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In 1945 Cocteau was one of several designers who created sets for the Théâtre de la Mode. He drew inspiration from filmmaker René Clair while making Tribute to René Clair: I Married a Witch. The maquette is described in his "Journal 1942–1945," in his entry for 12 February 1945: In 1956 Cocteau decorated the Chapelle Saint-Pierre in Villefranche-sur-Mer with mural paintings. The following year he also decorated the marriage hall at the Hôtel de Ville in Menton. Private life Jean Cocteau never hid his homosexuality. He was the author of the mildly homoerotic and semi-autobiographical Le livre blanc (translated as The White Paper or The White Book), published anonymously in 1928. He never repudiated its authorship and a later edition of the novel features his foreword and drawings. The novel begins:

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Frequently his work, either literary (Les enfants terribles), graphic (erotic drawings, book illustration, paintings) or cinematographic (The Blood of a Poet, Orpheus, Beauty and the Beast), is pervaded with homosexual undertones, homoerotic imagery/symbolism or camp. In 1947 Paul Morihien published a clandestine edition of Querelle de Brest by Jean Genet, featuring 29 very explicit erotic drawings by Cocteau. In recent years several albums of Cocteau's homoerotica have been available to the general public. It is widely believed that Cocteau had affairs with Raymond Radiguet, Jean Desbordes, Marcel Khill, and Panama Al Brown. In the 1930s, Cocteau is rumoured to have had a very brief affair with Princess Natalie Paley, the daughter of a Romanov Grand Duke and herself a sometime actress, model, and former wife of couturier Lucien Lelong.

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Cocteau's longest-lasting relationships were with French actors Jean Marais and Édouard Dermit, whom Cocteau formally adopted. Cocteau cast Marais in The Eternal Return (1943), Beauty and the Beast (1946), Ruy Blas (1947), and Orpheus (1949).

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Death Cocteau died of a heart attack at his château in Milly-la-Forêt, Essonne, France, on 11 October 1963 at the age of 74. His friend, French singer Édith Piaf, died the day before but that was announced on the morning of Cocteau's day of death; it has been said, in a story which is almost certainly apocryphal, that his heart failed upon hearing of Piaf's death. Cocteau's health had already been in decline for several months, and he had previously had a severe heart attack on 22 April 1963. A more plausible suggestion for the reason behind this decline in health has been proposed by author Roger Peyrefitte, who notes that Cocteau had been devastated by a breach with his longtime friend, socialite and notable patron Francine Weisweiller, as a result of an affair she had been having with a minor writer. Weisweiller and Cocteau did not reconcile until shortly before Cocteau's death.

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According to his wishes Cocteau is buried beneath the floor of the Chapelle Saint-Blaise des Simples in Milly-la-Forêt. The epitaph on his gravestone set in the floor of the chapel reads: "I stay with you" ("Je reste avec vous"). Honours and awards In 1955, Cocteau was made a member of the Académie Française and The Royal Academy of Belgium. During his life, Cocteau was commander of the Legion of Honor, Member of the Mallarmé Academy, German Academy (Berlin), American Academy, Mark Twain (U.S.A) Academy, Honorary President of the Cannes Film Festival, Honorary President of the France-Hungary Association and President of the Jazz Academy and of the Academy of the Disc. Filmography Works Literature Poetry Novels Theatre Poetry and criticism Journalistic poetry Film Director Scriptwriter Dialogue writer Director of Photography Artworks

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Recordings Colette par Jean Cocteau, discours de réception à l'Académie Royale de Belgique, Ducretet-Thomson 300 V 078 St. Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel and Portraits-Souvenir, La Voix de l'Auteur LVA 13 Plain-chant by Jean Marais, extracts from the piece Orphée by Jean-Pierre Aumont, Michel Bouquet, Monique Mélinand, Les Parents terribles by Yvonne de Bray and Jean Marais, L'Aigle à deux têtes par Edwige Feuillère and Jean Marais, L'Encyclopédie Sonore 320 E 874, 1971 Collection of three vinyl recordings of Jean Cocteau including La Voix humaine by Simone Signoret, 18 songs composed by Louis Bessières, Bee Michelin and Renaud Marx, on double-piano Paul Castanier, Le Discours de réception à l'Académie française, Jacques Canetti JC1, 1984 Derniers propos à bâtons rompus avec Jean Cocteau, 16 September 1963 à Milly-la-Forêt, Bel Air 311035 Les Enfants terribles, radio version with Jean Marais, Josette Day, Silvia Monfort and Jean Cocteau, CD Phonurgia Nova , 1992

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Anthology, 4 CD containing numerous poems and texts read by the author, Anna la bonne, La Dame de Monte-Carlo and Mes sœurs, n'aimez pas les marins by Marianne Oswald, Le Bel Indifférent by Edith Piaf, La Voix humaine by Berthe Bovy, Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel with Jean Le Poulain, Jacques Charon and Jean Cocteau, discourse on the reception at the Académie française, with extracts from Les Parents terribles, La Machine infernale, pieces from Parade on piano with two hands by Georges Auric and Francis Poulenc, Frémeaux & Associés FA 064, 1997 Poems by Jean Cocteau read by the author, CD EMI 8551082, 1997 Hommage à Jean Cocteau, mélodies d'Henri Sauguet, Arthur Honegger, Louis Durey, Darius Milhaud, Erik Satie, Jean Wiener, Max Jacob, Francis Poulenc, Maurice Delage, Georges Auric, Guy Sacre, by Jean-François Gardeil (baritone) and Billy Eidi (piano), CD Adda 581177, 1989 Le Testament d'Orphée, journal sonore, by Roger Pillaudin, 2 CD INA / Radio France 211788, 1998

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Journals Stamps 1960: Marianne de Cocteau See also Jean Cocteau Repertory List of ambulance drivers during World War I Footnotes References Breton, André (1953). La Clé des champs, p. 77. Paris: Éditions du Sagittaire.Crucifixion translated into Bengali by Malay Roy Choudhury Steegmuller, Francis (1970). Cocteau: A Biography. Boston: Atlantic-Little Brown & Company. . Further reading Evans, Arthur B. (1977). Jean Cocteau and his Films of Orphic Identity. Philadelphia: Art Alliance Press. . Peters, Arthur King. (1986) Jean Cocteau and His World. New York: Vendôme Press. Tsakiridou, Cornelia A., ed. (1997). Reviewing Orpheus: Essays on the Cinema and Art of Jean Cocteau. Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press. . Album Cocteau. Biographie et iconographie de Pierre Bergé. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Éditions Gallimard, 2006. . External links

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Cocteau/cinema Bibliography (via UC Berkeley) Cocteau CMEF Cap d'Ail Cocteau et La chapelle Saint-Blaise-des-Simples Raquel Bitton: The Sparrow and the Birdman'', a drama focusing on the relationship of Cocteau to Edith Piaf Maison Jean Cocteau – Cocteau's former home

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1889 births 1963 deaths People from Maisons-Laffitte Lycée Condorcet alumni French ballet librettists 20th-century French dramatists and playwrights French experimental filmmakers French fantasy writers French film directors French illustrators French novelists 20th-century French painters 20th-century male artists French male painters French poets French male screenwriters French screenwriters Writers from Île-de-France Prince des poètes Christian poets Christian novelists Les Six French gay writers LGBT film directors LGBT screenwriters LGBT Roman Catholics Surrealist filmmakers French surrealist artists French stamp designers French Roman Catholics Members of the Académie Française Members of the Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur LGBT dramatists and playwrights French LGBT poets French LGBT novelists Painters of the Return to Order 20th-century French screenwriters

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Thorne Head Preserve is a 96 acre (39 hectare) property administered by Kennebec Estuary Land Trust (KELT) located at the extreme end of High Street in north Bath, Maine which includes half a mile of shoreline alongside Whiskeag Creek and the Kennebec River. The land was purchased in 2000. The wildlife and nature preserve forms one end of the Whiskeag Trail and as such provides a trailhead kiosk with maps and rules and parking for about a dozen vehicles although there are no toilet or picnic facilities. The Preserve is open to the public free of charge from dawn till dusk daily. History

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There is evidence that Thorne Head has been occupied and utilized since the Abenaki traded along the river and gathered wild rice there and was known to European settlers as early as 1605, when George Waymouth entered the Kennebec River with 'some noblemen of England' and 'traversed as far to the north as the Whizgig River''' (the name referring to a whirling stream now refers to the Whiskeag Creek, which itself is said to derive from a native name, Kowasskik or Weskeag meaning 'Grassy River'). In 1640, land was deeded to the first European settlers, and from here white pine logs were exported back to England to provide wood for shipbuilding the King's Navy. Thorne Head continued to be logged into the 20th century and then the cleared areas became grazing pasture. Stone wall boundaries marking these pastures can still be seen today.

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In 1751 Michael Thornton was the first resident to locate to Thorne Head and in 1752 the post road that led from Boston via Portland and Brunswick and along what is now High Street was extended through onto the first Kennebec River ferry where it crossed the river at the Narrows. The area known as Thorne Head has also been known as Thorn's Head'' as recently as 1906. In 1993, the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife performed a critical habitat survey and noted Thorne Head as a high value habitat. In 1998, KELT began the process of purchasing the property and in April 2000 Thorne Head Preserve officially opened and became part of the Whiskeag Trail. In 2004 a gift of over 60 acres (24 hectares) - an area known as Sewall Woods, the woodlot adjacent to the Sewall family's dairy farm - was made to the trust by William D. Sewall. This in turn was enlarged in 2006 by the purchase of a further 26 acres (10.5 hectares) from Bath Housing Authority. Flora and fauna

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On October 29, 2017, a large storm crossed Maine causing widespread damage. Thorne Head did not escape this storm and many trees were broken or felled as a result. Many trees had to be removed from the public trails in the following week. The damage caused large openings to appear in what was dense woodland meaning that many of the trails are far more exposed than they were previously. The preserve contains mixed forest which includes specimens of white pine (Pinus strobus), red pine (Pinus resinosa); a stand of which can be found at the northern end of the preserve, and Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). It is possible to also find examples of oak and maple. The preserve protects over half a mile (0.8 km) of shoreline on both the Kennebec River and Whiskeag Creek. Many fish species live in the waters here including striped bass and short-nosed sturgeon.

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It is possible on the trails to see deer, fox, raccoons and mink as well as various wild birds such as owls, bald eagles and migrating warblers. Walking Trails There are approximately 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of trails to explore. The trails are marked with colored paint blazes on the trees. There are usually paper maps available from the kiosk at the entrance to the Preserve. From the entrance it is possible to take either of two trails. Bath Gardening Club has placed signs throughout the preserve identifying various tree and plant species. The terrain of the Preserve is varied. On most trails the elevation is gentle and the trails are easy to follow. Along the shoreline, the terrain drops off steeply. Overlook Trail

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The Overlook Trail runs roughly north and ends at the 'Mushroom Cap', a stone sculpture approximately a 10-minute walk from the car-park. This trail also intersects with the Whiskeag Trail, The Narrows, The Ridge Runner Trail and the Mushroom Cap Trail. There is also a short connecting trail known as The Sunset Loop. Whiskeag Trail The Whiskeag Trail is the longer of the two and ends up at Whiskeag Creek. Part of this trail is along the shoreline. It intersects with the Narrows Trail that loops around the tip of the peninsula. The Whiskeag Trail itself is a 5-mile (8 km) biking and hiking trail which connects Thorne Head Preserve to the Bath Area Family YMCA. References External links PDF map of Thorne Head Preserve Thorne Head Preserve at mainetrailfinder.com The Whiskeag Trail at mainetrailfinder.com Hiking trails in Maine Bath, Maine Sagadahoc County, Maine Kennebec River Land trusts in the United States

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The Golden Gizmo is a 1954 novel by the thriller writer Jim Thompson. Plot Toddy Kent, a former con-artist with a rap sheet in a dozen cities is now working as a door to door gold-buyer in Los Angeles for Milt Vonderheim's jewelry shop. Despite his disreputable line of work, he is able to keep a low profile in fear of the police digging into his criminal past. He lives in a hotel with his wife Elaine. Elaine spends most of Toddy's money on booze, and is a regular in the drunk tank. Their relationship is toxic but Toddy can't bring himself to leave Elaine, despite his friends urging him to. Milt has been a fatherly figure and a good friend to Toddy and Elaine. Toddy conceptualizes he has carried a "gizmo," a G.I. term for an unidentifiable, most of his life that time and again brings him the big break most men would kill for, only for it to slip through his fingers.

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At the outset of the story, Toddy is working and despite wanting to quit for the day, he calls on the last house in the neighborhood. A man named Alvarado, whom Toddy will refer to as "Chinless," answers the door with his massive dobermann which seems to be able to speak English. Toddy has a bad feeling about the man, who invites him in, and although he wants to excuse himself he steps inside. In the living room Toddy spots a heavy gold watch on the table, and is introduced to Alvarado's beautiful companion Dolores Chavez. Paralyzed by fear of the dobermann, Toddy nervously attempts to explain the meaning of his visit. He opens the box he carries to show Alvarado his haul for the day. To demonstrate that he buys gold he picks the watch up off the table, discovering that it weighs ten times what it looks like it should. Inexplicably Alvarado tries to kick Toddy, but hits the dobermann instead. While the doberman is pouncing on Alvarado, Toddy unconsciously drops the gold watch into his

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box and escapes.

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Toddy heads back to Milt's shop, and Milt informs him that Elaine is in jail again. Toddy bails her out and takes her back to their hotel. The two argue and Elaine locks herself in the bathroom. While she is showering Toddy opens his box and discovers Alvarado's golden watch. Upon examination, he realizes its casing is made of a pound of twenty-four karat, pure gold. He hides the watch in his drawer and goes to Milt's shop. He asks Milt about selling large quantities of gold but Milt, knowing the risks, is not interested. Toddy heads back home and finds his room ransacked and Elaine strangled to death with a stocking. He looks out the window and sees a man on the fire escape with his leg caught.

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The man is Donald, an enforcer for a small-time protection racket run by a man named Shake. Toddy forces Donald back to Shake's hideout and interrogates the two men. Donald claims to know nothing of Elaine's murder or the gold watch, he merely came upon the scene having gone to the hotel to extort Toddy. Toddy wrestles with feelings of guilt and relief at Elaine's death, and ponders leaving town, as he will be the prime suspect in her murder.

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Out o the street Toddy spots Dolores in a parked convertible with the dobermann in the back seat. The dobermann chases Toddy down and brings him back to the car. Dolores takes Toddy to Alvarado's house. Alvarado demands Toddy return the gold watch but Toddy tells him it is gone and his wife has been murdered. Alvarado denies involvement, and Dolores corroborates this by saying she checked out the hotel room and there was no dead body. Alvarado reveals he is an agent of a foreign government-operated gold-smuggling ring. He tells Toddy his gold supplier wants out of the operation and probably murdered Elaine to frame Alvarado thus blowing the ring's cover. He tells Toddy to wait for him in Tijuana. Milt takes a phone call from Alvarado revealing that he is the gold-supplier to Alvarado's group of South American gold-smugglers and he murdered Elaine to get Toddy out of the picture.

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Meanwhile, a bale bondsman named Airedale Aahrens is hired to bring Elaine into court for her misdemeanor drunk and disorderly. He goes to Toddy's hotel room but finds nothing except a wisp of hair in the clamp of the incinerator stack. He suspects Elaine is dead and her body was burned. Toddy meets Dolores in Tijuana and she takes him to San Diego to see Alvarado. Later Alvarado reveals he intends to silence them all to conceal his operation and shows Toddy two coffins containing his dobermann and Dolores, both drugged with chloroform. A struggle ensues, shots are fired, and the dobermann wakes up and kills Alvarado. Toddy revives Dolores from the chloroform and they share an intimate moment just as the police arrive. Toddy is arrested and Dolores is released because she has a student visa and no criminal record.

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In police custody Toddy has concluded that Milt is Alvarado's gold supplier and convinces treasury agent McKinley to release him to track Milt down. Toddy goes to Milt's shop and accuses him of the whole plot. Dolores arrives, as she had been lured there by Milt. Elaine, who faked her own death, emerges with a gun from behind a curtain. Milt wanted to steal Elaine from Toddy, and brought her into the plot with the promise of living rich. Milt and Elaine take Toddy and Dolores in a car to the beach to kill them and dispose of their bodies in the ocean. Elaine double-crosses Milt and shoots him. Just as she is about to shoot Toddy, federal agents who had been tailing them arrive and gun her down. Toddy reflects that his golden gizmo is finally gone for good. References External links Goodreads 1954 American novels Novels by Jim Thompson Novels set in New York (state) English-language novels American crime novels

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A tom drum is a cylindrical drum with no snares, named from the Anglo-Indian and Sinhala language. It was added to the drum kit in the early part of the 20th century. Most toms range in size between in diameter, though floor toms can go as large as . It is not to be confused with a tam-tam, a gong. The Tom is popular and used by players worldwide. Design history The drum called "Thammattama", played by the Sinhala people of Sri Lanka, is used in a number of Buddhist rituals in that country. It is commonly heard in Buddhist temples paired along with the reed instrument called horanava. This may be etymologically derived from the Tamil term "Thappattam" or "Thappu", a frame drum associated with South Indian Tamil culture. However, the tom-tom drums on the Western drum set clearly resemble the Sri Lankan version more than the frame drum.

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The British colonists complained loudly about the noise generated by the "tom-toms" of the natives throughout South Asia. It is likely that the term tom-toms thus comes from their experiences in colonial Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) or South India. The term "tom-tom" also has variants in the Telugu and Hindi languages, but only in Sri Lanka is there an indigenous drum with the same name (thammattama). Perhaps because of Americans' lack of experience with Asian cultures, the term is often misattributed to the Chinese, given that "tam-tam" in Western classical music refers to a Chinese gong.

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The first American drum set toms had no rims and were usually what were referred to as "Chinese" tom toms. The pigskin heads were tacked to the wooden shells with metal tacks. Through close collaboration with Gene Krupa's concept of fully tunable toms, the Slingerland drum and banjo company were the first, in 1936, to begin offering fully tuneable tom-toms (top and bottom heads) with metal or wooden rims, tension rods, and lugs. Most Chinese toms were 10 to 14 inches in diameter, but the American drum companies were eventually producing a wider range of diameters and depths. These drums were usually clamped to the bass drum rims or sat in cradles as floor stand drums. The sizes that Krupa chose became the "standard" for many decades and they were 13 × 9″ (mounted) and 16 × 16″ (floor). Later, mounted on three (or, if larger than 16 × 16″, four) legs were attached to the floor tom designs. Together with a snare drum and a bass drum of varying size, the combination of the four drums

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became a "set". (The term "kit" did not appear until the mid 1960s.)

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Later, the mounted toms, known as hanging toms or rack toms, were deepened by one inch each, these sizes being called power toms. Extra-deep hanging toms, known as cannon depth, never achieved popularity. All these were double-headed. Modern versions A wide variety of configurations have been available and in use at all levels from advanced student kits upwards. Most toms range in size between in diameter, though floor toms can go as large as . Classic rock setups Standard diameters In the 50s and early 60s, it was common to have only a single hanging tom (a 13") and a single floor tom (16").

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A basic rock configuration consists of 12" and 13" hanging toms, and a 16" floor tom with diameter × depth in inches used throughout this article. For a more detailed description of the conventions and their usage, see drum size conventions. A basic fusion configuration refers to a set-up which has 10", 12" and 14" diameter toms, Note that these terms do not imply drum depths, so for example, the 14" in a fusion setup could have depth 10, 11, 12, or could be a 14×14 floor tom. The terms "fusion" and "rock" are marketing terms invented by drum manufacturing companies, and there is no absolute definition for them; more a case of an accepted norm. Standard depths In the 1950-1980s the standard depth rack toms were 12×8 and 13×9. This "classic" configuration is still popular. Concert toms came in the early 1970s. With Ludwig producing single headed toms in 6x5.5,8x5.5,10x6.5,12x8,13x9,14x10, 15x12 16x14 mounted in pairs on a stand.

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"FAST" sizes are 10×8, 12×9, 13×10, etc., a marketing term used by DW, although not unique to DW, but with all drum manufacturers. The "New standard" sizes - 10×9, 12×10, 13×11, etc. are 2" deeper than what was considered "standard" in the 1950s. "Power" toms are one inch deeper than standard, with sizes of 10×9 or 10×10, 12×11, 13×12, which overtook the classic setup in popularity during the 1980s. Square - 10×10, 12×12, 13×13, etc., have been common in the 1980s and 1990s. Hyperdrive are shallow depths made popular initially by Tama: 10×6.5, 12×7, 13×7.5, etc. Variations Single-headed

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Single-headed tom-toms, also known as concert toms, have also been used in drum kits, though their use has fallen off in popularity since the 1970s. Concert toms have a single head and a shell slightly shallower than the corresponding double-headed tom. Phil Collins still uses four single-headed rack-mount toms and two floor toms (Gretsch) in his setup. They are generally easier to tune as they have no bottom head to adjust. The term concert tom has also been used to describe double- or single-headed tom-tom drums designed for use in a concert band rather than in a drum kit.

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Rototoms Rototoms have no shell at all, just a single head and a steel frame. Unlike most other drums, they have a variable definite pitch and some composers write for them as a tuned instrument, demanding specific notes. They can be tuned quickly by rotating the head. Since the head rotates on a thread, this raises or lowers the head relative to the rim of the drum and so increases or decreases the tension in the head. Gong bass drum A gong bass drum (also known as "gong drum"), is a large, single-headed tom often sized at or , with the drumhead being larger than the shell. The sound produced is similar to a bass drum, though it is more open and has longer sustain. They can be mounted with standard floor tom legs, though many drummers mount them at an angle next to the floor tom(s). Notable users include Neil Peart, Stewart Copeland, Bill Bruford, Simon Phillips, Jason Bittner, Mike Portnoy and Dom Howard.

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Floor tom A floor tom is a double-skin drum, most often but not always as deep as its diameter, traditionally mounted on three legs and to the drummer's right for a right-handed drummer. It is normally the deepest-toned drum played by sticks in the kit, above the bass drum but below all others, and the most resonant, more so than even the bass drum. Construction and manufacture Typically, a tom consists of a shell, chromed or plated metal hardware and head. Shell depth standards vary according to the era of manufacture and drum style. Tom-toms are typically made in diameters of: , , , , , , , and , with heads to fit. Tom-toms can be fitted with an adjustable mounting for a floor stand, or attachment to a bass drum or marching rig. They can be single- or double-headed.

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Shell A crucial factor in achieving superior tone quality and insuring durability, especially with wood, is the creation of perfectly round shells and much research and development has been put into this manufacturing technology. Shells are often constructed of 6–8 wood plies (often using different woods e. g. mahogany and falkata — birch or maple are commonly used for single-wood plies), solid wood (turned) or man-made materials (e. g. fibreglass, pressed steel, acrylic glass, resin-composite). Wood or composite shells can be finished by laminating in plastic in a large variety of colours and effects (e. g. sparkle or polychromatic); natural wood may be stained or left natural and painted with clear lacquer. Steel is usually chromed, fibreglass self-coloured and acrylic glass tinted or clear. Hardware

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For drum hardware one or two cast or pressed metal rims attach by threaded tension rods or lugs to nut boxes bolted onto the shell and hold the heads onto the bearing edges of the shell. The tension rod assembly needs to be precision-machined, cast and fitted to enable predictable and secure tuning without inhibiting resonance or introducing extra vibration. All components will be placed under great tension and experience added stresses from playing. Mounting systems vary greatly, from a simple cast block on the shell which accepts and clamps to a rod attached to a clamp or holder to much more sophisticated arrangements where there is no attachment to the shell, instead a frame clamps to the tuning lugs.

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Another sort of rod clamp system allows attachment of the drum to the tom holder without the need of a hole in the drum shell for the rod to pass through. The clamp is attached to the shell at the nodal point with two bolts so as to allow the shell to vibrate freely without degrading the shell's dynamic range and sustain. The nodal point is the location on a shell with the least amount of vibration allowing for the mount to have minimal effect on the resonance of the shell. Some drummers use a snare stand to hold and to make it easier to position the tom. Sound References Directly struck membranophones Drums Drum kit components Marching percussion Orchestral percussion

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Taos County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,937. Its county seat is Taos. The county was formed in 1852 as one of the original nine counties in New Mexico Territory. Taos County comprises the Taos, New Mexico Micropolitan Statistical Area. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.06%) is water. The county's highest point is the summit of Wheeler Peak at 13,161 feet (4,011 m). This is also the highest natural point in New Mexico. The county has the highest mean elevation of any U.S. county outside of Colorado at , even though it ranks only 22nd overall. Taos County contains 17 of New Mexico's highest 25 peaks. Adjacent counties Rio Arriba County - west Mora County - southeast Colfax County - east Costilla County, Colorado - north Conejos County, Colorado - northwest

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National protected area Carson National Forest (part) Rio Grande del Norte National Monument Demographics 2000 census As of the 2000 census, there were 29,979 people, 12,675 households, and 7,757 families living in the county. The population density was 14 people per square mile (5.2537/km2). There were 17,404 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile (3.0500/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 63.77% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 6.59% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 24.84% from other races, and 3.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 57.94% of the population.

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There were 12,675 households, out of which 29.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.70% were married couples living together, 12.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.80% were non-families. 32.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.98. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.50% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 27.40% from 25 to 44, 28.80% from 45 to 64, and 12.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 96.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.70 males.

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The median income for a household in the county was $26,762, and the median income for a family was $33,995. Males had a median income of $27,310 versus $21,121 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,103. About 16.10% of families and 20.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.60% of those under age 18 and 20.80% of those age 65 or over. 2010 census As of the 2010 census, there were 32,937 people, 14,806 households, and 8,437 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 20,265 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 68.7% white, 6.2% American Indian, 0.7% Asian, 0.4% black or African American, 19.1% from other races, and 4.9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 55.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 10.8% were English, 10.3% were German, 9.0% were Irish, and 1.2% were American.

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Of the 14,806 households, 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.3% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 43.0% were non-families, and 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age was 45.2 years. The median income for a household in the county was $35,441 and the median income for a family was $43,236. Males had a median income of $34,245 versus $28,325 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,145. About 14.5% of families and 17.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.3% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over. Communities Towns Red River Taos (county seat) Villages Questa Taos Ski Valley Census-designated places

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Arroyo Hondo Arroyo Seco Chamisal Costilla Peñasco Picuris Pueblo Ranchos de Taos Rio Lucio San Cristobal Talpa Taos Pueblo Vadito Other communities Amalia Cañoncito Carson Cerro El Prado El Rito Las Trampas Llano Llano Quemado No Agua Ojo Caliente Pilar Tres Piedras Valdez Politics Taos County is heavily Democratic. The last Republican candidate to win the county was Richard Nixon in his 1972 landslide, although his margin of victory was just over 2%. In popular culture The Rio Grande Gorge Bridge is featured in the 1994 crime-drama film Natural Born Killers, in the 2007 comedy Wild Hogs, and in the 2009 film Terminator: Salvation. The 2007 film Garbage Warrior documents architect Mike Reynolds who builds Earthships in and around Taos County. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Taos County, New Mexico References External links TaosCounty.net

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1852 establishments in New Mexico Territory Populated places established in 1852

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Frederick Lynn "Rick" Jenks (January 3, 1942 – October 24, 2010) was a professor emeritus at Florida State University (FSU), having joined the faculty in 1971. As a member of the faculty of the College of Education, he designed and directed the internationally recognized doctoral and master's programs in Teaching English as a Second/Foreign Languages (TESL/TEFL), which he led for more than twenty years. Jenks served as major advisor for fifty doctoral dissertations and more than 300 master's degree recipients. He founded and directed The Center for Intensive English Studies (CIES) at FSU from 1979 to 2002. He was an adjunct professor at Flagler College, a Fulbright Senior Specialist, a legal expert witness in second language assessment and an advocate in the Florida legislature for public-school English language learners. He was born in Buffalo, New York.

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In 1982, he designed and directed the first MA-TESOL program delivered by an American university totally outside the United States. Sponsored by ARAMCO, the Saudi Arabian oil company, the innovative program graduated 72 students during the five-year contract. He and Dr. James D. Brown, the program coordinator, were assisted by numerous TESOL experts including Drs. Stephen Gaies, Thomas Buckingham and David Eskey.

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Panama Canal Branch

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From late 1996 through 2000, he was the Director of Florida State University Panama Canal Branch campus in the Panama Canal Zone which, via a long-term contract with the U.S. Department of Defense, served as the Canal Zone's primary university, offering degree programs to military personnel and families, Canal Zone employees and residents, and Panamanian citizens. His mission was to seek ways for the university to continue operations after the reversion of the Canal Zone to the Republic of Panama in late 1999. The politically sensitive goal was achieved with support from the President and Legislative Assembly of Panama, USAID, Panamanian alumni and the U.S. Embassy. Former U.S. Ambassador to Panama, Simon Ferro, stated in 2000 that "The largest remaining U.S. footprints in the Republic of Panama are the Embassy and Florida State University-Panama." Jenks was instrumental in acquiring from the Panamanian government exclusive use of the former campus of the Panama Canal College,

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formerly the Canal Zone's community college. Today, FSU-Panama is chartered as a private Panamanian university, offering degree programs under an academic accord with FSU.

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Works He was founding editor of the quarterly American Foreign Language Teacher from 1969 to 1974, edited twenty books and monographs on language education for Advancement Press of America, and served as editor of Heinle & Heinle's Foreign and Second Language Education series from 1978 to 1981. His professional writing can be found in journals ranging from Classical Outlook to TESOL Journal, and in numerous books, festschrift and anthologies. A popular speaker, Jenks delivered over 100 keynote addresses and papers at international and national conferences.

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A former member of the Executive Board of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL, NAFSA-ATESL, and chairman (1978) of the Southern Conference on Language Teaching, Jenks served on numerous committees of TESOL (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages), ad was a founding member of TESOL International Research Foundation (TIRF). From 1987 to 2004, he was actively engaged as a member of several ETS-TOEFL committees including the Policy Council, Research Committee and TSE revision committee.

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As an Academic Specialist for the U.S. Department of State, Jenks completed three assignments in the former Yugoslavia (1983, 1984, 1989) and one in East Germany (1991). In 1987, he was chosen as the first U.S. TEFL professor to offer in-service teacher training in the former Czechoslovakia after 31 years of USSR occupation. That same year, he was appointed Distinguished Visiting Professor of English and International Studies at the University of Tennessee, Martin. In 1993,he was selected as a Fulbright Senior Scholar at Universidad Autonoma de Heredia, Costa Rica, thereafter joining and chairing the Fulbright EFL Selection Committee.

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Jenks was awarded the PhD by Wayne State University, having previously earned a Master of Arts degree from Case Western Reserve University (1966) and the Bachelor of Arts in Modern Languages from Grove City College in 1963. Jenks received the Heinle & Heinle Award for Excellence in Teaching from the Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) in 2002. Personal Jenks lived in Tallahassee with his wife, Lynn Priestley, a noted regional landscape artist. He died at a Tallahassee hospice in 2010. Notes External links Faculty page at WSU Faculty page at FSU Florida State University faculty Wayne State University alumni Case Western Reserve University alumni Grove City College alumni 2010 deaths 1942 births

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Prince Heinrich XXIV Reuss of Köstritz, also Prince Heinrich XXIV Reuss, Younger Line (German: Heinrich XXIV. Prinz Reuß zu Köstritz, also Heinrich XXIV. Prinz Reuß jüngere Linie, December 8, 1855 in Trebschen – October 2, 1910 in Ernstbrunn, Austria) was a German composer. Life Heinrich XXIV was born in Trebschen in the March of Brandenburg, descendant of the Reuss-Köstritz line, the Younger Line, of the extended German noble family of Reuss. He was the son of Prince (Fürst, monarch) Heinrich IV Reuss of Köstritz (26 April 1821 - 25 July 1894) and Princess Luise Caroline Reuss of Greiz (3 December 1822 - 28 February 1875) and a brother of Eleonore Reuss of Köstritz, Tsaritsa of Bulgaria. Heinrich XXIV spent his youth in Vienna, where he was influenced greatly by the artistic atmosphere of his parents' home. He received his first music lessons in piano, organ and counterpoint from his father Heinrich IV, himself a dilettante and composition student of Carl Gottlieb Reissiger.

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Heinrich XXIV received formal music instruction in Dresden, and continued his studies at the Universities, first in Bonn, then in Leipzig where he was a pupil of Wilhelm Rust. Despite his obvious musical talent, he decided to pursue a degree in law. After graduating in 1883, however, he devoted himself almost exclusively to his musical interests. Starting in 1881 he studied composition with Heinrich von Herzogenberg, to whom he developed a friendly attachment. Through Herzogenberg he came to know Johannes Brahms, whom he much admired. Although he never received formal instruction from Brahms, he did receive many helpful hints from Brahms, "teaching him more in ten minutes than Herzogenberg managed to do in months."

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On May 27, 1884, Heinrich XXIV was married to his cousin Princess Elisabeth Reuss of Köstritz (1860–1931). The union produced five children. Heinrich XXIV Reuss of Köstritz died two months before his 55th birthday in Ernstbrunn in Lower Austria, the ancestral seat from 1828. Musical style The musical style of Heinrich XXIV was strongly influenced by Brahms, however, on the whole it differs from that being lighter in tone, and thus resembles more the style of his teacher, Heinrich von Herzogenberg. A stylistic proximity to the works of Antonín Dvořák is evident. Heinrich XXIV's compositions display a masterful command of musical form and technique, especially in contrapuntal voice leading. As with Brahms, Dvořák and Herzogenberg, chamber music was his main field of creativity; he contributed numerous works in various genres. Notable among his other creations are his six symphonies.

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During his lifetime, the compositions of Heinrich XXIV enjoyed a good reputation even in academic circles. Max Reger was also one of his admirers. Even in the years after his death, his compositions were warmly recommended by various musical authorities, as expressed, for example, by the musicologist Wilhelm Altmann in the third volume of his Handbook for String Quartet Players published in 1929. He wrote concerning the String Sextet No. 2 in B minor: "[It] is a work with artistic value close to that of the two Brahms Sextets. Every friend of chamber music should know it." Since 1930, word of the composer and his works has become increasingly silent. Selected works Orchestra Symphony No. 1 in C minor, Op. 10 (1892) Symphony No. 2 in D major - LOST (Stolle biography, p. 103) Symphony No. 3 in E minor, Op. 28 (1907) Symphony No. 4 in A major, Op. 30 Symphony No. 5 in F minor, Op. 34 (published 1907) Symphony No. 6 in E major, Op. 36 (published 1909)

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Chamber music String Quartet No. 1 in D minor, Op. 1 (1881?) String Quintet in F major for 2 violins, 2 violas and cello, Op. 4 (1887) Sonata No. 1 in G minor for violin and piano, Op. 5 (published by Peters, 1888) Piano Quartet in F minor, Op. 6 (1895) Sonata in C major for cello and piano, Op. 7 (1895) String Quartet No. 2 in F major, Op. 11 String Sextet No. 1 in D minor, Op. 12 (1899) Piano Trio in C minor, Op. 14 (1903) Piano Quintet in C major, Op. 15 (1902) String Quartet No. 3 in A major, Op. 16 (1903) String Sextet No. 2 in B minor, Op. 17 (1902) Sonata No. 2 for violin and piano, Op. 21 (published c.1880?) Sonata in G major for viola and piano, Op. 22 (by 1904) String Quartet No. 4 in G minor, Op. 23, No. 1 (published 1904) String Quartet No. 5 in E major, Op. 23, No. 2 (pub. 1904) Piano Trio in A major for violin, viola and piano, Op. 25

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Piano Drei Präludien (3 Preludes), Op. 2 Suite, Op. 8 (1895) Praeludium Allemande Gavotte Siciliano Bourrée Sarabande Gigue Variationen und Fuge über ein eigenes Thema (Variations and Fugue on an Original Theme), Op. 19 (published c. 1904) Vocal Fünf Lieder (5 Songs) for voice and piano, Op. 3 (1883); texts by Ludwig Uhland and Nikolaus Lenau Tu nos fecisti ad te, Motet for mixed chorus a capella, Op. 24 (published c. 1890); text by Aurelius Augustinus 3 Geistliche Lieder (3 Sacred Songs) for 3-part women's chorus and organ or piano, Op. 27 (published 1907) References External links Heinrich XXIV Prinz Reuss zu Köstritz lineage at thepeerage.com

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1855 births 1910 deaths 19th-century classical composers 19th-century German musicians 19th-century German male musicians 20th-century classical composers 20th-century German composers 20th-century German male musicians German Romantic composers German male classical composers People from the Province of Brandenburg People from Zielona Góra County Princes of Reuss

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The River Ure in North Yorkshire, England is approximately long from its source to the point where it becomes the River Ouse. It is the principal river of Wensleydale, which is the only major dale now named after a village rather than its river. The old name for the valley was Yoredale after the river that runs through it. The Ure is one of many rivers and waterways that drain the Dales into the River Ouse. Tributaries of the Ure include the River Swale and the River Skell. Name The earliest recorded name of the river is in about 1025, probably an error for , where represents the Old English letter wynn or 'w', standing for ("water"). By 1140 it is recorded as Jor, hence Jervaulx (Jorvale) Abbey, and a little later as Yore. In Tudor times the antiquarians John Leland and William Camden used the modern form of the name.

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The name probably means "the strong or swift river". This is on the assumption that the Brittonic name of the river was Isurā, because the Roman name for Aldborough was Isurium; intervocalic s is known to have been lost in Brittonic at an early date. This explanation connects the river name with an Indo-European root is- meaning "strong" and the names of the Isar in Germany and the Isère in France. Course The source of the river is Ure Head on Abbotside Common where it flows west south-west to the valley floor and then turns south. Where it reaches the A684 it turns east along Wensleydale as far as Wensley. From here it flows south-east to Jervaulx Abbey and shortly after south to Mickley. Here it returns east and then south to Ripon. A little way after Ripon it flows east again to Boroughbridge.

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To the east of Boroughbridge, the Ure is joined by the River Swale. About downstream of this confluence, at Cuddy Shaw Reach near Linton-on-Ouse, the river changes its name to the River Ouse. Water levels Low and high water levels are average figures. Geology Upper Wensleydale is high, open and remote U-shaped valley overlying Yoredale Beds. The gradient is gentle to the north end of the valley, becoming steeper further south. Glacial drumlins lie either side of the river, which is shallow but fast flowing. The river is fed from many gills cutting through woodland and predominantly sheep farmsteads. The Settle to Carlisle railway runs along the western side of the valley here.

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Mid Wensleydale is made of Great Scar limestone under Yoredale beds that make up the valley sides, which are marked with stepped limestone scars. The valley floor is made from glacial drift tails and moraine. The river here is broad and gently flowing in meanders in a stony channel. There are four tributary valleys that contribute to several waterfalls in this area. Lower Wensleydale is a broader version of mid Wensleydale with the river gently meandering until it drops significantly at Aysgarth over the platformed waterfalls. The valley sides become increasingly wooded. From Middleham onwards the river is a typical mid-age river and meanders in wider arcs as it flows south-east. History

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The valley has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Examples of earthworks and other artifacts from the Bronze and Iron Ages can be seen in the Dales Countryside Museum in Hawes and the Romans built a fort at Bainbridge. Place-names in the valley denote the different types of settlers, such as Angles and Norse with typical suffixes like 'ton' and "sett". During medieval times, much of the upper dale was sheep country belonging to Middleham Castle and Jervaulx Abbey. In 1751, the Richmond to Lancaster Turnpike was created and originally followed the Roman road from Bainbridge. In 1795 it was diverted along the valley to Hawes and took the Widdale route, now the B6255 to Ingleton. More recently in 1990, Aysgarth Falls was used as a location in Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves, in the scene where Robin Hood fights Little John. It also featured in the 1992 film of Wuthering Heights and the 1984 TV miniseries, A Woman of Substance. Economy

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Farming (including dairying), tourism and quarrying are the mainstays of the modern economy of the valley. The dairy at Hawes produces Wensleydale cheese. Brewing takes place in Masham at the Black Sheep and Theakston Breweries. There are many waymarked footpaths and open countryside. The Pennine Way passes through Hawes. Navigation The River Ure is navigable upstream as far as its junction with the Ripon Canal, south east of Ripon, a distance of . There are locks at Milby, where a short cut bypasses the weir at Boroughbridge, and at Westwick. Navigation to Swale Nab, at the confluence with the River Swale, was opened in January 1769 as part of the River Ouse Navigation. Navigation to the Ripon Canal was opened in January 1772.

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The Leeds and Thirsk Railway bought the navigation in January 1846. The navigation was neglected, and the lack of dredging resulted in boats having to be loaded with less cargo. There was a brief upturn in trade in the 1860s, but the decline continued after that. By 1892, no traffic proceeded past Boroughbridge, and the North Eastern Railway took action to prevent the waterway above Boroughbridge being used. Until 1999 the navigation authority to Swale Nab was the Linton Lock Navigation Commissioners. The Commissioners had insufficient income to maintain the navigation, and in 1999 it was transferred to British Waterways. The navigation authority for the whole navigation is now the Canal & River Trust. Natural history

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The differing habitats of the area have their own populations of flora such as cranesbill, bistort, pignut and buttercup. Other species that can be seen in the area are wood anemones, violets, primroses, purple orchids, cowslips and herb paris. Some plants, such as spring sandwort, have managed to grow where the lead mining took place. There are large populations of badgers, roe deer, red foxes and rabbits in the valley. Among the variety of birds that can be seen in the valley are golden plovers, curlews and oystercatchers. Fish populations along the river include: brown trout, grayling, barbel, chub, roach and perch. Gallery Lists Tributaries From the source of the river:

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Tongue Gill Grass Gill Scars Gill Keld Gill Johnston Gill South Lunds Sike Tarn gill Scothole Gill Carr Gill Mossdale Beck Cottersdale Beck Widdale Beck Hardraw beck Thorne Sike Gayle Beck Blackburn Sike Eller Beck Nicholl Gill Raygill Sike Grays Beck River Bain Paddock Beck West Mawks Sike Newbiggin Beck Craike Sike Gutter Sister Ings Beck Starra Beck Wanley Beck Gill Beck Eller Beck Low Beck Bishopdale/Walden Becks Kendall Beck Belden Beck/Swan River Mill Beck Wensley Beck Mill Beck Harmby/Spennithorne Becks River Cover Harker Beck River Burn Black Robin Beck River Skell River Tutt River Swale Settlements From the source of the river: Blades South Lunds Appersett Hawes Bainbridge Worton Woodhall Aysgarth Wensley Spennithorne Middleham Ulshaw Bridge Masham Mickley West Tanfield North Stainley Nunwick Hutton Conyers Ripon Roecliffe Boroughbridge Lower Dunsforth Aldwark Crossings From the source of the river:

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Green Bridge (foot) How Beck Bridge Footbridge Blades Footbridge Unnamed road Unnamed road Thwaite Bridge A684 Footbridge A684 New Bridge Footbridge Haylands Beck, Hawes Footbridge Yore Bridge, Bainbridge Worton Bridge, Worton Footbridge Footbridge Footbridge Yore Bridge A684 Wensley Bridge A684 Middleham Bridge Ulshaw Bridge Footbridge A6108 Masham Bridge Footbridge A6108 Tanfield Bridge North Bridge, Ripon A61 Ripon By-pass B6265 Hewick Bridge A1(M) A168 Arrows Bridge Borough Bridge Footbridge Aldwark Bridge (Toll) References Wensleydale Ure Boroughbridge 1Ure

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Yarra Ranges National Park is located in the Central Highlands of Australia's southeastern state Victoria, 107 kilometres northeast of Melbourne. Established in 1995 and managed by the statutory authority Parks Victoria, the park features a carbon-rich, temperate rain forest and subalpine eucalypt forest on its northern plateau. It is home to large stands of mountain ash, the second tallest tree species in the world. A wide diversity of fauna make their home across the park's 76,003 hectares, including kangaroos, wallabies, wombats, platypi and 120 species of native birds. The Yarra, O'Shaunessy and Taggerty rivers flow through the Park, and with several reservoirs form an important source of drinking water for Melbourne. Among the conservation challenges facing Yarra Ranges National Park are climate change and invasive species of weeds. In winter, Lake Mountain, located at the northern end of the park, provides cross-country skiing on groomed and ungroomed ski trails.

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Description

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The Yarra Ranges National Park was created in December 1995, and spans 76,003 hectares within Victoria's Central Highlands. This National Park has been given "the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Category 2 (National Parks) of the United Nations List of National Parks and Protected Areas". By being category 2, it means that the park is primarily managed for the ecosystem conservation and appropriate recreation within it. The park is made up of wet Mountain Ash Forest and Cool Temperate Rainforest, as well as a diverse range of flora and fauna species. Mount Donna Buang, standing 1,245 meters above the town of Warburton is the parks largest mountain. The park encompasses the headwaters of the Yarra, O'Shannassy and Taggerty Rivers, as well as key dam and reservoirs, which make up 70% of Melbourne's drinking water. This is because 84% of the park is within the Designated Water Supply Catchment Area (DWSCA) which is managed under the Government's Closed Catchment

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Policy. Because of this, much of the park has limited access to the public to better protect the water supply catchments.

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Ecology Victoria's Mountain Ash trees (Eucalyptus regnans) are among the most spectacular trees in the world being one of the world's tallest tree species, as well as the tallest flowering plant.

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The Mountain ash trees have a lifespan of 400 years and tower up to 90 meters, though have been known to grow taller with the highest ever recorded being the "Ferguson Tree," discovered near Healesville in 1872 standing at over 154 metres high. They grow in stands that have the highest above-ground biomass of any trees in the world, allowing them to store large quantities of carbon dioxide. In 2009, a study was conducted by Professor Brendan Mackey of the Australian National University, who found that Mountain Ash forests are the best in the world at locking up carbon, storing 1,867 tonnes of carbon per hectare. Once they have reached the end of their lifespan, their dead tree stumps and fallen logs continue to provide homes for at least 40 hollow-dependant species, including Victoria's faunal emblem – the endangered Leadbeater's Possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) – as well as the Mountain Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus cunninghami) and the Greater Glider (Petauroides volans). There

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have also been nine epiphyte species that have been observed growing on the Mountain Ash trees, the most prevalent of these being Liverwort (Bazzania adnexa). Other than Mountain Ash trees, the park also contains several threatened species of flora, including the Slender Tree Fern (Cyathea cunninghamii).

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The park provides a habitat for many native species of fauna. There are over 120 recorded species of native birds, with some notable species being the Pink Robin (Petroica rodinogaster), Yellow-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus), Australian King Parrot (Alisterus scapularis) and the Grey Goshawk (Accipiter novaehollandiae). The park also contains 3 species of threatened owl – Sooty Owl (Tyto tenebricosa), Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) and the Barking Owl (Ninox connivens). Native mammals that are frequently seen within the park are Kangaroos, Wallabies and Wombats. The waterways are abundant with Platypuses, as well as many species of fish, including Redfin perch (Perca fluviatillis), European carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Golden perch (Macquaria ambigua). When it comes to insects, Mount Doona Buang is home to an endemic rare species known as the Mount Donna Buang Wingless Stonefly (Riekoperla darlingtoni). Environmental threats

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Weeds and feral animals One of the most major environmental threats against the Yarra Ranges National Park is invasive weeds. The park is rich with native plants that are being overcome by competition by the 200 species of weeds that are spreading into the park from private gardens. In the park there are three significant types of weeds: Weeds of National Significance (WONS) are plants that have the most significant impacts across Australia both environmentally and economically, and are a priority for control. In the Yarra Ranges National Park some WONS are Willow (Salix app.), Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus spp.aggregate), Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera) and Bridal Creeper (Asparagus asparagoides).

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Native species as weeds. There are some Australian native species that can have weed characteristics when they grow outside of their normal range and can cause harm to the parks environment. Some native weeds in the park are Bluebell Creeper (Billiarderia heterophylia), Cedar Wattle (Acacia elata) and Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia baileyana). Declared Noxious Weeds. These plants have been declared noxious under the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994. These plants have the potential to cause serious environmental harm and therefore must be managed. Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), Spear Thistle (Cirsium vulgare) and Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) are all declared noxious weeds.

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Invasive pest animals can have detrimental effects on the park because they prey on native wildlife and can "out-compete and displace native animals by competing for their habitat, food and water resources". Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are an established pest animal in all of Victoria. When it comes to the Yarra Ranges National Park, mainly trapping methods are employed to manage the issue. In Victoria there is a program that rewards eligible Victorian hunters with a $10 bounty reward for each individual fox killed, subject to the Victorian Fox Bounty Terms and Conditions. Due to this, and the amount of foxes in the park, Parks Victoria opens up the park occasionally to allow hunters in to help manage the fox issue. Other pest animals within the park are European Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and feral cats.

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Fires Fires are a natural part of Australian environment because they are needed for the renewal of ecosystems; however, in recent times these bushfires have been occurring outside normal frequencies, intensities, seasons and scale of what fauna and flora can tolerate. To reduce the potential impact of fire on the park, controlled burns are conducted throughout specific months of the year and are carefully managed by Parks Victoria and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP). The controlled burns are used to reduce the amount of fuel, such as dead wood, leaf litter, bark or shrubs that could easily catch alight during the summer months. A reduced amount of fuel decreases the impact of a bushfire because it lowers its intensity.

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Climate change Climate change is having a major impact on all ecosystems within Australia, and the Yarra Ranges National Park is no exception. As the temperature increases, the average rainfall decreases, meaning less water flowing in the waterways. Less water reduces water quality that is supplied to Melbourne and used by the fauna and flora within the park. The annual surface temperature is predicted to increase by 0.6-1C and wind speed is set to increase by 6%. All these changes will impact what makes up the park's ecosystem and how it functions. Heritage European colonists found it difficult to access the area. It was eventually settled in 1860 and was seen as a valuable area for timber. Soon after, the area was recognised as a good place for water catchments, so the Maroondah and Upper Yarra dams were built.

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Management Yarra Ranges National Park is managed by Parks Victoria, the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) and Melbourne Water. Parks Victoria released a Management Plan for the park in 2002 in which they outlined the significant management directions for the Park, all of which are still used today.

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Parks Victoria aims to preserve significant conservation areas by;

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Preserving old-growth forests, as well as specific significant flora species. Parks will do this by improving knowledge of flora in the park by encouraging flora surveys and research on significant species to improve conservation management schemes for specific species. To provide special protection for significant plant species by actively managing threatening processes, such as weed invasion. To protect the parks native fauna species and maintain genetic diversity. This will be done by maintaining and enhancing fauna habitat through the control of potentially threatening processes, such as pest plant and animal control. To encourage surveys of fauna and faunal habitats in the park, giving priority to threatened species to ensure that the park continues to support viable populations of each endangered species. The last management strategy to protect fauna species is to communicate the policy of no feeding of wildlife in the park, and to prohibit the distribution and sale of birdseed

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within the park. When it comes to fire management, Parks Victoria allows open days for locals to come into the park and gather wood. This helps to get rid of fire fuel that is present in the understory of the forest.

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Protecting water resources in the water supply catchments. This will be done by maintaining the Restricted Access Policy for the Designated Water Supply Catchment Area (DWSCA), by continuing to prohibit domestic pets and control feral animals in the DWSCA to protect the water resources from any potential forms of contamination. The DWSCA will also be protected from wildfire in accordance with the Draft Yarra Ranges National Park Fire Protection Plan. The last management strategy to protect the water supply catchments is to monitor the effects of roads and traffic that transverse the DWSCA to ensure that there is minimal soil erosion that could affect the water supply.

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Are the management directions effective? The current management strategies outlined in the Yarra Ranges National Park Management Plan regarding the Restricted Access Policy, is efficient at maintaining the parks water resources. By limiting human access to the Designated Water Supply Catchment Area (DWSCA) it prevents some forms of contaminants from entering the supply catchments because the area remains clear of rubbish. If rubbish left behind in the park by people entered the water catchments, it could have a damaging effect on the purity of the water that is supplied to Melbourne. The restriction on people feeding wildlife has also benefited the native species within the park because it allows the ecosystem to function and evolve without human interference.

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One of the main reasons the park was established was to protect Mountain Ash trees, however, their numbers have declined due to climate change, bush fires and close-proximity logging to the park. Climate change cannot be prevented, but significant fire damage can be. To decrease the severity of fires within the Park, more planned burns to get rid of a majority of fire fuel could be implemented by Parks Victoria and DELWP. When it comes to close-proximity logging, the effect on Mountain Ash trees is detrimental. To help prevent the further loss of these endangered carbon-rich forests, a policy could be implement by the Victorian Government to prevent logging from occurring within a 20 kilometre area of the park.

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With the number of Mountain Ash trees decreasing, faunal habitat is also being lost. This is of great concern when it comes to Victoria's faunal emblem – the Leadbeater's Possum, as well as many other threatened species of fauna within the park. Parks Victoria and DELWP have management strategies in place that do protect these threatened species from pest species and human interaction, however there are no measures to combat the increased threat of climate change. When it comes to protecting threatened species of fauna, there are breeding programs implemented in Healesville Sanctuary to increase specific species population rates. Once these animals reach a certain age, Zoo's Victoria coordinates their efforts with the Parks Ranger, to release these animals into the park. In regards to faunal habitat being lost, the parks open wood days may be displacing animals if people do not stick to the restriction for wood collection in the park. This cannot be managed, so the only way to prevent

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this is to find a way to manage it, or to stop the open wood days altogether.

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To help better protect endangered fauna and flora within the area, there is a proposal for the creation of the Great Forest National Park. This proposed park will add 355,000 hectares to existing parks and reserves. The proposed park will supply over 4 million people with some of the highest quality drinking water, help to protect a greater portion of Mountain Ash forest and provide a greater area for protecting endangered and rare wildlife. Overall, the proposed park will protect approximately all of Victoria's Central Highlands. See also Mount Donna Buang Protected areas of Victoria Great Forest National Park References External links Parks Victoria: Yarra Ranges National Park National parks of Victoria (Australia) Protected areas established in 1995 Forests of Victoria (Australia) 1995 establishments in Australia Yarra Valley

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is a Japanese television drama which aired on Fuji TV at 10:00 pm every Thursday from April 10, 2008, until June 17, 2008. It stars Masami Nagasawa, Juri Ueno, Eita, Asami Mizukawa and Ryo Nishikido of japanese idol group Kanjani Eight. The special, consisting of a recap and some new additional scenes aired on June 26, 2008. The series follow the life of Michiru Aida, a beauty parlor assistant who returns to Tokyo after 4 years. Bullied by her seniors at work and abused by her boyfriend, she is reunited with her best friend during high school, Ruka Kishimoto, a skilled motocross racer. Takeru, a make-up artist, is introduced to Ruka by her housemate, Eri and thus begin a journey of friendship.

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A manga counterpart focusing on Ruka's and Michiru's high school days is currently being published in Malika. Although episode 11 was supposed to be the final episode, a sudden phone call requested the producers to add on a special. A movie has also been announced due to Last Friends' immense popularity. Last Friends was number 1 on Fuji's top 50 list from June 16 till June 29. However, it had since dropped to 6th place after the broadcast of the special and as of the week of July 7 to 13, Last Friends ranked 9th on the Top 50 list. Aside from the official website at Fuji TV, another website has also been created, named "Last Friends: Another".

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Creation and conception Juri Ueno and Masami Nagasawa were originally approached for the role of Ruka and Michiru. Asami Mizukawa was cast for the other woman character Taeko Asano planned to have in the drama. Takeru, however was a last minute addition because the producers wanted a male presence in the drama. Initially, the drama was to be only about domestic violence (DV) and gender identity disorder, portrayed by Nagasawa and Ueno respectively. A character who used DV was then created. Ueno was picked by Asano, who saw her performance in Rainbow Song. According to Asano, it was her intuition which said Ueno was perfect for the role of Ruka Kishimoto, a character with gender identity issues. Eita was cast because of his "feminine feel". Nagasawa was selected because Asano thought of her as the "smiling woman who worries".

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Takeru's friendship with Ruka was in the "grey zone". Asano stated that Ueno was very enthusiastic about her role from the beginning, asking about the hairstyle and clothing when she accepted the role. Theme Centered around the current generation's afflictions, Last Friends follows the various issues of domestic violence, gender dysphoria and trauma. Each of the five characters are represented by an issue, which are: Love - Michiru Liberation - Ruka Agony - Takeru Solitude - Eri Contradiction - Sousuke

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Synopsis Michiru Aida is a beauty parlour assistant who returns to Tokyo after four years of absence. She moves in with her boyfriend, Sousuke Oikawa, who works in the Child Welfare Division. She quickly becomes the victim of DV and is bullied at her workplace. Ruka Kishimoto is Michiru's best friend that works part-time at a mechanic shop and is a brilliant motocross racer. She has a problem which she cannot confide to anyone and her worry becomes evident throughout the series. Takeru Mizhushima is a professional hair makeup artist by day and a bartender by night who suffers from a traumatic past. The three meet by chance and a journey of friendship begins.

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Plot A pregnant Michiru is first seen walking in a fishing village area, wondering about her friends and a horrible death which occurred laments the fact that she did not have the ability to know what is in a person's heart, and therefore could not stop the death. However, she acknowledges that her friends are supporting her even though she betrayed Ruka.

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Present day Tokyo, Michiru is working at a beauty parlour when she sees her boyfriend, Sousuke Oikawa waving at her and pointing out a place to meet him for dinner. When she does, Sousuke gives her a cup for her birthday present and invites her to live together. Michiru gets permission from her mother and tells Sousuke that she will move in soon, first buying pair furniture. At the department store, Michiru is seen by Ruka, who chases the bus Michiru has boarded. In her hurry, Ruka bumps into Takeru and drops her cup. She catches up, and the two meet each other for the first time in four years. Later that day, Ruka meets Takeru again after Eri drags her along to the night bar where Takeru works. Cast Main characters Japanese Live action actor: Masami Nagasawa