Arcade was the first DOA arcade game since Dead or Alive 2 Millenium in January 2000. Arcade was released only in Japan December 24, 2013, running on Sega RingEdge 2 hardware and using use Sega's ALL.Net P-ras MULTI Ver. 2 content digital distribution platform. Arcade introduced new characters Marie Rose, Phase-4 and Nyotengu.
Reception
The game was received well by most critics, resulting in averaged score of 77/100 at Metacritic for the PlayStation 3 version, along with 75/100 for the Xbox 360 version. Famitsu gave it a positive first review and a total of 34/40 (9/9/8/8 out of 10 from the four reviewers). Eric L. Patterson of Electronic Gaming Monthly recommended Ultimate for new players, adding that "hopefully, both this full release and Core Fighters will help revive interest in the game's competitive scene." Hedi Kemps of Official Xbox Magazine wrote that "despite issues regarding its distribution method, DoA5 Ultimate remains a fun, gorgeous, and accessible fighter, made sweeter by the wealth of new content. There's no better time to hop into the ring."
Ryan King of NowGamer gave the PS3 version a score of 7.5/10, adding that "shallow but fun" Ultimate "has packed in a wealth of content alongside its solid fighting game core for a low price." Tom's Guide's Mike Andronico, who awarded both versions of the game four out of five stars, wrote that it is "a satisfying update to the DoA experience, for just $40," but cautioned that "casual fans content with last year's copy of Dead or Alive 5 might not want to buy another game so soon." Angelo M. D’Argenio of Cheat Code Central opined that Ultimate is a must-have purchase only for those who are still playing Dead or Alive 5, giving the PS3 version a relatively low score of 3.2/5. According to Hardcore Gamer'''s Adam Beck, however, "there’s something here for everyone;" he rated the PS3 version a 4/5, calling it the series' "most complete and robust experience yet."
See also
Dead or Alive 5 Last Round Ultimate Body Blows Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3
The King of Fighters '98: Ultimate Match''
References
External links
2013 video games
3D fighting games
ALL.Net games
Arcade video games
Crossover fighting games
Dead or Alive (franchise) video games
Multiplayer online games
Video games about ninja
PlayStation 3 games
Fighting games
Video games developed in Japan
Virtua Fighter
Xbox 360 games |
Magic Bullet Records was an American independent record label specialising in punk rock, heavy metal and experimental music.
History
Magic Bullet records was founded in 1996 by Brent Eyestone, in order to release an album by Boysetsfire, entitled This Crying, This Screaming, My Voice Is Being Born. The label subsequently released over 140 recordings, including albums by Charles Manson, The All-American Rejects and This Will Destroy You. The label shut down at the end of 2017.
Artists signed with Magic Bullet
A City Safe From Sea
Aughra
Austin Lucas
Big China & Little Trouble
Cave In
Charles Manson
Christie Front Drive
Disappearer
Doomriders
Forensics
Ghastly City Sleep
Golden City
Integrity
INTRCPTR
Kaospilot
Lymbyc Systym
Made Out of Babies
Majority Rule
Meditative Sect
Rattler
Stephen Brodsky
Suppression
The All-American Rejects
The Wayward
This Will Destroy You
Wailin Storms
Valerian Swing
Years
Inactive bands
Jesuit
Loser Life
Corn on Macabre
Crimson Spectre
Old Man Gloom
Romance of Young Tigers
Compilation album
The label has released one compilation album, titled It Came from the Hills, Vol. 1. It was released February 28, 2006.
Track list
Jinxed At Twelve: "The Bomba"
Nitro Tokyo: "Fuel My Fire"
Taint: "Poison Pen Attack"
This Will Destroy You: "The World Is Our ___"
Paul Michel: "Shoot First"
Aughra: "Fostep"
Stephen Brodsky: "Wintermean Crimes"
Forensics: "Daytime Minutes"
Tephra: "Through Our Veins"
Light Yourself on Fire: "Rickshaw"
Snowblood: "Aubade"
Earthen Sea: "Sailing Toward Distant Lands"
References
American record labels |
Ty Hubert Detmer (born October 30, 1967) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He won the Heisman Trophy in 1990 while playing college football for the BYU Cougars. Detmer broke numerous NCAA records with BYU, and was twice recognized as a consensus All-American. A late-round pick in the 1992 NFL Draft, Detmer played for six NFL teams over 14 seasons, mostly in a back-up role. He is currently the head football coach for the American Leadership–Queen Creek Patriots.
After his playing career, Detmer became a coach. He was the offensive coordinator at BYU from 2015 to 2017. He is the older brother of former NFL quarterback Koy Detmer.
Early years
Detmer was born in San Marcos, Texas. He attended Hobby Middle School, Mount Sacred Heart Middle School, and United Middle School in Laredo, Texas, and Southwest High School in San Antonio, Texas. He earned letters in golf, football, basketball, baseball, and track. As a senior, Detmer won high school All-American honors in football and was the Texas Player of the Year. He also won all-state honors in baseball and all-district accolades in basketball.
College career
Detmer attended BYU, where he played for the BYU Cougars football team from 1987 to 1991. In deciding which college to attend, he was in part attracted by BYU's alcohol-free environment. He redshirted for the Cougars during the 1987 season, and shared quarterback duties with Sean Covey as a redshirt freshman in 1988. Detmer started only one game that year, but he made the most of the opportunity, passing for 333 yards and five touchdowns in a 65-0 victory over New Mexico. Later, he was named Most Valuable Player of the 1988 Freedom Bowl, after entering the game as a substitute and leading BYU to a come-from-behind 20–17 victory over the Colorado Buffaloes.
Detmer became the full-time starter in 1989. He emerged as one of the top quarterbacks in the nation, passing for 4,560 yards and 32 touchdowns during the regular season. His passer rating of 175.6 led the NCAA, and he finished second to Houston's Andre Ware in total offense. He led BYU to a Western Athletic Conference (WAC) Championship, the team's first since 1985. Detmer finished the season with a strong performance against Penn State in the 1989 Holiday Bowl, setting NCAA records for most passing yards (576) and most yards of total offense (594) in a single bowl game. He finished ninth in the Heisman Trophy voting.
Detmer's 1990 junior season ranks as one of the greatest seasons for a quarterback in college football history. He passed for 5,188 yards and 41 touchdowns in 12 regular-season games, and finished the year with 42 NCAA records (and tied for five others). The high point of the season was BYU's 28-21 upset victory over the top-ranked Miami Hurricanes; Detmer led the Cougars by passing for 406 yards and three touchdowns against the defending national champions. For his performance that season, he was awarded the Heisman Trophy, as well as many other honors including the Maxwell and Davey O'Brien awards. He was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American, having been named to the first teams of the Associated Press, UPI, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Football Writers Association of America, Walter Camp Foundation, Football News, Scripps Howard, and the Sporting News. Unfortunately for Detmer and BYU, the season ended in disastrous fashion: the Cougars lost 59-28 in their final regular-season game against Hawaii on the back of four Detmer interceptions, then lost 65-14 to Texas A&M in the 1990 Holiday Bowl. Detmer was knocked out of the game against Texas A&M, suffering two separated shoulders that required off-season surgery.
The 1991 season started poorly for BYU, as the Cougars lost their first three games (on a neutral field against #1 Florida State and road contests against #23 UCLA and #12 Penn State). After an 0–3 start, Detmer and BYU turned things around. The Cougars won eight straight games, and clinched their third consecutive WAC championship with a 52–52 tie against San Diego State in their final regular-season road game. In that contest, BYU fell behind 45–17 before Detmer led a comeback. He finished the game with 599 passing yards and six touchdowns, both career highs. In his final game as a Cougar, Detmer passed for 350 yards to lead BYU to a 13–13 tie against heavily favored #7 Iowa in the 1991 Holiday Bowl. He totaled 4,031 passing yards and 35 touchdowns in regular-season play during his senior year. He finished third in the Heisman Trophy voting, but won the Davey O'Brien Award again and also earned the Sammy Baugh Trophy and Today's Top VI Award. Additionally, he was again recognized as a consensus first-team All-American.
Detmer finished his college career with the following totals: 1,530 pass attempts; 958 completions; 15,031 passing yards; 121 touchdown passes; 14,665 yards of total offense; 135 touchdowns responsible for; and 162.7 passer rating—all NCAA records at the time. In total, he finished his college career with 59 NCAA records and tied for three others. Including statistics from bowl games, Detmer amassed 16,206 passing yards and 127 touchdown passes at BYU. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in recreation administration. In 2012, Detmer was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Green Bay Packers
Despite his success at BYU, many analysts thought that Detmer was too small to play quarterback in the NFL. The Green Bay Packers drafted him in the ninth round (230th pick overall) of the 1992 NFL Draft. Detmer spent four seasons with the Packers, but appeared in only seven games while serving as back-up to starter Brett Favre.
Philadelphia Eagles
Detmer found more playing time after signing a free-agent contract with the Philadelphia Eagles in 1996. After Rodney Peete suffered a season ending knee injury, Detmer became the team's starting quarterback. Detmer posted a 4–0 record in his first four starts. In his first start against the division rival New York Giants, Detmer completed 18 of 33 passes for 170 yards and no interceptions in the 19–10 victory. In his second start, he threw four touchdown passes (all to Irving Fryar) against the Miami Dolphins. The following week, he passed for a career-high 342 yards against the Carolina Panthers. The next week, he passed for 217 yards and a touchdown and added his first career rushing touchdown against the Dallas Cowboys. It was Philadelphia's first victory at Dallas since 1991, and earned Detmer the NFL Player of the Week award. A few weeks later, Detmer and the Eagles ended a three-game losing streak as they shut out the Giants in the rematch 24–0. Detmer threw three touchdowns in the win. For the year, Detmer passed for 2,911 yards and 15 touchdowns; his 80.8 passer rating ranked fourth among NFC quarterbacks. The Eagles posted a 7–4 record with Detmer as the starter during the 1996 season, good enough to make the NFC playoffs. The following season, Detmer shared quarterback duties with Peete and Bobby Hoying.
San Francisco 49ers
Detmer left Philadelphia in 1998 and joined the San Francisco 49ers as a backup to Steve Young. He spent only one season in San Francisco. His lone start came against the Panthers in which he passed for 276 yards and 3 touchdowns in the 49ers' 25–23 victory. He was also the primary holder on field goals and PAT attempts, throwing a touchdown off a botched field goal attempt during a loss to the Patriots.
Cleveland Browns
Detmer was traded to the Cleveland Browns in 1999; the Browns wanted him to mentor rookie quarterback Tim Couch. Detmer started the first game of the 1999 season, then served as backup until Couch sprained his foot in week 15. He started the final game of the 1999 season. Detmer injured his right Achilles and was inactive the entire 2000 season.
Detroit Lions
Detmer spent three seasons (2001–2003) with the Detroit Lions where he started four games during the 2001 season. His first start was a disaster: he threw seven interceptions against the Browns, the second-highest single-game total in NFL history (tied with seven other players). He was eventually replaced as starter, but did start the final two games of the season. He set career highs for attempts (50) and completions (31) against the Chicago Bears, finishing with 303 passing yards. He closed out the season with 242 yards and 2 touchdowns against the Cowboys.
Atlanta Falcons
Detmer spent the 2004 and 2005 seasons with the Atlanta Falcons, but did not see any action as the third-string quarterback behind Michael Vick and Matt Schaub.
In 14 total seasons in the NFL, Detmer played in 54 games (with 25 starts), totaling 6,351 yards passing with 34 touchdowns and 35 interceptions. Detmer did not officially retire from football at the time of his release from Atlanta, but he has not played since then.
Coaching career
In December 2009, he was appointed the new head football coach at St. Andrew's Episcopal School. In December 2015, Detmer became the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at BYU, under new head coach Kalani Sitake. On November 27, 2017, Detmer was released from the coordinator position after just two seasons. The dismissal came following BYU football's poor performance over the previous year. Detmer is currently the head football coach at American Leadership Academy-Queen Creek
NFL career statistics
Personal life
Detmer's brother Koy is a former NFL quarterback, and their father Sonny was a prominent San Antonio high school coach.
Detmer was a major investor in, and employed by, the Athlete Services Division at Triton Financial Corporation from 2007 to 2009. After the firm collapsed, founder Kurt Barton was indicted for fraud. Detmer, who was not implicated in the scandal, claims to have lost more money than anyone else. Overly trusting of Barton, whom he met at church, Detmer became a victim of affinity fraud.
See also
List of NCAA Division I FBS career passing yards leaders
List of NCAA Division I FBS career passing touchdowns leaders
List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders
List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Atlanta Falcons players
BYU Cougars football coaches
BYU Cougars football players
Cleveland Browns players
Detroit Lions players
Green Bay Packers players
Philadelphia Eagles players
San Francisco 49ers players
High school football coaches in Texas
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Heisman Trophy winners
Sportspeople from San Antonio
Sportspeople from San Marcos, Texas
Players of American football from San Antonio
Converts to Mormonism
Latter Day Saints from Texas |
South Semitic is a putative branch of the Semitic languages, which form a branch of the larger Afro-Asiatic language family, found in (North and East) Africa and Western Asia.
History
The "homeland" of the South Semitic languages is widely debated, with sources such as A. Murtonen (1967) and Lionel Bender (1997) suggesting an origin in Ethiopia and others suggesting the southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula. A 2009 study based on a Bayesian model to estimate language change concluded that the latter viewpoint is more probable. This statistical analysis could not estimate when or where the ancestor of all Semitic languages diverged from Afroasiatic but it suggested that the divergence of the East, Central, and South Semitic branches occurred in the Levant. According to a theory believed by many now, Semitic originated from an offshoot of a still earlier language in North Africa and desertification made some of its speakers migrate in the fourth millennium BC into what is now Ethiopia, others northwest into West Asia
Classification
South Semitic is divided into two uncontroversial branches:
Western
Old South Arabian – possibly extinct, formerly believed to be the linguistic ancestors of modern South Arabian Semitic languages, modern South Arabian now being classified as Eastern South Semitic. The Razihi language and Faifi language are probably descendants.
Ethiopian Semitic (Ethio-Semitic, Ethiosemitic, Ethiopic) on the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula and found across the Red Sea in the Horn of Africa, mainly in modern Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Eastern
Modern South Arabian. These languages are spoken mainly by small minority populations on the Arabian Peninsula in Yemen (Mahra and Soqotra) and Oman (Dhofar).
Demographics
The Ethiopian Semitic languages collectively have by far the greatest numbers of modern native speakers of any Semitic language other than Arabic. Eritrea's main languages are mainly Tigrinya and Tigre, which are North Ethiopic languages, and Amharic (South Ethiopic) is the main language spoken in Ethiopia (along with Tigrinya in the northern province of Tigray). Ge'ez continues to be used in Eritrea and Ethiopia as a liturgical language for the Orthodox Tewahedo churches.
Southern Arabian languages have been increasingly eclipsed by the more dominant Arabic (also a Semitic language) for more than a millennium. Ethnologue lists six modern members of the South Arabian branch and 15 members of the Ethiopian branch.
See also
Afroasiatic languages
References
Semitic languages |
Wormholt Park is a public park in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.
History
Origins
The park dates from the early 1900s when the Ecclesiastical Commissioners decided to sell parts of the Wormholt and Old Oak Farms for development.
Notes
External links
Friends of Wormholt Park Retrieved July 2015
Wormholt Park at the London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham Retrieved July 2015
Wormholt Park: the first hundred years Retrieved January 2016
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham |
René Corbet (born June 25, 1973) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League with the Quebec Nordiques, Colorado Avalanche, Calgary Flames, and the Pittsburgh Penguins.
Playing career
As a youth, Corbet played in the 1986 and 1987 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with the Longueuil Chevaliers Selects minor ice hockey team.
Corbet was drafted in the second round (24th overall) in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft by the Quebec Nordiques. A highly touted prospect, Corbet was a prolific scorer in the QMJHL with the Drummondville Voltigeurs, winning the Jean Béliveau Trophy in his final season in 1992–93.
Corbet made his professional debut in 1993–94 and played 9 games with the Nordiques, scoring a goal and an assist. Corbet played primarily for the Nords AHL affiliate, the Cornwall Aces, and won the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award but managed a further 8 games with Quebec in its final season.
Following the Franchise to Denver, Corbet won the Stanley Cup with the Colorado Avalanche in its inaugural season in 1995-96. Rene established himself the following season with the Presidents' Trophy winning Avalanche in 1996-97 posting 27 points in 76 games. During his fourth season on the Avalanche in 1998–99 Corbet was traded, along with Wade Belak and Robyn Regehr, to the Calgary Flames for Theoren Fleury and Chris Dingman on February 28, 1999. Rene recorded a career-high 31 points to finish the season with the Flames.
Unable to replicate the scoring pace from his junior career, Corbet settled into a checking line role and after only 48 games with the Flames in the 1999–2000 season, Corbet was again traded, along with Tyler Moss to the Pittsburgh Penguins for Brad Werenka on March 14, 2000.
Rene, a free agent, re-signed to one-year deal with the Penguins for the 2000–01 season. Corbet was besieged with injuries, missing half the year but returned to help the Pittsburgh to the Conference finals before moving to Germany in 2001 to join Adler Mannheim of the DEL. Corbet played with Mannheim for the next eight years, leaving the team as the Franchise leader in goals (130) and Captaining the team to the German Championship in 2007 and two cups.
On October 26, 2009, he signed with Norwegian team Frisk Tigers of the GET-ligaen for the 2009–10 season. He signed a one-year extension prior to the 2010-11 season and announced his retirement at the conclusion of the year.
Career statistics
Awards and achievements
References
External links
1973 births
Adler Mannheim players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Colorado Avalanche players
Cornwall Aces players
Drummondville Voltigeurs players
French Quebecers
Frisk Asker Ishockey players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
People from Victoriaville
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Quebec Nordiques draft picks
Quebec Nordiques players
Stanley Cup champions
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Norway
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany |
Route 402, also known as Gallants Road, is a minor highway in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The highway is located about southwest of the city of Corner Brook, approximately 30 minutes by car. The route's eastern terminus is Route 1 (Trans-Canada Highway), and its western terminus at the community of Gallants, located from Route 1. Although no directional signage on Route 1 before the intersection in either direction depict Route 402, but according to some provincial government road maps (as early as the 1980s), Route 402 is the official name of the highway.
Major intersections
References
402 |
Orcustus is the first full-length album by the Norwegian black metal band Orcustus. It was released by Southern Lord in March 2009.
Track listing
"Coil" – 5:13
"Of Sophistry, Obsession and Paranoia" – 8:49
"Conversion" – 5:21
"Jesus Christ Patricide" – 7:45
"Death and Dissolution" – 4:42
"Ego Sum Chaos" – 6:03
"Asphyxiokenisis" – 3:50
Credits
Orcustus
Taipan (Christer Jensen) – vocals, guitar (2–4 & 6)
Dirge Rep (Per Husebø) – drums, invocation (2), spoken word (7)
Bass guitarists
Infernus – (1, 4–7)
Tormentor – (2), guitar (1, 2, 5–7),
Vrangsinn – (3)
Backing vocals
Radek – (1, 4 & 5)
Other notes
The music was written between 2003 and 2007 by Taipan and lyrics by Dirge Rep between 2003 and 2007.
It was recorded and produced at Misantrof Studios by Vrangsinn and Orcustus in 2007. Vocals were recorded at Slimecave Studios by Radek and Taipan in 2007 and 2008. The album was mixed at Conclave Studios by Bjørnar E. Nilsen and Taipan in 2008. Graphic art and layout are by Dirge Rep.
References
External links
Southern Lord
2009 albums
Orcustus albums
Southern Lord Records albums |
Fathullo Boboev (born 9 October 1997) is a Tajikistani professional football player who currently plays for Khosilot Farkhor.
Career
International
Boboev made his senior team debut on 16 December 2018 against Oman.
Career statistics
International
Statistics accurate as of match played 13 December 2018
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
Tajikistani men's footballers
Tajikistan men's international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers |
The New York – New Jersey Highlands is a geological formation composed primarily of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rock running from the Delaware River near Musconetcong Mountain, northeast through the Skylands Region of New Jersey along the Bearfort Ridge and the Ramapo Mountains, Sterling Forest, Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks in New York, to the Hudson River at Storm King Mountain. The northern region is also known as the Hudson Highlands and the southern as the New Jersey Highlands. A broader definition would extend the region west to Reading, Pennsylvania, and east to the Housatonic River in Connecticut, encompassing the Reading Prong.
In New Jersey, the region's watershed is protected by the state's own Highlands Water Protection and Planning Act (2004). In addition to preserving water resources, the act created the New Jersey Highlands Water Protection and Planning Council (NJ Highlands Council) whose mission includes supporting open space preservation and the creation of new recreational parks and hiking trails in America's most densely populated state. These include the Highlands Trail, designated as a Millennium Trail by the White House Millennium Council and maintained by the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference.
The New Jersey Highlands Coalition was formed in 1988 to protect the resources of the region.
In November 2004, the federal Highlands Conservation Act was passed. The Highlands Conservation Act “recognizes the importance of the water, forest, agricultural, wildlife, recreational, and cultural resources of the Highlands region, and the national significance of the Highlands region to the United States.”
See also
Franklin Marble
References
External links
USGS - The Highlands Province
New Jersey Highlands Water Protection and Planning Council
New Jersey Highlands Coalition
The New York-New Jersey Trail Conference - Highlands Trail Guide
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Habitats of the New York - New Jersey Highlands
Geologic formations of New Jersey
Geologic formations of New York (state)
Palisades Interstate Park system
Ramapos
Regions of New Jersey |
Harvest at Jimmy's is a two-day music and food festival held at Jimmy's Farm near Ipswich in Suffolk. The first ever Harvest Festival took place on 12–13 September 2009. The 2010 event took place on the same site on 11–12 September. The event is fairly unusual in the British festival calendar due to its equal combination of showcasing live music and live food demonstrations in a family atmosphere and environment.
2009 event
Music line-up
The festival featured one main stage of music with live music performances throughout both days including KT Tunstall, Seth Lakeman, Athlete, José González, Badly Drawn Boy, along with several other performances.
Chef Line-up
The festival also featured a live chef demonstration area with various celebrity and noted chefs including James Martin, Gino D'Acampo, James Wong, Gennaro Contaldo and Anjum Anand.
2010 event
2011 event
2012 event
The 2012 event was cancelled by Doherty as he "decided there were too many other big events, such as the Olympics and the Queen's Jubilee". He stated, however, that it will return in 2013.
Big Wheel Promotions
The 2009–2011 events were run by Big Wheel Promotions, who went into liquidation in 2011 owing debts of over £1 million. The event organisers have confirmed that the future of the event is safe, however.
See also
Jimmy's Farm
References
External links
Festivals in Suffolk |
Fatim Badjie (born November 13, 1983) is a Gambian entrepreneur.
Born in Banjul, Badjie is the daughter of Dembo M. Badjie, who served as Gambia's ambassador to Sierra Leone, India and China for a time; she is a member of the Jola tribe, and was educated at the Gambia Senior Secondary School and in Belgium before attending Tennessee State University and receiving a bachelor's degree in communication and later a master's degree from University of Manchester in ICT for development. She was employed at Comium Gambia, a cellphone company, as senior communications officer. In March 2008 she was appointed Minister of Communications, Information and Information Technology, replacing Neneh Macdouall-Gaye in the position. At the time, she was the youngest person ever appointed to the Gambian cabinet. She lost her ministry a year later, but was later named Minister of Health and Social Welfare. She has been a member of Sigma Gamma Rho sorority since 2003. She currently runs a communication and program management consultancy firm called Ace Communications Executive (ACE).
References
1983 births
Living people
Gambian women diplomats
People from Banjul
Tennessee State University alumni
21st-century Gambian women politicians
21st-century Gambian politicians
Women government ministers of the Gambia
Health ministers of the Gambia
Social affairs ministers of the Gambia
Communication ministers of the Gambia
Information ministers of the Gambia |
Slobodan Santrač (, ; 1 July 1946 – 13 February 2016) was a Serbian football manager and player. He is the all-time top scorer of the Yugoslav First League with a total of 218 goals, as well as the top scorer in the history of OFK Beograd. According to the Brazilian outlet Almanaque dos Artilheiros he is the fourth highest topscorer in history with 1301 goals including all matches (youth and official friendlies). As a manager, Santrač reached the knockout stage at the 1998 FIFA World Cup with FR Yugoslavia.
Club career
Born in Koceljeva, Santrač grew up in Gornji Milanovac, starting out at local club Takovo. He moved with his family to Valjevo in 1958 and soon joined Radnički, which merged into Metalac Valjevo in 1959. Due to his promising performances in the Serbian League, Santrač was transferred to Yugoslav First League club OFK Beograd in the summer of 1965. He spent nine seasons with the Romantičari, totaling 244 league appearances and scoring 169 goals. During that time, Santrač was the Yugoslav First League top scorer on four occasions (1968, 1970, 1972, and 1973). He also won the Yugoslav Cup in 1966, scoring a brace in the final against Dinamo Zagreb.
In 1974, after completing his mandatory military service, Santrač moved abroad and joined Swiss club Grasshoppers. He was their best scorer in both seasons during his stay with them, before returning to OFK Beograd near the end of the 1975–76 season. Santrač was transferred to Partizan in the winter of 1978, winning the league just a few months upon arriving at the club. He spent two more seasons with the Crno-beli, before switching to Yugoslav Second League side Galenika Zemun in the 1980–81 season as part of the deal for Dragan Mance. With 19 goals in 1981–82, Santrač helped the team win promotion to the top flight for the first time ever. He retired from playing in 1983.
International career
Despite being a prolific scorer during his entire club career, Santrač never established himself at international level, making just eight friendly appearances (only 110 minutes played) for Yugoslavia between 1966 and 1974. His first cap for the national team came on 1 June 1966 in a 2–0 loss to Bulgaria and his only goal later that month against Sweden, in a game that ended in a 1–1 draw.
Managerial career
In December 1994, Santrač started his managerial career at the helm of the national team of FR Yugoslavia, while the country was still under UN sanctions. He served as their manager for almost four years, qualifying the team for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Later on, Santrač moved to China and took charge of Shandong Luneng, winning the double in 1999. He was also manager of Saudi Arabia (2001), and Macedonia (2005).
Death
Santrač died of a heart attack on 13 February 2016 at the age of 69.
Career statistics
Club
International
Managerial
Honours
Player
OFK Beograd
Yugoslav Cup: 1965–66
Partizan
Yugoslav First League: 1977–78
Mitropa Cup: 1977–78
Galenika Zemun
Yugoslav Second League: 1981–82
Individual
Yugoslav First League Top Scorer: 1967–68, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73
European Bronze Shoe: 1971–72
Manager
Shandong Luneng
Chinese Jia-A League: 1999
Chinese FA Cup: 1999
Individual
Chinese Football Association Coach of the Year: 1999
References
External links
1998 FIFA World Cup managers
Men's association football forwards
Beijing Chengfeng F.C. managers
Chinese Super League managers
Expatriate football managers in China
Expatriate football managers in North Macedonia
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
FK Budućnost Valjevo players
FK Partizan players
FK Zemun players
Grasshopper Club Zürich players
Guangzhou City F.C. managers
North Macedonia national football team managers
OFK Beograd players
People from Koceljeva
Qingdao Hainiu F.C. (1990) managers
Saudi Arabia national football team managers
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate football managers
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in China
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in North Macedonia
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Serbia and Montenegro football managers
Serbia and Montenegro national football team managers
Serbian expatriate football managers
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in China
Serbian football managers
Serbian men's footballers
Shandong Taishan F.C. managers
Swiss Super League players
Yugoslav expatriate men's footballers
Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Yugoslav First League players
Yugoslav men's footballers
Yugoslav Second League players
Yugoslavia men's international footballers
1946 births
2016 deaths |
Garra hughi (cardamon garra) is an endangered species of ray-finned fish in the genus Garra. It occurs in high mountain streams of the Southern Western Ghats, from the Anamalai Hills, south to the Agasthyamala Hills. The species is a benthopelagic fish, found in mountain streams.
The juveniles are free swimmers and are found in more cleaner waters closer to the banks and in pools and puddles along the course of the stream. The juveniles have an omnivorous diet including earthworms, aquatic insects, mostly larvae of chironomids and ephemeropterans and bits of filamentous algae and detritus, which is different from that of the adult. The adult fish takes to feeding on vegetable matter (mainly algae) with a change in its mode of living, to life close to the substratum of the rapid waters of the streams. A lot of the habitat of G. hughi is threatened primarily by habitat degradation.
References
Garra
Taxa named by Eric Godwin Silas
Fish described in 1955 |
Portuguesa State (, ) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. Located in the west of the Republic, it is often considered the "breadbasket of Venezuela" for the large amount of agricultural products produced there. The state is bordered by the state of Lara to the north, to the east by Cojedes, to the west by Trujillo and to the south by Barinas.
As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 876,496. The state capital is the city of Guanare.
Origin of the name
The state was designated Portuguesa on August 4, 1909, named after the Portuguesa River. The name of the river is in turn said to be derived from a local legend about a young woman of Portuguese descent who drowned in the Portuguesa River, possibly accompanying the conquistadors who founded the city of Guanare, the capital of the state.
History
Pre-Columbian era
In the pre-Hispanic era, the territory of the Venezuelan plains was inhabited by groups that arrived from the Amazon region by river (probably Colombia or Ecuador).
The oldest known human presence dates to between 300 and 600 BC in Barinas and the Portuguesa plains, with the migrants perhaps attracted by the region's relatively predictable flooding cycle.
Over the next 1200 years, these communities moved northwards and were also influenced by groups from the Orinoco. Among the traces left by these pre-Columbian inhabitants are numerous petroglyphs of geometric, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures, as well as a complex network of roads believed to have served to drain swamps or control water. They also left a system of mounds that possibly had functions of surveillance, funerary or refuge for the periods of greatest flooding.
Spanish colonization
Several expeditions of the Welser Family, originating in Coro under the command of Nikolaus Federmann and Georg von Spira, in the year 1534 and arriving in the Andean foothills crossed the current territory of the Llanos.
In 1542, the armies of Philipp von Hutten from Coro visited the region on their way to Barinas, but were repulsed by the Omaguas Indians and Hutten was wounded.
The Spanish conquerors Diego Ruiz de Vallejo and Juan Ruiz de Villegas explored the lands to the east of the Andes in 1549. Decades later, on November 3, 1591, Juan Fernandez de Leon founded Espiritu Santo of the Guanaguanare Valley, today's Guanare. Its name in the indigenous language means 'Place of seagulls' or 'Land between rivers'.
19th century
The Battle of Araure, in which Simon Bolivar defeated Jose Ceballos, occurred in Portuguesa in 1813. At the time, Venezuela was under the control of the patriots in mid-1813, except for the provinces of Guayana and Maracaibo. In September 1813, the royalists received reinforcements from Cadiz, taking the offensive across the country, although the patriots' successes continued until the end of 1813.
On December 3, 1813, Simón Bolívar learned that the royalist forces (3,500 men), under the command of Brigadier José Ceballos, had met with those of José Yáñez in the town of Araure, and as a result, he arranged for all able bodied men in El Altar and Cojedes to muster in the town of Agua Blanca.
On the 4th, the patriots marched towards Araure and camped about 1,000 m from the village, opposite the royalists, who had deployed at the entrance of the Acarigua River with their wings supported by a forest and a small lagoon and their back protected by a forest. The royalists possessed ten artillery pieces.
The battle began at dawn and lasted approximately six hours. The royalist troops were numerically superior to the patriot troops. The patriots captured 200 prisoners, four flags, and numerous artillery pieces. In this single clash, the royalists lost more than 500 cavalry.
On April 10, 1851, by decree of the Congress of the Republic under the mandate of General José Gregorio Monagas, the territory that currently makes up the state of Portuguesa became a province, with Guanare as its capital.
Federal War
The federal war was even more devastating than the emancipatory war in the states of Portuguesa, Apure and Barinas, and especially in Portuguesa, as in addition to the outrages and loss of life in the fighting, the departures of uncontrolled guerrillas, the passions and quarrels produced more deaths and misfortunes than the combats; furthermore, the arson attacks on houses, farms and cattle yards plunged many families of the time into ruin.
In the days of this uncontrolled movement and in the vicinity of Araure, specifically in Tapa de Piedra, on April 4, 1859, a bloody combat was staged between the revolutionary forces of General Zamora and those of the conservative Manuel Herrera. After almost three hours of confrontation, Herrera lost the fight and had to flee with the survivors on the way to Ospino. Following the Federal Revolution in 1866, it was decided to unite the Zamora and Portuguesa entities into one and call it Zamora State. Later, with Antonio Guzmán Blanco in power, the territorial division was reduced to seven states, so Portuguesa became part of the South West state, along with Cojedes and Zamora.
20th century
At the end of the 19th century, the Restoration Revolution brought back the country's political division into 20 states and, consequently, Portuguesa and Cojedes became Zamora again. Finally, on August 5, 1909, the National Constitution was promulgated, which established that Venezuela would be composed of a Federal District, two Federal Territories and 20 states, one of which would be Portuguesa with the capital in the city of Guanare.
Like most of the Llanos states, Portuguesa was practically isolated from the center of the country until the middle of the 20th century. The only way to move from this entity to another was by means of carts pulled by horses or oxen, or by using the waterways. After the overthrow of General Isaías Medina Angarita, the Revolutionary Government Board began to materialize the existing projects designed by the previous rulers on sustainable agricultural development based on the colonization of large areas. It was in the 1940s, when work began on the Los Llanos road, which meant the economic take-off of the region. The foundation of the Turén Agricultural Colony through the work of 20,000 immigrant refugees, mostly Italian, drove the rice plan, and the incorporation of hundreds of hectares of irrigated land were key to the development and growth of this state known as the granary of Venezuela.
Within this reality, a developmentalist model was adopted with evident influence from the United States. This model made possible the establishment of social relations of production in the agricultural sector based on capitalism. In this vein, at the end of the 1940s and beginning of the 1950s, a "State Project" was initiated called the Turen Agricultural Unit (U.A.T.), which was successively implemented in the Turen Agricultural Colony. To this end, the government, through itinerant diplomacy, made use of the international agreements signed during the post-war period on aid to refugees and put into practice the open border policy of selective immigration promoted by General Marcos Pérez Jiménez, where Europeans (mostly Italians, Spaniards and Germans) with an agricultural tradition entered and shared work with Venezuelan citizens from various regions of the Republic. In 1949, the Agricultural Unit or Colony of Turen, the most ambitious experience of its kind ever carried out in a Caribbean country, was initiated. Located, as well as the Tovar colony, in an area of mountains, the future Granary of Venezuela sheltered, together with a minority of local farmers, a babel of immigrants from several countries. Initially, they were mainly Eastern Europeans, who arrived through the "International Refugee Organization", many of them ethnic Germans from Romania, but already in the beginning of the 50's the Italians and Germans became the relative majority of the immigrant population.
Geography
It is located in the Midwestern Region of the country, extending approximately between latitudes 08°06 and 09°50 north latitude, and meridians 68°30 and 70°11 west longitude. It has an area of representing 1.67% of the national territory. Most of its territory is flat and corresponds to the Western Plains. To the northwest it has mountains and hills of the Andes Mountains. The Andean mountainous area to the West and Northwest, with heights above 3,000 m, where the valleys of Chabasquén and Biscucuy open, in whose hills coffee and smaller fruits are grown. With 1,024,300 inhabitants for 2017 it occupies the 12th place among the most populous federal entities in Venezuela. The Portuguesa state is divided into 14 municipalities and 28 parishes.
Hydrography
Some water courses include: Portuguese Red, Caño Guamal, and Caño Amarillo, which corresponds to the old riverbed of the Acarigua River that is fed by the above-mentioned channel during the summer season; in addition to Caño Turen, Caño El Toro, Caño Durigua, Caño Colorado, Caño Canaguapa, Caño Maratán, Quebrada Paso Real, Quebrada Cupra, Quebrada Cambural, and Quebrada de Araure.
The Acarigua River passes through the west of the Acarigua municipality and serves as a border with the Esteller Municipality.
Climate
It has a relatively homogeneous climate, where the average minimum temperature varies between 20º and 35 °C., being this one regulated by the winds coming from the gulf of Venezuela and the trade winds that go up the Llanos, which produce areas of cloudiness and frequent torrential rains.
A typical Sabana climate of the plain area of Venezuela where Guanare is located. It has two well-defined periods, a dry period from December to April, and a rainy period from May to November.
During the beginning of the drought (December, January and February) it is characterized by the scarcity of rain, and a great thermal amplitude, where the nights are usually cool, early mornings with up to 19 °C, and during the day very hot (max 29-31 °C). This is also the windiest time of the year. Around March and the beginning of April, the daily temperature range decreases a little, bringing with it the hottest season in the village. The lowest temperature recorded is 17 °C on 5 April 1984 and the highest is 41 °C during several occasions and heat waves occurring with the El Niño phenomenon.
The average annual temperature (Max-Min) is between 22 °C and 26 °C, in the area of flat lands and in the area of mountain and piedmont landscapes the climatic conditions vary according to height variations. Precipitation is persistent throughout the year, causing rivers to maintain an abundant flow, even overflow and therefore flooding.
Flora and fauna
The dominant vegetation is savanna, but are also gallery forests along the river bends, and dense forests in the foothills of the Andes. There are abundant hardwoods which are a major income source, represented by the dwarf oak, mahogany, eucalyptus, teak and pine.
The fauna is represented by: spectacled bears, jaguars, (both endangered species), armadillos, parrots, opossums, howler monkeys, deer, ocelots, pumas and southern tamandua. There are birds like the crested curassow, hummingbird, great kiskadee and cardinal. One of the largest species of moth in the world can be found: the Thysania agrippina, with wingspan of 30.5 cm.
In some places of the state, wildlife can be distributed as follows:
Mammals: rabipelado (common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis); wooly weasel (bare-tailed woolly opossum, Caluromys philander); common marmosa (Robinson's mouse opossum, Marmosa robinsoni); rabbit (eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus); and agoutis or mountain acures (Brazilian guinea pig, Cavia aperea)
Birds: ponchas or soisolas (red-legged tinamou, Crypturellus erythropus); whistling ducks (Dendrocygna spp.); diving duck (lesser scaup, Aythya affinis); paují culo blanco (black curassow, Crax alector); and common parrot (Amazonia spp.)
Reptiles: galápago llanero (savanna side-necked turtle, Podocnemis vogli); terecay (yellow-spotted river turtle, Podocnemis unifilis); and iguana (Iguana iguana)
Crustaceans: elf shrimp (Dendrocephalus geayi); crab (Dilocarcinus dentatus); and shrimp (Macrobrachium amazonicum, Macrobrachium jelskii, Macrobrachium reyesi, Palaemonetes mercedae).
Molluscs: river clams (Anodontites gunarensis and Mycetopoda pittieri); aquatic snails (Aplexa rivalis and Thiara granifera); , and (snails, Pomacea aurostoma, Pomacea crassa, Pomacea dolioides, Pomacea falconensis, Pomacea interrupta, Pomacea glauca, Pomacea glauca, Pomacea glauca, Pomacea interrupta, Pomacea glauca, Pomacea glauca, Pomacea interrupta, Pomacea glauca, Pomacea interrupta)
Politics and government
The Portuguese State, as an autonomous federal entity with constitutional rank, has the five branches of Public Power: Executive (Government), Legislative (Legislative Council of the Portuguese State), Judicial (Judicial District of the Portuguese State), Electoral and Citizen. Its authorities are elected by the people in a universal, direct and secret way. It is represented by 6 main deputies in the National Assembly. Like the other 23 federal entities of Venezuela, the State maintains its own police force, which is supported and complemented by the National Police and the Venezuelan National Guard.
Executive Power
It is exercised by the Governor of the Portuguese State, the Secretary General of the Government and the Secretaries of State who fulfil the powers determined by the Constitution of the State and the Republic.
Since 1989, governors have been selected in direct elections by the population. The first governor to be elected under direct elections was Elias D'Onghia, of the AD party, and he won with 38.40% of the votes. The current governor is Rafael Calles, of the PSUV party, who won the elections for the period 2017- 2021
Legislature
It is exercised by the Legislative Council of the Portuguese State, a unicameral regional parliament elected every four years, which, according to the State Constitution, has 11 legislators who sanction the laws that have state rank and whose members are elected in a universal, direct and secret manner.
Municipalities
Portuguesa State is divided in 14 municipalities (municipios) and 28 Parroquias:
Demographics
By 2001 the state had a population of 873,375 inhabitants, representing 3.34% of the national total. It has a growth rate of 2.1% per year, and a density of 57.5 inhabitants per km2. According to the estimate for 2012 the state population is 1,056,000 inhabitants, of whom 517,780 were female and 538,243 male. Acarigua city in the north, is the largest conurbation in the state, being the second largest in the center-west of the country, along with Araure form an area with over 460,000 inhabitants (2001 Census). The state capital, Guanare, in recent years has grown at a rapid pace, at present estimated population is over 200,000 just in the town itself. Due to its recent momentum Portuguesa State has become a major recipient of migrants from other regions of the country.
Race and ethnicity
According to the 2011 Census, the racial composition of the population was:
Religion
Most of the population professes the Christian religion in its Catholic denomination, although other religious minorities such as Protestants, Jews or Muslims can also be found in smaller numbers. Portuguesa is the Center of one of the largest religious centers of the country the Basilica and Sanctuary of Our Lady of Coromoto, patroness of Venezuela. Also highlights in the State the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Bark in Acarigua whose history dates back.
The National Shrine of Our Lady of Coromoto or more formally Minor Basilica National Shrine of Our Lady of Coromoto is located 25 kilometers from the city of Guanare, Portuguesa, The Sanctuary is built on the place where Catholics believe that the second appearance of the Virgin Mary to the Coromoto Indian occurred.
The construction project was drawn up by the Spanish architect Juan Capdevila Elías and the Venezuelan architect Erasmo Calvani in 1975.The temple was consecrated on January 7, 1996, and inaugurated with a mass by Pope John Paul II on February 10 of the same year.
Economy
The main economic activity in Portuguesa State is agriculture: crop farming as well as livestock. Recently tourism as well as oil exploration are gaining momentum.
In the cities of Guanare and Acarigua-Araure industry has grown as a sector, especially sugar, rice and corn processing. This conurbation has for the last 10 years had a huge growth in the housing and commercial sectors, with the construction of large urban projects in the area north of the city, among the largest urban projects include:
Urb. Bosques de Camoruco
Urb. Llano Alto
Villa Antigua
Plaza Antigua
Plaza Colonial
Agua clara
Parque residencial miraflores
The main commercial projects are:
Guanare Mall (under construction)
Llano Mall Shopping City
Buenaventura Mall
Tourism
The Quebrada de Araure spa is one of its main attractions. It is a ravine with clear and clean waters, located on the Araure-Acarigua road, where tourists can enjoy a pleasant time. It also has a recreational park where the whole family can have fun.
Among the historical sites that stand out is El Túmulo, a monument to the Battle of Araure, which is located on the side of the Pan-American Highway. This fight was special because it was one of the only two hand-to-hand battles that Simon Bolivar fought.
The church of Nuestra Señora del Pilar in Zaragoza, located in front of Plaza Bolívar, is another obligatory stop in Araure. Its architecture preserves the colonial style, typical of the 18th century, mixed with the baroque style that gives it great majesty. It is the only colonial church in Venezuela that has a choir independent of the main entrance doors of the temple. José Antonio Páez was baptized there, and it was here that in 1813 the Liberator Simón Bolívar prayed before the triumph of the Battle of Araure. It was declared a National Monument in 1955.
Another outstanding place is the Mittar Nakicenovic Park. He was an environmental engineer of Yugoslavian origin, who arrived in this area in 1949 with the noble task of reforesting vast areas, found until then in a deplorable state. This park was created to protect the hydrographic basin where the Araure Gorge begins.
Natural heritage
Chorro de San Miguel
Balneário Quebrada de Araure, This is a ravine of clear and clean waters, located on the road Araure-Acarigua, where tourists can enjoy a pleasant time. It also has a recreational park used by many local families.
Balneario Sagas River, located on the Biscucuy - Chabasquén road
Balneario Acarigua River Natural, and Fishing Site, (in Winter Time)
Sabanetica Spa.
Balneario Estación (Ospino Municipality)
Balneario Quebrada de Leña
Balneario El Mamón
Balneario Los Arroyos
Balnearies Quebrada de Araure, known as "El Dique".
Balneario Cupra (Municipality of Paez)
Balneario Quebrada de Williams Rumbos, known as "La Loba".
Parks
Dinira National Park
Samanes Park, was built in 1983. Tradition has it that under the leafy samans that currently make up the park, the army of the Liberator Simón Bolívar camped out during the Admirable Campaign of 1813.
José Antonio Páez Park, southwest of Guanare, is this fair complex that has 13.8 developed hectares. The 5% of the land has facilities such as the Exhibition Pavilion, the Convention Center and the Museum of the Plains. It was inaugurated in 1993 and is considered the vegetable lung of the municipality of Guanare.
Mittar Nakicenovic Park
Musiu Carmelo Park, located next to the Acarigua Araure Passenger Terminal
Curpa Park, popularly known as José Antonio Páez Park, a place where there are many leafy trees and a river that borders the east of the city of Acarigua, is also a huge natural lung and a must for all locals.
Musiu Carmelo Park (future Acarigua Zoo)
Park "Mano" Nerio Duin Anzola Zoo.
Raul Leoni Park.
Acarigua Recreational Park I.
Las Majaguas Recreational Park
Algarrobo Park, headquarters of Indera (Municipality of Paez)
Los Samanes de Guanare Park
Built heritage
Sanctuary of Our Lady of Coromoto
Los Llanos Museum in Guanare
Our Lady of the Pillar Church
Our Lady of the Bark Cathedral
Inés Mercedes Gómez Álvarez de Guanare Museum
Doll Museum
Former Guanare prison
Monument The Tumulus
José Antonio Páez Museum
Casa de la Cultura "Guillermo Gamarra Marrero"
Argimiro Gabaldon Convention Center
Old San Francisco Convent in Guanare
Transport
The state has the Oswaldo Guevara Mujica de Araure Brigadier General Airport, which is located west of the city and maintains private flights, mainly to Caracas, is operated by the Autonomous Institute of Airports of the Portuguese State (IABAEP). It was expanded and reconstructed due to the need to incorporate "Bomberos Aéreos" (air firefighters), where the vertical growth of the airport facilities, the establishment of commercial premises, the improvement of the medical service and navigation services are contemplated; in addition to the maneuvering area (runway). It also has a transport terminal to the north, near the road to San Carlos, which is responsible for covering urban and interurban routes. An important point to highlight is that the Instituto Autónomo de Ferrocarriles within the macro-project "Sistema Ferroviario Nacional" is carrying out the Simón Bolívar Section that contemplates the connection of Puerto Cabello with Acarigua, which by rehabilitating existing structures, seeks to satisfy the demand for transportation in an efficient manner and significantly improve communication between the population centers that are positively impacted.
Sports
In Acarigua the Julio Hernández Molina Bachiller Stadium (baseball) with capacity for 12,000 fans; The Portuguese Soccer Club first division team operates, whose headquarters is the José Antonio Paéz Stadium, with a capacity for 18,000 spectators. In the municipality of San Genaro de Boconoíto el Bocaito FC is now extinct and in the city of Turén, Atlético Turén and Turén International, which plays in the lower divisions of Venezuelan football.
Guanare owns the first division team Llaneros de Guanare Football Club, which operates at the Rafael Calles Pinto Stadium facilities with a capacity for 13,000 people; recently, the Guanare citizen security secretariat formed a team called Atlético Guanare that is participating in the Second Division of Venezuela in the 2017 season. The Carl Herrera Allen Coliseum, more recently called the Guanare City Coliseum, is a multipurpose sports infrastructure which has an approximate capacity for 7,500 people. It was inaugurated in honor of the renowned Venezuelan basketball player Carl Herrera by former governor Iván Colmenarez; It serves as the headquarters of the Llaneros de Guanare FutSal. In the Sports Village of Guanare, erected by former governor Antonia Muñoz, various improvements were currently made, including remodeling work and a new air conditioning system, work undertaken by former state governor Wilmar Castro Soteldo.
In Piritu there is the Limoncito Stadium, the Recreational Park of Piritu, the Covered Gymnasium of Piritu, a Softball Stadium, the Minor Baseball Stadium of Piritu, the Choro Gonzalez Soccer Stadium, the Choro Gonzalez Baseball Stadium, the Stadium de Choro Araguaia, the Maporal Soccer Stadium and the Paujicito Soccer Stadium.
Education
Among the main educational centers of the state we can mention:
Simón Rodríguez Núcleo Araure National Experimental University.
National Experimental University of Los Llanos Ezequiel Zamora
Francisco de Miranda National Experimental University (UNEFM)
National Experimental University Romulo Gallegos Portuguese Extension.
National Open University Guanare Extension
Portuguesa Polytechnic University of J.J. Montilla (UPTP) Guanare Extension
Fermín Toro Nucleo Araure-Acarigua University.
Bolivarian University of Venezuela.
Yacambú University.
Universidad de los Andes, Guanare Extension School of Medicine
Monseñor De Talavera University College Portuguesa-Araure Extension.
Portuguesa Open National University-Araure Extension.
Fermín Toro University College Extension Acarigua - Araure
Unearte: Experimental University for the Arts
Libertador Experimental Pedagogical University
National Polytechnic Experimental University of the Bolivarian Armed Forces U.N.E.F.A. Guanare core.
Culture
Holidays and traditions
The llaneras traditions are closely related to each other, among them we can mention: The Tourist Carnivals of the Páez Municipality with their fabulous floats and presentation of regional, national and international artists, Christmas in Acarigua turns out to be of great attraction with the decoration of the monument La Espiga, in which it is bordered with Christmas lights in the form of the Flag of Venezuela and the "Samán" tree located next to it is wrapped with Christmas lights for the enjoyment of outsiders and visitors, on the other hand there is the celebration of the city's birthday every September 29 and its «Tree Lighting», as well as «El Pesebre» and «La Cruz de Mayo», the toilets in the squares, the «Dance of the Holy Innocents» every December 28 . In the same way it is celebrated on June 13, the day of San Antonio, at the home of the Goyo Ramírez family in Barrio Ajuro, together with the Civic Parade in honor of the Birth of José Antonio Páez Herrera, «Horseback Riding», «Afternoons of Coleados Bulls »,« Llaneros Sunrises », among others. The Joropo Llanero, is the dance that accompanies the typical Portuguese music. To the rhythm of the Harp, the Four and the Maracas, the couples zapatean, while they make synchronized turns that symbolize the subtle flirtation of the woman and the gallantness and chivalry of the man, together with the challenging spirit of the Venezuelan Llanero.
Among the traditional games are the rounds of the "Game of the Blind Little Chicken", "The Cat and the Mouse", "The Rooster and the Chicken", "The Rice with Milk", "The Tombola", "The Wheelbarrow", «El Escondite», «El Fusilado», «La Zaranda», «Palito Mantequillero». And the Hand Games like the "Spins", "Metras" (Marbles), "Whirligig", "Gurrufios", "Parrots", "The Old One", "The Plane", "Creole Balls" among many others.
In Pirit, with national and international projection, the sending of orchids stands out. This was a tradition initiated by Humberto Gallegos - Chronicler who died of Pituation - who along with his family sent a bouquet of orchids that are sent to Zaragoza-Spain on behalf of the Portuguese state. The orchid bouquet is made with orchid flowers of different varieties and colors from different regions of the country, which are artistically prepared and intertwined with ribbons of the three that form the flag of Venezuela. This religious event was held every October 10 since 1971 starting with the branches that are exhibited on the main street of the town from the first hours of the day and then be taken in parade to the San Rafael Arcángel de Pitu church, where they receive the father's status . In this ceremony the parishioners of different colonies participate as; Italian, Portuguese, Arabic, Spanish, among others, who carry their own orchids to be sent to the Virgen del Pilar de Zaragoza in Spain.
Tourist carnivals. They begin in 1977. Pioneers in the Portuguese State. Colorful and cheerful parades parade through the main streets and avenues. Pirit acquires the nickname "Capital of Joy" due to the joy and cordiality of its people in the celebration of events, especially in the Tourist Carnivals and Patron Saint Festivities.
Easter week. Religious activity that brings together a number of parishioners at masses and processions on Thursday and Good Friday.
The night of remembrance. Adults participate highlighting the music of yesteryear. It takes place on Ash Wednesday, at night in race 10 between streets 9 and 10, although this tradition was born in 1972 at the Caney de Florentino and the devil.
The retro night. Melodies from the 1960s - 70s and 80s. Presentation of musical ensembles. It begins in 2008 at the age of 25 the night of remembrance on Fridays before the eighth carnival.
Patron Festivities of Piritu. Celebrated in honor of San Rafael Arcángel every October 24. Procession of the Saint, Burning of Arbolito of fireworks, bulls, sports and recreational activities, exhibitions, cultural events, presentation of orchestras, ensembles and artists among others.
Coromotan orchids Bouquet of orchids that in the name of the Virgen del Coromoto is sent to Zaragoza - Spain. The ceremony is held every October 10 since 1971 in race 8 and the San Rafael Arcángel Church. It is received on October 12 in Zaragoza Hispanic and Discovery Day of America.
See also
States of Venezuela
Administrative divisions of Venezuela
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20130210021033/http://iies.faces.ula.ve/Proyecciones_de_Poblacion/Portuguesa.htm
States of Venezuela
States and territories established in 1909 |
Korobiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Suwałki, within Suwałki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Suwałki and north of the regional capital Białystok.
References
Korobiec |
M68 or M-68 may refer to:
Roads
M-68 (Michigan highway), a state highway in Michigan
M68 (Johannesburg), a short metropolitan route in Johannesburg, South Africa
Proposed road numbering for a section of the road built as the M66 motorway in the United Kingdom, now part of the M60
Other uses
M68 (Motorola 68000), a CISC microprocessor
Miles M.68, a 4 engined development of Miles Aerovan
Soltam M-68, a 1968 155 mm 33 calibre towed howitzer manufactured in Israel
Messier 68, a globular cluster in the constellation Hydra
M68 Close Combat Optic, referring to the Aimpoint CompM2 or its later version the Aimpoint CompM4
M68 (tank gun)
iPhone (1st generation), Apple's first mobile device, which was originally codenamed as "M68"
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