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Common Fuel Types and Uses

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_N6BfGeC1dY

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.110 --> 00:00:02.680 - [Narrator] Not all fossil fuels are the same. 00:00:02.680 --> 00:00:05.470 And this is because different kinds of organic material 00:00:05.470 --> 00:00:07.790 were heated and compressed in different ways 00:00:07.790 --> 00:00:10.610 creating different kinds of fossil fuels. 00:00:10.610 --> 00:00:13.620 One of these kinds of fossil fuels is petroleum. 00:00:13.620 --> 00:00:15.010 The word petroleum comes 00:00:15.010 --> 00:00:17.430 from the Latin word for rock, petra, 00:00:17.430 --> 00:00:20.020 and the Latin word for oil, oleum. 00:00:20.020 --> 00:00:23.150 This makes sense because it's an oily substance that's found 00:00:23.150 --> 00:00:25.230 in reservoirs trapped in rock. 00:00:25.230 --> 00:00:28.500 Humans have been using oil for a very long time. 00:00:28.500 --> 00:00:30.570 Early civilizations found it bubbling up 00:00:30.570 --> 00:00:32.670 from the ground at natural wells. 00:00:32.670 --> 00:00:33.930 The oil they saw coming straight 00:00:33.930 --> 00:00:37.650 out of the earth is called crude oil or crude petroleum 00:00:37.650 --> 00:00:41.070 which means that it is unrefined and unprocessed. 00:00:41.070 --> 00:00:43.340 Crude oil was probably one of the ingredients 00:00:43.340 --> 00:00:46.030 in Greek fire, which was a flame throwing weapon 00:00:46.030 --> 00:00:48.410 that the Byzantines would fling at their enemies. 00:00:48.410 --> 00:00:51.360 Today, we refine crude oil into many products 00:00:51.360 --> 00:00:53.970 like gasoline and diesel for vehicles, 00:00:53.970 --> 00:00:57.610 kerosene for heating, and asphalt for road construction. 00:00:57.610 --> 00:01:00.763 It's also used to make plastics and synthetic fabrics. 00:01:01.740 --> 00:01:04.130 Another type of fossil fuel is coal 00:01:04.130 --> 00:01:06.580 which we mostly burn to make electricity, 00:01:06.580 --> 00:01:09.880 but it can also be used for heating and cooking. 00:01:09.880 --> 00:01:12.840 It's a solid, shiny black flammable rock 00:01:12.840 --> 00:01:15.270 which is mostly formed from the carbon remains 00:01:15.270 --> 00:01:18.070 of fossilized plants like moss. 00:01:18.070 --> 00:01:21.010 Over thousands of years, plant material transforms 00:01:21.010 --> 00:01:24.010 into a carbon-rich compound called peat, 00:01:24.010 --> 00:01:26.820 and then with some pressure, it becomes soft coal 00:01:26.820 --> 00:01:28.680 which is called lignite. 00:01:28.680 --> 00:01:32.580 And then with more pressure, it becomes bituminous coal. 00:01:32.580 --> 00:01:36.500 And then finally it becomes a hard coal called anthracite. 00:01:36.500 --> 00:01:38.800 The longer the plant remains are put under pressure, 00:01:38.800 --> 00:01:41.210 the more energy dense it becomes. 00:01:41.210 --> 00:01:44.450 So if you burned anthracite, you would get a lot more energy 00:01:44.450 --> 00:01:46.240 than if you burned peat. 00:01:46.240 --> 00:01:49.740 Burning coal releases carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, 00:01:49.740 --> 00:01:53.270 nitrogen oxides, and other gases into the air 00:01:53.270 --> 00:01:56.880 so coal is one of the dirtiest fossil fuels. 00:01:56.880 --> 00:01:59.930 The cleanest burning fossil fuel is natural gas 00:01:59.930 --> 00:02:02.760 meaning that it emits the least amount of carbon dioxide 00:02:02.760 --> 00:02:04.540 or other air plumes. 00:02:04.540 --> 00:02:06.300 This is not the same type of gas 00:02:06.300 --> 00:02:08.070 as we put into our vehicles. 00:02:08.070 --> 00:02:09.890 That type comes from petroleum. 00:02:09.890 --> 00:02:12.090 Instead, natural gas is mostly used 00:02:12.090 --> 00:02:14.680 for generating electricity, heating homes, 00:02:14.680 --> 00:02:16.550 and cooking food. 00:02:16.550 --> 00:02:19.170 Your oven, furnace, water heater, dryer, 00:02:19.170 --> 00:02:22.090 or grill all might run on natural gas. 00:02:22.090 --> 00:02:25.570 Natural gas is a naturally occurring mixture of gases 00:02:25.570 --> 00:02:28.520 and it's mostly made up of methane, ethane, 00:02:28.520 --> 00:02:30.720 propane, and butane. 00:02:30.720 --> 00:02:33.470 The gas is colorless and odorless 00:02:33.470 --> 00:02:36.170 so natural gas companies often add a rotten egg smell 00:02:36.170 --> 00:02:39.470 to the fuel to make leaks easier to detect. 00:02:39.470 --> 00:02:42.460 But even though we can't see or smell natural gas, 00:02:42.460 --> 00:02:46.270 humans have been detecting it and using it for centuries. 00:02:46.270 --> 00:02:49.100 There's evidence that more than 2,000 years ago, 00:02:49.100 --> 00:02:51.480 people in China created bamboo pipelines 00:02:51.480 --> 00:02:53.880 to transport the gas so that they could use it 00:02:53.880 --> 00:02:57.150 to boil salt water and separate out the salt. 00:02:57.150 --> 00:02:59.150 And today we still use pipelines 00:02:59.150 --> 00:03:00.960 to transport gas across land, 00:03:00.960 --> 00:03:03.313 although they're no longer made out of bamboo. 00:03:04.390 --> 00:03:06.400 Another kind of non-renewable resource 00:03:06.400 --> 00:03:08.450 is nuclear fuel. 00:03:08.450 --> 00:03:11.750 Nuclear power plants don't burn fossil fuels, 00:03:11.750 --> 00:03:14.010 instead they split uranium 00:03:14.010 --> 00:03:16.700 through something called nuclear fission. 00:03:16.700 --> 00:03:19.050 Just one kilogram of uranium 00:03:19.050 --> 00:03:23.010 can produce 24 million kilowatt hours of energy. 00:03:23.010 --> 00:03:25.210 Compare that with one kilogram of coal 00:03:25.210 --> 00:03:28.580 which can produce eight kilowatt hours of energy. 00:03:28.580 --> 00:03:32.640 In other words, nuclear fission produces a lot of energy. 00:03:32.640 --> 00:03:34.770 It also produces a lot of heat 00:03:34.770 --> 00:03:36.783 which we mostly use to make electricity. 00:03:37.750 --> 00:03:41.170 Also, nuclear energy is known as a clean energy 00:03:41.170 --> 00:03:43.300 because the only greenhouse gas emission 00:03:43.300 --> 00:03:45.680 is water vapor which tends to cycle 00:03:45.680 --> 00:03:46.900 out of the atmosphere faster 00:03:46.900 --> 00:03:49.120 than other greenhouse gases. 00:03:49.120 --> 00:03:51.280 But the downside is the spent fuel 00:03:51.280 --> 00:03:53.740 is a dangerous radioactive waste 00:03:53.740 --> 00:03:57.623 and recycling the nuclear waste is dangerous and expensive. 00:03:59.270 --> 00:04:02.760 Petroleum, coal, natural gas and nuclear fuel 00:04:02.760 --> 00:04:06.250 make up 85% of the world's energy consumption. 00:04:06.250 --> 00:04:08.840 But as our populations and our energy needs grow, 00:04:08.840 --> 00:04:10.810 it's becoming more important to integrate 00:04:10.810 --> 00:04:13.410 renewable resources, the sources that could be restored 00:04:13.410 --> 00:04:16.450 by natural processes, into our energy mix. 00:04:16.450 --> 00:04:18.030 Here's something to think about. 00:04:18.030 --> 00:04:21.030 What's something that you do in your day that uses energy? 00:04:21.030 --> 00:04:23.390 Does that energy come from fossil fuels? 00:04:23.390 --> 00:04:25.950 And if so, which one? 00:04:25.950 --> 00:04:27.960 Understanding how you get your energy 00:04:27.960 --> 00:04:30.920 is part of understanding what powers your community, 00:04:30.920 --> 00:04:33.253 your country, and the world.

Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Resources

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2lQFo69_hc

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.190 --> 00:00:03.900 - [Instructor] Today, let's talk about energy resources. 00:00:03.900 --> 00:00:06.140 You've probably already done something today 00:00:06.140 --> 00:00:08.160 that used energy resources, 00:00:08.160 --> 00:00:10.500 even beginning from the moment you woke up. 00:00:10.500 --> 00:00:12.330 For me, the beginning of my day 00:00:12.330 --> 00:00:14.600 always starts with making tea. 00:00:14.600 --> 00:00:17.430 I use energy in every step of this process. 00:00:17.430 --> 00:00:20.010 My car uses oil when I drive to the grocery store 00:00:20.010 --> 00:00:21.150 to get the tea, 00:00:21.150 --> 00:00:24.410 my stove uses natural gas when I boil the water, 00:00:24.410 --> 00:00:27.410 and my water heater uses coal-sourced electricity 00:00:27.410 --> 00:00:30.020 when I wash my mug in hot water afterwards. 00:00:30.020 --> 00:00:33.060 We use energy constantly in our daily lives. 00:00:33.060 --> 00:00:35.120 Since the first law of thermodynamics 00:00:35.120 --> 00:00:38.570 states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, 00:00:38.570 --> 00:00:42.560 where does it all come from and will we have enough? 00:00:42.560 --> 00:00:44.750 When we talk about energy resources, 00:00:44.750 --> 00:00:46.960 we could split it up into two groups: 00:00:46.960 --> 00:00:50.930 renewable energy and nonrenewable energy. 00:00:50.930 --> 00:00:53.440 I can always remember what renewable resources are 00:00:53.440 --> 00:00:55.940 because the prefix re means again 00:00:55.940 --> 00:00:59.240 and the root new refers the origin of the energy source, 00:00:59.240 --> 00:01:01.090 so renewable energy sources 00:01:01.090 --> 00:01:03.480 are the sources that we can use again and again 00:01:03.480 --> 00:01:06.640 and are quickly restored by natural processes. 00:01:06.640 --> 00:01:10.270 Renewable fuel sources include sunlight, wind, 00:01:10.270 --> 00:01:13.150 moving water, biomass from fast-growing plants, 00:01:13.150 --> 00:01:15.880 and geothermal heat from the earth. 00:01:15.880 --> 00:01:19.220 The lifespan of renewable resources looks like a circle. 00:01:19.220 --> 00:01:21.460 We can use them and then we can use them again 00:01:21.460 --> 00:01:23.320 without worrying about them running out. 00:01:23.320 --> 00:01:25.900 Nonrenewable energy sources on the other hand, 00:01:25.900 --> 00:01:28.260 are sources that exist in a fixed amount 00:01:28.260 --> 00:01:30.120 and cannot be easily replaced. 00:01:30.120 --> 00:01:33.430 These energy sources must be extracted from the earth, 00:01:33.430 --> 00:01:38.140 and they include things like nuclear fuel and fossil fuels, 00:01:38.140 --> 00:01:42.240 which are things like coal, oil, and natural gas. 00:01:42.240 --> 00:01:45.130 Fossil fuels were formed in the geologic past 00:01:45.130 --> 00:01:47.510 from the remains of ancient organisms. 00:01:47.510 --> 00:01:50.580 Plants and animals that died millions of years ago 00:01:50.580 --> 00:01:54.410 became buried in the soil, partially decomposed, 00:01:54.410 --> 00:01:57.153 and were exposed to a lot of heat and pressure. 00:01:58.380 --> 00:02:01.030 This heat and pressure chemically rearranged 00:02:01.030 --> 00:02:03.150 the energy contained within their bodies 00:02:03.150 --> 00:02:05.670 into the fossil fuels we use today. 00:02:05.670 --> 00:02:09.620 Because they take so long to form, we have a finite amount 00:02:09.620 --> 00:02:12.710 of nonrenewable resources in the earth right now. 00:02:12.710 --> 00:02:16.010 The lifespan for fossil fuels is a broken loop, 00:02:16.010 --> 00:02:17.880 a one-way ticket. 00:02:17.880 --> 00:02:20.380 First, the fossil fuel is found, 00:02:20.380 --> 00:02:22.980 then it has to be extracted. 00:02:22.980 --> 00:02:24.390 Extracting fossil fuels 00:02:24.390 --> 00:02:26.650 can involve destructive mining processes 00:02:26.650 --> 00:02:29.190 that can pollute surrounding habitats. 00:02:29.190 --> 00:02:32.760 It then has to be transported to wherever it will be used. 00:02:32.760 --> 00:02:35.940 And using fossil fuels means burning them, 00:02:35.940 --> 00:02:37.720 which releases greenhouse gases 00:02:37.720 --> 00:02:40.270 and other pollutants into the atmosphere. 00:02:40.270 --> 00:02:41.880 Also, it can take energy 00:02:41.880 --> 00:02:44.310 to refine and process some types of fossil fuel 00:02:44.310 --> 00:02:45.910 so that they're more helpful to us, 00:02:45.910 --> 00:02:48.410 like turning crude oil into petroleum gas, 00:02:48.410 --> 00:02:50.070 diesel, and jet fuel, 00:02:50.070 --> 00:02:53.080 and burning the fossil fuels transforms that energy 00:02:53.080 --> 00:02:57.343 into a less organized form of energy like heat and ash.

Comparing rates example

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7bBZa52h-4

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.420 --> 00:00:01.920 - [Instructor] We're told that a conservationist 00:00:01.920 --> 00:00:04.080 has the hypothesis that when squirrels 00:00:04.080 --> 00:00:05.820 are more crowded together, 00:00:05.820 --> 00:00:08.610 they have higher rates of aggression. 00:00:08.610 --> 00:00:11.730 The table below shows the area of three parks 00:00:11.730 --> 00:00:14.280 and the number of squirrels in each, 00:00:14.280 --> 00:00:16.290 that's given right over here. 00:00:16.290 --> 00:00:20.580 Order the parks from least crowded to most crowded. 00:00:20.580 --> 00:00:22.170 Based on the crowdedness, 00:00:22.170 --> 00:00:24.990 in which park would the conservationist expect to see 00:00:24.990 --> 00:00:27.540 the highest rate of aggression? 00:00:27.540 --> 00:00:30.303 So pause this video and see if you can figure this out. 00:00:31.260 --> 00:00:34.590 All right, now let's work through this together. 00:00:34.590 --> 00:00:37.920 So we wanna order the parks from least crowded 00:00:37.920 --> 00:00:39.660 to most crowded. 00:00:39.660 --> 00:00:41.910 So how can we think about crowded? 00:00:41.910 --> 00:00:42.900 Well, we could think about it 00:00:42.900 --> 00:00:46.290 in terms of the number of squirrels. 00:00:46.290 --> 00:00:51.290 Squirrels per area, per hectare. 00:00:53.760 --> 00:00:56.490 And so something with a lot of squirrels per hectare 00:00:56.490 --> 00:00:57.540 would be more crowded, 00:00:57.540 --> 00:00:59.610 and something with fewer squirrels per hectare 00:00:59.610 --> 00:01:01.260 would be less crowded. 00:01:01.260 --> 00:01:02.820 You could also, if you wanted to, 00:01:02.820 --> 00:01:06.720 think about it in terms of hectares per squirrel, 00:01:06.720 --> 00:01:09.330 this would also be a legitimate way of tackling it. 00:01:09.330 --> 00:01:12.360 And of course, if you have more hectares per squirrel, 00:01:12.360 --> 00:01:13.727 that would be less crowded. 00:01:13.727 --> 00:01:14.640 It would be the other way around. 00:01:14.640 --> 00:01:16.920 While if you had fewer hectares per squirrel, 00:01:16.920 --> 00:01:19.050 it would be more crowded. 00:01:19.050 --> 00:01:20.460 But here, when we look at this, 00:01:20.460 --> 00:01:22.920 the numbers of squirrels are larger than the number 00:01:22.920 --> 00:01:25.770 of hectares in every scenario. 00:01:25.770 --> 00:01:28.020 So it might be a little bit easier to divide in this one. 00:01:28.020 --> 00:01:30.780 And this is also how my brain tends to think about it. 00:01:30.780 --> 00:01:33.870 So let's calculate the number of squirrels per hectare 00:01:33.870 --> 00:01:35.970 for each of these parks. 00:01:35.970 --> 00:01:39.120 So, first of all, let's think about park A, 00:01:39.120 --> 00:01:41.460 and I will do that over here. 00:01:41.460 --> 00:01:46.050 Park A, you have 54 squirrels. 00:01:46.050 --> 00:01:51.050 I'll write squ for short, per every eight hectares. 00:01:53.940 --> 00:01:56.100 And so this is going to be the same thing 00:01:56.100 --> 00:02:01.100 as 54 over eight squirrels per hectare. 00:02:02.610 --> 00:02:04.650 And we could try to estimate it, 00:02:04.650 --> 00:02:07.080 but it looks like they're all actually 00:02:07.080 --> 00:02:09.450 a little bit around seven 00:02:09.450 --> 00:02:10.950 if we divide the number of squirrels 00:02:10.950 --> 00:02:12.240 by the number of hectares, 00:02:12.240 --> 00:02:15.900 so we might have to get a little bit more precise. 00:02:15.900 --> 00:02:19.590 So let's see, eight goes into 54. I will do it over here. 00:02:19.590 --> 00:02:24.590 Eight goes into 54, it goes six times, 00:02:25.650 --> 00:02:27.900 six times eight is 48. 00:02:27.900 --> 00:02:30.870 And I subtract, I get a remainder of six. 00:02:30.870 --> 00:02:33.180 And then let me put a little decimal here. 00:02:33.180 --> 00:02:35.790 And then if I bring down that zero, 00:02:35.790 --> 00:02:39.420 eight goes into 60 seven times, 00:02:39.420 --> 00:02:41.403 seven times eight is 56. 00:02:42.318 --> 00:02:43.980 And I can keep going, 00:02:43.980 --> 00:02:45.690 but let me see if this is enough precision 00:02:45.690 --> 00:02:47.220 for me to compare. 00:02:47.220 --> 00:02:49.860 So park A is approximately, 00:02:49.860 --> 00:02:52.380 I'll make this little squiggle here for approximately, 00:02:52.380 --> 00:02:57.070 6.7 squirrels per hectare. 00:02:58.230 --> 00:03:01.110 Now let me do park B right over here. 00:03:01.110 --> 00:03:06.110 So for park B, we have 20 squirrels, squ for short, 00:03:06.330 --> 00:03:10.950 for every 2.7 hectares. 00:03:10.950 --> 00:03:12.960 Now, one thing we can do to help simplify this 00:03:12.960 --> 00:03:14.070 so we don't have to deal with decimals 00:03:14.070 --> 00:03:16.320 is let's multiply both the numerator 00:03:16.320 --> 00:03:18.210 and the denominator by 10. 00:03:18.210 --> 00:03:21.000 Notice that's just equivalent to multiplying by one. 00:03:21.000 --> 00:03:25.890 So this is equivalent to saying you have 200 squirrels 00:03:25.890 --> 00:03:30.810 for every 27 hectares, 00:03:30.810 --> 00:03:34.920 or you could view it as 200 over 27 squirrels per hectare. 00:03:34.920 --> 00:03:38.107 So let's take 27 into 200, 00:03:40.170 --> 00:03:44.670 and if I were to estimate it, let's see, 27 is close to 30. 00:03:44.670 --> 00:03:47.790 30 would go into 200 six times. 00:03:47.790 --> 00:03:48.780 Let me try that out. 00:03:48.780 --> 00:03:51.270 So it goes into 200 six times, 00:03:51.270 --> 00:03:56.070 six times seven is 42, six times two is 12, 00:03:56.070 --> 00:03:58.770 plus four is 16. 00:03:58.770 --> 00:04:00.510 And then if I subtract, 00:04:00.510 --> 00:04:03.480 I am going to actually get, it looks like 38. 00:04:03.480 --> 00:04:06.660 So maybe I can fit in one more 27 there. 00:04:06.660 --> 00:04:10.863 So let me do that seven. So seven times seven is 49. 00:04:12.300 --> 00:04:17.300 49, seven times two is 14 plus four is 18. 00:04:18.390 --> 00:04:20.970 Yep, that worked out nicely. 00:04:20.970 --> 00:04:25.830 If you subtract 189 from 200, you're going to get 11. 00:04:25.830 --> 00:04:28.680 And now let me bring down a zero. 00:04:28.680 --> 00:04:33.000 So how many times does 27 go into 110? 00:04:33.000 --> 00:04:36.090 Well, it looks like it goes three times, I think. 00:04:36.090 --> 00:04:40.260 Three times seven is 21, three times two is six, 00:04:40.260 --> 00:04:42.720 plus two is eight. 00:04:42.720 --> 00:04:45.810 And it looks like actually I could fit in one more. 00:04:45.810 --> 00:04:50.760 So let's see, it might go four times. So 110. 00:04:50.760 --> 00:04:55.500 So if they go four times, four times seven is 28, 00:04:55.500 --> 00:04:58.890 and then four times two is eight, plus two is 10. 00:04:58.890 --> 00:05:02.490 Yeah, it went four times, so get a remainder of two. 00:05:02.490 --> 00:05:05.760 So we could keep going, but this is approximately 7.4. 00:05:05.760 --> 00:05:10.760 So approximately 7.4 squirrels per hectare. 00:05:11.040 --> 00:05:15.570 So we already see that park B is more crowded than park A, 00:05:15.570 --> 00:05:18.180 but now let's check out park C. 00:05:18.180 --> 00:05:23.180 And so for park C, we have 51 squirrels 00:05:25.260 --> 00:05:30.260 for every 6.8 hectares, 6.8 hectares. 00:05:30.540 --> 00:05:32.160 So we could do the same idea. 00:05:32.160 --> 00:05:33.450 Let's multiply the numerator 00:05:33.450 --> 00:05:35.100 and the denominator by 10, 00:05:35.100 --> 00:05:38.910 which means that we have 510 squirrels 00:05:38.910 --> 00:05:43.740 for every 68 hectares. 00:05:43.740 --> 00:05:47.910 And so 68 will go into 510. 00:05:47.910 --> 00:05:50.490 I'm guessing I'm gonna have to have some decimals here. 00:05:50.490 --> 00:05:52.140 So it's close to 70. 00:05:52.140 --> 00:05:57.140 70 would go into 510 about seven times. 00:05:57.180 --> 00:05:58.770 Let me see how that works out. 00:05:58.770 --> 00:06:03.630 Seven times eight is 56, seven times six is 42, 00:06:03.630 --> 00:06:06.117 plus five is 47. 00:06:06.117 --> 00:06:08.460 And I think I did well there. 00:06:08.460 --> 00:06:12.150 So if I subtract here, I could do some regrouping, 00:06:12.150 --> 00:06:13.830 or I could try to do it in my head. 00:06:13.830 --> 00:06:16.170 To go from 476 to 500, 00:06:16.170 --> 00:06:18.960 I would have to add 24 plus another 10. 00:06:18.960 --> 00:06:23.910 So I'm gonna have 34 right over here, bring down a zero. 00:06:23.910 --> 00:06:27.547 And so if I'm thinking roughly 70 goes into 340, 00:06:29.520 --> 00:06:31.050 let's see, will it go? 00:06:31.050 --> 00:06:32.910 It might go five times actually. 00:06:32.910 --> 00:06:33.743 Let me try that out. 00:06:33.743 --> 00:06:37.710 If I say 7.5, five times eight is 40, 00:06:37.710 --> 00:06:39.840 and then five times six is 30 plus four, 00:06:39.840 --> 00:06:42.030 it went exactly five times. 00:06:42.030 --> 00:06:47.030 So that means in park C, we're at 7.5 squirrels per hectare. 00:06:47.880 --> 00:06:50.610 So what's the most crowded if I wanted to order it? 00:06:50.610 --> 00:06:53.700 Well, the most crowded is park C, 00:06:53.700 --> 00:06:55.740 the second crowded is park B, 00:06:55.740 --> 00:06:57.900 and the third most crowded is park A. 00:06:57.900 --> 00:06:59.340 And so based on crowdedness, 00:06:59.340 --> 00:07:01.830 in which park would I expect the highest rate of aggression? 00:07:01.830 --> 00:07:03.660 Well, park C, those squirrels are all, 00:07:03.660 --> 00:07:05.040 they're much closer to each other. 00:07:05.040 --> 00:07:06.780 They might be fighting over things, who knows? 00:07:06.780 --> 00:07:08.943 But there we go. We answered the question.

Alienated

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y41Mj-fUN9U

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=Y41Mj-fUN9U&ei=n1WUZYnVH5afxN8PwvykiAQ&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=D51AF4936C7326EFCFD17BD03092986CE46FE961.3AC70D8061B56F5B504F426FB6F5E5C53C0125A0&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.120 --> 00:00:01.770 - [David] Hey Wordsmiths. Just checking in. 00:00:01.770 --> 00:00:03.120 You doing okay? 00:00:03.120 --> 00:00:06.210 The word we're talking about today is alienated, 00:00:06.210 --> 00:00:08.520 ay-lee-en-ay-ted. 00:00:08.520 --> 00:00:11.520 It's an adjective and it means feeling excluded 00:00:11.520 --> 00:00:13.920 and apart from other people. 00:00:13.920 --> 00:00:15.060 Kind of a bummer word, 00:00:15.060 --> 00:00:17.370 but at the same time, a fascinating one. 00:00:17.370 --> 00:00:20.137 I can hear the question I imagine some of you are asking, 00:00:20.137 --> 00:00:22.170 "David, does this have anything to do 00:00:22.170 --> 00:00:25.770 with aliens like from outer space?" 00:00:25.770 --> 00:00:29.520 And the answer is, well, kind of. It's all the same word. 00:00:29.520 --> 00:00:32.550 Follow me Earthlings to the derivation station. 00:00:32.550 --> 00:00:35.190 Let's talk about this word's origins. 00:00:35.190 --> 00:00:37.855 Did it come from outer space? 00:00:37.855 --> 00:00:42.270 (mysterious alien-like music) 00:00:42.270 --> 00:00:44.070 No, it comes from Latin. 00:00:44.070 --> 00:00:47.880 Alios or al in Latin means different, other, 00:00:47.880 --> 00:00:50.580 or something that is alien is different, 00:00:50.580 --> 00:00:52.560 strange, new and foreign. 00:00:52.560 --> 00:00:55.500 An alien is someone from another country 00:00:55.500 --> 00:00:59.310 or in more modern language, a being from another planet. 00:00:59.310 --> 00:01:02.850 And then ate, A-T-E is a verb forming suffix. 00:01:02.850 --> 00:01:07.200 It turns nouns and adjectives into action words. 00:01:07.200 --> 00:01:11.490 This robot is not active. I will activate it. 00:01:11.490 --> 00:01:14.040 Someone needs to assign a value to this artwork. 00:01:14.040 --> 00:01:19.040 I will evaluate it, right? A very powerful suffix. 00:01:19.350 --> 00:01:21.870 So let's put this knowledge to work. 00:01:21.870 --> 00:01:23.640 What are some words you can think of 00:01:23.640 --> 00:01:25.500 that contain that al root? 00:01:25.500 --> 00:01:26.850 That root that means other. 00:01:26.850 --> 00:01:30.960 Or A-T-E, ate, the verb forming suffix. 00:01:30.960 --> 00:01:34.924 Okay, here we go. People of earth. Ten second music break. 00:01:34.924 --> 00:01:38.424 (relaxing elevator music) 00:01:46.050 --> 00:01:48.510 Here are some words that I came up with. 00:01:48.510 --> 00:01:51.870 Altruism, which means caring about other people, 00:01:51.870 --> 00:01:54.150 doing work for the sake of others. 00:01:54.150 --> 00:01:59.130 An alias, a word that means an assumed name, another name, 00:02:00.300 --> 00:02:03.840 and captivate to capture someone's imagination 00:02:03.840 --> 00:02:07.410 or attention, to fascinate, to charm. 00:02:07.410 --> 00:02:09.150 When you feel alienated, 00:02:09.150 --> 00:02:11.790 you feel like a stranger in your own country. 00:02:11.790 --> 00:02:13.800 Like all the clocks are running backwards 00:02:13.800 --> 00:02:15.600 and the world is just wrong. 00:02:15.600 --> 00:02:18.420 I dunno why I'm trying to explain this to you, wordsmiths. 00:02:18.420 --> 00:02:19.740 Nobody understands the feeling 00:02:19.740 --> 00:02:22.410 of alienation better than the young. 00:02:22.410 --> 00:02:25.950 Alone in a crowd is the vibe, basically. 00:02:25.950 --> 00:02:29.400 Let's use alienated in some sentences, shall we? 00:02:29.400 --> 00:02:32.280 The intergalactic tourist felt alienated 00:02:32.280 --> 00:02:36.210 by the strange food stuffs of this curious new planet. 00:02:36.210 --> 00:02:38.460 Oh no, the alien feels homesick and sad 00:02:38.460 --> 00:02:40.290 when they try to eat pizza. 00:02:40.290 --> 00:02:42.000 They don't know how to do it. 00:02:42.000 --> 00:02:44.190 Here's one that hits a little bit closer to home. 00:02:44.190 --> 00:02:46.350 Noemi didn't get cast in the play 00:02:46.350 --> 00:02:49.920 and it left her feeling alienated from her friends who did. 00:02:49.920 --> 00:02:51.450 There they are in the background, 00:02:51.450 --> 00:02:53.430 all crowded around the cast list. 00:02:53.430 --> 00:02:55.710 An awful feeling, all your friends have something 00:02:55.710 --> 00:02:58.650 to do together after school and you can't be a part of it 00:02:58.650 --> 00:03:00.390 because you're not in the play. 00:03:00.390 --> 00:03:05.040 I, I certainly don't know what that's like, anyway. 00:03:05.040 --> 00:03:08.880 Another word for alienation is estrangement, 00:03:08.880 --> 00:03:11.520 the feeling of being made strange, 00:03:11.520 --> 00:03:13.803 being made to feel far away. 00:03:14.850 --> 00:03:17.610 May you never feel that feeling, wordsmiths. 00:03:17.610 --> 00:03:20.793 Or if you do, may you never feel it for long. 00:03:21.780 --> 00:03:24.153 You can learn anything. David out.

Exclude

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4YN1wiV6kM

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=r4YN1wiV6kM&ei=n1WUZd-oGr-dxN8PhP2tsAs&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=4A95F3BB33BA3D45817A25374154020A6534D8FE.A6B7BC0DD7F1A9FF60F5416B5937F3D1B2DB276A&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.120 --> 00:00:02.220 - [David] Hey, wordsmiths, I would never dare 00:00:02.220 --> 00:00:03.450 leave you feeling left out, 00:00:03.450 --> 00:00:05.472 so I wanna warn you that the word we're discussing 00:00:05.472 --> 00:00:09.873 in this video is exclude, ex-clude. 00:00:10.740 --> 00:00:13.350 It's a verb, it means to keep someone 00:00:13.350 --> 00:00:16.860 or something out, to prevent access. 00:00:16.860 --> 00:00:18.990 It can have a bad connotation 00:00:18.990 --> 00:00:21.600 or feeling like keeping people from voting, 00:00:21.600 --> 00:00:23.670 excluding them from having a vote. 00:00:23.670 --> 00:00:25.800 And it can also have a neutral connotation 00:00:25.800 --> 00:00:27.960 or feeling, like excluding coffee 00:00:27.960 --> 00:00:29.610 from your diet or something. 00:00:29.610 --> 00:00:33.330 You'll also see it as exclusion, which is the noun form. 00:00:33.330 --> 00:00:36.720 But for now, let's talk about its derivation. 00:00:36.720 --> 00:00:40.320 Where does this word come from? We got ex, we got clude. 00:00:40.320 --> 00:00:41.370 What's going on here? 00:00:42.420 --> 00:00:46.140 So we have two pieces of Latin here. 00:00:46.140 --> 00:00:49.950 Ex means out as in extend or expel. 00:00:49.950 --> 00:00:53.760 Those two words mean to stretch out or to drive out. 00:00:53.760 --> 00:00:55.890 And then clude comes from the Latin claudere, 00:00:55.890 --> 00:00:57.600 which means to close. 00:00:57.600 --> 00:01:01.560 You sometimes see this root pop up as clus too. 00:01:01.560 --> 00:01:03.810 So when you are excluded from something, 00:01:03.810 --> 00:01:06.810 you've been closed out, a door has been shut, 00:01:06.810 --> 00:01:09.150 and you're on the wrong side of it. 00:01:09.150 --> 00:01:12.840 But for now, let's open the door to some similar words. 00:01:12.840 --> 00:01:14.460 I'll put on some music, all right? 00:01:14.460 --> 00:01:16.110 And you'll take that time to come up 00:01:16.110 --> 00:01:20.640 with a few words that also use clude or clus or ex. 00:01:20.640 --> 00:01:22.386 Ready? Let's go. 00:01:22.386 --> 00:01:25.053 (hip hop music) 00:01:33.930 --> 00:01:35.850 Here are some I thought up. 00:01:35.850 --> 00:01:38.280 Exclusive, which means special or limited, 00:01:38.280 --> 00:01:39.810 related to exclude, right? 00:01:39.810 --> 00:01:42.930 An exclusive club is very picky about who gets in. 00:01:42.930 --> 00:01:45.000 Some people are going to be excluded from 00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:47.100 or kept out of the club. 00:01:47.100 --> 00:01:51.060 Or an exclusive offer is limited time only, act now. 00:01:51.060 --> 00:01:56.010 To conclude, to end something, literally to close together, 00:01:56.010 --> 00:01:58.770 like drawing the curtains at a theater. 00:01:58.770 --> 00:02:02.640 Or secluded meaning out of the way or private 00:02:02.640 --> 00:02:06.720 from Latin parts sed, meaning apart and claudere, right? 00:02:06.720 --> 00:02:11.373 So literally to be closed off, apart from everything. 00:02:12.450 --> 00:02:15.750 Let's use exclude in some sentences. 00:02:15.750 --> 00:02:18.450 Wanda didn't mean to exclude Bonnie. 00:02:18.450 --> 00:02:19.980 She really did honestly forget 00:02:19.980 --> 00:02:21.960 to invite her to the clam bake. 00:02:21.960 --> 00:02:25.290 Look at Bonnie being so sad, dreaming of clams 00:02:25.290 --> 00:02:27.390 and potatoes and corn. 00:02:27.390 --> 00:02:29.340 Nobody's ever invited me to a clam bake, 00:02:29.340 --> 00:02:31.590 which is a New England beach party. 00:02:31.590 --> 00:02:34.290 They do what it sounds like, they bake clams. 00:02:34.290 --> 00:02:36.510 Okay, let's try it now in the noun form 00:02:36.510 --> 00:02:39.630 and continuing the theme, strangely enough, of corn. 00:02:39.630 --> 00:02:41.550 Nirmal loved corn on the cob 00:02:41.550 --> 00:02:44.700 to the exclusion of all other food. 00:02:44.700 --> 00:02:47.850 So that means he doesn't eat anything but corn. 00:02:47.850 --> 00:02:51.870 He excludes other foods, which is not great, my dudes. 00:02:51.870 --> 00:02:54.360 It's important to eat a balanced diet, wordsmiths, 00:02:54.360 --> 00:02:56.910 a good mix of leafy greens and proteins 00:02:56.910 --> 00:03:00.750 and the USDA recommended two to three new words a day. 00:03:00.750 --> 00:03:02.940 See, it's right here on the MyPlate graphic. 00:03:02.940 --> 00:03:04.950 I didn't just put that there. 00:03:04.950 --> 00:03:09.180 I kid, I kid obviously, but words are good for you. 00:03:09.180 --> 00:03:11.730 Okay, I'll see you in the next one. 00:03:11.730 --> 00:03:14.193 You can learn anything, David out.

Anxious

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpCZQMts7hs

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.330 --> 00:00:02.374 - [David] Oh boy. Oh geez, wordsmiths. 00:00:02.374 --> 00:00:05.610 I'm not feeling so hot about this word, I tell you what. 00:00:05.610 --> 00:00:10.200 The word is "anxious". Anxious. 00:00:10.200 --> 00:00:13.320 Or if you prefer anx-ious. 00:00:13.320 --> 00:00:16.560 It's an adjective that means very worried. 00:00:16.560 --> 00:00:19.803 You might see in its noun form, anxiety, 00:00:20.640 --> 00:00:24.090 which is the state of being very worried. 00:00:24.090 --> 00:00:26.490 If you trace this word back to its origins, 00:00:26.490 --> 00:00:30.060 you get the Latin word "anguere" which means 00:00:30.060 --> 00:00:32.310 to choke or to squeeze. 00:00:32.310 --> 00:00:35.400 When I feel anxious, sometimes my throat gets tight 00:00:35.400 --> 00:00:38.220 and my heart hammers in my chests and listen, wordsmith. 00:00:38.220 --> 00:00:39.180 It's a bad time. 00:00:39.180 --> 00:00:43.680 And that o-u-s part, ous, is an adjective forming suffix. 00:00:43.680 --> 00:00:45.360 It means full of, right? 00:00:45.360 --> 00:00:47.490 So being anxious is being full 00:00:47.490 --> 00:00:50.460 of that choking, squeezed feeling. 00:00:50.460 --> 00:00:53.301 So a real fun one this time, huh? 00:00:53.301 --> 00:00:55.890 Let's all take a deep breath. 00:00:55.890 --> 00:00:58.440 Think of a calming centered place 00:00:58.440 --> 00:01:01.110 and come up with some related words, some similar words 00:01:01.110 --> 00:01:05.880 that sound like anguere or o-u-s, that end in o-u-s. 00:01:05.880 --> 00:01:10.880 I'll put on some calming music. 10 seconds, here we go. 00:01:11.087 --> 00:01:13.754 (calming music) 00:01:22.800 --> 00:01:27.000 Here are three that I came up with. We've got anguish. 00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:29.010 It shares the same root as anxious. 00:01:29.010 --> 00:01:30.090 That anguere word 00:01:30.090 --> 00:01:34.500 and it means misery, torment, very deep unhappiness 00:01:34.500 --> 00:01:37.290 as if you were being choked or squeezed. 00:01:37.290 --> 00:01:38.790 Agony. Ugh. 00:01:38.790 --> 00:01:40.980 Okay, next word. Anger. 00:01:40.980 --> 00:01:42.150 This is an interesting one, 00:01:42.150 --> 00:01:44.250 'cause anger looks a lot like anguere, 00:01:44.250 --> 00:01:49.250 but actually traces back to old Viking languages, not Latin. 00:01:49.290 --> 00:01:51.840 But it comes from an even older shared root, 00:01:51.840 --> 00:01:55.380 a common ancestor of Latin and the Viking languages. 00:01:55.380 --> 00:01:59.340 So it has the same meaning of squeezed or painful, 00:01:59.340 --> 00:02:03.420 and from there we get anger, hostility, feeling constricted 00:02:03.420 --> 00:02:06.720 and squeezed, and finally furious. 00:02:06.720 --> 00:02:10.920 Using that o-u-s ending, it means full of fury, 00:02:10.920 --> 00:02:12.393 full of anger. 00:02:14.220 --> 00:02:17.100 I promise I'm having a very normal day, wordsmiths. 00:02:17.100 --> 00:02:18.810 There's just something about this derivation 00:02:18.810 --> 00:02:21.570 that puts me on edge. 00:02:21.570 --> 00:02:24.870 Okay, let's use anxious in a sentence or two. 00:02:24.870 --> 00:02:26.910 At first, Bettina felt anxious 00:02:26.910 --> 00:02:28.950 about hiking Needleteeth Gorge, 00:02:28.950 --> 00:02:31.080 but felt reassured when she remembered 00:02:31.080 --> 00:02:34.375 that her Aunt Isabella was a trained wilderness guide. 00:02:34.375 --> 00:02:36.960 Needleteeth Gorge does not sound like a fun 00:02:36.960 --> 00:02:39.390 or safe place to go for a hike. 00:02:39.390 --> 00:02:42.240 To me, Bettina's worries are understandable. 00:02:42.240 --> 00:02:44.850 Let's try another one using the noun form 00:02:44.850 --> 00:02:47.218 of the word anxiety. 00:02:47.218 --> 00:02:49.260 "Based on what you told me, 00:02:49.260 --> 00:02:52.620 it seems like potatoes are the cause of your anxiety," 00:02:52.620 --> 00:02:53.853 Dr. Gomez said. 00:02:54.780 --> 00:02:56.040 Sometimes it helps to talk 00:02:56.040 --> 00:03:00.030 to someone about your feelings, potato related or no. 00:03:00.030 --> 00:03:01.643 Deep breaths, wordsmiths. 00:03:01.643 --> 00:03:05.250 You can do this, you can conquer your anxiety 00:03:05.250 --> 00:03:07.383 and you can learn anything. 00:03:08.640 --> 00:03:09.473 David out.

Recognition

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zdkeZ_UDXY

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=6zdkeZ_UDXY&ei=n1WUZc6VIN24p-oP7Jyr2AY&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=3FC30EBBF1885668C3FEF5E552725E481E2E5307.5D93FBD33B662E15D13550C2B1648CCB8BAD13A7&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.270 --> 00:00:02.130 - [David] I see you wordsmiths. 00:00:02.130 --> 00:00:04.650 Which is good because the word I'm talking about 00:00:04.650 --> 00:00:07.140 in this video is "recognition". 00:00:07.140 --> 00:00:11.370 Re-cog-ni-tion. It's a noun. 00:00:11.370 --> 00:00:14.580 It means the act of acknowledging, being aware 00:00:14.580 --> 00:00:16.350 of or noticing something. 00:00:16.350 --> 00:00:18.540 Follow me over to The Etymology Zone, trademark, 00:00:18.540 --> 00:00:21.240 where I am going to break this word down. 00:00:21.240 --> 00:00:24.660 This word comes from Latin, "re" means back, again, 00:00:24.660 --> 00:00:26.677 or against, as in review. 00:00:26.677 --> 00:00:30.150 "Cognoscere" means to know, to be familiar with, 00:00:30.150 --> 00:00:33.570 and i-o-n is a noun forming suffix. 00:00:33.570 --> 00:00:35.470 It's what makes this word into a noun. 00:00:36.570 --> 00:00:40.290 So what we're looking at here is a word that means the act 00:00:40.290 --> 00:00:43.293 of knowing something again, right? 00:00:43.293 --> 00:00:48.293 So this is the noun form of knowing something again. 00:00:48.450 --> 00:00:51.300 You recognize a person when you've met them before, 00:00:51.300 --> 00:00:54.360 you recognize a song because you've already heard it. 00:00:54.360 --> 00:00:59.010 So let's come up with some words that use these word parts. 00:00:59.010 --> 00:01:03.480 Re-cogno, that i-o-n ending, if you want. 00:01:03.480 --> 00:01:05.190 I'll give you 10 seconds to come up 00:01:05.190 --> 00:01:07.440 with some words to knock some together. 00:01:07.440 --> 00:01:09.183 Okay, here we go. 00:01:09.183 --> 00:01:11.766 (upbeat music) 00:01:20.532 --> 00:01:22.200 Here are some that I came up with. 00:01:22.200 --> 00:01:25.018 Incognito, which means disguised, right? 00:01:25.018 --> 00:01:29.160 Incognito means literally not knowable. 00:01:29.160 --> 00:01:31.650 If I'm going incognito, maybe I'm wearing a fake nose. 00:01:31.650 --> 00:01:34.110 A fake mustache, right? 00:01:34.110 --> 00:01:36.810 Reconnaissance. This word comes from French. 00:01:36.810 --> 00:01:39.870 It basically means spying. It's a military term. 00:01:39.870 --> 00:01:42.660 You're surveying, you're getting to know a territory 00:01:42.660 --> 00:01:46.740 before you decide how or whether to commit troops there. 00:01:46.740 --> 00:01:48.510 Same etymology as recognized, 00:01:48.510 --> 00:01:51.960 but it took a different language path to get to English. 00:01:51.960 --> 00:01:54.810 And the verb to ignore, to choose 00:01:54.810 --> 00:01:57.420 to not know about something, to not pay attention to it. 00:01:57.420 --> 00:02:01.440 Same negating prefix as incognito, right? 00:02:01.440 --> 00:02:03.720 The in or the ih part here means not 00:02:03.720 --> 00:02:07.560 and the gnore, the g-n-o-r-e part means knowing. 00:02:07.560 --> 00:02:10.080 So not knowing, ignore. 00:02:10.080 --> 00:02:12.450 So you might ignore the spy 00:02:12.450 --> 00:02:15.930 who is incognito performing reconnaissance. 00:02:15.930 --> 00:02:19.590 All right, let's use recognition in some sentences. 00:02:19.590 --> 00:02:21.270 Even at a distance, Sherman 00:02:21.270 --> 00:02:23.820 recognized the familiar three-step gait 00:02:23.820 --> 00:02:25.890 of his old friend Pizzabot. 00:02:25.890 --> 00:02:30.150 Right, he could tell, he could identify it from a distance. 00:02:30.150 --> 00:02:32.130 You can also use recognition to mean 00:02:32.130 --> 00:02:34.380 that someone is being appreciated for something 00:02:34.380 --> 00:02:35.730 that they've done. 00:02:35.730 --> 00:02:39.000 In recognition of her service to the city's garden club, 00:02:39.000 --> 00:02:42.160 Christina got a ceremonial key to the city. 00:02:42.160 --> 00:02:44.647 So here it is not that someone is literally saying, 00:02:44.647 --> 00:02:46.620 "Hey, is that Christina? I know her." 00:02:46.620 --> 00:02:50.010 It's more like the city is acknowledging 00:02:50.010 --> 00:02:52.170 and appreciating her work. 00:02:52.170 --> 00:02:54.840 It's the effort that she's put in that they're officially 00:02:54.840 --> 00:02:59.370 noticing by giving her a giant unwieldy novelty key. 00:02:59.370 --> 00:03:01.890 You too can hold the giant novelty key 00:03:01.890 --> 00:03:03.210 to knowledge, wordsmiths, 00:03:03.210 --> 00:03:05.493 if you hold fast to this truth. 00:03:06.510 --> 00:03:09.363 You can learn anything. David, out.

Advantage

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdD_tNeTEZ0

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.150 --> 00:00:01.890 - [David] I have the high ground, wordsmiths 00:00:01.890 --> 00:00:04.410 because we're talking about the word "advantage" 00:00:04.410 --> 00:00:07.530 in this video, ad-van-tage. 00:00:07.530 --> 00:00:08.820 A noun. 00:00:08.820 --> 00:00:12.450 It means a better position, something that helps. 00:00:12.450 --> 00:00:13.830 If we're running a foot race 00:00:13.830 --> 00:00:16.050 and I get a three minute headstart over you, 00:00:16.050 --> 00:00:17.730 that's a definite advantage. 00:00:17.730 --> 00:00:19.950 I got to start before you did. 00:00:19.950 --> 00:00:21.750 And indeed, that's what the derivation 00:00:21.750 --> 00:00:23.887 of this word gives us. 00:00:23.887 --> 00:00:26.400 "Avantage" can literally be translated 00:00:26.400 --> 00:00:29.220 from French as beforeness. 00:00:29.220 --> 00:00:32.220 So "Avant" means before in French, 00:00:32.220 --> 00:00:34.260 both before in time and in before in space. 00:00:34.260 --> 00:00:37.350 So it can mean both earlier and front of. 00:00:37.350 --> 00:00:41.220 Ag, in English pronounced ig, right, this a-g-e 00:00:41.220 --> 00:00:45.402 is a noun forming suffix that also comes from French. 00:00:45.402 --> 00:00:46.410 It works like this. 00:00:46.410 --> 00:00:48.390 You pack stuff into a package, 00:00:48.390 --> 00:00:50.640 you store things in storage. 00:00:50.640 --> 00:00:54.141 Leaky things are prone to leakage. You get the picture. 00:00:54.141 --> 00:00:57.960 So thinking about avant or advant, 00:00:57.960 --> 00:00:59.310 right, with the "d" in there, 00:00:59.310 --> 00:01:02.610 and a-g-e as a noun forming suffix, 00:01:02.610 --> 00:01:05.013 what similar words can you think of? 00:01:05.940 --> 00:01:09.321 I'll give you 10 seconds. Here we go, music break. 00:01:09.321 --> 00:01:11.904 (upbeat music) 00:01:20.100 --> 00:01:23.400 Here are three that I came up with. Disadvantage, right? 00:01:23.400 --> 00:01:25.050 The opposite of advantage. 00:01:25.050 --> 00:01:27.240 This is when something is making things harder for you, 00:01:27.240 --> 00:01:28.950 like your opponent in a foot race, 00:01:28.950 --> 00:01:32.010 getting a three minute headstart, for example. 00:01:32.010 --> 00:01:33.510 Advance is a verb. 00:01:33.510 --> 00:01:37.440 It means to go forward or to go onward or up. 00:01:37.440 --> 00:01:39.720 And vantage, this noun is usually part 00:01:39.720 --> 00:01:42.150 of the phrase "vantage point". 00:01:42.150 --> 00:01:45.030 It means a good spot, to view things from. 00:01:45.030 --> 00:01:48.270 The top of a hill is a great vantage point from which 00:01:48.270 --> 00:01:51.540 to watch a fireworks display, for example. 00:01:51.540 --> 00:01:54.303 All right, let's use advantage in a few sentences. 00:01:55.320 --> 00:01:58.800 Elias P Beanpole, the tallest boy in 6th grade 00:01:58.800 --> 00:02:02.040 had a distinct advantage on the basketball court. 00:02:02.040 --> 00:02:04.800 He was like 20 feet tall. He could dunk from half court. 00:02:04.800 --> 00:02:08.910 That was his advantage. That's his superior position, right? 00:02:08.910 --> 00:02:11.130 But he did keep bonking his head on the ceiling, 00:02:11.130 --> 00:02:13.800 which I would say is a distinct disadvantage 00:02:13.800 --> 00:02:15.067 to being that tall. 00:02:15.067 --> 00:02:18.060 "Listen, just because my mom runs a candy shop doesn't 00:02:18.060 --> 00:02:20.880 mean you could take advantage of our friendship." 00:02:20.880 --> 00:02:22.830 To take advantage of an opportunity is 00:02:22.830 --> 00:02:24.900 to get some benefit from it, 00:02:24.900 --> 00:02:26.580 but not always in a fair way. 00:02:26.580 --> 00:02:28.050 To take advantage of a friendship 00:02:28.050 --> 00:02:29.017 is to say something like, 00:02:29.017 --> 00:02:31.620 "Hey, your mom has that candy shop. 00:02:31.620 --> 00:02:34.440 How do you feel about hooking up your friend David 00:02:34.440 --> 00:02:36.210 with some free candy, hmm?" 00:02:36.210 --> 00:02:37.320 You do that enough times 00:02:37.320 --> 00:02:38.520 and you're probably going 00:02:38.520 --> 00:02:41.373 to exhaust your friend and your friendship. 00:02:42.330 --> 00:02:45.030 Taking advantage doesn't have to have a negative connotation 00:02:45.030 --> 00:02:48.000 or feeling, though, you could take advantage of a windy day 00:02:48.000 --> 00:02:50.970 and fly a kite or take advantage of a rainy day 00:02:50.970 --> 00:02:53.070 and play a board game, that kind of thing. 00:02:53.906 --> 00:02:58.350 I hope you take advantage of these videos, dear wordsmiths, 00:02:58.350 --> 00:03:00.843 and realize that you can learn anything. 00:03:01.800 --> 00:03:02.633 David out.

Strategic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UF65aetSs8

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.240 --> 00:00:03.203 - [Narrator] I love it when a plan comes together, 00:00:03.203 --> 00:00:04.470 wordsmiths, because the word I'm featuring 00:00:04.470 --> 00:00:06.477 in this video is strategic. 00:00:08.675 --> 00:00:09.508 Strategic. 00:00:10.380 --> 00:00:13.110 It's an adjective and it means related to a plan. 00:00:13.110 --> 00:00:16.080 It's the adjective form of strategy, which is a way 00:00:16.080 --> 00:00:19.290 of thinking about making effective and successful plans 00:00:19.290 --> 00:00:20.730 or the plan itself. 00:00:20.730 --> 00:00:22.650 Strategic comes from Greek, 00:00:22.650 --> 00:00:24.900 the word strategos means general, 00:00:24.900 --> 00:00:27.270 as in the commander of an army. 00:00:27.270 --> 00:00:29.670 Being strategic means you're thinking like a general 00:00:29.670 --> 00:00:32.550 commanding troops, like you're trying to play five games 00:00:32.550 --> 00:00:34.620 of chess at once. 00:00:34.620 --> 00:00:38.730 The ic part, the I-C part is an adjective forming suffix, 00:00:38.730 --> 00:00:42.360 so it turns nouns into modifiers, into adjectives. 00:00:42.360 --> 00:00:45.423 So strategic means like a general. 00:00:46.800 --> 00:00:49.380 What do you see from these word parts? 00:00:49.380 --> 00:00:52.620 What do you see in strateg and ic? 00:00:52.620 --> 00:00:55.650 I'll give you 10 seconds to come up with similar words. 00:00:55.650 --> 00:00:57.513 Throw in a little music, here we go. 00:00:58.574 --> 00:01:01.157 (upbeat music) 00:01:08.250 --> 00:01:09.390 Here's what I came up with. 00:01:09.390 --> 00:01:12.030 There's stratagem, which is like a trick 00:01:12.030 --> 00:01:14.280 or a cutting little plan that you pull off. 00:01:14.280 --> 00:01:16.920 In other words, a maneuver. 00:01:16.920 --> 00:01:20.280 Cosmic, which means it has to do with outer space, right? 00:01:20.280 --> 00:01:23.400 It's the the word cosmos plus ic, 00:01:23.400 --> 00:01:25.710 the adjective forming suffix. 00:01:25.710 --> 00:01:27.690 Cosmos is outer space. 00:01:27.690 --> 00:01:31.500 Strategize, which is the verb form of strategic or strategy. 00:01:31.500 --> 00:01:34.563 It means to make plans, to come up with a strategy. 00:01:35.802 --> 00:01:37.740 Okay, troops, follow me over to the next screen 00:01:37.740 --> 00:01:42.360 where we'll use strategic in a few sentences, hoo-ah. 00:01:42.360 --> 00:01:45.000 If you're strategic with your chocolate chip placement, 00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:47.670 you can use cookies to spell words. 00:01:47.670 --> 00:01:50.460 This one appears to say Khan. 00:01:50.460 --> 00:01:52.740 If you're clever about it, if you've thought 00:01:52.740 --> 00:01:56.460 through the plan and its implications, if you're strategic, 00:01:56.460 --> 00:02:00.150 you can create cookie mischief, which is probably one 00:02:00.150 --> 00:02:02.820 of the 10 best kinds of mischief. 00:02:02.820 --> 00:02:06.123 Okay, let's try it as a noun now as strategy. 00:02:07.080 --> 00:02:10.560 After three straight days of failure, the scientists decided 00:02:10.560 --> 00:02:13.080 to attempt a new strategy. 00:02:13.080 --> 00:02:15.210 What was that strategy? I don't know. 00:02:15.210 --> 00:02:16.740 I didn't read the lab notes 00:02:16.740 --> 00:02:18.720 and it kind of appears as if those lab notes have 00:02:18.720 --> 00:02:22.920 gone into the trash. But here's what I do know. 00:02:22.920 --> 00:02:26.077 You can learn anything, wordsmiths, David out.

Effective

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIHVc8Y0I3s

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.870 --> 00:00:02.580 - [David] This one's gonna work like a charm, 00:00:02.580 --> 00:00:04.530 wordsmiths, because the word we're featuring 00:00:04.530 --> 00:00:07.245 in this video is effective. 00:00:07.245 --> 00:00:11.280 Effective, it's an adjective meaning successful, 00:00:11.280 --> 00:00:12.690 good at something. 00:00:12.690 --> 00:00:16.170 The etymology, the derivation of this word helps explain it, 00:00:16.170 --> 00:00:17.003 I think. 00:00:17.003 --> 00:00:18.660 Three Latin parts. 00:00:18.660 --> 00:00:23.660 First one, "ef" is a modified form of ex, meaning out. 00:00:24.540 --> 00:00:27.750 The second one, "fect," or fact, 00:00:27.750 --> 00:00:32.280 comes from a Latin verb that means to make, right? 00:00:32.280 --> 00:00:35.280 And just those two on their own give us effect, right? 00:00:35.280 --> 00:00:38.790 An effect is an outcome, a thing that you made happen, 00:00:38.790 --> 00:00:41.250 what comes out of a process. 00:00:41.250 --> 00:00:43.789 I hit a watermelon with a baseball bat. 00:00:43.789 --> 00:00:44.622 (melon splatting) 00:00:44.622 --> 00:00:47.040 That's a sound effect, right? 00:00:47.040 --> 00:00:50.010 Oh, okay, and finally, I-V-E, "ive," 00:00:50.010 --> 00:00:52.560 an adjective forming suffix. 00:00:52.560 --> 00:00:54.990 It has a meaning of tending to. 00:00:54.990 --> 00:00:57.090 Something that is effective tends to, 00:00:57.090 --> 00:00:59.970 or has the quality of making things happen, 00:00:59.970 --> 00:01:03.420 of making outcomes easily, powerfully. 00:01:03.420 --> 00:01:06.720 All right, let's look for similar related words. 00:01:06.720 --> 00:01:08.760 Think of some words that have that E-F-F, 00:01:08.760 --> 00:01:12.420 that eff beginning, or fect or fact in them, 00:01:12.420 --> 00:01:14.733 or end in I-V-E, end in ive. 00:01:16.050 --> 00:01:18.330 I'll put on some music. 10 seconds. 00:01:18.330 --> 00:01:19.534 Here we go. 00:01:19.534 --> 00:01:22.117 (upbeat music) 00:01:30.270 --> 00:01:32.430 So here are three that I came up with. 00:01:32.430 --> 00:01:36.150 Effusive, this is an adjective meaning pouring out, 00:01:36.150 --> 00:01:40.200 like you might shower someone with effusive praise. 00:01:40.200 --> 00:01:42.210 It has that eff prefix, right? 00:01:42.210 --> 00:01:45.540 The modified form of ex, meaning out. 00:01:45.540 --> 00:01:49.410 Then confection, this word means candy or sweets, 00:01:49.410 --> 00:01:50.940 though it literally means a thing 00:01:50.940 --> 00:01:52.650 that is made together, right? 00:01:52.650 --> 00:01:57.650 Confection, a mixed thing, a combination of sweets. 00:01:57.690 --> 00:02:00.390 And a third related word is factory, 00:02:00.390 --> 00:02:02.640 a place where things are made, 00:02:02.640 --> 00:02:06.390 a shoe factory, a chocolate factory, a car factory. 00:02:06.390 --> 00:02:10.470 That ory ending, O-R-Y, is a noun-forming suffix 00:02:10.470 --> 00:02:15.470 that means a place for, like laboratory or observatory. 00:02:15.750 --> 00:02:18.840 Let's use the word effective in a sentence or two. 00:02:18.840 --> 00:02:22.290 Marisa realized how effective her marketing campaign 00:02:22.290 --> 00:02:25.980 had been when she saw the line stretching around the block. 00:02:25.980 --> 00:02:29.010 It worked extremely well, the marketing campaign did, 00:02:29.010 --> 00:02:31.380 and now everyone wants to buy her donuts. 00:02:31.380 --> 00:02:34.473 Donuts, the universal food. Let me show you another one. 00:02:35.400 --> 00:02:36.960 The article that Devon wrote 00:02:36.960 --> 00:02:40.680 about IckyCorp's scummy labor practices was so effective 00:02:40.680 --> 00:02:42.483 that it put them out of business. 00:02:43.530 --> 00:02:45.090 Nobody wanted to work with them anymore, 00:02:45.090 --> 00:02:48.120 these weird business blobs 00:02:48.120 --> 00:02:50.223 that leave a trail of goo. 00:02:51.300 --> 00:02:53.220 I wonder what they made at IckyCorp. 00:02:53.220 --> 00:02:55.773 Actually, no, no, I do not wanna know. 00:02:57.240 --> 00:02:58.680 But here's what I do wanna know. 00:02:58.680 --> 00:03:03.513 I want you to know that you can learn anything. David out.

Interwoven

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nv5eDkkca9A

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=nv5eDkkca9A&ei=n1WUZbKbH4vXxwL92KCAAw&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=8B95F816D2F85D14933FF7EF540CB63D92787D77.79769D2EC68548426ACC1F08E7EAD56C71D64EC7&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.930 --> 00:00:03.240 - [David] I've got a twisted tale to tell you 00:00:03.240 --> 00:00:05.610 in this video, Wordsmiths, because the word I want 00:00:05.610 --> 00:00:09.133 to talk about is interwoven, interwoven. 00:00:11.520 --> 00:00:15.990 It's an adjective and it means twisted or joined together 00:00:15.990 --> 00:00:19.800 and it has a literal meaning like two fibers woven 00:00:19.800 --> 00:00:22.650 into the same carpet, but it also has a figurative one, 00:00:22.650 --> 00:00:25.320 like the strands of two families joining together 00:00:25.320 --> 00:00:26.920 when their children get married. 00:00:27.780 --> 00:00:30.930 Let's talk about the word parts here. 00:00:30.930 --> 00:00:35.073 We've got inter, which means between or among, 00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:37.770 and interaction, right? 00:00:37.770 --> 00:00:40.320 Is action between two or more things, 00:00:40.320 --> 00:00:42.750 and intercom is a device that allows you 00:00:42.750 --> 00:00:46.140 to communicate within a building or similar, 00:00:46.140 --> 00:00:49.200 and woven is the past tense form of to weave. 00:00:49.200 --> 00:00:52.740 Weaving is when you make fabric out of threads by inter, 00:00:52.740 --> 00:00:57.330 huh, inter, interlacing them on a machine called the loom. 00:00:57.330 --> 00:00:59.460 I was just in a fabric workshop, here's a picture I took 00:00:59.460 --> 00:01:01.050 of a loom from the other day. 00:01:01.050 --> 00:01:04.200 The threads are under tension and you plate them together 00:01:04.200 --> 00:01:07.920 and if you do that enough times, you have a piece of fabric. 00:01:07.920 --> 00:01:11.490 A weave in the noun form is a hair extension 00:01:11.490 --> 00:01:15.390 or it can be the pattern that you make by weaving something. 00:01:15.390 --> 00:01:18.900 Let's weave these word parts into other words. 00:01:18.900 --> 00:01:21.120 Leaving weave aside for now, what are some words 00:01:21.120 --> 00:01:24.750 that you can think of that use the prefix inter? 00:01:24.750 --> 00:01:28.440 I'll put on some music, meet me back here in 10 seconds. 00:01:28.440 --> 00:01:31.693 All right, let's do it. (upbeat music) 00:01:40.470 --> 00:01:42.750 Here are three that I came up with. 00:01:42.750 --> 00:01:46.260 Interrelated, an adjective that means two things are related 00:01:46.260 --> 00:01:47.160 to one another, right? 00:01:47.160 --> 00:01:49.410 There's a connection between them. 00:01:49.410 --> 00:01:53.190 An intersection, a crossroads where two roads cut 00:01:53.190 --> 00:01:55.650 into each other, that's what sect means, 00:01:55.650 --> 00:01:59.910 it's from secare, to cut, so intersection. 00:01:59.910 --> 00:02:02.040 Intercept, which is a verb that means 00:02:02.040 --> 00:02:04.290 to catch something on its way to somewhere else. 00:02:04.290 --> 00:02:06.990 You can intercept a ball and snatch it out of the air 00:02:06.990 --> 00:02:09.930 while it's passing between two places 00:02:09.930 --> 00:02:13.440 or a spy can intercept a secret message. 00:02:13.440 --> 00:02:15.150 Oh no, that spy has made a way 00:02:15.150 --> 00:02:17.700 with that top secret communique. 00:02:17.700 --> 00:02:19.770 Oh no, he's disappeared. 00:02:19.770 --> 00:02:22.740 Let's use interwoven in a few sentences. 00:02:22.740 --> 00:02:24.213 Here's a literal use. 00:02:25.200 --> 00:02:28.440 In this pattern, blue threads are interwoven 00:02:28.440 --> 00:02:30.060 with pink, right? 00:02:30.060 --> 00:02:30.960 If you do this enough times, 00:02:30.960 --> 00:02:33.390 you can sort of see where plaid comes from. 00:02:33.390 --> 00:02:36.480 The strands are literally woven together, 00:02:36.480 --> 00:02:40.260 but here's a figurative use of the word. 00:02:40.260 --> 00:02:43.590 The food traditions of Italy and India are interwoven 00:02:43.590 --> 00:02:47.250 in my dad's signature dish, pizza curry. 00:02:47.250 --> 00:02:48.810 In this case, it's traditions 00:02:48.810 --> 00:02:50.250 that have been twisted together 00:02:50.250 --> 00:02:53.070 rather than literal strands of thread. 00:02:53.070 --> 00:02:55.620 Curry pizza is a real thing, by the way, 00:02:55.620 --> 00:02:58.590 if you've never had it and it's incredible. 00:02:58.590 --> 00:03:01.440 Dip a piece of cheese pizza into saag paneer 00:03:01.440 --> 00:03:02.820 and thank me later. 00:03:02.820 --> 00:03:04.890 Listen, Wordsmiths, I'm just here to help 00:03:04.890 --> 00:03:08.370 in matters food related and in matters word related, 00:03:08.370 --> 00:03:12.123 and you're just here because you can learn anything. 00:03:12.960 --> 00:03:13.793 David, out.

Heritage

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ttbflLOXGM

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.750 --> 00:00:03.360 - [David] It's time to explore our roots, wordsmiths, 00:00:03.360 --> 00:00:04.950 our backgrounds, where we came from. 00:00:04.950 --> 00:00:07.440 Because the word I'm bringing you in this video 00:00:07.440 --> 00:00:09.732 is "heritage". 00:00:09.732 --> 00:00:12.150 Mind you, we're always exploring our roots 00:00:12.150 --> 00:00:13.560 when it comes to vocabulary. 00:00:13.560 --> 00:00:15.210 Huh? All right. 00:00:15.210 --> 00:00:18.240 Her-i-tage, it's a noun. 00:00:18.240 --> 00:00:19.530 It means a birthright. 00:00:19.530 --> 00:00:22.200 Traditions or goods granted to you by relatives 00:00:22.200 --> 00:00:23.670 or cultural ancestors. 00:00:23.670 --> 00:00:26.670 For example, I have Lithuanian heritage. 00:00:26.670 --> 00:00:29.790 Here's a map of the Baltic Sea. There's Lithuania. 00:00:29.790 --> 00:00:31.440 Some of my ancestors came from there. 00:00:31.440 --> 00:00:33.780 This country in Eastern Europe. 00:00:33.780 --> 00:00:36.270 That's part of my heritage. 00:00:36.270 --> 00:00:39.150 Let's talk about the derivation of this word. 00:00:39.150 --> 00:00:40.920 It comes from French. 00:00:40.920 --> 00:00:42.270 Many words in English do, 00:00:42.270 --> 00:00:45.630 because about 900 years ago, the French invaded England 00:00:45.630 --> 00:00:48.030 and took their language along for the ride. 00:00:48.030 --> 00:00:50.940 So heritage is itself of French origin. 00:00:50.940 --> 00:00:53.580 But we can break that down further into "heriter" 00:00:53.580 --> 00:00:55.729 which is a verb that means to inherit, 00:00:55.729 --> 00:00:57.972 to receive something from a relative 00:00:57.972 --> 00:01:01.410 and a-g-e which is a noun forming suffix. 00:01:01.410 --> 00:01:03.330 It's pronounced aj in French, in English, 00:01:03.330 --> 00:01:05.550 it's pronounced ij, right? 00:01:05.550 --> 00:01:09.600 Like an ij you scratch. It can turn verbs into nouns. 00:01:09.600 --> 00:01:11.010 For example, turning the verb 00:01:11.010 --> 00:01:13.770 to marry into the noun, marriage. 00:01:13.770 --> 00:01:16.213 So inherit plus a-g-e 00:01:16.213 --> 00:01:19.373 equals the thing you inherit, right? 00:01:19.373 --> 00:01:24.330 Herit-age, heritage. So we've got these two word parts. 00:01:24.330 --> 00:01:28.080 Can you think of words that sound similar to herit 00:01:28.080 --> 00:01:32.700 and a-g-e and ij that use those word parts? 00:01:32.700 --> 00:01:34.890 I'll give you 10 seconds to come up with a few. 00:01:34.890 --> 00:01:38.007 Doesn't have to be a lot. Okay, commence the music. 00:01:38.007 --> 00:01:40.924 (soft funky music) 00:01:48.540 --> 00:01:50.460 Here are some that I came up with. 00:01:50.460 --> 00:01:53.160 Inheritance, which is the property you inherit 00:01:53.160 --> 00:01:54.547 when someone dies. 00:01:54.547 --> 00:01:57.322 "Ance" is another noun forming suffix. 00:01:57.322 --> 00:01:59.430 Wreckage is a noun. 00:01:59.430 --> 00:02:02.190 It's what's left after something has been wrecked, right? 00:02:02.190 --> 00:02:04.170 The remnants of something that's been destroyed. 00:02:04.170 --> 00:02:07.200 We took the verb to wreck to destroy 00:02:07.200 --> 00:02:11.343 and added a-g-e to make it a noun, to make it wreckage. 00:02:12.750 --> 00:02:17.730 An heirloom. Herit and heir, h-e-i-r are related words. 00:02:17.730 --> 00:02:20.310 And an heirloom is a treasured piece of inheritance 00:02:20.310 --> 00:02:22.824 that passes down through a family. 00:02:22.824 --> 00:02:26.670 Let's use the word heritage in a sentence or two. 00:02:26.670 --> 00:02:29.400 Adewale's family heritage was writing. 00:02:29.400 --> 00:02:31.020 His mother is a screenwriter 00:02:31.020 --> 00:02:33.270 and his grandfather was a playwright. 00:02:33.270 --> 00:02:35.523 It's a family tradition for him, you see, 00:02:36.690 --> 00:02:39.450 there's Adewale, there's his mom 00:02:39.450 --> 00:02:40.743 and there's her dad. 00:02:41.580 --> 00:02:43.140 This is also a typewriter, 00:02:43.140 --> 00:02:46.080 for those of you too young to know what a typewriter is. 00:02:46.080 --> 00:02:47.580 It's the machine that goes clicky, clicky, 00:02:47.580 --> 00:02:48.810 click clicky, ding ding, ding. 00:02:48.810 --> 00:02:50.175 You make the words. 00:02:50.175 --> 00:02:53.130 I feel like that's self-explanatory. 00:02:53.130 --> 00:02:56.730 So that's being used for an individual or a family, right? 00:02:56.730 --> 00:02:58.950 A family context, Adewale's family. 00:02:58.950 --> 00:03:02.673 But let's use it in a wider national context. 00:03:03.750 --> 00:03:05.790 Many foods that we think of 00:03:05.790 --> 00:03:08.400 as uniquely American originated elsewhere. 00:03:08.400 --> 00:03:11.553 But we can claim Cajun chef Paul Prudhomme's turducken. 00:03:12.517 --> 00:03:14.880 A chicken stuffed inside a duck, stuffed inside a Turkey 00:03:14.880 --> 00:03:17.670 as part of our cultural heritage. 00:03:17.670 --> 00:03:20.100 Here I have drawn a handy cutaway diagram. 00:03:20.100 --> 00:03:23.550 You see in here in the middle, that's the chicken. 00:03:23.550 --> 00:03:26.370 This purple layer here represents the duck. 00:03:26.370 --> 00:03:29.610 And of course, this outer layer, the mantle of the earth 00:03:29.610 --> 00:03:32.040 represents the Turkey. 00:03:32.040 --> 00:03:35.122 And this represents a hungry individual who wishes 00:03:35.122 --> 00:03:36.603 to eat the turducken. 00:03:38.550 --> 00:03:40.470 But more to the point, what I'm trying to say is 00:03:40.470 --> 00:03:42.720 that the turducken represents something 00:03:42.720 --> 00:03:45.090 that is unique to America. 00:03:45.090 --> 00:03:48.450 It is part of the United States cultural 00:03:48.450 --> 00:03:50.490 and culinary heritage. 00:03:50.490 --> 00:03:52.920 It's part of our food heritage. 00:03:52.920 --> 00:03:56.040 Now, I have never had the buck wild pleasure 00:03:56.040 --> 00:03:59.940 of eating a turducken but I hear it is delicious. 00:03:59.940 --> 00:04:03.630 So support your local mad scientist chef, wordsmiths, 00:04:03.630 --> 00:04:05.700 and I'll catch you next time. 00:04:05.700 --> 00:04:07.953 You can learn anything. David, out.

Esteem

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boB0GiMrS_Q

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.270 --> 00:00:01.590 - Hey there, wordsmiths. 00:00:01.590 --> 00:00:04.890 I must tell you, I feel quite good about this word. 00:00:04.890 --> 00:00:06.340 Esteem. 00:00:06.340 --> 00:00:08.430 Esteem. 00:00:08.430 --> 00:00:10.380 It's a noun. It means respect. 00:00:10.380 --> 00:00:12.300 You can hold someone in high esteem, 00:00:12.300 --> 00:00:14.580 which means you have a lot of respect for them, 00:00:14.580 --> 00:00:18.357 or you can have high self-esteem, respect for yourself. 00:00:18.357 --> 00:00:20.610 This word comes from the French estimer, 00:00:20.610 --> 00:00:22.590 which means to appraise 00:00:22.590 --> 00:00:25.052 and to guess at the value of something. 00:00:25.052 --> 00:00:27.990 This was indeed the original meaning 00:00:27.990 --> 00:00:31.151 of esteem was worth or value. 00:00:31.151 --> 00:00:33.219 Let's come up with some similar words. 00:00:33.219 --> 00:00:34.851 What words can you think of 00:00:34.851 --> 00:00:38.040 that can contain a similar root to esteem? 00:00:38.040 --> 00:00:41.550 I'm thinking about that E-S-T especially. 00:00:41.550 --> 00:00:42.930 I'll give you 10 seconds. 00:00:42.930 --> 00:00:44.461 Okay, here we go. 00:00:44.461 --> 00:00:47.044 (upbeat music) 00:00:55.170 --> 00:00:56.850 Okay, here's what I came up with. 00:00:56.850 --> 00:01:00.510 There's estimate, which means to make a rough guess, 00:01:00.510 --> 00:01:03.960 like estimating how many jelly beans are in a jar, right? 00:01:03.960 --> 00:01:06.720 Tying it back to the root when you're estimating something, 00:01:06.720 --> 00:01:09.510 you're guessing at its value or its worth, 00:01:09.510 --> 00:01:12.231 or how many jelly beans there are. 00:01:12.231 --> 00:01:14.460 Esteemed, which is another way of saying 00:01:14.460 --> 00:01:17.160 the famous or the well-respected. 00:01:17.160 --> 00:01:19.050 That's how I talk about my work friends sometimes. 00:01:19.050 --> 00:01:21.480 I'll be like, oh yeah, my esteemed colleague, Heather, 00:01:21.480 --> 00:01:23.246 She rules. Hi, Heather. 00:01:23.246 --> 00:01:26.585 Inestimable, which means something so precious 00:01:26.585 --> 00:01:30.660 that it can't even be given a value, like a diamond, 00:01:30.660 --> 00:01:33.540 the size of a small dog, or my belief in you. 00:01:33.540 --> 00:01:36.390 Let's use esteem in a sentence or two. 00:01:36.390 --> 00:01:39.600 Juanita held her mother's sculptures in high esteem, 00:01:39.600 --> 00:01:42.840 though the art world never seemed to get them. 00:01:42.840 --> 00:01:44.310 She respects them a lot. 00:01:44.310 --> 00:01:46.200 That's what that conventional expression means, 00:01:46.200 --> 00:01:47.880 to hold something in high esteem 00:01:47.880 --> 00:01:50.280 is you really, really like it, 00:01:50.280 --> 00:01:51.360 and that doesn't have to be things. 00:01:51.360 --> 00:01:52.410 That can also be people. 00:01:52.410 --> 00:01:54.990 You can hold a person in high esteem. 00:01:54.990 --> 00:01:55.950 Let's do another one. 00:01:55.950 --> 00:01:58.050 Brolus the Troll saw a therapist 00:01:58.050 --> 00:02:01.139 to talk through his feelings of low self-esteem. 00:02:01.139 --> 00:02:02.490 Good job, Brolus. 00:02:02.490 --> 00:02:04.680 It's never too late to take care of yourself. 00:02:04.680 --> 00:02:05.513 In this house, 00:02:05.513 --> 00:02:08.180 we support trolls that take care of themselves. 00:02:08.180 --> 00:02:11.366 Wordsmiths. I hope you know the value that you possess. 00:02:11.366 --> 00:02:12.900 It is inestimable. 00:02:12.900 --> 00:02:14.937 It is beyond number. 00:02:14.937 --> 00:02:17.280 Remember that when you're feeling low. 00:02:17.280 --> 00:02:18.480 I believe in you, 00:02:18.480 --> 00:02:21.303 and I also believe that you can learn anything. 00:02:22.230 --> 00:02:23.063 David out.

Perceive

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiaCGBX9Zig

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.300 --> 00:00:03.060 - [David] Open your minds, wordsmiths. 00:00:03.060 --> 00:00:05.670 We're talking about the word perceive. 00:00:05.670 --> 00:00:08.310 Ah, it's one of those E before I words, 00:00:08.310 --> 00:00:10.290 some of the hardest to spell in English. 00:00:10.290 --> 00:00:12.423 Perceive is a verb. 00:00:13.350 --> 00:00:15.510 This verb means to notice something. 00:00:15.510 --> 00:00:18.930 You might also know it from its noun form, perception. 00:00:18.930 --> 00:00:19.763 Perception. 00:00:20.670 --> 00:00:22.740 It's a non-specific way of saying 00:00:22.740 --> 00:00:25.110 that your senses are picking something up. 00:00:25.110 --> 00:00:30.030 You can perceive sights, smells, tastes, sounds, feelings. 00:00:30.030 --> 00:00:33.360 Perception, perceiving, covers all of that. 00:00:33.360 --> 00:00:36.120 So this comes from Latin. All of it does. 00:00:36.120 --> 00:00:38.580 Because of the E before I thing in the verb form, 00:00:38.580 --> 00:00:41.100 I think it's a little easier to break it down as a noun, 00:00:41.100 --> 00:00:43.710 so let's look at perception. 00:00:43.710 --> 00:00:48.543 So per is a prefix that means completely or through. 00:00:49.440 --> 00:00:51.900 The cept part comes from capita, 00:00:51.900 --> 00:00:54.720 which you might also see as capt, C-A-P-T. 00:00:54.720 --> 00:00:57.180 It means to grasp, to grab. 00:00:57.180 --> 00:01:00.390 And ion is a noun-forming suffix, right, 00:01:00.390 --> 00:01:03.630 an ending that turns other words into nouns. 00:01:03.630 --> 00:01:08.040 So perception is when you grasp something completely, 00:01:08.040 --> 00:01:09.513 when you understand it. 00:01:10.500 --> 00:01:13.140 Let's take 10 seconds and come up with some similar words 00:01:13.140 --> 00:01:18.140 that contain these elements, per and capt and ion. 00:01:18.330 --> 00:01:20.810 Three, two, one. Let's jam. 00:01:20.810 --> 00:01:24.143 (cheerful upbeat music) 00:01:34.240 --> 00:01:36.330 Okay, here's some I came up with. 00:01:36.330 --> 00:01:39.210 Pervasive, an adjective meaning everywhere. 00:01:39.210 --> 00:01:41.850 Per means through and vadere means to go. 00:01:41.850 --> 00:01:44.820 Compare the word invade, right, to go in. 00:01:44.820 --> 00:01:46.710 So something that's pervasive 00:01:46.710 --> 00:01:49.680 has completely gone through a community. 00:01:49.680 --> 00:01:54.300 Pervasive influence, pervasive illness, pervasive trends. 00:01:54.300 --> 00:01:58.140 Capture, a verb meaning to grab, to take by force. 00:01:58.140 --> 00:02:01.530 This is probably as close a direct English translation 00:02:01.530 --> 00:02:03.723 as you can get of the Latin verb capere. 00:02:04.620 --> 00:02:07.800 Reception, a noun meaning getting something, 00:02:07.800 --> 00:02:09.090 receiving a thing. 00:02:09.090 --> 00:02:11.520 You might have bad reception in the dining room 00:02:11.520 --> 00:02:13.200 because the Wi-Fi is weak there. 00:02:13.200 --> 00:02:15.720 Or reception can mean a formal event 00:02:15.720 --> 00:02:17.340 like a wedding reception. 00:02:17.340 --> 00:02:19.740 The thing you are receiving is partygoers. 00:02:19.740 --> 00:02:22.560 You are welcoming them to celebrate with you. 00:02:22.560 --> 00:02:26.400 Let's use perception and perceive in a couple of sentences. 00:02:26.400 --> 00:02:28.890 Thanks to his keen powers of perception, 00:02:28.890 --> 00:02:30.960 Walter saw that the bridge was about to collapse 00:02:30.960 --> 00:02:32.850 and kept everyone away. 00:02:32.850 --> 00:02:34.830 He saw it. He noticed it, right? 00:02:34.830 --> 00:02:36.157 He looked at the bridge and he was like, 00:02:36.157 --> 00:02:40.020 "That structural beam exhibits signs of metal fatigue." 00:02:40.020 --> 00:02:43.170 Good eye, Walter. Thanks for saving lives. 00:02:43.170 --> 00:02:44.340 Let's do another one. 00:02:44.340 --> 00:02:47.820 Using her psychic powers, Jade perceived Vivek 00:02:47.820 --> 00:02:49.590 before he entered the room. 00:02:49.590 --> 00:02:53.250 Right, she's sensing him with, in this case, 00:02:53.250 --> 00:02:55.200 her psychic powers. 00:02:55.200 --> 00:02:57.210 And, of course, another term for psychic powers 00:02:57.210 --> 00:02:59.790 is extrasensory perception. 00:02:59.790 --> 00:03:02.790 Hmm? What we used to call the sixth sense. 00:03:02.790 --> 00:03:04.860 That's right, I'm putting more content in the outro. 00:03:04.860 --> 00:03:05.880 Try to stop me. 00:03:05.880 --> 00:03:08.940 Oh right, I forgot. I cannot be stopped. 00:03:08.940 --> 00:03:13.593 But you can't either because you can learn anything. 00:03:14.520 --> 00:03:15.353 David out.

Collective

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08ezdqrSSIg

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=08ezdqrSSIg&ei=n1WUZemVIbfCp-oPkMmV2Aw&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=97B15A170409A3232C72942DE1FA7E418E51D858.07F7159396EA47A0D68F9162D64E93335F91E2B0&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.360 --> 00:00:02.910 - [David] It's time to come together, wordsmiths. 00:00:02.910 --> 00:00:06.398 The word we'll go through in this video is "collective." 00:00:06.398 --> 00:00:09.573 Collective, it's an adjective. 00:00:10.770 --> 00:00:14.220 It means, something done together by everyone in a group, 00:00:14.220 --> 00:00:16.590 like, "We made a collective decision 00:00:16.590 --> 00:00:18.330 that sea slugs should be our mascot." 00:00:18.330 --> 00:00:20.640 We did it together, right? 00:00:20.640 --> 00:00:23.250 This word comes from Latin roots, 00:00:23.250 --> 00:00:25.230 the co- part means with, or together, 00:00:25.230 --> 00:00:27.510 like cohabitate, to live together, 00:00:27.510 --> 00:00:30.060 or cooperate, to work together. 00:00:30.060 --> 00:00:33.150 You might also see it as con, or com. 00:00:33.150 --> 00:00:35.340 The -lect part comes from legere, 00:00:35.340 --> 00:00:38.580 which is Latin for "to pick," or "to gather." 00:00:38.580 --> 00:00:42.030 It's also Latin for "to read," but that's another story. 00:00:42.030 --> 00:00:43.380 So gathered together, 00:00:43.380 --> 00:00:45.840 that's what it means to collect something, right? 00:00:45.840 --> 00:00:47.820 Collect, gather together. 00:00:47.820 --> 00:00:50.400 And this last part, I-V-E, -ive, 00:00:50.400 --> 00:00:52.558 that's what makes it an adjective, a describing word, 00:00:52.558 --> 00:00:55.260 it means tending to. 00:00:55.260 --> 00:00:57.660 So, therefore, something that's collective 00:00:57.660 --> 00:01:00.000 tends to stick together, right? 00:01:00.000 --> 00:01:04.170 Gathers things together, does things as a group. 00:01:04.170 --> 00:01:05.850 So using these three elements, 00:01:05.850 --> 00:01:08.370 what other similar words can you come up with? 00:01:08.370 --> 00:01:13.370 Co-, or con-, lect, or -ive. 00:01:13.830 --> 00:01:15.150 I'll put on some music. 00:01:15.150 --> 00:01:17.583 Meet me back here in 10 seconds. 00:01:18.607 --> 00:01:21.440 (energetic music) 00:01:29.220 --> 00:01:31.200 Okay. Here's what I came up with. 00:01:31.200 --> 00:01:34.290 Using CON, I have conduct, to guide, 00:01:34.290 --> 00:01:37.110 like a train conductor, or an orchestra conductor. 00:01:37.110 --> 00:01:38.550 Con, together, 00:01:38.550 --> 00:01:39.930 duct, to lead. 00:01:39.930 --> 00:01:42.060 You're leading an orchestra together. 00:01:42.060 --> 00:01:45.270 You're keeping everyone on the train together. 00:01:45.270 --> 00:01:48.390 Using LECT, I got elect, right? 00:01:48.390 --> 00:01:50.880 To vote for someone, to pick them. 00:01:50.880 --> 00:01:54.030 Using -ive, I got impressive, 00:01:54.030 --> 00:01:55.860 an adjective that describes something 00:01:55.860 --> 00:01:58.140 as worthy or memorable, 00:01:58.140 --> 00:02:01.350 something that might impress us, right? 00:02:01.350 --> 00:02:04.263 Let's use collective in a sentence. 00:02:05.947 --> 00:02:08.640 "Because its members loved arguing, 00:02:08.640 --> 00:02:12.300 the Debate Club struggled to make collective decisions." 00:02:12.300 --> 00:02:14.730 Right? They couldn't even decide what to order for dinner 00:02:14.730 --> 00:02:15.630 as a group. 00:02:15.630 --> 00:02:17.580 Little takeout menu in the center. 00:02:17.580 --> 00:02:19.620 You can also use collective as a noun, 00:02:19.620 --> 00:02:21.360 although that's a little bit less common, 00:02:21.360 --> 00:02:23.340 it's another way to say group. 00:02:23.340 --> 00:02:25.920 Think of like, a farmer's collective, 00:02:25.920 --> 00:02:28.980 or a yarn collective, right? 00:02:28.980 --> 00:02:30.570 It's a group of people that have come together 00:02:30.570 --> 00:02:32.250 to accomplish something. 00:02:32.250 --> 00:02:33.990 Together, we fly, wordsmiths. 00:02:33.990 --> 00:02:36.540 What we do, we do collectively. 00:02:36.540 --> 00:02:37.860 And together, 00:02:37.860 --> 00:02:39.453 I think we can learn anything. 00:02:40.320 --> 00:02:41.153 David, out.

Incident

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qrp76qvtUhM

vtt

https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=Qrp76qvtUhM&ei=n1WUZcWgIMLDmLAPneut-Ao&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=495862E502F9B504B5D5D4785E172627D2D72832.9CB760789943A86D17EF8ACF54B672380EB3BF5C&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.120 --> 00:00:01.080 - Hey, wordsmiths. 00:00:01.080 --> 00:00:04.170 Let me introduce you to a spectacular new word. 00:00:04.170 --> 00:00:05.640 It's, oh. 00:00:05.640 --> 00:00:08.700 Oh dear. There's been an incident. 00:00:08.700 --> 00:00:10.710 This manatee has taken several bites 00:00:10.710 --> 00:00:12.990 out of the word spectacular. (sighs) 00:00:12.990 --> 00:00:14.850 Well, fine. 00:00:14.850 --> 00:00:16.980 We are nothing if not flexible here at Khan Academy. 00:00:16.980 --> 00:00:20.580 So let us instead pivot to the word incident itself. 00:00:20.580 --> 00:00:21.663 Incident. 00:00:22.560 --> 00:00:24.060 It's a noun. 00:00:24.060 --> 00:00:25.740 And it means an unforeseen 00:00:25.740 --> 00:00:27.600 and usually bad thing that happens, 00:00:27.600 --> 00:00:29.880 like a manatee taking several bites 00:00:29.880 --> 00:00:31.650 out of my vocabulary word. 00:00:31.650 --> 00:00:32.550 Thanks pal. 00:00:32.550 --> 00:00:34.170 Sorry to be the bearer of bad news, 00:00:34.170 --> 00:00:36.240 but hey, at least I can be the bearer 00:00:36.240 --> 00:00:38.043 of good word origins, huh? 00:00:38.043 --> 00:00:39.150 Huh? Come on. 00:00:39.150 --> 00:00:41.100 Incident comes from the Latin incidere, 00:00:41.100 --> 00:00:43.380 which means to fall upon or to happen. 00:00:43.380 --> 00:00:45.090 And we can break that into two parts, 00:00:45.090 --> 00:00:49.380 in, which means in or on, and cidere, which means to fall. 00:00:49.380 --> 00:00:54.030 So an incident is an event that fell upon you or happened. 00:00:54.030 --> 00:00:56.100 Now, normally this is the part of the video where I ask you 00:00:56.100 --> 00:00:57.780 to come up with some similar sounding words 00:00:57.780 --> 00:00:59.040 and we will get to that, 00:00:59.040 --> 00:01:01.290 but I wanted to head off some confusion. 00:01:01.290 --> 00:01:04.020 Cidere different from caedere, 00:01:04.020 --> 00:01:05.160 which means to kill, 00:01:05.160 --> 00:01:08.820 and shows up in words like homicide or pesticide, right? 00:01:08.820 --> 00:01:10.170 To killing a person 00:01:10.170 --> 00:01:12.390 or killing pests or killing a bug. 00:01:12.390 --> 00:01:13.350 Different words. 00:01:13.350 --> 00:01:17.700 So when we look for words that share a root with incident, 00:01:17.700 --> 00:01:19.860 they'll typically be pronounced cid 00:01:19.860 --> 00:01:21.510 instead of cide. 00:01:21.510 --> 00:01:23.040 Anyway, let's do the thing. 00:01:23.040 --> 00:01:24.990 You've got 10 seconds to come up with words 00:01:24.990 --> 00:01:28.410 that use the prefix in, or the root cid. 00:01:28.410 --> 00:01:31.783 I'll put on some music. (groovy music) 00:01:41.280 --> 00:01:43.173 Here are some words I came up with. 00:01:44.310 --> 00:01:48.330 Accident, a chance happening, an unexpected mistake. 00:01:48.330 --> 00:01:49.560 Coincidence, right? 00:01:49.560 --> 00:01:51.510 Which is when two or more things happen at once 00:01:51.510 --> 00:01:53.010 without having been planned, 00:01:53.010 --> 00:01:56.280 coincident, things happening together, 00:01:56.280 --> 00:01:57.690 and inspect, 00:01:57.690 --> 00:01:59.940 which is to look at something carefully. 00:01:59.940 --> 00:02:01.863 Looking in. 00:02:03.060 --> 00:02:05.070 Let's use incident in a sentence, 00:02:05.070 --> 00:02:08.673 because I think that'll get across its bad news connotation. 00:02:09.540 --> 00:02:14.540 Sadly, the incident in the library destroyed all the books. 00:02:14.640 --> 00:02:16.560 It was a bummer to lose all those books. 00:02:16.560 --> 00:02:18.600 An unfortunate thing happened. 00:02:18.600 --> 00:02:21.540 Incident can also sometimes be a euphemism. 00:02:21.540 --> 00:02:23.640 A way of saying something ugly happened 00:02:23.640 --> 00:02:25.170 without having to name it. 00:02:25.170 --> 00:02:28.140 Note that I'm saying the incident and not the fire, 00:02:28.140 --> 00:02:31.560 or the horrific cotton candy machine malfunction. 00:02:31.560 --> 00:02:33.150 This would, as it happens, 00:02:33.150 --> 00:02:35.430 also be really bad for all the books. 00:02:35.430 --> 00:02:37.980 Ah, okay wordsmiths. I have to go. 00:02:37.980 --> 00:02:42.330 There's been an incident. (thunder roaring) 00:02:42.330 --> 00:02:46.020 I think the manatee is back and it's still hungry. 00:02:46.020 --> 00:02:47.640 I'll catch you all next time, huh? 00:02:47.640 --> 00:02:49.353 You can learn anything, David out.

Enforce

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htns7S4ILYE

vtt

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.300 --> 00:00:02.100 - [Instructor] Hey, how do you do wordsmiths? 00:00:02.100 --> 00:00:05.164 This video is about the word enforce. 00:00:05.164 --> 00:00:07.590 Enforce, it's a verb. 00:00:07.590 --> 00:00:11.820 It means to make sure that a rule or law is followed. 00:00:11.820 --> 00:00:15.240 You might usually hear it in the context of enforcing a law. 00:00:15.240 --> 00:00:16.560 Right? If I drive too fast, 00:00:16.560 --> 00:00:19.110 local authorities can enforce the speed limit 00:00:19.110 --> 00:00:22.050 by issuing me a speeding ticket. 00:00:22.050 --> 00:00:24.990 Now, the word origin here is kind of a violent one, 00:00:24.990 --> 00:00:27.270 this word comes from the old French, enforcier, 00:00:27.270 --> 00:00:30.120 which means to use force on someone or something. 00:00:30.120 --> 00:00:33.393 So, EN means in, or on. 00:00:34.230 --> 00:00:36.030 When it's EN, 99% of the time, 00:00:36.030 --> 00:00:37.890 that means it has a French origin, 00:00:37.890 --> 00:00:41.970 and sometimes it'll appear as EM too. 00:00:41.970 --> 00:00:44.490 Force means strength or power, 00:00:44.490 --> 00:00:46.590 it ultimately comes from a Latin word, fortis, 00:00:46.590 --> 00:00:47.910 which just means strength. 00:00:47.910 --> 00:00:52.830 So when you enforce, you're using your strength on someone. 00:00:52.830 --> 00:00:54.090 Let's take 10 seconds 00:00:54.090 --> 00:00:56.220 to come up with some more English words 00:00:56.220 --> 00:00:59.670 that contain N, or M, and force. 00:00:59.670 --> 00:01:01.140 I'll put on some music, 00:01:01.140 --> 00:01:03.540 and I'll meet you back here in 10 seconds. 00:01:03.540 --> 00:01:04.551 All right, let's do it. 00:01:04.551 --> 00:01:07.384 (energetic music) 00:01:15.750 --> 00:01:17.940 Right, here's three I came up with. 00:01:17.940 --> 00:01:21.150 Reinforce, which means to strengthen something, right, 00:01:21.150 --> 00:01:23.193 to put more force in it. 00:01:24.150 --> 00:01:26.580 Encode, which means to make information secret, 00:01:26.580 --> 00:01:28.800 or to give computerized instructions. 00:01:28.800 --> 00:01:31.320 A spy might carry an encoded letter, 00:01:31.320 --> 00:01:33.510 or I might convert a video file 00:01:33.510 --> 00:01:35.040 from one file type to another 00:01:35.040 --> 00:01:36.990 using an encoder program. 00:01:36.990 --> 00:01:40.530 Right? I'm putting it in, or into, code. 00:01:40.530 --> 00:01:44.400 And embolden, which means to give someone confidence, right? 00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:47.640 Literally, to put boldness in them. 00:01:47.640 --> 00:01:49.170 And I know it's EM there, 00:01:49.170 --> 00:01:52.950 but M means the same thing as N. 00:01:52.950 --> 00:01:54.900 Let us use the force, as it were, 00:01:54.900 --> 00:01:56.527 and make some sentences. 00:01:56.527 --> 00:01:59.670 "The admiral enforced the law on his enemies, 00:01:59.670 --> 00:02:02.250 but he ignored the law for his friends." 00:02:02.250 --> 00:02:03.180 So the admiral made sure 00:02:03.180 --> 00:02:05.730 that his enemies had to follow the law, but not his friends. 00:02:05.730 --> 00:02:08.100 There he is signing a little decree. 00:02:08.100 --> 00:02:11.100 The noun form of enforce is enforcement, 00:02:11.100 --> 00:02:14.377 which you're most likely to read or hear in the phrase 00:02:14.377 --> 00:02:15.420 "law enforcement," 00:02:15.420 --> 00:02:17.970 which is to say the police, sheriff's department, 00:02:17.970 --> 00:02:19.770 Department of Justice, right? 00:02:19.770 --> 00:02:23.940 Law enforcement is empowered to enforce the law. 00:02:23.940 --> 00:02:26.407 They represent the power of the state to say things like, 00:02:26.407 --> 00:02:28.680 "Hey, it's against the law to hurt people." 00:02:28.680 --> 00:02:30.180 And if someone hurts people, 00:02:30.180 --> 00:02:33.030 the law has the power to stop them, right? 00:02:33.030 --> 00:02:36.330 That's what it means to have enforcement powers. 00:02:36.330 --> 00:02:38.283 Okay, you can learn anything. 00:02:39.510 --> 00:02:40.343 David, out.

Impose

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZc71QSgd2Y

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.570 --> 00:00:01.860 - [Narrator] Hey there, wordsmiths. 00:00:01.860 --> 00:00:06.000 This video is about the word impose, impose. 00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:09.930 It's a verb and it means to force something onto others. 00:00:09.930 --> 00:00:12.900 Kind of like how I impose my taste in music 00:00:12.900 --> 00:00:14.400 on you in these videos. 00:00:14.400 --> 00:00:17.130 You didn't ask for this, I just put it onto you, 00:00:17.130 --> 00:00:21.420 which is indeed what this word literally means in Latin/ 00:00:21.420 --> 00:00:25.830 Comes from two parts, im or in, which can mean in or on, 00:00:25.830 --> 00:00:28.020 and ponere, which means to put. 00:00:28.020 --> 00:00:30.120 So let me impose my taste on you 00:00:30.120 --> 00:00:32.220 by giving you a ten second music break 00:00:32.220 --> 00:00:34.350 during which time I would like for you to list out 00:00:34.350 --> 00:00:38.400 as many words that contain im or pose as you can. 00:00:38.400 --> 00:00:39.993 Ready? Let's do it to it. 00:00:41.078 --> 00:00:43.661 (upbeat music) 00:00:50.500 --> 00:00:53.160 All right, here is some I came up with earlier. 00:00:53.160 --> 00:00:55.230 Position, where you put something, 00:00:55.230 --> 00:00:56.910 where it's located. 00:00:56.910 --> 00:00:59.460 Impression, an impact, a dent, 00:00:59.460 --> 00:01:01.020 when you make a big impression, 00:01:01.020 --> 00:01:03.030 you're literally saying you pressed 00:01:03.030 --> 00:01:05.580 into something, like a big impression in the sand 00:01:05.580 --> 00:01:06.960 or the snow. 00:01:06.960 --> 00:01:10.410 Figuratively, it's an idea that occurs to you as easily 00:01:10.410 --> 00:01:12.183 as making a dent in sand. 00:01:13.020 --> 00:01:14.520 Oppose, right? 00:01:14.520 --> 00:01:17.400 This word means to be against something, 00:01:17.400 --> 00:01:20.490 to put yourself against it. 00:01:20.490 --> 00:01:22.320 Anyway, impose, it means 00:01:22.320 --> 00:01:25.230 to put something on someone, but it's not used literally. 00:01:25.230 --> 00:01:28.980 You wouldn't say, "I imposed a bucket on Steve's head. 00:01:28.980 --> 00:01:30.150 Sorry Steve." 00:01:30.150 --> 00:01:31.177 'Cause you wouldn't do that. 00:01:31.177 --> 00:01:33.840 "So I guess I'm not sorry Steve, 'cause that didn't happen." 00:01:33.840 --> 00:01:37.380 It is a figurative meaning, a non-literal meaning. 00:01:37.380 --> 00:01:39.810 Do you think the new principle will impose 00:01:39.810 --> 00:01:41.430 a ban on junk food? 00:01:41.430 --> 00:01:44.040 It's more like you're putting in a new rule. 00:01:44.040 --> 00:01:46.950 Another meaning of imposing is being impolite. 00:01:46.950 --> 00:01:49.560 It's a common expression to say, "I don't want 00:01:49.560 --> 00:01:51.300 to impose," right? 00:01:51.300 --> 00:01:53.190 I don't wanna be an inconvenience. 00:01:53.190 --> 00:01:57.240 I don't wanna waste your time, put myself in your way. 00:01:57.240 --> 00:02:01.290 You see, "I don't want to impose, but could you look 00:02:01.290 --> 00:02:03.333 after my giant spider this weekend? 00:02:04.320 --> 00:02:08.100 You don't even need to walk her, come on, she's so sweet. 00:02:08.100 --> 00:02:09.810 Her name is Benjamin." 00:02:09.810 --> 00:02:12.300 Another form that this word can take if we wanna make it 00:02:12.300 --> 00:02:14.673 a noun, is imposition. 00:02:15.510 --> 00:02:17.460 It's a big imposition for me to look 00:02:17.460 --> 00:02:19.740 after this man eating spider. 00:02:19.740 --> 00:02:21.780 Wordsmiths, I would never ask you to watch 00:02:21.780 --> 00:02:24.450 my giant spider, man-eating or otherwise, 00:02:24.450 --> 00:02:27.210 but I would impose on you by asking that you be 00:02:27.210 --> 00:02:30.453 so kind as to watch the next vocabulary video I make. 00:02:31.290 --> 00:02:33.813 You can learn anything, David out.

Resistance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-K5y3QrSqM

vtt

https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=H-K5y3QrSqM&ei=n1WUZfTAH525p-oPwa-NwAw&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=580583DF845FFA2E18DA8D00DD70AA3087B6F68E.74774242813DFA986052E506302217A61DC23D5B&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.180 --> 00:00:01.470 - [Instructor] What's up, wordsmiths? 00:00:01.470 --> 00:00:04.040 This video is about the word resistance. 00:00:04.906 --> 00:00:05.823 Resistance. 00:00:07.800 --> 00:00:08.643 It's a noun. 00:00:09.510 --> 00:00:11.370 It means opposition, 00:00:11.370 --> 00:00:15.213 an effort to stop or fight something or someone. 00:00:16.080 --> 00:00:18.210 We could say the developers wanted to turn 00:00:18.210 --> 00:00:19.950 the community garden into a parking lot, 00:00:19.950 --> 00:00:21.960 but they were stopped by stiff resistance 00:00:21.960 --> 00:00:22.890 from the neighborhood. 00:00:22.890 --> 00:00:23.970 No, don't. 00:00:23.970 --> 00:00:25.710 Yay for gardens, right? 00:00:25.710 --> 00:00:27.990 The community tried hard to stop the developers. 00:00:27.990 --> 00:00:29.883 They resisted the plan. 00:00:30.780 --> 00:00:31.980 Derivation time. 00:00:31.980 --> 00:00:35.460 This word ultimately comes from Latin word parts, 00:00:35.460 --> 00:00:40.230 so re meaning back again or against, 00:00:40.230 --> 00:00:43.563 and sistere, meaning to stand firm, to stay put. 00:00:44.460 --> 00:00:45.840 So to resist something, 00:00:45.840 --> 00:00:47.580 to express your resistance 00:00:47.580 --> 00:00:52.380 is to stand firm against it consistently again and again. 00:00:52.380 --> 00:00:55.440 Take the next 10 seconds to think of some English words 00:00:55.440 --> 00:01:00.440 that contain either of those elements, either re or sist. 00:01:00.570 --> 00:01:03.120 Ready? Let's go. 00:01:03.120 --> 00:01:05.787 (upbeat music) 00:01:13.290 --> 00:01:15.210 Here are some that I thought of. 00:01:15.210 --> 00:01:17.220 Persist, which means to continue 00:01:17.220 --> 00:01:19.140 through a difficult situation. 00:01:19.140 --> 00:01:21.120 Per means through, right? 00:01:21.120 --> 00:01:25.290 You stick with it. You stay put through difficulty. 00:01:25.290 --> 00:01:27.840 Renew, which is to start something again, 00:01:27.840 --> 00:01:29.400 or make something new again, 00:01:29.400 --> 00:01:32.220 like renewing a checkout from the library, 00:01:32.220 --> 00:01:35.640 or insist, which is to make a forceful demand, 00:01:35.640 --> 00:01:38.340 to stand firm about something, right? 00:01:38.340 --> 00:01:41.730 I insist on my right to a glazed donut. 00:01:41.730 --> 00:01:44.670 Let's use resistance in a couple of sentences. 00:01:44.670 --> 00:01:48.060 Professor Insidious could not poison Ms. Excellent, 00:01:48.060 --> 00:01:51.900 because of her legendary resistance to toxins. 00:01:51.900 --> 00:01:54.630 That's a superhero I just made up. 00:01:54.630 --> 00:01:56.580 That's her thing. She can't be poisoned. 00:01:56.580 --> 00:01:59.160 She's highly resistant to poisons. 00:01:59.160 --> 00:02:00.480 Ooh, that's a good one. 00:02:00.480 --> 00:02:03.180 Let's use the adjective form, resistant. 00:02:03.180 --> 00:02:06.450 Put on an A-N-T ending there. 00:02:06.450 --> 00:02:08.730 When they offered to fly me across the country, 00:02:08.730 --> 00:02:11.070 I was resistant at first. 00:02:11.070 --> 00:02:13.440 That's our adjective form. I was resistant. 00:02:13.440 --> 00:02:16.170 I didn't wanna do it. I opposed it. 00:02:16.170 --> 00:02:18.690 I exhibited resistance. 00:02:18.690 --> 00:02:20.490 I hope that you do not exhibit resistance 00:02:20.490 --> 00:02:21.990 to learning, dear Wordsmiths, 00:02:21.990 --> 00:02:25.471 because I remain confident that you can learn anything. 00:02:25.471 --> 00:02:26.963 David Allen.

Contentious

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqkqTp2IC3I

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.450 --> 00:00:02.430 - I've got a bone to pick with you, wordsmiths, 00:00:02.430 --> 00:00:05.436 because this video is about the word contentious. 00:00:05.436 --> 00:00:06.436 Contentious. 00:00:07.470 --> 00:00:08.690 It's an adjective 00:00:08.690 --> 00:00:11.460 and it means involving arguing. 00:00:11.460 --> 00:00:15.540 Quarrelsome, we had a contentious debate over whether bears 00:00:15.540 --> 00:00:17.910 were scarier than snakes. 00:00:17.910 --> 00:00:21.930 Kind of looks like a pig, but pigs can also be scary. 00:00:21.930 --> 00:00:22.763 I don't know. 00:00:22.763 --> 00:00:25.200 This word comes to us from Latin, contentious, 00:00:25.200 --> 00:00:27.870 and it's a combination of two parts. 00:00:27.870 --> 00:00:30.000 Con, which means together or with 00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:33.750 and tendere which means to stretch, to contend 00:00:33.750 --> 00:00:35.820 for something in English is to fight for it 00:00:35.820 --> 00:00:39.000 with someone else, you're stretching your relationship 00:00:39.000 --> 00:00:40.800 with someone like a tug of war 00:00:40.800 --> 00:00:42.930 where you're both pulling on the end of a rope. 00:00:42.930 --> 00:00:45.424 So something that's contentious is, for lack 00:00:45.424 --> 00:00:49.050 of a better word, fighty, argumentative. 00:00:49.050 --> 00:00:52.860 Keeping those elements con and tend in mind. 00:00:52.860 --> 00:00:55.770 Try to come up with a couple of similar words in English 00:00:55.770 --> 00:00:57.690 that contain those parts. 00:00:57.690 --> 00:00:59.340 I'll give you 10 seconds. 00:00:59.340 --> 00:01:00.600 All right? 00:01:00.600 --> 00:01:02.938 Take me home country road. 00:01:02.938 --> 00:01:05.605 (upbeat music) 00:01:13.230 --> 00:01:14.880 Here were some of mine. 00:01:14.880 --> 00:01:15.713 Tension, 00:01:15.713 --> 00:01:18.060 which is when something is stretched tight, 00:01:18.060 --> 00:01:20.940 like a rubber band or a spring, or it can also be a kind 00:01:20.940 --> 00:01:24.330 of unspoken conflict between people. 00:01:24.330 --> 00:01:28.320 Container, a box, an enclosure of some kind. 00:01:28.320 --> 00:01:32.190 Con tainer means held together 00:01:32.190 --> 00:01:35.670 and extend, which means to stretch out, 00:01:35.670 --> 00:01:38.430 to extend the hand of friendship. 00:01:38.430 --> 00:01:39.869 Let's try it in a sentence. 00:01:39.869 --> 00:01:42.510 Over a series of contentious meetings, 00:01:42.510 --> 00:01:46.620 team cake finally agreed to a compromise with team pie. 00:01:46.620 --> 00:01:48.900 It must have been a bitter conflict. 00:01:48.900 --> 00:01:51.480 Well, I guess a sweet conflict actually. 00:01:51.480 --> 00:01:54.030 Another one, when we play Monopoly, 00:01:54.030 --> 00:01:56.760 it's always a contentious issue as to who gets 00:01:56.760 --> 00:01:58.230 to be the thimble. 00:01:58.230 --> 00:02:00.270 That's a weird thing to argue over, in my opinion. 00:02:00.270 --> 00:02:01.103 I love a thimble. 00:02:01.103 --> 00:02:02.550 Sure, but the Scotty dog 00:02:02.550 --> 00:02:05.190 and the top hat are right there. 00:02:05.190 --> 00:02:06.480 Do not pass go. 00:02:06.480 --> 00:02:08.670 Do not collect 200 vocabulary words. 00:02:08.670 --> 00:02:10.530 We gotta hash this argument out first. 00:02:10.530 --> 00:02:14.760 You contentious, wordsmiths you, you can learn anything. 00:02:14.760 --> 00:02:15.593 David out.

Rebellion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSfHSvFc5vs

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.510 --> 00:00:03.000 - [Presenter] Sound the drums of war, wordsmiths, 00:00:03.000 --> 00:00:06.570 because today I teach you about rebellion. 00:00:06.570 --> 00:00:08.163 Man, I'm a great influence. 00:00:09.060 --> 00:00:10.890 Rebellion. 00:00:10.890 --> 00:00:11.723 It's a noun. 00:00:11.723 --> 00:00:14.940 It means war or pushback against a government 00:00:14.940 --> 00:00:16.440 or an authority, right? 00:00:16.440 --> 00:00:18.270 The American Revolutionary War 00:00:18.270 --> 00:00:21.090 began as a rebellion against the British Crown. 00:00:21.090 --> 00:00:23.310 Now, this word has Latin origins. 00:00:23.310 --> 00:00:27.210 The root bel comes from the Latin bellum, meaning war, 00:00:27.210 --> 00:00:30.960 and the prefix re means again, against, or back. 00:00:30.960 --> 00:00:32.310 So rebels stand up 00:00:32.310 --> 00:00:35.340 and maybe go to war against something, right? 00:00:35.340 --> 00:00:36.810 They're seeking change. 00:00:36.810 --> 00:00:39.180 So two countries going to war with each other 00:00:39.180 --> 00:00:40.230 is not a rebellion, 00:00:40.230 --> 00:00:42.450 but in uprising within a country, 00:00:42.450 --> 00:00:46.020 protesting a tyrannical ruler, that's a rebellion. 00:00:46.020 --> 00:00:47.760 So re and bel, 00:00:47.760 --> 00:00:50.610 those are our word parts I wanna focus on today. 00:00:50.610 --> 00:00:53.070 I'm gonna put on some music for about 10 seconds, 00:00:53.070 --> 00:00:56.370 and while I do that, come up with as many words as you can 00:00:56.370 --> 00:00:59.280 that contain those elements. 00:00:59.280 --> 00:01:01.297 Okay Let's go. 00:01:01.297 --> 00:01:03.880 (upbeat music) 00:01:12.840 --> 00:01:16.230 Okay, here are three that I came up with. Remake. 00:01:16.230 --> 00:01:17.520 Like there's an old movie 00:01:17.520 --> 00:01:19.560 and you're making a new version of it, right? 00:01:19.560 --> 00:01:22.410 You're making it again. Remake. 00:01:22.410 --> 00:01:23.280 Belligerent. 00:01:23.280 --> 00:01:27.600 One of my favorite adjectives. It means hostile or warlike. 00:01:27.600 --> 00:01:30.240 A belligerent person starts a lot of arguments, 00:01:30.240 --> 00:01:31.620 a lot of fights. 00:01:31.620 --> 00:01:33.270 And this last one, rebel, right? 00:01:33.270 --> 00:01:34.830 Also contained within rebellion. 00:01:34.830 --> 00:01:37.200 This word can be a noun or a verb. 00:01:37.200 --> 00:01:38.310 I wanted to flag it 00:01:38.310 --> 00:01:40.290 because pronunciations are different 00:01:40.290 --> 00:01:41.880 depending on how you use it. 00:01:41.880 --> 00:01:43.650 When it's a person, they're a rebel. 00:01:43.650 --> 00:01:47.910 But the thing that a rebel does is rebel, fights back. 00:01:47.910 --> 00:01:51.483 The emphasis changes from the first syllable to the second. 00:01:53.010 --> 00:01:55.200 First syllable. Second syllable. 00:01:55.200 --> 00:01:56.760 The nouns verbed. 00:01:56.760 --> 00:02:00.330 The rebels rebelled in their rebellion. 00:02:00.330 --> 00:02:02.490 Let's use rebellion in a sentence or two. 00:02:02.490 --> 00:02:04.080 To the mind of a dictator, 00:02:04.080 --> 00:02:06.840 something as innocent as a sidewalk chalk drawing 00:02:06.840 --> 00:02:09.450 could be seen as an act of rebellion. 00:02:09.450 --> 00:02:12.030 So it's seen as an act of war 00:02:12.030 --> 00:02:14.790 or of open resistance to the dictator. 00:02:14.790 --> 00:02:15.780 Look at a mouth open. 00:02:15.780 --> 00:02:17.970 He looks so scandalized by little house. 00:02:17.970 --> 00:02:21.780 Marta rebelled quietly. She pulled doors marked push. 00:02:21.780 --> 00:02:23.730 She rode her bike through the drive-through. 00:02:23.730 --> 00:02:26.010 She microwaved fish in the office. 00:02:26.010 --> 00:02:27.030 I feel like I'm contributing 00:02:27.030 --> 00:02:30.510 to kind of an anti-fish narrative here, and that's unfair. 00:02:30.510 --> 00:02:33.840 I microwave fish in the Khan Academy lunchroom, whatever. 00:02:33.840 --> 00:02:35.580 I'm not too proud to admit it. 00:02:35.580 --> 00:02:37.350 Does that make me a hero? 00:02:37.350 --> 00:02:38.820 Maybe. 00:02:38.820 --> 00:02:41.403 Does it make me a rebel? Oh, you betcha. 00:02:42.480 --> 00:02:45.030 Now, if you excuse me, your boy's got a serving 00:02:45.030 --> 00:02:46.710 of tuna casserole in the refrigerator, 00:02:46.710 --> 00:02:49.861 and I can't eat it cold, if you know what I mean. 00:02:49.861 --> 00:02:53.257 So you can learn anything. Dig it out. 00:02:54.892 --> 00:02:58.464 (microwave door opens) 00:02:58.464 --> 00:03:00.916 (microwave beeps) 00:03:00.916 --> 00:03:04.780 (microwave door opens) (presenter laughs)

Eliminate

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3mwVQbV9GQ

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.210 --> 00:00:01.650 - [David] What's up, wordsmiths? 00:00:01.650 --> 00:00:04.971 This video is about the word eliminate. 00:00:04.971 --> 00:00:06.963 Eliminate. 00:00:07.800 --> 00:00:08.633 It's a verb. 00:00:08.633 --> 00:00:11.313 It means to remove or get rid of something. 00:00:12.150 --> 00:00:14.580 The word comes to us from Latin, 00:00:14.580 --> 00:00:17.550 and it's a combination of two parts, ex, 00:00:17.550 --> 00:00:20.550 which means out or away, think exit, 00:00:20.550 --> 00:00:25.550 and limin, which means edge or threshold, think limit. 00:00:25.800 --> 00:00:27.960 You're pushing something over the threshold 00:00:27.960 --> 00:00:29.159 and out the door. 00:00:29.159 --> 00:00:29.992 (instructor mimicking door slamming) 00:00:29.992 --> 00:00:30.825 There he goes. 00:00:30.825 --> 00:00:32.493 You'll notice it's not exliminate. 00:00:33.390 --> 00:00:36.813 Sometimes ex gets shortened down to just e, 00:00:37.860 --> 00:00:41.400 as it does here or in words like eject or emit. 00:00:41.400 --> 00:00:45.270 For now, just know that sometimes, ex becomes e, 00:00:45.270 --> 00:00:46.770 as in eliminate. 00:00:46.770 --> 00:00:48.420 Thinking of those elements, 00:00:48.420 --> 00:00:52.650 ex or lim, try to come up with a couple of similar words 00:00:52.650 --> 00:00:54.750 in English that contain those parts. 00:00:54.750 --> 00:00:57.180 I'll give you 10 seconds, all right? 00:00:57.180 --> 00:00:59.152 Take it away, music break. 00:00:59.152 --> 00:01:01.652 (light music) 00:01:10.050 --> 00:01:11.253 Here are some of mine: 00:01:12.150 --> 00:01:14.460 exit, like the opposite of an entrance, 00:01:14.460 --> 00:01:16.260 a place you go out of, 00:01:16.260 --> 00:01:19.710 limit, like the edge or the end of something, 00:01:19.710 --> 00:01:21.810 and subliminal, this is a fun one. 00:01:21.810 --> 00:01:24.870 It means below the threshold of awareness. 00:01:24.870 --> 00:01:27.450 You might have heard of subliminal messaging, 00:01:27.450 --> 00:01:29.700 like how I've been subtly flashing the words 00:01:29.700 --> 00:01:33.420 eat more mangoes onscreen for the last five seconds. 00:01:33.420 --> 00:01:36.270 I haven't been paid by any mango growers or anything. 00:01:36.270 --> 00:01:37.950 I just think they're tasty fruits. 00:01:37.950 --> 00:01:41.550 But to eliminate something is to get rid of it. 00:01:41.550 --> 00:01:42.393 For good. 00:01:43.260 --> 00:01:44.820 Let's try it in a sentence. 00:01:44.820 --> 00:01:47.340 And you can see how it comes across. 00:01:47.340 --> 00:01:51.997 It usually has a kind of dire connotation, kinda scary. 00:01:51.997 --> 00:01:55.020 "Our new directive of public order will eliminate 00:01:55.020 --> 00:01:57.150 those troublemakers for good," 00:01:57.150 --> 00:02:00.060 sneered the Minister of Peace. 00:02:00.060 --> 00:02:01.350 Right, creepy, ew. 00:02:01.350 --> 00:02:03.330 I didn't even need to do the voice. 00:02:03.330 --> 00:02:05.580 Getting rid of troublemakers for good 00:02:05.580 --> 00:02:07.560 sounds pretty frightening. 00:02:07.560 --> 00:02:08.763 Not gonna lie. 00:02:09.900 --> 00:02:11.790 A less creepy example, you might see it 00:02:11.790 --> 00:02:14.347 in an advertising context, like, 00:02:14.347 --> 00:02:18.780 "This fabulous product eliminates 99% of household odors!" 00:02:18.780 --> 00:02:21.210 Fabulous little product in its spray can. 00:02:21.210 --> 00:02:23.490 It removes the odors. 00:02:23.490 --> 00:02:24.330 It takes them away. 00:02:24.330 --> 00:02:26.280 It puts them beyond the threshold, 00:02:26.280 --> 00:02:28.230 the limit of your awareness. 00:02:28.230 --> 00:02:31.860 I hope that this video has eliminated any confusion 00:02:31.860 --> 00:02:34.710 about the meaning of the word eliminate. 00:02:34.710 --> 00:02:37.050 All right, I'm exiting now. 00:02:37.050 --> 00:02:39.270 Catch you in the next one. 00:02:39.270 --> 00:02:41.403 You can learn anything, David out.

Defiant

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq64MQBtIGc

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.140 --> 00:00:02.730 - [David] To arms, wordsmiths! 00:00:02.730 --> 00:00:05.970 This video is about the word defiant. 00:00:05.970 --> 00:00:07.893 De-fi-ant. 00:00:08.820 --> 00:00:10.170 It's an adjective. 00:00:10.170 --> 00:00:13.050 This word means openly disobeying rules, 00:00:13.050 --> 00:00:15.570 pushing back against authority. 00:00:15.570 --> 00:00:18.480 This word comes to us from French and ultimately Latin, 00:00:18.480 --> 00:00:22.470 a late Latin verb, disfidare, which means 00:00:22.470 --> 00:00:25.200 to renounce, to go back on one's faith. 00:00:25.200 --> 00:00:30.120 Fidus is Latin for faith or trust and dis means not or away. 00:00:30.120 --> 00:00:32.430 So with that in mind, what are some English words 00:00:32.430 --> 00:00:35.280 that you can think of that contain those elements? 00:00:35.280 --> 00:00:37.170 Dis or fid? 00:00:37.170 --> 00:00:39.180 You're probably wondering about dis and de, 00:00:39.180 --> 00:00:40.650 those are different sounds. 00:00:40.650 --> 00:00:42.390 They mean the exact same thing in Latin, 00:00:42.390 --> 00:00:44.430 they both mean not or away. 00:00:44.430 --> 00:00:45.960 I'll give you 10 seconds to think, 00:00:45.960 --> 00:00:48.240 and then show you what I came up with. 00:00:48.240 --> 00:00:49.201 Here we go. 00:00:49.201 --> 00:00:54.201 (instructor snaps fingers) (futuristic upbeat music) 00:01:02.700 --> 00:01:03.930 Here's some of mine. 00:01:03.930 --> 00:01:05.130 Dislike, right? 00:01:05.130 --> 00:01:06.960 Not liking something. 00:01:06.960 --> 00:01:10.470 Fidelity, which is like faithfulness or loyalty, 00:01:10.470 --> 00:01:13.950 and confidence, which is like saying you trust yourself. 00:01:13.950 --> 00:01:15.600 You have faith in yourself. 00:01:15.600 --> 00:01:17.130 Let's use it in a sentence or two. 00:01:17.130 --> 00:01:19.740 In fact, let me show you a couple of forms of this word 00:01:19.740 --> 00:01:23.430 'cause you can use it as a verb, as defy or defies 00:01:23.430 --> 00:01:28.200 as in Luella defied her father and snuck out at night. 00:01:28.200 --> 00:01:30.000 And then when we turn it back into an adjective 00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:33.216 by adding that A-N-T ending, we get defiant again. 00:01:33.216 --> 00:01:35.190 Plumeria Goodheart was defiant. 00:01:35.190 --> 00:01:37.830 She would never give in to Lady Mordigaunt. 00:01:37.830 --> 00:01:40.080 Little hobbit-y woman over her, brimming with goodness, 00:01:40.080 --> 00:01:42.967 big evil sorceress over here, crackling with lightning. 00:01:42.967 --> 00:01:43.837 "Feel my wrath!" 00:01:43.837 --> 00:01:45.780 "I'll never join you," et cetera, et cetera. 00:01:45.780 --> 00:01:46.680 You get the picture. 00:01:46.680 --> 00:01:51.540 To be defiant is to be bold, audacious, rebellious, unruly. 00:01:51.540 --> 00:01:56.540 A defiant person openly flouts rules and fights authority. 00:01:56.880 --> 00:02:01.290 So when you wanna turn that adjective defiant into a noun, 00:02:01.290 --> 00:02:04.230 you turn the A-N-T into A-N-C-E. 00:02:04.230 --> 00:02:06.810 Defiant becomes defiance. 00:02:06.810 --> 00:02:09.390 That's how you talk about it as a noun. 00:02:09.390 --> 00:02:10.890 Let me use it in a sentence. 00:02:10.890 --> 00:02:14.280 The rebels showed their defiance through performances 00:02:14.280 --> 00:02:16.260 of forbidden dance. 00:02:16.260 --> 00:02:18.240 The most forbidden dance of all is the dance 00:02:18.240 --> 00:02:20.250 of neurons blazing through your mind 00:02:20.250 --> 00:02:21.510 as they make new connections. 00:02:21.510 --> 00:02:23.640 Sparks flying in the deepness of your mind 00:02:23.640 --> 00:02:25.890 as your brain becomes a bright shimmering beacon 00:02:25.890 --> 00:02:26.940 of knowledge. 00:02:26.940 --> 00:02:30.390 The rumba of rumination, the bachata of brilliance, 00:02:30.390 --> 00:02:33.570 the lambada of learning. 00:02:33.570 --> 00:02:36.813 You can learn anything, David out.

Invalid

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWYe2AVlyg0

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=XWYe2AVlyg0&ei=n1WUZdW2I9LgxN8PqeqkiA0&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=5E228FB3D59AA12E982028E875D7234AC52429B2.6440D8C0209B29D98C74AAF1FE58901E2BF14834&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.930 --> 00:00:02.550 - [David] Hello, Wordsmiths. 00:00:02.550 --> 00:00:05.670 The word we're featuring in this video is invalid. 00:00:05.670 --> 00:00:07.230 That's right, it's not true. 00:00:07.230 --> 00:00:10.950 Or rather, that's what it means, invalid. 00:00:10.950 --> 00:00:14.550 Incorrect, false, not accepted. 00:00:14.550 --> 00:00:16.290 It's an adjective. 00:00:16.290 --> 00:00:20.280 It comes from Latin where the prefix in means not, 00:00:20.280 --> 00:00:23.250 and the word validus means strong. 00:00:23.250 --> 00:00:26.520 So it literally means not strong or weak. 00:00:26.520 --> 00:00:28.920 A weak argument, a weak law, 00:00:28.920 --> 00:00:30.960 someone's argument might be invalid 00:00:30.960 --> 00:00:34.050 because it was based on faulty evidence. 00:00:34.050 --> 00:00:35.730 When you look at invalid, 00:00:35.730 --> 00:00:38.430 can you recognize any other English words, 00:00:38.430 --> 00:00:41.133 anything with in or vow in it? 00:00:42.210 --> 00:00:45.120 Take 10 seconds of this music break to come up 00:00:45.120 --> 00:00:47.070 with some possibilities. 00:00:47.070 --> 00:00:48.037 Here we go. 00:00:48.037 --> 00:00:50.620 (upbeat music) 00:00:59.460 --> 00:01:03.120 Validate, right to prove that something's right or true. 00:01:03.120 --> 00:01:05.070 I validate your parking. 00:01:05.070 --> 00:01:07.200 I validate your feelings. 00:01:07.200 --> 00:01:09.100 Get you with the big validation stamp. 00:01:10.110 --> 00:01:13.770 Value, meaning something that has worth, right? 00:01:13.770 --> 00:01:15.840 Strength in worth. 00:01:15.840 --> 00:01:19.350 And inability, which is when you cannot do something. 00:01:19.350 --> 00:01:21.480 There's ability, right, when it can do a thing. 00:01:21.480 --> 00:01:25.410 And inability, which is its opposite. 00:01:25.410 --> 00:01:29.100 Let's spend some time talking about that in prefix, 00:01:29.100 --> 00:01:31.830 honestly, because it can get confusing. 00:01:31.830 --> 00:01:34.590 There are two different prefixes in English, 00:01:34.590 --> 00:01:36.720 both coming from Latin that are spelled 00:01:36.720 --> 00:01:38.460 and pronounced the same way. 00:01:38.460 --> 00:01:42.690 Both in, I-N, that have different meanings. 00:01:42.690 --> 00:01:47.310 In, or sometimes I'm, I-M, means not. 00:01:47.310 --> 00:01:50.220 Exactly like the native English, un. 00:01:50.220 --> 00:01:52.953 Like unlikeable, unlovely. 00:01:53.970 --> 00:01:58.860 Think invalid, impolite, infrequent, right. 00:01:58.860 --> 00:02:02.070 Not correct, not polite, not frequent. 00:02:02.070 --> 00:02:06.243 And then there's in, I-N, that means inside. 00:02:07.200 --> 00:02:09.753 This also sometimes appears as E-N, en, 00:02:11.400 --> 00:02:13.620 like insight looking inward 00:02:13.620 --> 00:02:17.040 or insert, which is to put something into something else. 00:02:17.040 --> 00:02:21.930 Or with the E-N, you can have it as enlist or enrich. 00:02:21.930 --> 00:02:26.220 But today in this video, we're talking about the in 00:02:26.220 --> 00:02:28.080 that means un. 00:02:28.080 --> 00:02:30.240 The in that means not. 00:02:30.240 --> 00:02:33.330 We'll return to this topic for sure in other videos. 00:02:33.330 --> 00:02:36.720 Now let's use invalid in a sentence. 00:02:36.720 --> 00:02:37.920 I can't log in. 00:02:37.920 --> 00:02:41.070 It says my password is invalid. 00:02:41.070 --> 00:02:42.090 Makes you furious. 00:02:42.090 --> 00:02:44.640 When something's invalid, it doesn't work. 00:02:44.640 --> 00:02:45.473 It isn't correct. 00:02:45.473 --> 00:02:48.360 When it's valid, it's proper and appropriate. 00:02:48.360 --> 00:02:51.510 But when it's invalid, it won't be accepted. 00:02:51.510 --> 00:02:52.890 It's no good. 00:02:52.890 --> 00:02:54.510 You know what is good though? 00:02:54.510 --> 00:02:57.090 You, you're good. 00:02:57.090 --> 00:02:59.580 I believe in you and the vocabulary journey 00:02:59.580 --> 00:03:01.440 that we are on together. 00:03:01.440 --> 00:03:03.993 You can learn anything, David, out.

Policy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKgf5xh3Vfg

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=DKgf5xh3Vfg&ei=n1WUZYOrIMK7vdIPja-mkAQ&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=85CE19471B124ADB90E45206EAB4F94EA9AA3F02.74CCF7A7765D6976FBAD2B00D7AE735418988048&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.080 --> 00:00:02.640 - [Instructor] Hello, wordsmiths. 00:00:02.640 --> 00:00:06.195 The word we're featuring in this video is policy, 00:00:06.195 --> 00:00:10.489 which means an official rule or set of rules. 00:00:10.489 --> 00:00:12.297 Policy. 00:00:12.297 --> 00:00:13.383 It's a noun. 00:00:14.400 --> 00:00:16.620 It comes from the Greek word polis, 00:00:16.620 --> 00:00:18.930 which means city. 00:00:18.930 --> 00:00:21.723 As a root, has to do with cities and government. 00:00:22.650 --> 00:00:25.500 I live in Washington, DC so when I think of this root, 00:00:25.500 --> 00:00:28.290 I think of the capitol building itself, 00:00:28.290 --> 00:00:30.600 a government building in the middle of the city, 00:00:30.600 --> 00:00:34.490 where rules or policies are created. 00:00:34.490 --> 00:00:37.500 Can you think of words that sound similar to policy 00:00:37.500 --> 00:00:39.543 that might have that same root, polis? 00:00:39.543 --> 00:00:43.230 Bear in mind that sometimes we drop the S in polis 00:00:43.230 --> 00:00:44.580 when making new words. 00:00:44.580 --> 00:00:47.490 I'll give you 10 seconds to list some out. 00:00:47.490 --> 00:00:49.097 Cue the music wall. 00:00:49.097 --> 00:00:51.597 (light music) 00:01:00.248 --> 00:01:04.350 Here are three related words I thought of. 00:01:04.350 --> 00:01:07.950 Police, the people who enforce the law, 00:01:07.950 --> 00:01:11.400 politics, or how people make decisions together 00:01:11.400 --> 00:01:16.400 in a society and metropolis, a huge city. 00:01:17.370 --> 00:01:19.920 So you can see how all of those words are related 00:01:19.920 --> 00:01:22.230 to governments or cities. 00:01:22.230 --> 00:01:25.803 Let's use policy in a sentence so you can get a sense of it. 00:01:26.670 --> 00:01:28.500 It's a state policy in Florida 00:01:28.500 --> 00:01:31.920 that if you encounter a manatee in the wild, 00:01:31.920 --> 00:01:34.080 you have to give her $10. 00:01:34.080 --> 00:01:36.960 The connotation, the feeling of policy is 00:01:36.960 --> 00:01:38.370 that it's an official rule. 00:01:38.370 --> 00:01:39.810 So something that a business 00:01:39.810 --> 00:01:41.640 or a government might come up with. 00:01:41.640 --> 00:01:45.330 A restaurant might have a strict policy against bringing in 00:01:45.330 --> 00:01:47.460 some other restaurant's food. 00:01:47.460 --> 00:01:51.270 Our policy: no outside food or drink. 00:01:51.270 --> 00:01:52.920 Oh no, this manatee went into a restaurant 00:01:52.920 --> 00:01:55.350 with food from another establishment. 00:01:55.350 --> 00:01:59.430 The D stands for Dugong, which is another kind of sea cow. 00:01:59.430 --> 00:02:01.290 That's all the time we've got for this one. 00:02:01.290 --> 00:02:03.390 Tip your server, support your local manatee, 00:02:03.390 --> 00:02:05.730 and you can learn anything. 00:02:05.730 --> 00:02:06.563 David out.

Align

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hRMwFVTrtc

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.090 --> 00:00:01.260 - [David] Hey, there, Wordsmiths. 00:00:01.260 --> 00:00:04.187 This video is about the word align, align. 00:00:05.460 --> 00:00:06.900 This word has two definitions. 00:00:06.900 --> 00:00:11.900 The first is to support, ally or associate with someone. 00:00:11.910 --> 00:00:13.140 And the second definition 00:00:13.140 --> 00:00:14.820 is to put things in a straight line. 00:00:14.820 --> 00:00:17.010 That's its literal definition. 00:00:17.010 --> 00:00:20.010 It comes from the Latin lin, which means line. 00:00:20.010 --> 00:00:23.640 It's a very useful little word and it is a verb. 00:00:23.640 --> 00:00:26.310 Now, I'm gonna throw y'all a ten second music break 00:00:26.310 --> 00:00:27.510 and in that time, 00:00:27.510 --> 00:00:31.525 see how many words you can come up with that use lin. 00:00:31.525 --> 00:00:34.191 Please, Mr. Music, won't you play? 00:00:34.191 --> 00:00:37.358 (bright upbeat music) 00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:46.890 Here are some words I came up with earlier, 00:00:46.890 --> 00:00:48.240 cooking show style. 00:00:48.240 --> 00:00:50.400 Linear, which means in a straight line, 00:00:50.400 --> 00:00:53.310 to delineate, which means to describe in detail 00:00:53.310 --> 00:00:54.660 or draw out borders 00:00:54.660 --> 00:00:57.480 and perhaps, obviously, the word line itself. 00:00:57.480 --> 00:00:59.190 But let's dive into align 00:00:59.190 --> 00:01:00.570 because if you're anything like me, 00:01:00.570 --> 00:01:03.633 you're wondering about that G, why isn't it align? 00:01:04.560 --> 00:01:06.270 I will spare you the lecture 00:01:06.270 --> 00:01:08.580 and say simply that it came from French. 00:01:08.580 --> 00:01:09.570 Don't worry about it. 00:01:09.570 --> 00:01:12.510 We just don't say it, in the same way we don't say the G 00:01:12.510 --> 00:01:16.680 in sign, or, at least, we don't say it as a /g/ sound. 00:01:16.680 --> 00:01:18.180 I find this stuff fascinating. 00:01:18.180 --> 00:01:20.430 I could basically keep talking about this forever, 00:01:20.430 --> 00:01:23.190 but I'm trying to keep these videos short and snackable. 00:01:23.190 --> 00:01:26.610 So let's use align in some sentences. 00:01:26.610 --> 00:01:28.200 You can use it literally, right? 00:01:28.200 --> 00:01:29.550 Like, all lined up. 00:01:29.550 --> 00:01:30.840 When the planet's aligned, 00:01:30.840 --> 00:01:32.790 are powers we're at their greatest, right? 00:01:32.790 --> 00:01:35.190 You can draw a straight line from Neptune 00:01:35.190 --> 00:01:38.760 straight through to the sun, straight enough. 00:01:38.760 --> 00:01:41.223 The planets aligned, 00:01:42.540 --> 00:01:45.900 but you can also use it figuratively, non literally 00:01:45.900 --> 00:01:47.685 to say that people agree. 00:01:47.685 --> 00:01:50.520 Jamelle and I aligned on the fact 00:01:50.520 --> 00:01:53.610 that the cereal milk is the best part of breakfast. 00:01:53.610 --> 00:01:56.550 Here we are, in fact, in agreement, 00:01:56.550 --> 00:01:59.310 in alignment, in fact, I'll write that down. 00:01:59.310 --> 00:02:00.900 So this is the noun form. 00:02:00.900 --> 00:02:05.900 We've added -ment to turn it into a noun, in alignment. 00:02:06.030 --> 00:02:07.980 And one last sentence. 00:02:07.980 --> 00:02:11.220 Supriya had to align with the other rebels. 00:02:11.220 --> 00:02:14.310 She had to get in line, they had to link up. 00:02:14.310 --> 00:02:17.340 So I hope you and I are all aligned on the meaning 00:02:17.340 --> 00:02:19.470 of this word, because I am out of time. 00:02:19.470 --> 00:02:22.140 Until the next one, you can learn anything. 00:02:22.140 --> 00:02:22.973 David, out.

Regulate

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmn4DvB3djU

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.210 --> 00:00:01.890 - [David] All right, wordsmiths, what's up? 00:00:01.890 --> 00:00:04.530 The word of the day today is regulate. 00:00:04.530 --> 00:00:07.923 It means to make rules that control something. 00:00:08.880 --> 00:00:10.680 I'll throw in a 10-second music break. 00:00:10.680 --> 00:00:15.000 Tell me if you can identify any other common English words 00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:17.220 that start with reg. 00:00:17.220 --> 00:00:19.882 All right, here we go, music break. 00:00:19.882 --> 00:00:28.444 (groovy music made by my wonderful colleague Walt) 00:00:30.150 --> 00:00:33.180 All right, so some related words are regular, 00:00:33.180 --> 00:00:34.620 regiment, regime. 00:00:34.620 --> 00:00:38.130 All of these words are related to control or order. 00:00:38.130 --> 00:00:40.440 Regulate comes from the Latin root reg, 00:00:40.440 --> 00:00:42.690 meaning straight like a ruler. 00:00:42.690 --> 00:00:46.140 Something that's regular follows a rule or a pattern. 00:00:46.140 --> 00:00:47.490 It's predictable. 00:00:47.490 --> 00:00:49.590 So something that is regulated 00:00:49.590 --> 00:00:51.450 has been controlled by a rule. 00:00:51.450 --> 00:00:53.310 That's what that ate part means. 00:00:53.310 --> 00:00:55.380 It's a word part that makes a verb, 00:00:55.380 --> 00:00:58.140 because regulate is a verb, it's an action word. 00:00:58.140 --> 00:01:00.420 So let's use regulate in some sentences. 00:01:00.420 --> 00:01:02.317 You can use it in a literal sense like 00:01:02.317 --> 00:01:06.030 "This valve regulates how much fuel goes into the engine." 00:01:06.030 --> 00:01:09.150 It is literally controlling the rate of fuel release. 00:01:09.150 --> 00:01:12.240 But you can also use regulate to refer to lawmaking. 00:01:12.240 --> 00:01:13.980 And I can use another word part 00:01:13.980 --> 00:01:16.470 to make this verb into a noun. 00:01:16.470 --> 00:01:18.300 Okay, so we've got the word regulate, 00:01:18.300 --> 00:01:20.710 and let me lop off the E on the end 00:01:21.960 --> 00:01:24.240 and add I-O-N. 00:01:24.240 --> 00:01:27.240 And now it's a noun, regulation. 00:01:27.240 --> 00:01:29.737 Another word for a legal rule. 00:01:29.737 --> 00:01:32.070 "State regulations only allow you to catch 00:01:32.070 --> 00:01:33.030 three fish a week." 00:01:33.030 --> 00:01:35.700 So here's two fisherfolk, doot, doot. 00:01:35.700 --> 00:01:39.810 This woman has three fish, so she's fine. 00:01:39.810 --> 00:01:41.340 This man has four fish, 00:01:41.340 --> 00:01:44.910 so he's probably gonna get a fine from Fish and Wildlife 00:01:44.910 --> 00:01:47.130 because he didn't adhere to the regulations. 00:01:47.130 --> 00:01:50.520 Sorry pal, you've been canceled by the government. 00:01:50.520 --> 00:01:53.193 All right, you can learn anything, David out.

Le Châtelier's principle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2pP02GEZL4

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.176 --> 00:00:03.900 - [Instructor] Let's imagine a reaction 00:00:03.900 --> 00:00:05.400 that is in equilibrium. 00:00:05.400 --> 00:00:10.400 So A plus B, they can react to form C plus D, 00:00:10.530 --> 00:00:11.850 or you could go the other way around. 00:00:11.850 --> 00:00:15.390 C plus D could react to form A plus B. 00:00:15.390 --> 00:00:17.670 And we assume that they've all been hanging 00:00:17.670 --> 00:00:20.490 around long enough for this to be in equilibrium 00:00:20.490 --> 00:00:24.060 so that the reaction that goes from A plus B to C plus D, 00:00:24.060 --> 00:00:25.530 it's happening at the same rate 00:00:25.530 --> 00:00:29.790 as the reaction from C plus D to A plus B. 00:00:29.790 --> 00:00:31.800 Now what we're gonna do is imagine 00:00:31.800 --> 00:00:35.520 what would happen if we disturb this equilibrium, 00:00:35.520 --> 00:00:37.980 and let's say we disturb this equilibrium 00:00:37.980 --> 00:00:42.960 by taking some C and D out of, 00:00:42.960 --> 00:00:45.210 let's say this was a solution of some kind. 00:00:45.210 --> 00:00:50.190 So I just one time reduced the concentration of C and D. 00:00:50.190 --> 00:00:51.900 Well, that disturbance, first of all, 00:00:51.900 --> 00:00:54.300 is going to throw us out of equilibrium, 00:00:54.300 --> 00:00:57.000 because now the reaction that goes from C plus D 00:00:57.000 --> 00:01:00.060 to A plus B isn't going to be able to happen as often. 00:01:00.060 --> 00:01:01.740 'Cause I just took C and D out, 00:01:01.740 --> 00:01:04.080 they're not going to bump into each other enough 00:01:04.080 --> 00:01:07.470 to now form A and B at the same rate. 00:01:07.470 --> 00:01:09.870 So if you think about the net direction 00:01:09.870 --> 00:01:11.790 until we hit a new equilibrium, 00:01:11.790 --> 00:01:13.620 this is going to happen less. 00:01:13.620 --> 00:01:15.300 and this, initially, is going 00:01:15.300 --> 00:01:16.920 to be happening at the same amount. 00:01:16.920 --> 00:01:19.950 So you're going to have a net direction 00:01:19.950 --> 00:01:22.020 until we hit equilibrium again 00:01:22.020 --> 00:01:26.040 that goes from A plus B to C plus D. 00:01:26.040 --> 00:01:27.240 And then if you wait long enough, 00:01:27.240 --> 00:01:29.940 you're going to hit back at an equilibrium. 00:01:29.940 --> 00:01:31.830 Now, let's think about what just happened. 00:01:31.830 --> 00:01:35.400 We disturbed the equilibrium by taking C and D out. 00:01:35.400 --> 00:01:37.500 Until we hit our new equilibrium, 00:01:37.500 --> 00:01:41.010 we have more of the reaction going from A plus B 00:01:41.010 --> 00:01:43.500 to C plus D on a net basis. 00:01:43.500 --> 00:01:44.790 And so it's relieving it. 00:01:44.790 --> 00:01:48.540 It's relieving the fact that we took some C plus D out. 00:01:48.540 --> 00:01:51.840 And it's going to reestablish a new equilibrium. 00:01:51.840 --> 00:01:54.720 If we took A plus B out, or A and B out, 00:01:54.720 --> 00:01:57.420 or even just one of them, A or B out, 00:01:57.420 --> 00:01:59.430 then you would have the opposite happen. 00:01:59.430 --> 00:02:01.560 But either way, if you disturb it, 00:02:01.560 --> 00:02:04.350 the system shifts to relieve the disturbance 00:02:04.350 --> 00:02:06.570 and re-establish equilibrium. 00:02:06.570 --> 00:02:08.640 Now this principle, you might imagine, 00:02:08.640 --> 00:02:10.440 'cause it's been sitting here the whole time, 00:02:10.440 --> 00:02:14.490 is Le Chatelier's Principle that describes that. 00:02:14.490 --> 00:02:17.520 And it's not just by disturbing it by changing, 00:02:17.520 --> 00:02:21.180 say, concentrations of reactants or products. 00:02:21.180 --> 00:02:23.010 You could be changing other things. 00:02:23.010 --> 00:02:27.330 So for example, let's imagine the reversible reaction, 00:02:27.330 --> 00:02:31.350 let's say A plus B, and let's say these are all gases. 00:02:31.350 --> 00:02:34.650 So A plus B can react to form C, 00:02:34.650 --> 00:02:37.260 or C could react to, 00:02:37.260 --> 00:02:40.050 I guess you could imagine, break up into A plus B. 00:02:40.050 --> 00:02:42.513 And let's imagine that these are all gases. 00:02:43.470 --> 00:02:45.000 So let's assume that it's happening 00:02:45.000 --> 00:02:47.670 in a container of a certain size. 00:02:47.670 --> 00:02:50.580 And let's say that I were to shrink 00:02:50.580 --> 00:02:52.920 the volume of that container. 00:02:52.920 --> 00:02:56.160 What do you think is going to happen in that situation? 00:02:56.160 --> 00:02:59.880 Well, if I shrink the volume of that container, 00:02:59.880 --> 00:03:02.370 then you have a situation where A and B 00:03:02.370 --> 00:03:04.140 are going to bump into each other more. 00:03:04.140 --> 00:03:06.540 They're going to collide into each other more. 00:03:06.540 --> 00:03:11.540 And so you are going to have a net direction go in that one. 00:03:11.580 --> 00:03:16.580 You'll still have some C reacting to break up into A and B, 00:03:16.650 --> 00:03:19.230 but you're going to have more A and B reacting, 00:03:19.230 --> 00:03:21.810 bumping into each other, colliding each other to form C, 00:03:21.810 --> 00:03:24.240 until we hit a new equilibrium. 00:03:24.240 --> 00:03:26.880 And notice what is happening there. 00:03:26.880 --> 00:03:30.060 When A plus B reacts to form C, 00:03:30.060 --> 00:03:33.150 it decreases the number of particles in the container 00:03:33.150 --> 00:03:35.760 and it decreases the pressure. 00:03:35.760 --> 00:03:39.810 And so, eventually you're going to hit a new equilibrium. 00:03:39.810 --> 00:03:41.760 But when you disturb that equilibrium 00:03:41.760 --> 00:03:43.470 by changing the volume, 00:03:43.470 --> 00:03:46.740 the system shifted to relieve that disturbance. 00:03:46.740 --> 00:03:49.860 In that case, the disturbance was an increased pressure 00:03:49.860 --> 00:03:52.233 and it reestablished the equilibrium. 00:03:53.070 --> 00:03:55.110 Let's imagine another reaction. 00:03:55.110 --> 00:03:58.590 Let's imagine A plus B. 00:03:58.590 --> 00:04:00.840 And let's say this is an endothermic reaction. 00:04:00.840 --> 00:04:04.830 So I'm gonna treat energy really as a reactant here. 00:04:04.830 --> 00:04:07.324 Just to make it clear that this is an endothermic reaction 00:04:07.324 --> 00:04:10.470 that could form C plus D. 00:04:10.470 --> 00:04:13.710 Or you could have C plus D react 00:04:13.710 --> 00:04:15.750 to form A plus B plus energy. 00:04:15.750 --> 00:04:18.180 So the reaction that starts with C plus D 00:04:18.180 --> 00:04:20.370 and forms A plus B in energy, 00:04:20.370 --> 00:04:23.010 well, that's going to be exothermic. 00:04:23.010 --> 00:04:25.800 So let's imagine what would happen here, 00:04:25.800 --> 00:04:27.900 and let's imagine it's at equilibrium, 00:04:27.900 --> 00:04:30.180 but then we disturb that equilibrium. 00:04:30.180 --> 00:04:32.610 What happens if we disturb that equilibrium 00:04:32.610 --> 00:04:36.570 by adding more energy over here? 00:04:36.570 --> 00:04:38.837 Well, if I add more energy, 00:04:38.837 --> 00:04:40.410 it's going to be easier 00:04:40.410 --> 00:04:43.710 for this endothermic reaction to occur, 00:04:43.710 --> 00:04:46.110 and so it's going to disturb the equilibrium 00:04:46.110 --> 00:04:49.140 in that direction right over there. 00:04:49.140 --> 00:04:53.370 And so you're going to have that energy really get used up 00:04:53.370 --> 00:04:55.590 to form more C and D. 00:04:55.590 --> 00:04:57.570 You could imagine the other way. 00:04:57.570 --> 00:05:00.660 What happens if I were to take energy away? 00:05:00.660 --> 00:05:05.660 Well, you need energy for A and B to react to form C plus D. 00:05:05.700 --> 00:05:08.040 So if you were to take energy away, 00:05:08.040 --> 00:05:10.860 then the reaction that starts with A and B 00:05:10.860 --> 00:05:12.600 is going to happen less. 00:05:12.600 --> 00:05:15.180 And so you're gonna have a net direction 00:05:15.180 --> 00:05:19.110 with C plus D reacting to form A plus B 00:05:19.110 --> 00:05:21.540 until you hit a new equilibrium. 00:05:21.540 --> 00:05:23.430 But the important thing to realize here 00:05:23.430 --> 00:05:25.050 is in every situation, 00:05:25.050 --> 00:05:26.700 whether we're disturbing the equilibrium 00:05:26.700 --> 00:05:29.550 by changing concentration, by changing volume, 00:05:29.550 --> 00:05:31.380 and therefore changing pressure, 00:05:31.380 --> 00:05:33.750 or you're adding or taking away energy, 00:05:33.750 --> 00:05:36.300 which you could do in the form of changing the temperature, 00:05:36.300 --> 00:05:39.900 the system shifts to relieve that disturbance 00:05:39.900 --> 00:05:42.510 and re-establish a new equilibrium, 00:05:42.510 --> 00:05:45.303 which, once again, is Le Chatelier's Principle.

Reversible reactions and equilibrium

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_LCF8gmcWQ

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.630 --> 00:00:02.130 - [Instructor] Let's imagine a reaction 00:00:02.130 --> 00:00:06.270 where we start with the reactants A and B, 00:00:06.270 --> 00:00:11.270 and they react to form the products C and D. 00:00:12.660 --> 00:00:16.350 Now, it turns out that in certain situations, 00:00:16.350 --> 00:00:19.290 the reaction could go the other way. 00:00:19.290 --> 00:00:22.470 You could start with C + D, 00:00:22.470 --> 00:00:27.470 and those could react to end up with A + B. 00:00:27.660 --> 00:00:29.490 So when you have a reaction like this, 00:00:29.490 --> 00:00:31.230 that could go in either direction, 00:00:31.230 --> 00:00:33.870 we call that a reversible reaction. 00:00:33.870 --> 00:00:35.700 And that's why the title of this video, 00:00:35.700 --> 00:00:38.430 Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium. 00:00:38.430 --> 00:00:42.390 And one way to say that it could go in either direction is 00:00:42.390 --> 00:00:46.620 to write it like this, A + B. 00:00:46.620 --> 00:00:48.720 And we use these half arrows. 00:00:48.720 --> 00:00:50.160 So it could go in that direction, 00:00:50.160 --> 00:00:53.340 or it could go in this direction. 00:00:53.340 --> 00:00:56.250 You could go to C + D. 00:00:56.250 --> 00:00:58.410 And what's going to happen is 00:00:58.410 --> 00:01:02.640 the reaction is going to go in both directions. 00:01:02.640 --> 00:01:06.600 So A + B is going to react to form C + D, 00:01:06.600 --> 00:01:11.600 and C + D is going to react to form A + B. 00:01:11.610 --> 00:01:12.690 And at some point, 00:01:12.690 --> 00:01:15.090 you're going to be hitting an equilibrium. 00:01:15.090 --> 00:01:17.820 That's the point at which the forward reaction is happening 00:01:17.820 --> 00:01:19.740 at the same rate as, 00:01:19.740 --> 00:01:22.530 I guess you could consider it to be the backward reaction, 00:01:22.530 --> 00:01:25.650 going from C + D to A + B. 00:01:25.650 --> 00:01:27.270 Now, once you're at equilibrium, 00:01:27.270 --> 00:01:29.460 it doesn't mean that the reactions stop. 00:01:29.460 --> 00:01:33.960 It just means that the rate of going from A + B to C + D is 00:01:33.960 --> 00:01:38.960 the same as the rate of going from C + D to A + B. 00:01:39.120 --> 00:01:41.640 This is a really important thing to realize. 00:01:41.640 --> 00:01:43.890 A common misconception is that people think, 00:01:43.890 --> 00:01:47.880 at equilibrium, somehow these reactions stop. 00:01:47.880 --> 00:01:49.320 That is not the case. 00:01:49.320 --> 00:01:52.050 It's just that the rate of the forward reaction 00:01:52.050 --> 00:01:56.460 and the backward reaction has now become the same rate. 00:01:56.460 --> 00:02:00.840 So even though you continue to have A + B forming C + D, 00:02:00.840 --> 00:02:04.800 you have the same rate at which C + D is now also going 00:02:04.800 --> 00:02:07.740 and forming A + B. 00:02:07.740 --> 00:02:11.520 Another misconception here is that the concentrations 00:02:11.520 --> 00:02:14.670 of A + B and C + D, once you're in equilibrium, 00:02:14.670 --> 00:02:16.410 they would've stabilized, 00:02:16.410 --> 00:02:20.460 but it's not necessarily that the concentrations are equal. 00:02:20.460 --> 00:02:22.080 The point at which we're in equilibrium, 00:02:22.080 --> 00:02:25.290 you might have a much lower concentration of C + D 00:02:25.290 --> 00:02:27.960 than A + B, or the other way around. 00:02:27.960 --> 00:02:31.200 What equilibrium is telling us is that at equilibrium, 00:02:31.200 --> 00:02:33.450 the forward rate of reaction is equal 00:02:33.450 --> 00:02:36.603 to the backward rate of reaction.

Catalysts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TuPmpNfoX8

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.180 --> 00:00:01.013 - [Instructor] In this video, 00:00:01.013 --> 00:00:04.050 we're gonna talk a little bit about catalysts. 00:00:04.050 --> 00:00:08.430 So let's first imagine that we have two reactants, 00:00:08.430 --> 00:00:09.930 and I'm going to simplify things 00:00:09.930 --> 00:00:12.210 with these overly simplified drawings. 00:00:12.210 --> 00:00:15.720 So let's say you have this reactant right over here, 00:00:15.720 --> 00:00:17.580 and I'm drawing it that way for a reason. 00:00:17.580 --> 00:00:20.370 And then let's say I have this reactant 00:00:20.370 --> 00:00:23.940 that looks something like this. 00:00:23.940 --> 00:00:26.340 And obviously if we're talking about a chemical reaction, 00:00:26.340 --> 00:00:28.260 we're not usually talking about just 00:00:28.260 --> 00:00:29.820 two different molecules. 00:00:29.820 --> 00:00:34.170 We're talking about many trillions of molecules 00:00:34.170 --> 00:00:37.020 that are oftentimes in some form of a solution. 00:00:37.020 --> 00:00:40.770 But here we're just giving an example of one of each types 00:00:40.770 --> 00:00:42.780 of the reactant molecules. 00:00:42.780 --> 00:00:47.010 So let's imagine that if they are able to 00:00:47.010 --> 00:00:50.190 run into each other with sufficient energy 00:00:50.190 --> 00:00:53.040 and with the right orientation, they're going 00:00:53.040 --> 00:00:55.200 to bond with each other. 00:00:55.200 --> 00:00:58.800 So these two reactants would react 00:00:58.800 --> 00:01:02.460 to form this product that looks like this. 00:01:02.460 --> 00:01:07.460 And obviously, as I mentioned, this is a oversimplification, 00:01:07.500 --> 00:01:10.530 but it gives you the general idea. 00:01:10.530 --> 00:01:15.530 So it might form a molecule that looks like that. 00:01:15.540 --> 00:01:19.230 Now, as we mentioned, it has to have the right energy 00:01:19.230 --> 00:01:21.420 and the right orientation. 00:01:21.420 --> 00:01:26.420 So we can think about this in terms of an energy diagram 00:01:26.527 --> 00:01:30.180 right over here, where in this axis, let's call this 00:01:30.180 --> 00:01:33.180 the progress, 00:01:33.180 --> 00:01:36.633 progress of reaction. 00:01:37.770 --> 00:01:41.673 And in this axis, let's just say energy. 00:01:43.470 --> 00:01:45.150 Energy. 00:01:45.150 --> 00:01:47.730 Now we have our reactants 00:01:47.730 --> 00:01:49.950 that are at a certain energy level when they are 00:01:49.950 --> 00:01:52.200 left to their own devices. 00:01:52.200 --> 00:01:56.910 But if they have enough energy added to the system, 00:01:56.910 --> 00:01:59.640 they are able to react. 00:01:59.640 --> 00:02:01.950 And then after they react, 00:02:01.950 --> 00:02:04.350 the product will have a certain energy. 00:02:04.350 --> 00:02:05.550 So this is a reaction where we've had 00:02:05.550 --> 00:02:07.680 to put energy into the reaction 00:02:07.680 --> 00:02:11.490 'cause the products have a higher energy than the reactants. 00:02:11.490 --> 00:02:13.110 So this is the prod. 00:02:13.110 --> 00:02:14.520 In this case, there's just one product, 00:02:14.520 --> 00:02:15.750 let's call it products. 00:02:15.750 --> 00:02:18.273 And let's call this reactants. 00:02:19.380 --> 00:02:21.330 Now this hump over here where we have 00:02:21.330 --> 00:02:23.640 to put even more energy than we end up 00:02:23.640 --> 00:02:26.280 with our products at the end, we call 00:02:26.280 --> 00:02:29.200 that the activation energy, the energy 00:02:29.200 --> 00:02:31.020 that you need in order 00:02:31.020 --> 00:02:34.320 to make this reaction happen from left to right. 00:02:34.320 --> 00:02:38.613 So this right over here is the activation energy. 00:02:39.870 --> 00:02:42.393 Activation energy. 00:02:43.230 --> 00:02:47.280 Now I said that this video was going to be about catalysts. 00:02:47.280 --> 00:02:49.380 What does a catalyst do? 00:02:49.380 --> 00:02:51.750 Well, a catalyst can lower 00:02:51.750 --> 00:02:55.290 the activation energy for a reaction. 00:02:55.290 --> 00:02:57.450 It's not a part of the reaction. 00:02:57.450 --> 00:02:59.070 You could view it as a bystander. 00:02:59.070 --> 00:03:01.590 It's something that's helping the reaction happen. 00:03:01.590 --> 00:03:04.110 It's not getting used up in the reaction, 00:03:04.110 --> 00:03:06.120 it's not getting produced in the reaction. 00:03:06.120 --> 00:03:08.340 It's just helping the reaction happen. 00:03:08.340 --> 00:03:11.730 And it would help it by lowering that activation energy. 00:03:11.730 --> 00:03:13.980 So if you have the presence of a catalyst, 00:03:13.980 --> 00:03:16.380 it might look something like this. 00:03:16.380 --> 00:03:17.880 So all of a sudden you need less energy 00:03:17.880 --> 00:03:20.790 to get over this hump and to form the products. 00:03:20.790 --> 00:03:24.120 Now what could a catalyst actually be that does that? 00:03:24.120 --> 00:03:26.220 Well, we could think about biological systems 00:03:26.220 --> 00:03:30.510 where a common catalyst is an enzyme or enzymes. 00:03:30.510 --> 00:03:33.210 And one way that they lower the activation energy, 00:03:33.210 --> 00:03:35.360 it could be providing a surface 00:03:35.360 --> 00:03:37.470 where the reactants can react. 00:03:37.470 --> 00:03:40.170 It could be to make it a little bit easier for them 00:03:40.170 --> 00:03:42.043 to get in the right orientation. 00:03:42.043 --> 00:03:46.365 So for example, imagine if you had a huge enzyme 00:03:46.365 --> 00:03:49.350 that looked something like this. 00:03:49.350 --> 00:03:53.550 And this once again is an over simplification. 00:03:53.550 --> 00:03:57.750 And it just happened to be that this part of the enzyme, 00:03:57.750 --> 00:04:01.560 it's able to bond to that first reactant. 00:04:01.560 --> 00:04:03.690 Lemme do that same color, 00:04:03.690 --> 00:04:05.250 to that first reactant 00:04:05.250 --> 00:04:09.570 and puts it into the right orientation where this other part 00:04:09.570 --> 00:04:12.630 of the enzyme can bond with that second reactant 00:04:12.630 --> 00:04:16.260 and puts it in the right orientation so that you don't need 00:04:16.260 --> 00:04:19.500 quite as much energy for them to be able 00:04:19.500 --> 00:04:21.180 to react with each other. 00:04:21.180 --> 00:04:23.550 And you might say, well, why do we even need these? 00:04:23.550 --> 00:04:25.230 Or why are enzymes even important? 00:04:25.230 --> 00:04:27.570 Remember, enzymes are type of catalyst. 00:04:27.570 --> 00:04:29.940 Well, it turns out that your body, 00:04:29.940 --> 00:04:33.930 or many biological systems need a lot of reactions to occur, 00:04:33.930 --> 00:04:35.370 but without a catalyst, 00:04:35.370 --> 00:04:38.820 and in this case, in a biological system without an enzyme, 00:04:38.820 --> 00:04:41.820 the temperature would have to be too high, where all sorts 00:04:41.820 --> 00:04:43.680 of other bad things will happen. 00:04:43.680 --> 00:04:46.980 But by having catalysts, in this case, an enzyme, 00:04:46.980 --> 00:04:49.740 it allows the reaction to proceed, in this case from left 00:04:49.740 --> 00:04:52.860 to right, without having the energy be so high 00:04:52.860 --> 00:04:55.620 that it's damaging to the system as a whole. 00:04:55.620 --> 00:04:57.840 So it's a label to have this reaction happen 00:04:57.840 --> 00:05:01.110 at a lower energy or in this biological system 00:05:01.110 --> 00:05:02.373 at a lower temperature.

Electronegativity and bond type

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv9igHCrnzQ

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=xv9igHCrnzQ&ei=n1WUZaH3H4mevdIPiZuGmAQ&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=43B0E5F13785D97C078656030AE26C4BE41E0DC0.E7D7DF16AE9A685562F694BEA2C144B45D3782F6&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:02.040 --> 00:00:03.420 - [Instructor] Electronegativity is probably 00:00:03.420 --> 00:00:05.280 the most important concept to understand 00:00:05.280 --> 00:00:06.660 in organic chemistry. 00:00:06.660 --> 00:00:08.670 We're gonna use a definition that Linus Pauling gives 00:00:08.670 --> 00:00:11.340 in his book, "The Nature of the Chemical Bond". 00:00:11.340 --> 00:00:14.310 So Linus Pauling says that electronegativity 00:00:14.310 --> 00:00:18.240 refers to the power of an atom in a molecule 00:00:18.240 --> 00:00:20.700 to attract electrons to itself. 00:00:20.700 --> 00:00:22.290 So if I look at a molecule, 00:00:22.290 --> 00:00:25.238 I'm going to compare two atoms in that molecule. 00:00:25.238 --> 00:00:28.200 I'm going to compare carbon to oxygen 00:00:28.200 --> 00:00:30.900 in terms of the electronegativity. 00:00:30.900 --> 00:00:33.060 And to do that, I need to look over here in the right 00:00:33.060 --> 00:00:34.500 at the organic periodic table, 00:00:34.500 --> 00:00:36.240 which shows the elements most commonly used 00:00:36.240 --> 00:00:38.340 in organic chemistry, and then in blue, 00:00:38.340 --> 00:00:41.220 it gives us the Pauling scale for electronegativity. 00:00:41.220 --> 00:00:43.230 So Linus Pauling actually calculated 00:00:43.230 --> 00:00:44.909 electronegativity values for the elements 00:00:44.909 --> 00:00:46.980 and put them into the table, 00:00:46.980 --> 00:00:49.560 and that allows us to compare different elements 00:00:49.560 --> 00:00:51.480 in terms of their electronegativities. 00:00:51.480 --> 00:00:53.228 For example, we are concerned with carbon, 00:00:53.228 --> 00:00:55.683 which has an electronegativity value of 2.5, 00:00:57.000 --> 00:00:58.787 and we're going to compare that to oxygen, 00:00:58.787 --> 00:01:02.760 which has an electronegativity value of 3.5. 00:01:02.760 --> 00:01:06.540 So oxygen is more electronegative than carbon. 00:01:06.540 --> 00:01:09.300 And the definition tells us 00:01:09.300 --> 00:01:11.280 that if oxygen is more electronegative, 00:01:11.280 --> 00:01:14.880 oxygen has a greater power to attract electrons to itself 00:01:14.880 --> 00:01:15.960 than carbon does. 00:01:15.960 --> 00:01:17.277 And so if you think about the electrons 00:01:17.277 --> 00:01:19.944 and the covalent bond between carbon and oxygen 00:01:19.944 --> 00:01:22.643 that are shared, they're shared unequally, 00:01:22.643 --> 00:01:24.601 because oxygen is more electronegative. 00:01:24.601 --> 00:01:27.480 Oxygen's going to pull those electrons in red 00:01:27.480 --> 00:01:28.950 closer to itself. 00:01:28.950 --> 00:01:31.440 And since electrons are negatively charged, 00:01:31.440 --> 00:01:34.156 the oxygen's gonna get a little bit more negative charge, 00:01:34.156 --> 00:01:35.332 and so it's going to have 00:01:35.332 --> 00:01:38.550 what we call a partial negative charge on it. 00:01:38.550 --> 00:01:39.690 So partial negative, 00:01:39.690 --> 00:01:43.590 partial sign is a lowercase Greek letter delta. 00:01:43.590 --> 00:01:45.990 And so the oxygen is partially negative. 00:01:45.990 --> 00:01:48.810 It's pulling the electrons in red closer to itself. 00:01:48.810 --> 00:01:52.020 Another way to show the movement of those electrons in red 00:01:52.020 --> 00:01:54.390 closer to the oxygen would be this funny arrow here. 00:01:54.390 --> 00:01:56.550 So the arrow points in the direction of the movement 00:01:56.550 --> 00:01:58.740 of the electrons in red. 00:01:58.740 --> 00:02:02.790 So carbon is losing some of those electrons in red. 00:02:02.790 --> 00:02:05.700 Carbon is losing a little bit of electron density. 00:02:05.700 --> 00:02:08.430 Carbon is losing a little bit of negative charge. 00:02:08.430 --> 00:02:09.840 So carbon used to be neutral, 00:02:09.840 --> 00:02:12.330 but since it's losing a little bit of negative charge, 00:02:12.330 --> 00:02:15.840 this carbon will end up being partially positive like that. 00:02:15.840 --> 00:02:17.850 So the carbon is partially positive, 00:02:17.850 --> 00:02:20.100 and the oxygen is partially negative. 00:02:20.100 --> 00:02:22.620 That's a polarized situation, right? 00:02:22.620 --> 00:02:24.148 You have a little bit of negative charge on one side, 00:02:24.148 --> 00:02:26.640 a little bit of positive charge on the other side. 00:02:26.640 --> 00:02:28.710 So it's still a covalent bond, 00:02:28.710 --> 00:02:30.282 but it's a polarized covalent bond 00:02:30.282 --> 00:02:32.696 due to the differences in electronegativities 00:02:32.696 --> 00:02:35.130 between those two atoms. 00:02:35.130 --> 00:02:37.169 Let's do a few more examples here 00:02:37.169 --> 00:02:39.830 where we show the differences in electronegativity. 00:02:39.830 --> 00:02:42.540 So if I were thinking about a molecule 00:02:42.540 --> 00:02:44.700 that has two carbons in it, 00:02:44.700 --> 00:02:48.600 and I'm thinking about what happens to the electrons in red, 00:02:48.600 --> 00:02:50.760 well, for this example, 00:02:50.760 --> 00:02:54.390 each carbon has the same value for electronegativity, right? 00:02:54.390 --> 00:02:56.700 So the carbon in the left has a value of 2.5. 00:02:56.700 --> 00:02:59.160 The carbon in the right has a value of 2.5. 00:02:59.160 --> 00:03:02.520 That's a difference in electronegativity of zero, 00:03:02.520 --> 00:03:05.460 which means that the electrons in red aren't gonna move 00:03:05.460 --> 00:03:07.350 towards one carbon or towards the other carbon. 00:03:07.350 --> 00:03:08.760 They're gonna stay in the middle, 00:03:08.760 --> 00:03:11.130 they're gonna be shared between those two atoms. 00:03:11.130 --> 00:03:12.840 So this is a covalent bond, 00:03:12.840 --> 00:03:15.300 and there's no polarity situation created here, 00:03:15.300 --> 00:03:17.610 since there's no difference in electronegativity. 00:03:17.610 --> 00:03:22.170 So we call this a nonpolar covalent bond, right? 00:03:22.170 --> 00:03:27.170 So this is a nonpolar covalent bond, like that. 00:03:27.720 --> 00:03:29.340 Let's do another example. 00:03:29.340 --> 00:03:31.340 Let's compare carbon to hydrogen. 00:03:31.340 --> 00:03:33.142 So if I had a molecule 00:03:33.142 --> 00:03:35.779 and I have a bond between carbon and hydrogen, 00:03:35.779 --> 00:03:39.630 and I want to know what happens to the electrons in red 00:03:39.630 --> 00:03:42.960 between the carbon and the hydrogen, we've seen that carbon 00:03:42.960 --> 00:03:44.860 has an electronegativity value of 2.5, 00:03:45.780 --> 00:03:49.087 and we go up here to hydrogen, which has a value of 2.1, 00:03:50.340 --> 00:03:51.833 and so that's difference of 0.4. 00:03:53.460 --> 00:03:55.109 So there is a difference in electronegativity 00:03:55.109 --> 00:03:58.050 between those two atoms, but it's a very small difference. 00:03:58.050 --> 00:04:00.270 and so most textbooks would consider the bond 00:04:00.270 --> 00:04:01.500 between carbon and hydrogen 00:04:01.500 --> 00:04:05.340 to still be a nonpolar covalent bond. 00:04:05.340 --> 00:04:06.173 All right, let's go ahead 00:04:06.173 --> 00:04:09.030 and put in the example we did above, right. 00:04:09.030 --> 00:04:11.010 where we compared the electronegativies 00:04:11.010 --> 00:04:13.770 of carbon and oxygen, like that. 00:04:13.770 --> 00:04:15.564 When we looked up the values, we saw that carbon 00:04:15.564 --> 00:04:18.780 had an electronegativity value of 2.5, 00:04:18.780 --> 00:04:22.470 and oxygen had a value of 3.5 for a difference of one. 00:04:22.470 --> 00:04:26.130 And that's enough to have a polar covalent bond, right? 00:04:26.130 --> 00:04:30.160 This is a polar covalent bond 00:04:31.380 --> 00:04:33.330 between the carbon and the oxygen. 00:04:33.330 --> 00:04:35.850 So when we think about the electrons in red, 00:04:35.850 --> 00:04:38.700 the electrons in red are pulled closer to the oxygen, 00:04:38.700 --> 00:04:41.670 giving the oxygen a partial negative charge, 00:04:41.670 --> 00:04:44.640 and since electron density is moving away from the carbon, 00:04:44.640 --> 00:04:47.133 the carbon gets a partial positive charge. 00:04:48.582 --> 00:04:50.452 And so we can see that if your difference 00:04:50.452 --> 00:04:53.040 in electronegativity is one, 00:04:53.040 --> 00:04:55.440 it's considered to be a polar covalent bond, 00:04:55.440 --> 00:04:58.530 and if your difference in electronegativity is 0.4, 00:04:58.530 --> 00:05:00.720 that's considered to be a nonpolar covalent bond. 00:05:00.720 --> 00:05:03.514 So somewhere in between there must be the difference 00:05:03.514 --> 00:05:07.860 between non-polar covalent bond and a polar covalent bond. 00:05:07.860 --> 00:05:11.730 And most textbooks will tell you approximately somewhere 00:05:11.730 --> 00:05:13.680 in the 0.5 range. 00:05:13.680 --> 00:05:15.210 So if the difference in electronegativity 00:05:15.210 --> 00:05:17.430 is greater than 0.5, you can go ahead and consider it 00:05:17.430 --> 00:05:19.620 to be mostly a polar covalent bond. 00:05:19.620 --> 00:05:22.770 If the difference in electronegativity is less than 0.5, 00:05:22.770 --> 00:05:25.800 we would consider that to be a nonpolar covalent bond. 00:05:25.800 --> 00:05:28.380 Now, I should point out that we're using the Pauling scale 00:05:28.380 --> 00:05:29.730 for electronegativity here, 00:05:29.730 --> 00:05:31.170 and there are several different scales 00:05:31.170 --> 00:05:32.220 for electronegativity. 00:05:32.220 --> 00:05:34.740 So these numbers are not absolute. 00:05:34.740 --> 00:05:36.371 These are more relative differences, 00:05:36.371 --> 00:05:39.630 and it's the relative difference in electronegativity 00:05:39.630 --> 00:05:41.970 that we care the most about. 00:05:41.970 --> 00:05:43.413 Let's do another example. 00:05:45.350 --> 00:05:47.880 Let's compare oxygen to hydrogen. 00:05:47.880 --> 00:05:51.120 So let's think about what happens to the electrons 00:05:51.120 --> 00:05:52.720 between oxygen and hydrogen. 00:05:52.720 --> 00:05:55.890 So the electrons in red here. 00:05:55.890 --> 00:05:57.150 All right, so we've already seen 00:05:57.150 --> 00:05:59.550 the electronegativity values for both of these atoms. 00:05:59.550 --> 00:06:04.550 Oxygen had a value of 3.5, and hydrogen had a value of 2.1. 00:06:05.670 --> 00:06:08.580 So that's an electronegativity difference of 1.4. 00:06:08.580 --> 00:06:11.520 So this is a polar covalent bond. 00:06:11.520 --> 00:06:13.703 Since oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, 00:06:13.703 --> 00:06:16.510 the electrons in red are going to move closer to the oxygen. 00:06:16.510 --> 00:06:19.830 so the oxygen's going to get a partial negative charge, 00:06:19.830 --> 00:06:22.740 and the hydrogen's gonna get a partial positive charge, 00:06:22.740 --> 00:06:23.573 like that.

London dispersion forces introduction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-BiBeydkys

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=h-BiBeydkys&ei=n1WUZanCI_Gkp-oP28aWMA&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=8B74C7226EF7B676B946F8B0C23DB8B296D7FA8E.0E8464D62FF0F97C9953C9386413162585A8D468&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.590 - [Instructor] What we're going to do in this video 00:00:01.590 --> 00:00:04.410 is start talking about forces that exist 00:00:04.410 --> 00:00:08.790 between even neutral atoms or neutral molecules. 00:00:08.790 --> 00:00:11.130 And the first of these intermolecular forces 00:00:11.130 --> 00:00:15.390 we will talk about are London dispersion forces. 00:00:15.390 --> 00:00:16.980 So it sounds very fancy, 00:00:16.980 --> 00:00:18.510 but it's actually a pretty interesting 00:00:18.510 --> 00:00:20.760 and almost intuitive phenomenon. 00:00:20.760 --> 00:00:22.860 So we are used to thinking about atoms 00:00:22.860 --> 00:00:24.450 and let's just say we have a neutral atom, 00:00:24.450 --> 00:00:26.940 so it has the same number of protons and electrons, 00:00:26.940 --> 00:00:29.340 and so that's all those are all the protons 00:00:29.340 --> 00:00:31.800 and the neutrons in the nucleus. 00:00:31.800 --> 00:00:34.620 And then it'll have a cloud of electrons. 00:00:34.620 --> 00:00:36.271 So I'm just imagining all these electrons 00:00:36.271 --> 00:00:37.339 kind of jumping around. 00:00:37.339 --> 00:00:39.900 That's how I'm going to represent it. 00:00:39.900 --> 00:00:41.370 And let's imagine, 00:00:41.370 --> 00:00:43.110 and this is definitely not drawn to scale, 00:00:43.110 --> 00:00:45.990 the nucleus would actually be much smaller if it was. 00:00:45.990 --> 00:00:48.658 But let's say that there is an adjacent atom right over here 00:00:48.658 --> 00:00:50.100 and it's also neutral. 00:00:50.100 --> 00:00:52.440 Maybe it's the same type of atom, it could be different, 00:00:52.440 --> 00:00:53.880 but we're gonna say it's neutral. 00:00:53.880 --> 00:00:57.000 And it also has an electron cloud. 00:00:57.000 --> 00:01:00.210 And so if these are both neutral in charge, 00:01:00.210 --> 00:01:02.700 how would they be attracted to each other? 00:01:02.700 --> 00:01:05.850 And that's what London dispersion forces actually explain. 00:01:05.850 --> 00:01:09.240 Because we have observed that even neutral atoms 00:01:09.240 --> 00:01:12.987 and neutral molecules can get attracted to each other. 00:01:12.987 --> 00:01:15.810 And the way to think about it is electrons 00:01:15.810 --> 00:01:18.870 are constantly jumping around probabilistically. 00:01:18.870 --> 00:01:21.480 They're in this probability density cloud 00:01:21.480 --> 00:01:24.240 where electron could be anywhere at any given moment, 00:01:24.240 --> 00:01:27.000 but they're not always going to be evenly distributed. 00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:30.810 You can imagine that there is a moment where that left atom 00:01:30.810 --> 00:01:32.910 might look like this, just for a moment 00:01:32.910 --> 00:01:35.250 where most of, or maybe slightly more 00:01:35.250 --> 00:01:37.800 of the electrons are spending time on the left side 00:01:38.682 --> 00:01:41.100 of the atom than on the right side. 00:01:41.100 --> 00:01:43.320 So maybe it looks something like that. 00:01:43.320 --> 00:01:45.300 And so for that brief moment, 00:01:45.300 --> 00:01:47.520 you have a partial negative charge. 00:01:47.520 --> 00:01:50.370 This is the Greek letter delta, lower case delta, 00:01:50.370 --> 00:01:53.310 which is used to denote partial charge. 00:01:53.310 --> 00:01:57.390 And on this side, you might have a partial positive charge. 00:01:57.390 --> 00:01:59.340 Because remember, when it was evenly distributed, 00:01:59.340 --> 00:02:00.771 the negative charge was offset 00:02:00.771 --> 00:02:03.120 by the positive charge of the nucleus. 00:02:03.120 --> 00:02:04.530 But here on the right side, 00:02:04.530 --> 00:02:05.850 because there's fewer electrons here, 00:02:05.850 --> 00:02:08.070 maybe you have a partial positive on the left side, 00:02:08.070 --> 00:02:09.510 you have where most of the electrons 00:02:09.510 --> 00:02:11.760 are in that moment, partial negative. 00:02:11.760 --> 00:02:16.440 Now what might this induce in the neighboring atom? 00:02:16.440 --> 00:02:17.273 Think about that. 00:02:17.273 --> 00:02:18.106 Pause the video. 00:02:18.106 --> 00:02:20.740 Think about what might happen in the neighboring atom then? 00:02:21.780 --> 00:02:24.930 Well, we know that like charges repel each other 00:02:24.930 --> 00:02:27.570 and opposite charges attract each other. 00:02:27.570 --> 00:02:30.210 So if we have a partial positive charge out here 00:02:30.210 --> 00:02:32.790 on the right side of this left atom, 00:02:32.790 --> 00:02:34.740 well then the negative electrons 00:02:34.740 --> 00:02:38.040 might be attracted to it in this right atom. 00:02:38.040 --> 00:02:40.230 So these electrons here might actually be pulled 00:02:40.230 --> 00:02:42.540 a little bit to the left. 00:02:42.540 --> 00:02:45.120 So they might be pulled a little bit to the left. 00:02:45.120 --> 00:02:50.120 And so that will induce what is called a dipole. 00:02:50.430 --> 00:02:52.830 So now you'll have a partial negative charge 00:02:52.830 --> 00:02:54.630 on the left side of this atom, 00:02:54.630 --> 00:02:58.500 and then a partial positive charge on the right side of it. 00:02:58.500 --> 00:03:01.520 And we already had a randomly occurring dipole 00:03:01.520 --> 00:03:04.230 on the left-hand side, but then that would've induced 00:03:04.230 --> 00:03:06.030 a dipole on the right-hand side. 00:03:06.030 --> 00:03:08.730 A dipole is just when you have the separation of charge 00:03:08.730 --> 00:03:11.100 where you have your positive negative charges 00:03:11.100 --> 00:03:14.340 at two different parts of a molecule or an atom 00:03:14.340 --> 00:03:16.410 or really, anything. 00:03:16.410 --> 00:03:18.450 But in this world, then all of a sudden, 00:03:18.450 --> 00:03:21.240 these two characters are going to be attracted 00:03:21.240 --> 00:03:23.100 to each other or the atoms 00:03:23.100 --> 00:03:24.810 are going to be attracted to each other. 00:03:24.810 --> 00:03:29.460 And this attraction that happens due to induced dipoles, 00:03:29.460 --> 00:03:34.460 that is exactly what London dispersion forces is all about. 00:03:34.500 --> 00:03:36.480 You can actually call London dispersion forces 00:03:36.480 --> 00:03:39.630 is induced dipole, induced dipole forces. 00:03:39.630 --> 00:03:41.430 They become attracted to each other 00:03:41.430 --> 00:03:44.340 because of what could start out as a temporary imbalance 00:03:44.340 --> 00:03:47.670 of electrons, but then it induces a dipole in the other atom 00:03:47.670 --> 00:03:50.430 or the other molecule, and then they get attracted. 00:03:50.430 --> 00:03:52.350 So the next question you might ask is, 00:03:52.350 --> 00:03:54.270 how strong can these forces get? 00:03:54.270 --> 00:03:59.270 And that's all about a notion of polarizability. 00:04:00.180 --> 00:04:04.020 How easy is it to polarize an atom or molecule? 00:04:04.020 --> 00:04:08.550 And generally speaking, the more electrons you have. 00:04:08.550 --> 00:04:13.550 So the larger the electron cloud, larger electron cloud, 00:04:13.890 --> 00:04:18.000 electron cloud, which is usually associated 00:04:18.000 --> 00:04:22.323 with molar mass, so usually, molar mass, 00:04:23.490 --> 00:04:26.460 then the higher polarizability you're gonna have, 00:04:26.460 --> 00:04:27.840 'cause you're just gonna have more electrons 00:04:27.840 --> 00:04:28.673 to play around with. 00:04:28.673 --> 00:04:31.890 If this was a helium atom, which has a relatively small 00:04:31.890 --> 00:04:34.230 electron cloud, you couldn't have 00:04:34.230 --> 00:04:36.030 a significant imbalance. 00:04:36.030 --> 00:04:39.480 At most, you might have two electrons on one side, 00:04:39.480 --> 00:04:41.640 which would cause some imbalance. 00:04:41.640 --> 00:04:44.730 But on the other hand, imagine a much larger atom 00:04:44.730 --> 00:04:46.770 or a much larger molecule, 00:04:46.770 --> 00:04:49.080 you could have much more significant imbalances. 00:04:49.080 --> 00:04:52.110 Three, four or five, 50 electrons. 00:04:52.110 --> 00:04:54.690 And that would create a stronger temporary dipole, 00:04:54.690 --> 00:04:58.170 which would then induce a stronger dipole in the neighbors. 00:04:58.170 --> 00:04:59.820 That could domino 00:04:59.820 --> 00:05:02.670 through the entire sample of that molecule. 00:05:02.670 --> 00:05:07.470 So for example, if you were to compare some noble gases 00:05:07.470 --> 00:05:10.650 to each other, and so we can look at the noble gases 00:05:10.650 --> 00:05:12.420 here on the right-hand side. 00:05:12.420 --> 00:05:15.450 If you were to compare the London dispersion forces 00:05:15.450 --> 00:05:18.660 between say, helium and argon, 00:05:18.660 --> 00:05:19.560 which one would you think 00:05:19.560 --> 00:05:21.810 would have higher London dispersion forces? 00:05:21.810 --> 00:05:23.610 A bunch of helium atoms next to each other, 00:05:23.610 --> 00:05:26.580 or a bunch of argon atoms next to each other? 00:05:26.580 --> 00:05:30.600 Well, the argon atoms have a larger electron cloud, 00:05:30.600 --> 00:05:34.230 so they have higher polarizability. 00:05:34.230 --> 00:05:37.860 And so you're going to have higher London dispersion forces. 00:05:37.860 --> 00:05:40.740 And you can actually see that in their boiling points. 00:05:40.740 --> 00:05:45.450 For example, the boiling point of helium 00:05:45.450 --> 00:05:47.790 is quite low. 00:05:47.790 --> 00:05:52.790 It is negative 268.9 degrees Celsius 00:05:53.070 --> 00:05:55.680 while the boiling point of argon, 00:05:55.680 --> 00:05:58.320 it's still at a low temperature by our standards, 00:05:58.320 --> 00:06:00.210 but it's a much higher temperature 00:06:00.210 --> 00:06:02.100 than the boiling point for helium. 00:06:02.100 --> 00:06:07.100 It's at negative 185.8 degrees Celsius. 00:06:07.980 --> 00:06:11.070 So one way to think about this, if you were at say, 00:06:11.070 --> 00:06:15.360 negative 270 degrees Celsius, 00:06:15.360 --> 00:06:19.260 you would find a sample of helium in a liquid state. 00:06:19.260 --> 00:06:21.060 But as you warm things up, 00:06:21.060 --> 00:06:26.060 as you get beyond negative 268.9 degrees Celsius, 00:06:26.220 --> 00:06:29.970 you're going to see that those London dispersion forces 00:06:29.970 --> 00:06:32.490 that are keeping those helium atoms together 00:06:32.490 --> 00:06:34.980 sliding past each other in a liquid state, 00:06:34.980 --> 00:06:37.260 they're going to be overcome 00:06:37.260 --> 00:06:40.680 by the energy due to the temperature. 00:06:40.680 --> 00:06:43.500 And so they're going to be able to break free of each other. 00:06:43.500 --> 00:06:46.470 And essentially, the helium is going to boil 00:06:46.470 --> 00:06:49.530 and you're going to enter into a gaseous state, the state 00:06:49.530 --> 00:06:51.930 that most of us are used to seeing helium in. 00:06:51.930 --> 00:06:56.010 But that doesn't happen for argon until a good bit warmer. 00:06:56.010 --> 00:06:57.600 Still cold by our standards. 00:06:57.600 --> 00:07:00.060 And that's because it takes more energy 00:07:00.060 --> 00:07:03.390 to overcome the London dispersion forces of argon 00:07:03.390 --> 00:07:08.390 because the argon atoms have larger electron clouds. 00:07:10.350 --> 00:07:13.800 So generally speaking, the larger the molecule, 00:07:13.800 --> 00:07:15.600 because it has a larger electron cloud, 00:07:15.600 --> 00:07:17.310 it'll have higher polarizability 00:07:17.310 --> 00:07:19.203 and higher London dispersion forces.

Endothermic and exothermic reactions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSfwMq68Wt4

vtt

https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=GSfwMq68Wt4&ei=n1WUZdOyGqnVxN8PpfGm0A8&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=D42D956BA13E5C256B97D52356F877572FD07C6F.9E50E03D4B50C9156DEEA4D7BB5F3BF6E52034EF&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.420 --> 00:00:03.720 - [Narrator] So what we have depicted here is a reaction. 00:00:03.720 --> 00:00:04.860 I have a beaker. 00:00:04.860 --> 00:00:07.350 In that beaker, I have molecules, 00:00:07.350 --> 00:00:09.060 I have these purple molecules. 00:00:09.060 --> 00:00:11.640 I also have these blue ones. 00:00:11.640 --> 00:00:14.970 And if I were to just leave this beaker at room temperature 00:00:14.970 --> 00:00:17.259 in my laboratory, nothing is going to happen. 00:00:17.259 --> 00:00:20.490 These molecules aren't going to react with each other. 00:00:20.490 --> 00:00:24.690 But then if I add energy to this, if I were to heat it up, 00:00:24.690 --> 00:00:26.460 then I can get it to react. 00:00:26.460 --> 00:00:28.230 And so that's what we have over here. 00:00:28.230 --> 00:00:32.340 The energy is used to break these bonds 00:00:32.340 --> 00:00:36.450 and then the bonds can reform to form different molecules. 00:00:36.450 --> 00:00:37.590 So we have a reaction here. 00:00:37.590 --> 00:00:39.750 Here are the reactants, here are the products. 00:00:39.750 --> 00:00:42.600 And I'm also going to assume that as these bonds, 00:00:42.600 --> 00:00:46.230 as these new bonds form, it also releases energy. 00:00:46.230 --> 00:00:48.450 And what we're going to think about in this video 00:00:48.450 --> 00:00:50.400 is whether the energy 00:00:50.400 --> 00:00:54.030 that is released from this reaction is greater than, 00:00:54.030 --> 00:00:57.030 or less than, than the energy that we put into it. 00:00:57.030 --> 00:00:59.220 And depending on the answer to that, 00:00:59.220 --> 00:01:02.550 we would label this as either an endothermic 00:01:02.550 --> 00:01:05.280 or an exothermic reaction. 00:01:05.280 --> 00:01:07.560 So let's think about this a little bit more. 00:01:07.560 --> 00:01:10.687 So if you have a system, and you might say, 00:01:10.687 --> 00:01:12.180 "What's a system?" 00:01:12.180 --> 00:01:15.510 Well, a system is really just a fancy way 00:01:15.510 --> 00:01:17.700 of saying the thing that you are focused on. 00:01:17.700 --> 00:01:20.730 And you can define that system in any which way. 00:01:20.730 --> 00:01:23.820 Here we will call our system this beaker 00:01:23.820 --> 00:01:25.890 that has the solution inside of it. 00:01:25.890 --> 00:01:27.870 So our system is going to include that, 00:01:27.870 --> 00:01:30.840 but it's not going to include the outside, 00:01:30.840 --> 00:01:33.930 the burner that we're using to create the heat. 00:01:33.930 --> 00:01:35.460 It's just that beaker. 00:01:35.460 --> 00:01:39.060 So this is the system in either situation. 00:01:39.060 --> 00:01:42.330 And then we could also label the things outside the system. 00:01:42.330 --> 00:01:44.940 We could call that the surroundings. 00:01:44.940 --> 00:01:47.940 Hopefully, that's an intuitive thing to call it. 00:01:47.940 --> 00:01:52.560 And when we light the flame underneath this beaker, 00:01:52.560 --> 00:01:54.930 were transferring energy from the surroundings 00:01:54.930 --> 00:01:56.070 into the system. 00:01:56.070 --> 00:01:58.140 The law of conservation of energy, 00:01:58.140 --> 00:02:00.990 which is also known as the first law of thermodynamics, 00:02:00.990 --> 00:02:05.730 tells us that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. 00:02:05.730 --> 00:02:07.320 So if we're getting energy into a system, 00:02:07.320 --> 00:02:09.270 it has to come from someplace. 00:02:09.270 --> 00:02:12.420 In this situation, the energy is coming 00:02:12.420 --> 00:02:15.510 from our surroundings, but as we know, 00:02:15.510 --> 00:02:17.730 we're not just putting energy into the system. 00:02:17.730 --> 00:02:20.970 When these new bonds are formed, it's also releasing energy. 00:02:20.970 --> 00:02:23.610 In a situation where it's releasing less energy 00:02:23.610 --> 00:02:24.480 than was put in, 00:02:24.480 --> 00:02:28.440 I'll do that with a less wide arrow, like this, 00:02:28.440 --> 00:02:31.350 this we would call an endothermic reaction. 00:02:31.350 --> 00:02:33.870 Even though some is being released, on a net basis, 00:02:33.870 --> 00:02:38.070 you're putting more in than you are actually getting out. 00:02:38.070 --> 00:02:39.900 Now, if you had it the other way around, 00:02:39.900 --> 00:02:42.480 where if you had your system here 00:02:42.480 --> 00:02:45.180 and you're putting in a certain amount 00:02:45.180 --> 00:02:47.850 of energy into the system, 00:02:47.850 --> 00:02:50.460 but you're getting a lot more energy out of the system, 00:02:50.460 --> 00:02:53.740 I'll do that as a big arrow, like this, 00:02:53.740 --> 00:02:56.220 that's an arrow, that's not a house, 00:02:56.220 --> 00:02:58.290 if you have a big arrow, like this, 00:02:58.290 --> 00:03:02.202 well, now, this we would call an exothermic, 00:03:02.202 --> 00:03:05.460 exothermic reaction. 00:03:05.460 --> 00:03:09.180 Let me box these off, so that we don't get confused. 00:03:09.180 --> 00:03:10.920 Now, we can also understand this 00:03:10.920 --> 00:03:12.750 in terms of potential energy 00:03:12.750 --> 00:03:15.600 and how the reaction progresses. 00:03:15.600 --> 00:03:18.750 So on the horizontal axis, 00:03:18.750 --> 00:03:23.223 we'll call this reaction progress, reaction progress. 00:03:25.470 --> 00:03:28.650 And then the vertical axis is potential energy. 00:03:28.650 --> 00:03:31.770 Now, our system, before we start heating it up, 00:03:31.770 --> 00:03:35.400 our system is going to be at some potential energy 00:03:35.400 --> 00:03:37.680 and maybe it's just happy right there. 00:03:37.680 --> 00:03:40.380 But then we start putting energy into the system. 00:03:40.380 --> 00:03:42.870 We're doing this right over here by lighting 00:03:42.870 --> 00:03:44.520 that burner under it. 00:03:44.520 --> 00:03:47.520 So as we put energy into the system, 00:03:47.520 --> 00:03:50.010 the potential energy goes up. 00:03:50.010 --> 00:03:53.280 And that energy is used to essentially break the bonds 00:03:53.280 --> 00:03:55.530 of these reactants. 00:03:55.530 --> 00:03:58.710 And then once those molecular parts are all free 00:03:58.710 --> 00:04:01.530 of each other, they can now reform new bonds. 00:04:01.530 --> 00:04:04.500 And if we're in an exothermic reaction, 00:04:04.500 --> 00:04:08.850 those new bonds are going to be at a lower potential energy 00:04:08.850 --> 00:04:12.570 than the original bonds of the reactants. 00:04:12.570 --> 00:04:14.850 So one way to think about it here is, 00:04:14.850 --> 00:04:17.310 at this phase, we are putting in energy. 00:04:17.310 --> 00:04:19.320 This is the energy we're putting into the system. 00:04:19.320 --> 00:04:22.770 And you can calculate it by thinking about this arrow. 00:04:22.770 --> 00:04:25.800 And then once those molecular parts reform, 00:04:25.800 --> 00:04:27.480 you are releasing energy. 00:04:27.480 --> 00:04:29.340 And so you could think of that height 00:04:29.340 --> 00:04:32.100 as the release of energy. 00:04:32.100 --> 00:04:34.110 And if you thought about what the net energy 00:04:34.110 --> 00:04:35.670 that gets released is, 00:04:35.670 --> 00:04:37.320 well, that's going to be the difference 00:04:37.320 --> 00:04:39.180 between the potential energy 00:04:39.180 --> 00:04:40.980 as you're entering into the reaction 00:04:40.980 --> 00:04:42.780 and then your final potential energy. 00:04:42.780 --> 00:04:46.800 So this distance right over here is the net energy. 00:04:46.800 --> 00:04:48.900 And in this case, it is the net energy 00:04:48.900 --> 00:04:51.300 that has actually been released from the reaction. 00:04:51.300 --> 00:04:54.870 So this right over here is an exothermic reaction. 00:04:54.870 --> 00:04:55.703 You might be wondering, "Well, 00:04:55.703 --> 00:04:57.900 "what would an endothermic reaction look like?" 00:04:57.900 --> 00:04:58.980 Well, in that situation, 00:04:58.980 --> 00:05:00.210 and I'll just draw it really fast, 00:05:00.210 --> 00:05:03.540 it would have the same labels on the chart, 00:05:03.540 --> 00:05:05.430 you would be putting energy in. 00:05:05.430 --> 00:05:07.830 So let's say, you have some molecules, 00:05:07.830 --> 00:05:12.060 energy in to break those bonds, the bonds are broken, 00:05:12.060 --> 00:05:13.590 and now things reform, 00:05:13.590 --> 00:05:15.390 but they get to a higher potential energy 00:05:15.390 --> 00:05:17.070 than you were before. 00:05:17.070 --> 00:05:20.760 So here we're putting in a lot of energy, 00:05:20.760 --> 00:05:24.300 but then when those bonds, when we have new bonds forming, 00:05:24.300 --> 00:05:27.933 that's not quite as much as the energy that we put in. 00:05:28.830 --> 00:05:31.320 And so there's a net amount that we put in. 00:05:31.320 --> 00:05:33.660 The net amount that we put in is gonna be the difference 00:05:33.660 --> 00:05:34.590 between that and that. 00:05:34.590 --> 00:05:37.740 It's going to be this height right over here. 00:05:37.740 --> 00:05:39.330 So this is exothermic 00:05:39.330 --> 00:05:41.703 and this is endothermic right over here.

Physical and chemical changes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5cZ5CWuUJA

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.210 --> 00:00:01.950 - [Instructor] So what we have are three different pictures 00:00:01.950 --> 00:00:05.910 of substances undergoing some type of change. 00:00:05.910 --> 00:00:08.220 And what we're gonna focus on in this video 00:00:08.220 --> 00:00:11.970 is classifying things as either being physical changes 00:00:11.970 --> 00:00:14.010 or chemical changes. 00:00:14.010 --> 00:00:16.050 And you might already have already thought about this 00:00:16.050 --> 00:00:18.780 or seen this in a previous science class, 00:00:18.780 --> 00:00:21.120 but when we talk about a physical change, 00:00:21.120 --> 00:00:23.490 we're talking about where there could be a change 00:00:23.490 --> 00:00:25.890 in properties but we're not having a change 00:00:25.890 --> 00:00:29.130 in the actual composition of what we're talking about. 00:00:29.130 --> 00:00:30.870 While in a chemical change, 00:00:30.870 --> 00:00:34.020 you actually do have a change in composition, 00:00:34.020 --> 00:00:37.680 how the different constituent atoms and elements match up 00:00:37.680 --> 00:00:41.670 or connect or bond to each other might be different. 00:00:41.670 --> 00:00:43.950 So my first question to you is pause this video, 00:00:43.950 --> 00:00:45.690 and we have some ice melting here, 00:00:45.690 --> 00:00:49.050 we have some propane combusting or burning here, 00:00:49.050 --> 00:00:52.410 and we have some iron rusting here. 00:00:52.410 --> 00:00:53.280 And I want you to think about 00:00:53.280 --> 00:00:54.960 which of these are physical changes 00:00:54.960 --> 00:00:57.360 and which of these are chemical changes and why. 00:00:58.710 --> 00:01:01.560 All right, now let's first think about this water, 00:01:01.560 --> 00:01:02.940 this ice melting. 00:01:02.940 --> 00:01:06.600 And if we wanted to write it in fancy chemical language 00:01:06.600 --> 00:01:09.900 or chemistry language, we could write this as H2O 00:01:09.900 --> 00:01:14.900 going from its solid form to H2O going into its liquid form. 00:01:16.890 --> 00:01:19.500 Now we don't have a change in composition. 00:01:19.500 --> 00:01:20.370 In either state, 00:01:20.370 --> 00:01:22.440 whether you're looking at this liquid water here 00:01:22.440 --> 00:01:24.990 or whether you're looking at the solid water there, 00:01:24.990 --> 00:01:29.220 you'll see a bunch of water molecules. 00:01:29.220 --> 00:01:33.360 Each oxygen is still bonded to two hydrogens 00:01:33.360 --> 00:01:36.480 and so you're not having a change in composition, 00:01:36.480 --> 00:01:41.430 and so this over here is a physical change. 00:01:41.430 --> 00:01:42.900 And if we kept heating that water up 00:01:42.900 --> 00:01:44.340 and it started to vaporize, 00:01:44.340 --> 00:01:46.680 that would also be a physical change. 00:01:46.680 --> 00:01:49.020 Whereas it turns into water vapor, 00:01:49.020 --> 00:01:52.140 you have your intermolecular forces being overcome 00:01:52.140 --> 00:01:54.447 but the covalent bonds between the oxygens 00:01:54.447 --> 00:01:55.620 and the hydrogens, 00:01:55.620 --> 00:01:58.710 those aren't breaking or forming in some way. 00:01:58.710 --> 00:02:00.990 So once again, when you go from ice to water, 00:02:00.990 --> 00:02:01.823 physical change. 00:02:01.823 --> 00:02:04.860 From water to vapor, or you could say from liquid to gas, 00:02:04.860 --> 00:02:08.400 that is also going to be a physical change. 00:02:08.400 --> 00:02:10.560 One general rule of thumb, 00:02:10.560 --> 00:02:12.990 when you think about what's going on on a microscopic level, 00:02:12.990 --> 00:02:15.090 and this is a general rule of thumb, it doesn't always apply 00:02:15.090 --> 00:02:17.250 and we'll think about an edge case in a little bit, 00:02:17.250 --> 00:02:21.840 is when you're overcoming intermolecular forces, 00:02:21.840 --> 00:02:23.940 that tends to be a physical change. 00:02:23.940 --> 00:02:27.750 But if you have chemical bonds forming or breaking, 00:02:27.750 --> 00:02:30.870 that would be a chemical change. 00:02:30.870 --> 00:02:33.840 Now let's think about what's going on here with the propane. 00:02:33.840 --> 00:02:35.970 If you were to write the chemical reaction here, 00:02:35.970 --> 00:02:40.710 it would be propane, C3H8 in gas form. 00:02:40.710 --> 00:02:43.020 It needs oxygen to combust, 00:02:43.020 --> 00:02:44.340 so for every mole of propane, 00:02:44.340 --> 00:02:48.840 we have five moles of molecular oxygen in gas form. 00:02:48.840 --> 00:02:51.750 And then when it combusts, 00:02:51.750 --> 00:02:53.640 you're going to produce three, 00:02:53.640 --> 00:02:55.620 for every one mole of propane 00:02:55.620 --> 00:02:57.300 and five moles of molecular oxygen, 00:02:57.300 --> 00:03:02.130 you're gonna produce three moles of carbon dioxide gas, 00:03:02.130 --> 00:03:07.130 and four moles of water in vapor form as well. 00:03:07.770 --> 00:03:09.210 And so what you actually have 00:03:09.210 --> 00:03:11.880 is the bonds in those molecules are actually breaking 00:03:11.880 --> 00:03:13.890 and then reforming. 00:03:13.890 --> 00:03:16.950 So you don't just have physical change going on here, 00:03:16.950 --> 00:03:19.320 you have chemical change. 00:03:19.320 --> 00:03:21.690 Chemical change. 00:03:21.690 --> 00:03:22.530 One way to think about it, 00:03:22.530 --> 00:03:25.860 you had propane here before, C3H8, 00:03:25.860 --> 00:03:29.370 after the reaction, you no longer have the propane here. 00:03:29.370 --> 00:03:32.280 What you actually see as fire, which is fascinating, 00:03:32.280 --> 00:03:34.800 this is just very hot gas. 00:03:34.800 --> 00:03:36.540 And that very hot air that you're seeing, 00:03:36.540 --> 00:03:38.580 and there's going to be some carbon dioxide in there 00:03:38.580 --> 00:03:41.190 and there's going to be some water vapor in there, 00:03:41.190 --> 00:03:42.900 the reason why it's getting so hot 00:03:42.900 --> 00:03:46.470 is because this releases a lot of energy. 00:03:46.470 --> 00:03:50.370 Now let's think about what's going on here with this iron. 00:03:50.370 --> 00:03:53.640 If I were to write this as a chemical reaction; 00:03:53.640 --> 00:03:57.090 for every four moles of iron in solid form 00:03:57.090 --> 00:04:00.834 plus three moles of molecular oxygen in gas form, 00:04:00.834 --> 00:04:04.170 and that would just be the ambient oxygen around this iron, 00:04:04.170 --> 00:04:09.170 it is going to produce two moles of iron oxide as a solid. 00:04:13.740 --> 00:04:15.750 And that's what you see there in the orange, 00:04:15.750 --> 00:04:17.160 that is the iron oxide. 00:04:17.160 --> 00:04:21.030 So notice this reaction is forming new ionic bonds 00:04:21.030 --> 00:04:22.920 in that ferrous oxide. 00:04:22.920 --> 00:04:24.480 And to undergo the reaction, 00:04:24.480 --> 00:04:28.290 we had to break the metallic bonds of the solid iron 00:04:28.290 --> 00:04:31.710 and the covalent bonds in the molecular oxygen. 00:04:31.710 --> 00:04:36.120 So anytime we are breaking and making these chemical bonds, 00:04:36.120 --> 00:04:37.893 we have a chemical change.

Ionization energy trends

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyBYZJ3Wo_0

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.540 --> 00:00:01.470 - [Narrator] We're now going to think 00:00:01.470 --> 00:00:04.320 about ionization energy trends. 00:00:04.320 --> 00:00:05.820 What's ionization energy? 00:00:05.820 --> 00:00:07.800 It's the energy required 00:00:07.800 --> 00:00:12.800 to remove the highest energy electron from an atom. 00:00:13.140 --> 00:00:16.113 And to think about this, let's look at some data. 00:00:16.950 --> 00:00:20.580 So right over here is ionization energy 00:00:20.580 --> 00:00:22.890 plotted against atomic number 00:00:22.890 --> 00:00:26.040 for elements in the periodic table of elements. 00:00:26.040 --> 00:00:29.070 So first, we can look group by group. 00:00:29.070 --> 00:00:31.200 So for example, if we look at Group 1, 00:00:31.200 --> 00:00:33.390 that's the first column, 00:00:33.390 --> 00:00:36.060 the leftmost column in the periodic table of elements, 00:00:36.060 --> 00:00:37.770 starting with hydrogen here, 00:00:37.770 --> 00:00:40.080 you can see that as we go down that column, 00:00:40.080 --> 00:00:42.750 it looks like, generally speaking, 00:00:42.750 --> 00:00:46.260 our ionization energy is decreasing. 00:00:46.260 --> 00:00:48.870 For Group 2, we see a similar pattern, 00:00:48.870 --> 00:00:51.180 as we go down that second column, 00:00:51.180 --> 00:00:53.610 our ionization energy, generally speaking, 00:00:53.610 --> 00:00:56.100 it looks like there's a few slight anomalies here, 00:00:56.100 --> 00:00:57.990 it looks like it's decreasing. 00:00:57.990 --> 00:01:02.370 So as you go down a group, the data seems to imply 00:01:02.370 --> 00:01:04.950 that ionization energy decreases. 00:01:04.950 --> 00:01:07.500 It takes less and less energy to remove 00:01:07.500 --> 00:01:10.770 that highest energy electron. 00:01:10.770 --> 00:01:13.380 Now let's look at the periods. 00:01:13.380 --> 00:01:16.380 So remember, the periods are the rows in the periodic table, 00:01:16.380 --> 00:01:19.470 so if we look at that second row in the periodic table, 00:01:19.470 --> 00:01:22.470 as we go from left to right, 00:01:22.470 --> 00:01:24.420 it looks like, generally speaking, 00:01:24.420 --> 00:01:27.780 ionization energy is increasing. 00:01:27.780 --> 00:01:29.700 It becomes harder and harder to remove 00:01:29.700 --> 00:01:31.230 that highest energy electron. 00:01:31.230 --> 00:01:34.500 Now, there are some anomalies here. 00:01:34.500 --> 00:01:37.410 It looks like it briefly decreases, 00:01:37.410 --> 00:01:39.180 and it increases, briefly decreases, 00:01:39.180 --> 00:01:42.840 but the general trend is as you go from left to right, 00:01:42.840 --> 00:01:46.680 along that period, energy is increasing. 00:01:46.680 --> 00:01:48.840 We see the same thing in Period 3, 00:01:48.840 --> 00:01:50.880 once again, there are some anomalies here, 00:01:50.880 --> 00:01:53.340 but the trend seems to generally hold. 00:01:53.340 --> 00:01:58.110 We could also look at Period 4, and so on and so forth. 00:01:58.110 --> 00:02:00.690 So if we think about ionization energy, 00:02:00.690 --> 00:02:05.490 what we saw is, as we go down a group right over here, 00:02:05.490 --> 00:02:07.440 it becomes easier and easier 00:02:07.440 --> 00:02:10.350 to remove that highest energy electron, 00:02:10.350 --> 00:02:11.790 or another way to think about it 00:02:11.790 --> 00:02:16.650 is ionization energy decreases. 00:02:16.650 --> 00:02:19.740 If you go from left to right 00:02:19.740 --> 00:02:22.740 along a period right over here, 00:02:22.740 --> 00:02:27.740 we saw from the data, that ionization energy increases. 00:02:28.560 --> 00:02:30.960 Now let's think about why this is. 00:02:30.960 --> 00:02:33.090 Well, if you look at this trend, 00:02:33.090 --> 00:02:34.710 or get an intuition for why this is, 00:02:34.710 --> 00:02:37.530 if you look at this trend along a group over here, 00:02:37.530 --> 00:02:40.500 we already said that you're gonna have the same number 00:02:40.500 --> 00:02:41.430 of valence electrons, 00:02:41.430 --> 00:02:44.790 but those valence electrons are further and further out, 00:02:44.790 --> 00:02:47.100 they're at higher and higher energy shells, 00:02:47.100 --> 00:02:49.380 and so you have a lot more shielding 00:02:49.380 --> 00:02:51.420 from all of those core electrons, 00:02:51.420 --> 00:02:52.980 so that causes some interference, 00:02:52.980 --> 00:02:55.680 we've already seen that as you go down a group, 00:02:55.680 --> 00:02:58.320 your atomic radius increases, 00:02:58.320 --> 00:03:00.510 so you're also going to have less 00:03:00.510 --> 00:03:04.440 of that effective nuclear force, 00:03:04.440 --> 00:03:07.890 which is essentially how much the force is between 00:03:07.890 --> 00:03:10.830 when you consider the nucleus, 00:03:10.830 --> 00:03:12.840 when you consider the shielding 00:03:12.840 --> 00:03:14.370 from the electrons in between, 00:03:14.370 --> 00:03:15.990 and when you think about the distance 00:03:15.990 --> 00:03:17.700 of those outer electrons. 00:03:17.700 --> 00:03:20.040 And so it makes sense that it's easier and easier 00:03:20.040 --> 00:03:22.350 to remove the highest energy electron 00:03:22.350 --> 00:03:24.510 from say, caesium, because it's further out there, 00:03:24.510 --> 00:03:28.410 there's more electrons shielding it from that nucleus, 00:03:28.410 --> 00:03:31.440 even though there's a lot of protons in that nucleus, 00:03:31.440 --> 00:03:34.410 than, say, in the case of hydrogen. 00:03:34.410 --> 00:03:38.430 Now, as you go from left to right along a period, 00:03:38.430 --> 00:03:39.960 we already talked about the fact 00:03:39.960 --> 00:03:42.000 that you're adding electrons, 00:03:42.000 --> 00:03:46.260 but you're either backfilling into a lower energy shell 00:03:46.260 --> 00:03:50.340 or you're adding at that same outer valence shell. 00:03:50.340 --> 00:03:53.490 But as you're doing so, as you're going from left to right, 00:03:53.490 --> 00:03:56.430 you have more and more protons. 00:03:56.430 --> 00:03:59.400 So those protons, as you add more and more, 00:03:59.400 --> 00:04:01.500 you're gonna have a stronger positive charge, 00:04:01.500 --> 00:04:04.620 it's gonna pull more and more on those outer electrons. 00:04:04.620 --> 00:04:07.980 And remember, you have the same number of core electrons, 00:04:07.980 --> 00:04:08.970 'cause you're just adding 00:04:08.970 --> 00:04:11.070 to the outer shells right over here, 00:04:11.070 --> 00:04:13.110 and so it's going to pull harder and harder on them 00:04:13.110 --> 00:04:14.490 and bring them closer and closer. 00:04:14.490 --> 00:04:16.650 And we saw that atomic radii 00:04:16.650 --> 00:04:18.720 decreases as you go from left to right, 00:04:18.720 --> 00:04:22.020 and so it makes sense that ionization energy increases. 00:04:22.020 --> 00:04:23.730 It's going to be harder and harder 00:04:23.730 --> 00:04:26.760 to pull off that highest energy electron, 00:04:26.760 --> 00:04:28.680 from say, bromine, 00:04:28.680 --> 00:04:31.143 than it would be from say, potassium.

Lewis diagrams

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FuVAgrLqsXs

vtt

https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=FuVAgrLqsXs&ei=n1WUZYWqH67VhcIPw9ep6Ac&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=670A8D5520189E6E02322D1C81D05EB0909B82EE.46D73F7233608383916BB2A326E6F5F1A93F7B80&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.270 --> 00:00:01.103 - [Instructor] In this video, 00:00:01.103 --> 00:00:03.270 we're gonna introduce ourselves to a new way 00:00:03.270 --> 00:00:05.100 of visualizing atoms. 00:00:05.100 --> 00:00:06.930 And as you can imagine from the title here, 00:00:06.930 --> 00:00:09.570 that's going to be Lewis diagrams. 00:00:09.570 --> 00:00:11.310 But before I even get into that, 00:00:11.310 --> 00:00:13.710 let's do a little bit of review of what we already know 00:00:13.710 --> 00:00:15.450 about Bohr models. 00:00:15.450 --> 00:00:18.570 So let's say we take an arbitrary element here. 00:00:18.570 --> 00:00:20.070 Let's say we take nitrogen. 00:00:20.070 --> 00:00:22.890 Nitrogen, by definition, has seven protons. 00:00:22.890 --> 00:00:26.040 And so if it's neutral, it's going to have seven electrons. 00:00:26.040 --> 00:00:28.740 So a Bohr model for nitrogen, 00:00:28.740 --> 00:00:31.860 in our first shell, that first shell is going to look 00:00:31.860 --> 00:00:35.700 just like helium and it's going to have two electrons. 00:00:35.700 --> 00:00:37.860 So let me draw it like that. 00:00:37.860 --> 00:00:40.680 And then in its second shell, 00:00:40.680 --> 00:00:45.680 its second shell, it is going to have the remaining five 00:00:45.840 --> 00:00:47.880 of the seven electrons. 00:00:47.880 --> 00:00:50.220 And we are going to make them unpaired at first. 00:00:50.220 --> 00:00:52.590 So one, two, 00:00:52.590 --> 00:00:56.610 three, four, and then five. 00:00:56.610 --> 00:00:58.560 The reason why I did it this way is, 00:00:58.560 --> 00:01:01.650 a full valence shell is going to have eight electrons 00:01:01.650 --> 00:01:03.330 or four pairs. 00:01:03.330 --> 00:01:05.190 But if the electrons can spread apart, 00:01:05.190 --> 00:01:06.330 they like to spread apart. 00:01:06.330 --> 00:01:08.520 So that's why I did one, two, three, four, 00:01:08.520 --> 00:01:11.190 and then I paired this last one because there's nowhere else 00:01:11.190 --> 00:01:13.920 for it to actually go. 00:01:13.920 --> 00:01:16.530 Now, I just touched on this issue of valence electrons. 00:01:16.530 --> 00:01:18.750 Those are the electrons in your outermost shell, 00:01:18.750 --> 00:01:22.680 and they tend to be the ones that are involved in reactions. 00:01:22.680 --> 00:01:24.840 So chemists said, "Hey, just for shorthand, 00:01:24.840 --> 00:01:27.420 instead of having to draw all of this every time, 00:01:27.420 --> 00:01:31.500 why don't we just visualize the valence electrons?" 00:01:31.500 --> 00:01:34.590 And so let's do that in this nitrogen example. 00:01:34.590 --> 00:01:37.590 So a Lewis diagram, 00:01:37.590 --> 00:01:39.870 which is I'm just going to draw right now, 00:01:39.870 --> 00:01:42.930 is that simplified visualization 00:01:42.930 --> 00:01:45.780 where you write the symbol for that element, 00:01:45.780 --> 00:01:48.210 and you just depict its valence electrons. 00:01:48.210 --> 00:01:50.790 We just saw that there are five valence electrons 00:01:50.790 --> 00:01:53.370 for nitrogen, seven total, but five valence, 00:01:53.370 --> 00:01:56.460 five electrons in that outermost shell. 00:01:56.460 --> 00:02:00.840 So it is going to be one, two, 00:02:00.840 --> 00:02:04.020 three, four, and then five. 00:02:04.020 --> 00:02:07.830 So that's a Lewis diagram for a neutral nitrogen atom. 00:02:07.830 --> 00:02:10.860 It turns out we can also do this for ions. 00:02:10.860 --> 00:02:15.860 So let's say that we had a nitride ion over here. 00:02:15.870 --> 00:02:19.020 Now, a nitride ion has gained three electrons. 00:02:19.020 --> 00:02:21.810 So it actually has eight valence electrons. 00:02:21.810 --> 00:02:23.850 So if you gain three from five, you're going to have eight. 00:02:23.850 --> 00:02:26.160 So I'll go one, two, 00:02:26.160 --> 00:02:29.010 three, four, five, 00:02:29.010 --> 00:02:31.950 six, seven, eight. 00:02:31.950 --> 00:02:35.070 And because it gained three electrons from being neutral, 00:02:35.070 --> 00:02:38.010 it now has a negative three charge. 00:02:38.010 --> 00:02:39.930 And so you'll often see it written like this 00:02:39.930 --> 00:02:42.870 where they put brackets around it, 00:02:42.870 --> 00:02:45.810 and you would see three minus. 00:02:45.810 --> 00:02:48.307 Now, the last thing that you might wonder about is, 00:02:48.307 --> 00:02:49.830 "Okay, I kinda understood 00:02:49.830 --> 00:02:51.570 how you got the valence electrons for nitrogen. 00:02:51.570 --> 00:02:54.750 Is there just some general pattern in the periodic table?" 00:02:54.750 --> 00:02:56.820 And the simple answer is yes. 00:02:56.820 --> 00:02:58.380 And that's one of the useful things 00:02:58.380 --> 00:02:59.310 about the periodic table. 00:02:59.310 --> 00:03:01.260 Or as we'll learn, there's many, many other 00:03:01.260 --> 00:03:03.330 really interesting things about it. 00:03:03.330 --> 00:03:05.820 If you look at the groups, in general, 00:03:05.820 --> 00:03:08.190 you're going to have one valence electron 00:03:08.190 --> 00:03:11.430 for Group One elements, for this column over here. 00:03:11.430 --> 00:03:13.680 You're going to have two valence electrons 00:03:13.680 --> 00:03:15.630 for these Group Two elements. 00:03:15.630 --> 00:03:16.627 And I know what you're thinking, 00:03:16.627 --> 00:03:19.830 "Okay, is just the group the number of valence electrons?" 00:03:19.830 --> 00:03:23.790 Well, unfortunately, it doesn't exactly work out that way. 00:03:23.790 --> 00:03:25.800 I'm going to skip the transition metals here 00:03:25.800 --> 00:03:27.600 because those get a little bit more complicated. 00:03:27.600 --> 00:03:29.100 It's a little bit more advanced. 00:03:29.100 --> 00:03:31.530 But then if we go over here to, what is this, 00:03:31.530 --> 00:03:34.260 Group One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, 00:03:34.260 --> 00:03:37.500 Eight, Nine, 10, 11, 12, 13, 00:03:37.500 --> 00:03:41.280 Group 13 over here is going to have three valence electrons. 00:03:41.280 --> 00:03:44.280 Group 14, four valence electrons. 00:03:44.280 --> 00:03:46.980 Five valence electrons in Group 15, 00:03:46.980 --> 00:03:49.380 and that's why we saw five valence electrons 00:03:49.380 --> 00:03:50.880 for nitrogen here. 00:03:50.880 --> 00:03:53.430 Six for Group 16. 00:03:53.430 --> 00:03:55.470 Seven for Group 17. 00:03:55.470 --> 00:03:58.020 And then 18 for, or sorry, (laughing) 00:03:58.020 --> 00:04:02.430 I should say eight valence electrons for Group 18. 00:04:02.430 --> 00:04:03.990 So one way to remember it is, 00:04:03.990 --> 00:04:06.750 for Groups 13 through 18, 00:04:06.750 --> 00:04:09.060 you take the group number and you subtract 10, 00:04:09.060 --> 00:04:11.520 and you're going to get the number of valence electrons. 00:04:11.520 --> 00:04:13.290 And hopefully that made sense based 00:04:13.290 --> 00:04:15.060 on how we were able to figure out the valence electrons 00:04:15.060 --> 00:04:17.253 for example nitrogen.

Atomic spectra

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNx061dMhtA

vtt

https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=HNx061dMhtA&ei=n1WUZbjtGsS2mLAP15iroA4&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=3073DF5FF27A01B146FC74174D2736929CDA77C0.C08B30884C1E8C9D58824C5C937F9CE4AD13F132&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.630 --> 00:00:03.360 - [Narrator] Here's a very simplified model of an atom. 00:00:03.360 --> 00:00:06.180 The nucleus at the center of the atom is where the protons 00:00:06.180 --> 00:00:09.900 and neutrons live, but they're kind of boring 00:00:09.900 --> 00:00:12.360 because for the most part, they just sit there. 00:00:12.360 --> 00:00:14.910 The real star of the show is the electron. 00:00:14.910 --> 00:00:17.370 The electron gets to do all the interesting stuff 00:00:17.370 --> 00:00:20.850 like move around, jump around, bind with other atoms. 00:00:20.850 --> 00:00:24.090 These dashed lines represent the different energy levels 00:00:24.090 --> 00:00:26.850 the electron can have while in the atom. 00:00:26.850 --> 00:00:28.860 We like representing these energy levels 00:00:28.860 --> 00:00:31.410 with an energy level diagram. 00:00:31.410 --> 00:00:33.960 The energy level diagram gives us a way to show 00:00:33.960 --> 00:00:37.860 what energy the electron has without having to draw an atom 00:00:37.860 --> 00:00:40.380 with a bunch of circles all the time. 00:00:40.380 --> 00:00:43.830 Let's say our pretend atom has electron energy levels 00:00:43.830 --> 00:00:48.830 of 0 eV, 4 eV, 6 eV, and 7 eV. 00:00:49.380 --> 00:00:51.090 Note that moving left or right 00:00:51.090 --> 00:00:52.740 on an energy level diagram 00:00:52.740 --> 00:00:55.890 doesn't actually represent anything meaningful. 00:00:55.890 --> 00:00:58.590 So technically there is no X axis 00:00:58.590 --> 00:01:01.710 on an energy level diagram, but we draw it there anyway 00:01:01.710 --> 00:01:03.840 because it makes it look nice. 00:01:03.840 --> 00:01:05.850 All that matters is what energy level 00:01:05.850 --> 00:01:08.760 or rung on the ladder the electron is at. 00:01:08.760 --> 00:01:10.110 Note that the electron 00:01:10.110 --> 00:01:13.020 for our hypothetical atom here can only exist 00:01:13.020 --> 00:01:16.320 with 0 eV, 4, 6 or 7 eV. 00:01:16.320 --> 00:01:20.130 The electron just cannot exist between energy levels, 00:01:20.130 --> 00:01:24.360 it's always got to be right on one of the energy levels. 00:01:24.360 --> 00:01:26.730 Okay, so let's say our electron starts off 00:01:26.730 --> 00:01:29.190 on the 0 eV energy level, 00:01:29.190 --> 00:01:31.380 it's good to note that the lowest energy level 00:01:31.380 --> 00:01:34.740 and electron can have in an atom is called the ground state. 00:01:34.740 --> 00:01:37.320 So how could our electron get from the ground state 00:01:37.320 --> 00:01:39.330 to any of the higher energy levels? 00:01:39.330 --> 00:01:42.420 Well, for the electron to get to a higher energy level, 00:01:42.420 --> 00:01:45.270 we've got to give the electron more energy, 00:01:45.270 --> 00:01:47.520 and we know how to give an electron more energy, 00:01:47.520 --> 00:01:49.440 you just shoot light at it. 00:01:49.440 --> 00:01:52.920 If a photon of the right energy can strike an electron, 00:01:52.920 --> 00:01:55.710 the electron will absorb all the photon's energy 00:01:55.710 --> 00:01:57.840 and jump to a higher energy level. 00:01:57.840 --> 00:02:01.020 The electron in this ground state needs 4 eV 00:02:01.020 --> 00:02:03.300 to jump to the next energy level. 00:02:03.300 --> 00:02:07.200 That means if a photon that had an energy of 4 eV came in 00:02:07.200 --> 00:02:08.940 and struck the electron, 00:02:08.940 --> 00:02:10.860 the electron would absorb the energy 00:02:10.860 --> 00:02:13.984 of the photon causing the photon to disappear, 00:02:13.984 --> 00:02:17.880 and that electron would jump up to the next energy level. 00:02:17.880 --> 00:02:21.060 We call the first energy level after the ground state, 00:02:21.060 --> 00:02:23.310 the first excited state, 00:02:23.310 --> 00:02:25.650 once the electrons at the higher energy level, 00:02:25.650 --> 00:02:29.310 it won't stay there long electrons, if given the chance, 00:02:29.310 --> 00:02:32.310 will fall towards the lowest energy level they can. 00:02:32.310 --> 00:02:35.520 So our electron will fall back down to the ground state 00:02:35.520 --> 00:02:38.160 and give up 4 eV of energy. 00:02:38.160 --> 00:02:40.530 The way an electron can give up energy is 00:02:40.530 --> 00:02:42.330 by emitting a photon. 00:02:42.330 --> 00:02:44.760 So after falling back down to the ground state, 00:02:44.760 --> 00:02:48.330 this electron would emit a 4 eV photon. 00:02:48.330 --> 00:02:51.068 Electrons don't have to just jump one energy level 00:02:51.068 --> 00:02:52.770 at a time, though, 00:02:52.770 --> 00:02:54.780 if the electron in our ground state were 00:02:54.780 --> 00:02:57.300 to absorb a 6 eV photon, 00:02:57.300 --> 00:02:59.220 the electron can jump all the way up 00:02:59.220 --> 00:03:01.260 to the 6 eV energy level. 00:03:01.260 --> 00:03:03.600 Now that the electron's at a higher energy level, 00:03:03.600 --> 00:03:05.700 it's gonna try to fall back down, 00:03:05.700 --> 00:03:08.160 but there's a couple ways it could fall back down 00:03:08.160 --> 00:03:09.360 in this case. 00:03:09.360 --> 00:03:10.890 The electron could fall down 00:03:10.890 --> 00:03:13.290 to the ground state all in one shot, 00:03:13.290 --> 00:03:16.530 giving up a 6 eV photon in the process. 00:03:16.530 --> 00:03:19.817 But since the started at the 6 eV energy level, 00:03:19.817 --> 00:03:22.230 it could have also fallen first 00:03:22.230 --> 00:03:26.820 to the 4 eV energy level emitting a 2 eV photon 00:03:26.820 --> 00:03:28.350 in the process. 00:03:28.350 --> 00:03:29.940 It's a 2 eV photon 00:03:29.940 --> 00:03:33.376 because the electron dropped 2 electron volts in energy, 00:03:33.376 --> 00:03:36.780 and now that the electron's at the 4 eV energy level, 00:03:36.780 --> 00:03:37.980 it'll fall back down 00:03:37.980 --> 00:03:42.210 to the ground state emitting a 4 eV photon in the process. 00:03:42.210 --> 00:03:45.300 So electrons will sometimes drop multiple energy levels 00:03:45.300 --> 00:03:46.230 at a time, 00:03:46.230 --> 00:03:49.293 and sometimes they'll choose to take individual steps, 00:03:49.293 --> 00:03:52.950 but regardless, the energy of the photon is always equal 00:03:52.950 --> 00:03:55.830 to the difference in electron energy levels. 00:03:55.830 --> 00:03:57.660 What if our electron's in the ground state 00:03:57.660 --> 00:04:00.270 and we send a 5 eV photon at it? 00:04:00.270 --> 00:04:02.910 If the electron were to absorb all of the energy 00:04:02.910 --> 00:04:04.740 of the 5 eV photon, 00:04:04.740 --> 00:04:07.260 it would now have 5 electron volts, 00:04:07.260 --> 00:04:09.270 but that's not an allowed energy level 00:04:09.270 --> 00:04:11.457 so the electron can't absorb this photon 00:04:11.457 --> 00:04:14.310 and the photon will pass straight through the atom. 00:04:14.310 --> 00:04:16.200 Keep in mind, the electron in the atom has 00:04:16.200 --> 00:04:19.380 to absorb all of the photon's energy or none of it, 00:04:19.380 --> 00:04:21.390 it can't just absorb part of it. 00:04:21.390 --> 00:04:24.570 Alright, so now we could figure out every possible photon 00:04:24.570 --> 00:04:26.190 this atom could absorb. 00:04:26.190 --> 00:04:28.050 If the electron's in the ground state, 00:04:28.050 --> 00:04:32.220 it could absorb a 4 eV photon or a 6 eV photon 00:04:32.220 --> 00:04:34.200 or a 7 eV photon. 00:04:34.200 --> 00:04:36.510 If the electron's at the second energy level, 00:04:36.510 --> 00:04:38.850 also called the first excited state, 00:04:38.850 --> 00:04:41.460 the electron could absorb a 2 eV photon 00:04:41.460 --> 00:04:43.680 or a three eV photon, 00:04:43.680 --> 00:04:46.170 and if the electron were at the third energy level 00:04:46.170 --> 00:04:48.450 or the second excited state, 00:04:48.450 --> 00:04:51.330 the electron could absorb a 1 eV photon. 00:04:51.330 --> 00:04:52.950 Those are the only photons 00:04:52.950 --> 00:04:56.160 that this atom will be seen to absorb. 00:04:56.160 --> 00:04:59.700 2.5. eV photons will pass straight through, 00:04:59.700 --> 00:05:02.400 5 eV photons will pass straight through, 00:05:02.400 --> 00:05:06.300 6.3. eV photons will pass straight through. 00:05:06.300 --> 00:05:09.030 What this means is that if you were to shine light 00:05:09.030 --> 00:05:12.510 that consisted of all possible wavelengths through a gas 00:05:12.510 --> 00:05:15.180 that was composed of our pretend atoms, 00:05:15.180 --> 00:05:17.670 all the wavelengths would not make it through. 00:05:17.670 --> 00:05:19.770 Some of the wavelengths would get absorbed, 00:05:19.770 --> 00:05:22.710 then scattered away in random directions. 00:05:22.710 --> 00:05:26.820 This would manifest itself as dark lines in the spectrum, 00:05:26.820 --> 00:05:29.550 missing wavelengths or missing energy levels 00:05:29.550 --> 00:05:32.460 that correspond to the energies of photons 00:05:32.460 --> 00:05:34.290 that our electron can absorb. 00:05:34.290 --> 00:05:36.750 This is like a fingerprint for an atom, 00:05:36.750 --> 00:05:40.230 and it's called that atom's absorption spectrum. 00:05:40.230 --> 00:05:42.090 If you were to ever see this progression 00:05:42.090 --> 00:05:45.390 of dark lines in these exact positions, you would know 00:05:45.390 --> 00:05:47.760 that the gas you were looking at was composed, 00:05:47.760 --> 00:05:50.670 at least partly of our hypothetical atom. 00:05:50.670 --> 00:05:52.980 This also allows astronomers to determine 00:05:52.980 --> 00:05:55.140 what stuff in our universe is made out of. 00:05:55.140 --> 00:05:58.260 Even though we can't get close enough to collect a sample, 00:05:58.260 --> 00:06:01.260 all we have to do is collect light from a distance star 00:06:01.260 --> 00:06:04.770 or quasar that shines through the stuff we're interested in, 00:06:04.770 --> 00:06:06.690 then just determine which wavelengths 00:06:06.690 --> 00:06:08.910 or energies got taken out. 00:06:08.910 --> 00:06:10.920 The details are a little messier than that, 00:06:10.920 --> 00:06:12.390 but this provides astronomers 00:06:12.390 --> 00:06:15.900 with maybe the most important tool at their disposal. 00:06:15.900 --> 00:06:18.780 Now, the absorption spectrum are all of the wavelengths 00:06:18.780 --> 00:06:21.660 or energies that an atom will absorb from light 00:06:21.660 --> 00:06:23.280 that passes through it. 00:06:23.280 --> 00:06:26.196 You could also ask about the emission spectrum. 00:06:26.196 --> 00:06:29.070 The emission spectrum are all of the wavelengths 00:06:29.070 --> 00:06:31.380 or energies that an atom will emit 00:06:31.380 --> 00:06:34.800 due to electrons falling down in energy levels. 00:06:34.800 --> 00:06:36.570 You could go through all the possibilities 00:06:36.570 --> 00:06:38.490 of an electron falling down again, 00:06:38.490 --> 00:06:41.160 but you'd realize you're gonna get the exact same energies 00:06:41.160 --> 00:06:43.170 for the emission spectrum that you got 00:06:43.170 --> 00:06:45.240 for the absorption spectrum. 00:06:45.240 --> 00:06:48.300 So instead of letting light pass through a gas composed 00:06:48.300 --> 00:06:51.660 of your hypothetical atoms, let's say you made a container 00:06:51.660 --> 00:06:53.730 that had the gas of your hypothetical atoms 00:06:53.730 --> 00:06:55.710 and you ran an electric current through it, 00:06:55.710 --> 00:06:58.380 exciting those electrons to higher energy levels 00:06:58.380 --> 00:07:01.770 and letting them fall back down to lower energy levels. 00:07:01.770 --> 00:07:04.200 This is what happens in neon lights, 00:07:04.200 --> 00:07:05.640 or if you're in science class, 00:07:05.640 --> 00:07:08.640 it's what happens in gas discharge tubes. 00:07:08.640 --> 00:07:10.440 So for the emission spectrum, instead 00:07:10.440 --> 00:07:12.780 of seeing the whole electromagnetic spectrum 00:07:12.780 --> 00:07:16.140 with a few lines missing, you're going to only see a handful 00:07:16.140 --> 00:07:19.500 of lines that correspond to the energies of those photons 00:07:19.500 --> 00:07:21.123 that that atom will emit.

The mole and Avogadro's number

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Su9Fij7TMQ

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.780 --> 00:00:01.650 - [Narrator] In a previous video, 00:00:01.650 --> 00:00:06.650 we introduced ourselves to the idea of average atomic mass, 00:00:06.960 --> 00:00:09.900 which we began to realize could be a very useful way 00:00:09.900 --> 00:00:13.080 of thinking about a mass at an atomic level 00:00:13.080 --> 00:00:15.360 or at a molecular level. 00:00:15.360 --> 00:00:16.920 But what we're gonna do in this video 00:00:16.920 --> 00:00:19.920 is connect it to the masses that we might actually see 00:00:19.920 --> 00:00:20.760 in a chemistry lab. 00:00:20.760 --> 00:00:22.740 You're very unlikely to just be dealing 00:00:22.740 --> 00:00:26.100 with one atom or just a few atoms or just a few molecules. 00:00:26.100 --> 00:00:28.560 You're more likely to deal with several grams 00:00:28.560 --> 00:00:30.360 of an actual substance. 00:00:30.360 --> 00:00:33.840 So how do we go from the masses at an atomic scale 00:00:33.840 --> 00:00:38.840 to the masses of samples 00:00:39.090 --> 00:00:41.700 that you see in an actual chemistry lab 00:00:41.700 --> 00:00:45.600 or in, I guess, you could say our scale of the world? 00:00:45.600 --> 00:00:47.310 Well, the chemistry community has come up 00:00:47.310 --> 00:00:49.050 with a useful tool. 00:00:49.050 --> 00:00:49.883 They've said, 00:00:49.883 --> 00:00:51.360 "All right, let's think about a given element." 00:00:51.360 --> 00:00:54.793 So say lithium, we know it's average atomic mass is 6.94. 00:00:55.693 --> 00:01:00.693 6.94 unified atomic mass units per atom, 00:01:02.520 --> 00:01:05.160 atom of lithium. 00:01:05.160 --> 00:01:09.360 What if there were a certain number of atoms of lithium 00:01:09.360 --> 00:01:12.360 such that if I have that number, 00:01:12.360 --> 00:01:17.360 so times certain number of atoms, 00:01:19.200 --> 00:01:24.200 then I will actually end up with 6.94 grams of lithium 00:01:28.710 --> 00:01:31.200 and this number of atoms is 00:01:31.200 --> 00:01:34.833 6.02214076 times 10 to the 23rd power. 00:01:40.830 --> 00:01:44.910 So if you have a sample with this number of lithium atoms, 00:01:44.910 --> 00:01:49.170 that sample is going to have a mass of 6.94 grams, 00:01:49.170 --> 00:01:51.150 whatever its average atomic masses 00:01:51.150 --> 00:01:53.460 in terms of unified atomic mass units, 00:01:53.460 --> 00:01:56.880 if you have that number of the atom, 00:01:56.880 --> 00:02:01.880 you will have a mass of that same number in terms of grams. 00:02:02.430 --> 00:02:05.820 Now, you might be saying, "Is there a name for this number?" 00:02:05.820 --> 00:02:07.680 And there is indeed a name 00:02:07.680 --> 00:02:10.080 and it is called Avogadro's Number, 00:02:10.080 --> 00:02:14.460 named in honor of the early 19th century Italian chemist, 00:02:14.460 --> 00:02:16.423 Amedeo Avogadro and in most contexts, 00:02:16.423 --> 00:02:20.790 because you're not normally dealing with data 00:02:20.790 --> 00:02:23.220 with this many significant digits, 00:02:23.220 --> 00:02:27.390 we will usually approximate it as 6.022 00:02:27.390 --> 00:02:30.840 times 10 to the 23rd power. 00:02:30.840 --> 00:02:33.990 Now, there's another word that it's very useful 00:02:33.990 --> 00:02:36.420 to familiarize yourself with in chemistry 00:02:36.420 --> 00:02:40.350 and that's the idea of a mole. 00:02:40.350 --> 00:02:42.900 Now, what is a mole? 00:02:42.900 --> 00:02:44.790 It is not a little mark on your cheek, 00:02:44.790 --> 00:02:46.320 it is not a burrowing animal, 00:02:46.320 --> 00:02:48.210 actually, it is both of those things. 00:02:48.210 --> 00:02:49.950 But in a chemistry context, 00:02:49.950 --> 00:02:54.690 a mole is just saying you have this much of something. 00:02:54.690 --> 00:02:57.300 The word mole was first used by the German chemist, 00:02:57.300 --> 00:03:00.870 Wilhelm Oswald, at the end of the 19th century 00:03:00.870 --> 00:03:02.160 and he came up with the word 00:03:02.160 --> 00:03:05.010 because of its relation to molecule. 00:03:05.010 --> 00:03:06.780 Now, what does that mean? 00:03:06.780 --> 00:03:09.270 Well, think about the word dozen. 00:03:09.270 --> 00:03:14.270 If I say I've got a dozen of eggs, how many eggs do I have? 00:03:14.670 --> 00:03:18.570 Well, if I have a dozen of eggs, that means I have 12 eggs. 00:03:18.570 --> 00:03:22.230 So if I say I have a mole of lithium atoms, 00:03:22.230 --> 00:03:24.780 how many lithium atoms do I have? 00:03:24.780 --> 00:03:29.670 That means that I have 6.02214076 00:03:29.670 --> 00:03:33.240 times 10 to the 23rd lithium atoms. 00:03:33.240 --> 00:03:34.620 Exact same idea. 00:03:34.620 --> 00:03:37.770 It's just that Avagadro's Number is a much hairier 00:03:37.770 --> 00:03:40.083 of a number than a dozen.

Worked example: calculating ion charge

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qgT0RYqXNo

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=6qgT0RYqXNo&ei=n1WUZe6LG52MvdIPgtGguA8&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=678A70E5BC7B142C01195E436501D382FA9404A8.A8157E984FB67311370AC2B38D966B864779A691&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.360 --> 00:00:02.460 - [Instructor] So we're asked, what is the charge 00:00:02.460 --> 00:00:06.630 of a calcium ion with 18 electrons? 00:00:06.630 --> 00:00:08.220 So pause this video and see if you 00:00:08.220 --> 00:00:09.720 can work that on your own. 00:00:09.720 --> 00:00:12.540 And I will give you a little bit of a tip. 00:00:12.540 --> 00:00:16.620 A periodic table of elements might be useful to see 00:00:16.620 --> 00:00:20.640 where calcium sits on that periodic table of elements. 00:00:20.640 --> 00:00:22.170 So why don't you pause this video 00:00:22.170 --> 00:00:23.398 and see if you can figure out the charge of 00:00:23.398 --> 00:00:25.833 that calcium ion. 00:00:27.600 --> 00:00:31.197 All right, so what defines the element is actually 00:00:31.197 --> 00:00:34.110 how many protons it has, 00:00:34.110 --> 00:00:36.180 and that's what we have right over here. 00:00:36.180 --> 00:00:40.290 It's a atomic number is 20, that's how many protons it has. 00:00:40.290 --> 00:00:44.160 So we could say number of protons which provide positive 00:00:44.160 --> 00:00:46.500 charge is 20. 00:00:46.500 --> 00:00:49.770 And then we know the number of electrons is 18. 00:00:49.770 --> 00:00:51.330 That's negative charge. 00:00:51.330 --> 00:00:52.163 So I'll just write it here. 00:00:52.163 --> 00:00:55.874 Number electrons, I'll abbreviate it right over there 00:00:55.874 --> 00:00:57.176 or I'll shorten it. 00:00:57.176 --> 00:00:59.640 That is 18. 00:00:59.640 --> 00:01:01.140 And this has negative charge. 00:01:01.140 --> 00:01:04.170 So if you wanna know the net charge, you take the number 00:01:04.170 --> 00:01:05.970 of protons, the positive charge 00:01:05.970 --> 00:01:08.190 and subtract out the number of electrons. 00:01:08.190 --> 00:01:12.210 And so that leaves you with positive two charge, 00:01:12.210 --> 00:01:15.450 20 minus 18 is positive two, 00:01:15.450 --> 00:01:18.090 and we will denote that with a two plus. 00:01:18.090 --> 00:01:20.234 So some people might write this as calcium 2+ 00:01:20.234 --> 00:01:22.286 just like that. 00:01:22.286 --> 00:01:25.170 To show that it is a calcium ion, 00:01:25.170 --> 00:01:26.460 it's likely a situation maybe 00:01:26.460 --> 00:01:30.540 where the calcium originally had 20 electrons 00:01:30.540 --> 00:01:31.860 and 20 protons. 00:01:31.860 --> 00:01:33.089 So then it would not be an ion, 00:01:33.089 --> 00:01:36.030 it would just be a neutral atom. 00:01:36.030 --> 00:01:38.836 But maybe it lost those, it lost two of those electrons 00:01:38.836 --> 00:01:43.800 and so then it got a positive two or a two plus charge. 00:01:43.800 --> 00:01:46.830 Let's do another example over here. 00:01:46.830 --> 00:01:49.809 So if I were to ask you what is the charge of an ion 00:01:49.809 --> 00:01:52.552 that has seven protons, eight neutrons, 00:01:52.552 --> 00:01:56.370 and 10 electrons, pause this video 00:01:56.370 --> 00:01:58.120 and think about what that would be. 00:01:59.040 --> 00:02:01.740 Well, we can confirm that that indeed would be an ion 00:02:01.740 --> 00:02:02.663 because it has a different number 00:02:02.663 --> 00:02:05.970 of protons than it does electrons. 00:02:05.970 --> 00:02:07.890 And if you wanna figure out the charge, 00:02:07.890 --> 00:02:10.377 you just take the number of protons, seven, 00:02:10.377 --> 00:02:12.300 which are the positive charges, 00:02:12.300 --> 00:02:14.040 and you subtract out the negative charges. 00:02:14.040 --> 00:02:15.090 That's why you're subtracting, 00:02:15.090 --> 00:02:16.440 you subtract out the electrons. 00:02:16.440 --> 00:02:20.130 So seven minus 10, that would be equal to negative three. 00:02:20.130 --> 00:02:23.040 And so I would say you'd often denote that 00:02:23.040 --> 00:02:25.530 as saying a three minus charge. 00:02:25.530 --> 00:02:28.590 And if you wanted to write down what ion that is, 00:02:28.590 --> 00:02:30.472 once it's gonna go back to the periodic table of elements, 00:02:30.472 --> 00:02:34.020 we can see that if you have seven protons, 00:02:34.020 --> 00:02:37.273 by definition you are talking about nitrogen. 00:02:37.273 --> 00:02:39.627 So that would be a nitrogen ion 00:02:39.627 --> 00:02:42.000 that you would denote like that. 00:02:42.000 --> 00:02:45.633 It has a negative three or a three minus charge.

Worked example: using the mass number equation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9UH12HdFdo

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=T9UH12HdFdo&ei=n1WUZcW6INWup-oPwua5QA&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=B4955308CB9F1C2C38CFA536F8DE1ECE7A2A09B6.3B00B6031A801EF4AC3395A87BF007E71EB7C10E&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.290 --> 00:00:02.580 - [Instructor] Hi, everyone. 00:00:02.580 --> 00:00:04.650 In this video we're going to practice 00:00:04.650 --> 00:00:07.110 using the mass number equation. 00:00:07.110 --> 00:00:09.090 This equation represents the fact 00:00:09.090 --> 00:00:11.820 that the mass number of an atom is equal 00:00:11.820 --> 00:00:15.963 to its number of protons plus its number of neutrons. 00:00:17.160 --> 00:00:19.110 Let's use the mass number equation 00:00:19.110 --> 00:00:21.750 to answer the following question. 00:00:21.750 --> 00:00:24.990 How many neutrons are in an isotope of sodium 00:00:24.990 --> 00:00:26.583 with the following notation? 00:00:28.650 --> 00:00:30.690 To answer this question, we'll first need 00:00:30.690 --> 00:00:33.780 to rearrange our mass number equation to solve 00:00:33.780 --> 00:00:35.850 for the number of neutrons. 00:00:35.850 --> 00:00:38.913 Pause the video and take a moment to try this for yourself. 00:00:40.530 --> 00:00:43.410 The rearranged equation is as follows. 00:00:43.410 --> 00:00:46.680 The number of neutrons equals the mass number 00:00:46.680 --> 00:00:49.560 minus the number of protons. 00:00:49.560 --> 00:00:51.390 Based on this notation, we know 00:00:51.390 --> 00:00:53.820 that this sodium isotope has a mass number 00:00:53.820 --> 00:00:58.500 of 23 and an atomic number of 11. 00:00:58.500 --> 00:01:01.620 If we subtract the atomic number 11 00:01:01.620 --> 00:01:05.790 from the mass number 23, we're left with 12, 00:01:05.790 --> 00:01:09.063 which is the number of neutrons in this sodium isotope. 00:01:11.010 --> 00:01:16.010 Okay, more practice, this time with an isotope of platinum. 00:01:16.290 --> 00:01:18.960 How many neutrons does this isotope have 00:01:18.960 --> 00:01:23.523 based on the following notation, Pt-195? 00:01:24.480 --> 00:01:28.020 Again, we'll need to use the rearranged mass number equation 00:01:28.020 --> 00:01:30.063 to solve for the number of neutrons. 00:01:31.380 --> 00:01:34.230 This particular notation provides the chemical symbol 00:01:34.230 --> 00:01:37.260 of platinum and its mass number. 00:01:37.260 --> 00:01:39.660 We can look up platinum on the periodic table 00:01:39.660 --> 00:01:43.140 to find its atomic number, which is 78, 00:01:43.140 --> 00:01:46.740 meaning that every platinum atom has 78 protons. 00:01:46.740 --> 00:01:49.740 We can subtract the atomic number 78 00:01:49.740 --> 00:01:54.740 from the mass number 195 to get 117, 00:01:54.750 --> 00:01:59.750 so this isotope of platinum has 117 neutrons.

Isotopes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDniYwGEl0o

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.360 --> 00:00:02.130 - [Instructor] Every element is defined 00:00:02.130 --> 00:00:04.590 by the number of protons in its atoms, 00:00:04.590 --> 00:00:06.990 which is called its atomic number. 00:00:06.990 --> 00:00:11.670 So for example, every atom of potassium has 19 protons 00:00:11.670 --> 00:00:15.570 and every atom of cobalt has 27 protons. 00:00:15.570 --> 00:00:17.970 But what about neutrons? 00:00:17.970 --> 00:00:20.760 Well, an element doesn't always have the same number 00:00:20.760 --> 00:00:23.130 of neutrons in its atoms. 00:00:23.130 --> 00:00:26.550 Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons 00:00:26.550 --> 00:00:28.173 are called isotopes. 00:00:29.430 --> 00:00:31.230 Because isotopes of an element 00:00:31.230 --> 00:00:33.300 have different numbers of neutrons, 00:00:33.300 --> 00:00:36.510 those isotopes also have different masses. 00:00:36.510 --> 00:00:38.850 Remember, most of the mass of an atom 00:00:38.850 --> 00:00:42.180 comes from the protons and neutrons in its nucleus. 00:00:42.180 --> 00:00:44.940 In fact, the sum of the number of protons 00:00:44.940 --> 00:00:49.320 and neutrons in an atom is called its mass number. 00:00:49.320 --> 00:00:53.070 We can write this in the form of an equation as follows, 00:00:53.070 --> 00:00:56.070 mass number equals the number of protons, 00:00:56.070 --> 00:00:58.383 plus the number of neutrons. 00:00:59.520 --> 00:01:02.550 Next, let's dive into isotope notation, 00:01:02.550 --> 00:01:05.640 or how we represent isotopes in writing. 00:01:05.640 --> 00:01:07.440 When describing different isotopes, 00:01:07.440 --> 00:01:09.270 you'll often see this notation 00:01:09.270 --> 00:01:11.700 where X is the chemical symbol, 00:01:11.700 --> 00:01:14.700 which is an abbreviation of the element's name, 00:01:14.700 --> 00:01:19.020 A is the mass number, the number of protons plus neutrons, 00:01:19.020 --> 00:01:22.503 and Z is the atomic number, the number of protons. 00:01:24.210 --> 00:01:26.190 Let's practice writing out the notation 00:01:26.190 --> 00:01:27.930 for different isotopes. 00:01:27.930 --> 00:01:29.100 We'll start with carbon, 00:01:29.100 --> 00:01:31.860 which has an atomic number of 6. 00:01:31.860 --> 00:01:33.960 In nature, carbon is mainly composed 00:01:33.960 --> 00:01:35.940 of two different isotopes. 00:01:35.940 --> 00:01:38.070 One of these isotopes has 6 neutrons 00:01:38.070 --> 00:01:41.100 and the other isotope has 7 neutrons. 00:01:41.100 --> 00:01:42.240 Let's start with the isotope 00:01:42.240 --> 00:01:45.600 that has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. 00:01:45.600 --> 00:01:46.590 With that information, 00:01:46.590 --> 00:01:49.530 we know that the mass number must be 12, 00:01:49.530 --> 00:01:52.890 which is the sum of the protons and neutrons. 00:01:52.890 --> 00:01:55.830 So the notation for this isotope of carbon 00:01:55.830 --> 00:01:57.153 would look like this. 00:01:58.230 --> 00:02:00.510 We have the chemical symbol C 00:02:00.510 --> 00:02:03.720 with the mass number 12 written at its top-left, 00:02:03.720 --> 00:02:07.743 and the atomic number 6 written at its bottom-left. 00:02:08.670 --> 00:02:13.470 But for the isotope with 6 protons and 7 neutrons, 00:02:13.470 --> 00:02:17.820 the mass number would be 6 plus 7, or 13. 00:02:17.820 --> 00:02:21.843 So the notation for the carbon isotope would be as follows. 00:02:22.980 --> 00:02:25.830 Here, we have the chemical symbol C 00:02:25.830 --> 00:02:29.280 with the mass number 13 written at its top-left, 00:02:29.280 --> 00:02:32.523 and the atomic number 6 written at its bottom-left. 00:02:33.660 --> 00:02:36.570 Notice that the chemical symbol and atomic number 00:02:36.570 --> 00:02:40.230 share the same information, the identity of the element, 00:02:40.230 --> 00:02:43.140 and are the same for both isotopes, 00:02:43.140 --> 00:02:46.500 but the mass number is different for each isotope 00:02:46.500 --> 00:02:49.650 depending on the number of neutrons. 00:02:49.650 --> 00:02:52.230 Another notation that is used for isotopes 00:02:52.230 --> 00:02:55.140 is the chemical symbol or the element's name, 00:02:55.140 --> 00:02:58.170 symbolized by X, followed by a hyphen, 00:02:58.170 --> 00:03:02.390 and the mass number, symbolized by A, so X-A. 00:03:04.740 --> 00:03:07.680 Let's return to our carbon isotopes example. 00:03:07.680 --> 00:03:11.910 For the carbon isotope that has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, 00:03:11.910 --> 00:03:16.800 we write that as C-12 or carbon-12. 00:03:16.800 --> 00:03:20.940 For the carbon isotope with 6 protons and 7 neutrons, 00:03:20.940 --> 00:03:24.993 we write that as C-13 or carbon-13. 00:03:26.160 --> 00:03:29.460 Let's wrap up this video with a quick recap. 00:03:29.460 --> 00:03:31.320 We know that elements are defined 00:03:31.320 --> 00:03:34.020 by the number of protons in their atoms, 00:03:34.020 --> 00:03:36.240 but atoms of the same element 00:03:36.240 --> 00:03:38.820 can have different numbers of neutrons. 00:03:38.820 --> 00:03:41.070 These are called isotopes. 00:03:41.070 --> 00:03:43.890 Because isotopes have different numbers of neutrons, 00:03:43.890 --> 00:03:46.500 they also have different mass numbers, 00:03:46.500 --> 00:03:49.080 which are the sum of the protons and neutrons 00:03:49.080 --> 00:03:50.793 in each isotope's atom. 00:03:51.900 --> 00:03:55.530 An atom's mass number can be described by the equation, 00:03:55.530 --> 00:03:59.520 mass number equals the number of protons, 00:03:59.520 --> 00:04:02.220 plus the number of neutrons. 00:04:02.220 --> 00:04:04.980 And lastly, we can describe isotopes 00:04:04.980 --> 00:04:06.900 using a couple of different notations, 00:04:06.900 --> 00:04:08.223 which are shown below.

Elements and atomic number

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQi8FwPSu5o

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.660 --> 00:00:02.790 - [Instructor] We know that everything in the universe 00:00:02.790 --> 00:00:04.860 is composed of atoms, 00:00:04.860 --> 00:00:07.443 but not all atoms are the same. 00:00:08.340 --> 00:00:11.880 There are many different types of atoms called elements, 00:00:11.880 --> 00:00:16.050 each with a unique set of physical and chemical properties. 00:00:16.050 --> 00:00:18.900 Many elements are probably familiar to you. 00:00:18.900 --> 00:00:22.110 Oxygen and carbon, for example, are elements, 00:00:22.110 --> 00:00:23.643 and so is gold. 00:00:25.170 --> 00:00:27.150 Others may be less familiar 00:00:27.150 --> 00:00:30.243 such as bismuth, xenon, and osmium. 00:00:32.340 --> 00:00:34.290 A particular element is identified 00:00:34.290 --> 00:00:36.750 by the number of protons in its atoms. 00:00:36.750 --> 00:00:40.080 And the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom 00:00:40.080 --> 00:00:43.983 is its atomic number, represented by the symbol Z. 00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:49.050 For example, helium has an atomic number of two. 00:00:49.050 --> 00:00:53.520 That means that every helium atom has two protons. 00:00:53.520 --> 00:00:56.940 And here's another example, iron, 00:00:56.940 --> 00:00:59.250 its atomic number is 26, 00:00:59.250 --> 00:01:03.003 so every iron atom has 26 protons. 00:01:03.930 --> 00:01:06.480 An element's atomic number can also tell us 00:01:06.480 --> 00:01:10.200 the number of electrons in a neutral atom of an element. 00:01:10.200 --> 00:01:14.430 Remember, equal and opposite charges cancel each other out 00:01:14.430 --> 00:01:16.200 so to be neutral, 00:01:16.200 --> 00:01:19.320 an atom must have an equal number of protons, 00:01:19.320 --> 00:01:21.210 which have a charge of 1+, 00:01:21.210 --> 00:01:23.577 and electrons, which have a charge of 1-. 00:01:24.570 --> 00:01:27.900 This means that our helium atom must have two electrons 00:01:27.900 --> 00:01:31.683 and our iron atom must have 26 electrons. 00:01:33.210 --> 00:01:34.710 All of the known elements 00:01:34.710 --> 00:01:37.770 are organized according to their atomic numbers 00:01:37.770 --> 00:01:39.660 in the periodic table. 00:01:39.660 --> 00:01:42.240 The periodic table lists the elements 00:01:42.240 --> 00:01:44.460 in order of increasing atomic number 00:01:44.460 --> 00:01:48.630 as you go from left to right and from top to bottom. 00:01:48.630 --> 00:01:51.570 The elements are further organized into columns 00:01:51.570 --> 00:01:53.340 based on their properties. 00:01:53.340 --> 00:01:54.960 Elements in the same column 00:01:54.960 --> 00:01:58.263 tend to have similar physical and chemical properties. 00:01:59.370 --> 00:02:03.150 Every element is represented by a chemical symbol, 00:02:03.150 --> 00:02:05.790 a unique one or two letter abbreviation 00:02:05.790 --> 00:02:08.310 that appears below the element's atomic number 00:02:08.310 --> 00:02:10.200 on the periodic table. 00:02:10.200 --> 00:02:11.280 Many chemical symbols 00:02:11.280 --> 00:02:14.100 are based on the English name for an element. 00:02:14.100 --> 00:02:17.130 For example, the symbol for hydrogen is H, 00:02:17.130 --> 00:02:19.413 and the symbol for aluminum is Al. 00:02:20.250 --> 00:02:21.930 But some chemical symbols 00:02:21.930 --> 00:02:24.660 are based on the Latin name for the element. 00:02:24.660 --> 00:02:28.050 For example, the symbol for lead is Pb, 00:02:28.050 --> 00:02:32.100 which actually comes from its Latin name plumbum. 00:02:32.100 --> 00:02:34.200 Notice that whenever the chemical symbol 00:02:34.200 --> 00:02:36.330 for an element has two letters, 00:02:36.330 --> 00:02:38.793 the second letter is written in lowercase. 00:02:40.140 --> 00:02:42.360 All of this information is contained 00:02:42.360 --> 00:02:45.930 inside of each element's box on the periodic table. 00:02:45.930 --> 00:02:49.620 For example, here's the box for the element nitrogen. 00:02:49.620 --> 00:02:50.850 At the top of the box 00:02:50.850 --> 00:02:54.480 is nitrogen's atomic number, which is seven. 00:02:54.480 --> 00:02:56.010 Remember that this is equal 00:02:56.010 --> 00:02:59.520 to the number of protons in each atom of nitrogen 00:02:59.520 --> 00:03:02.460 as well as the number of electrons. 00:03:02.460 --> 00:03:05.940 Below that is nitrogen's chemical symbol, N, 00:03:05.940 --> 00:03:07.920 followed by its name. 00:03:07.920 --> 00:03:10.020 Often, you'll also see another number 00:03:10.020 --> 00:03:12.360 listed at the bottom of an elements box, 00:03:12.360 --> 00:03:15.120 which has to do with atomic mass. 00:03:15.120 --> 00:03:18.600 We'll cover details about this and another video. 00:03:18.600 --> 00:03:20.070 What's neat about having 00:03:20.070 --> 00:03:22.230 all of this information in one place 00:03:22.230 --> 00:03:25.740 is that if we know one detail about an element, 00:03:25.740 --> 00:03:29.700 either it's atomic number, chemical symbol, or a name, 00:03:29.700 --> 00:03:31.770 we can often use the periodic table 00:03:31.770 --> 00:03:34.230 to find out the other details. 00:03:34.230 --> 00:03:36.720 Let's take a look at a few examples. 00:03:36.720 --> 00:03:39.660 Say we have the element phosphorus, 00:03:39.660 --> 00:03:42.873 what is its atomic number and chemical symbol? 00:03:44.070 --> 00:03:45.960 Looking through the periodic table, 00:03:45.960 --> 00:03:47.460 we can find phosphorus 00:03:47.460 --> 00:03:50.490 and see that its atomic number is 15 00:03:50.490 --> 00:03:52.773 and its chemical symbol is P. 00:03:53.640 --> 00:03:55.650 Let's do another example. 00:03:55.650 --> 00:03:59.160 Say we know the chemical symbol Hg, 00:03:59.160 --> 00:04:00.780 what is this element's name 00:04:00.780 --> 00:04:03.243 and how many protons does it have? 00:04:04.320 --> 00:04:07.680 Here is the symbol Hg on the periodic table. 00:04:07.680 --> 00:04:09.120 Its name is mercury, 00:04:09.120 --> 00:04:11.040 and its atomic number is 80 00:04:11.040 --> 00:04:13.593 so it has 80 protons. 00:04:14.790 --> 00:04:16.230 Let's reveal. 00:04:16.230 --> 00:04:17.670 The universe is made up 00:04:17.670 --> 00:04:20.430 of different types of atoms called elements, 00:04:20.430 --> 00:04:23.490 and these elements are organized by atomic number 00:04:23.490 --> 00:04:25.410 in the periodic table. 00:04:25.410 --> 00:04:29.250 So, the next time that you stare up at the starry sky, 00:04:29.250 --> 00:04:33.153 you know that everything out there is made up of elements.

Protons, neutrons, and electrons in atoms

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lz_gMkQr7YE

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.495 --> 00:00:03.960 - [Instructor] Everything in our world is made up of atoms. 00:00:03.960 --> 00:00:05.880 Yep, everything. 00:00:05.880 --> 00:00:08.760 From the air we breathe to the water we drink, 00:00:08.760 --> 00:00:11.580 even the materials inside our cellphones. 00:00:11.580 --> 00:00:13.800 But what are atoms exactly? 00:00:13.800 --> 00:00:15.870 What's inside of these atoms? 00:00:15.870 --> 00:00:18.123 What makes an atom an atom? 00:00:19.050 --> 00:00:22.500 Atoms are tiny particles that are basic units of matter, 00:00:22.500 --> 00:00:24.180 like building blocks. 00:00:24.180 --> 00:00:26.280 But atoms themselves are made up 00:00:26.280 --> 00:00:29.490 of even smaller subatomic particles, 00:00:29.490 --> 00:00:33.063 called protons, neutrons, and electrons. 00:00:33.930 --> 00:00:35.728 Let's take a look at the simplified diagram 00:00:35.728 --> 00:00:38.430 to learn more about these subatomic particles 00:00:38.430 --> 00:00:40.800 and the structure of an atom. 00:00:40.800 --> 00:00:43.710 In the center of an atom, we have the nucleus, 00:00:43.710 --> 00:00:47.520 which is composed of protons and neutrons. 00:00:47.520 --> 00:00:50.880 Outside the nucleus, we have the electron cloud. 00:00:50.880 --> 00:00:54.475 This is where electrons are most likely to be found. 00:00:54.475 --> 00:00:58.110 I've drawn the nucleus much larger than it really is, 00:00:58.110 --> 00:01:00.270 but an atom's electron cloud can be 00:01:00.270 --> 00:01:03.900 100,000 times larger than its nucleus. 00:01:03.900 --> 00:01:06.210 So the electron cloud actually makes up 00:01:06.210 --> 00:01:08.043 most of the atom's volume. 00:01:08.970 --> 00:01:11.640 Protons, neutrons, and electrons differ 00:01:11.640 --> 00:01:14.068 in terms of their charge and mass. 00:01:14.068 --> 00:01:17.130 Let's take a look at charge first. 00:01:17.130 --> 00:01:20.400 Protons have a positive charge of one plus, 00:01:20.400 --> 00:01:24.390 and electrons have a negative charge of one minus. 00:01:24.390 --> 00:01:27.030 These charges are equal and opposite, 00:01:27.030 --> 00:01:30.900 so when protons and electrons are paired in atoms, 00:01:30.900 --> 00:01:33.030 their charges cancel. 00:01:33.030 --> 00:01:36.483 Neutrons have no charge, which means they are neutral. 00:01:37.590 --> 00:01:39.180 What about mass? 00:01:39.180 --> 00:01:41.550 The unit we use to express the masses 00:01:41.550 --> 00:01:45.600 of subatomic particles is the unified atomic mass unit, 00:01:45.600 --> 00:01:47.163 abbreviated as U. 00:01:48.120 --> 00:01:52.620 Protons and neutrons have a similar mass about one U. 00:01:52.620 --> 00:01:54.840 In comparison, electrons have a mass 00:01:54.840 --> 00:01:58.710 of about 0.0005 U, 00:01:58.710 --> 00:02:01.350 which makes them roughly 2,000 times smaller 00:02:01.350 --> 00:02:04.410 than either a proton or a neutron. 00:02:04.410 --> 00:02:06.372 This means that nearly all the mass 00:02:06.372 --> 00:02:08.692 of an atom resides in the nucleus, 00:02:08.692 --> 00:02:10.983 and not in the electron cloud. 00:02:12.330 --> 00:02:15.390 Atoms make up everything in our world, 00:02:15.390 --> 00:02:18.390 even though the air we breathe, the water we drink, 00:02:18.390 --> 00:02:20.190 and the cellphones we use all look 00:02:20.190 --> 00:02:22.290 really different from one another, 00:02:22.290 --> 00:02:25.290 the atoms that make up these things are all composed 00:02:25.290 --> 00:02:27.600 of the same subatomic particles; 00:02:27.600 --> 00:02:30.453 protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Irregular plural nouns

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhBhHW__Oxg

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.270 --> 00:00:01.380 - [David] Hello, grammarians. 00:00:01.380 --> 00:00:04.860 Today, we're going to be talking about the irregular plural. 00:00:04.860 --> 00:00:08.550 Previously, I had said that if you take any English word, 00:00:08.550 --> 00:00:10.503 any noun, say the word dog, 00:00:11.940 --> 00:00:14.730 and you tack an S onto the end of it like so, 00:00:14.730 --> 00:00:16.320 boop, you get the word dogs. 00:00:16.320 --> 00:00:20.700 And that's how you form the plural in all cases. 00:00:20.700 --> 00:00:23.160 I was lying, sorry. 00:00:23.160 --> 00:00:25.830 It turns out that English is a little bit more complicated 00:00:25.830 --> 00:00:26.663 than that. 00:00:26.663 --> 00:00:28.530 While adding an S to things 00:00:28.530 --> 00:00:31.140 is the way you usually make things plural, 00:00:31.140 --> 00:00:32.820 sometimes there are other changes. 00:00:32.820 --> 00:00:34.890 And sometimes you don't even pluralize 00:00:34.890 --> 00:00:36.120 using an S at the end, 00:00:36.120 --> 00:00:37.290 but we're not gonna talk about that now. 00:00:37.290 --> 00:00:38.730 That's for another time. 00:00:38.730 --> 00:00:40.830 What I wanna talk about today 00:00:40.830 --> 00:00:43.980 is the most basic kind of irregular plural. 00:00:43.980 --> 00:00:45.990 So we have the difference in English 00:00:45.990 --> 00:00:50.973 between regular and irregular plurals. 00:00:56.430 --> 00:00:57.263 And remember, 00:00:57.263 --> 00:01:01.380 a plural is when there's more than one of something. 00:01:01.380 --> 00:01:06.087 It comes from the Latin plus, which means "more." 00:01:07.020 --> 00:01:08.880 As opposed to the singular 00:01:08.880 --> 00:01:11.373 when there is just one of something. 00:01:16.440 --> 00:01:20.730 You know, one dog, two dogs. 00:01:20.730 --> 00:01:22.680 So there's a handful of words in English, 00:01:22.680 --> 00:01:24.210 and it really is a handful, 00:01:24.210 --> 00:01:26.793 that don't pluralize regularly. 00:01:27.840 --> 00:01:30.723 Words like "leaf" and "loaf" 00:01:32.070 --> 00:01:35.250 and "calf," that's a baby cow. 00:01:35.250 --> 00:01:36.810 If you try to pluralize these 00:01:36.810 --> 00:01:38.220 as though they were regular plurals, 00:01:38.220 --> 00:01:42.000 you're gonna return something that is not correct, 00:01:42.000 --> 00:01:43.680 or at least is not conventional 00:01:43.680 --> 00:01:46.890 within modern standard American English, right? 00:01:46.890 --> 00:01:48.810 So "leafs," for example, 00:01:48.810 --> 00:01:51.030 unless you're talking about the Toronto hockey team, 00:01:51.030 --> 00:01:52.770 is not correct. 00:01:52.770 --> 00:01:54.630 In fact, the proper term, 00:01:54.630 --> 00:01:57.150 boop, boop, boop, boop, boop, boop, 00:01:57.150 --> 00:02:00.000 is in fact "leaves." 00:02:00.000 --> 00:02:03.840 It is not "loafs," but "loaves." 00:02:03.840 --> 00:02:05.460 Tasty loaves of bread. 00:02:05.460 --> 00:02:09.690 It is not "calfs," but "calves." 00:02:09.690 --> 00:02:12.300 So there are several different kinds of irregular plurals. 00:02:12.300 --> 00:02:14.430 That's why this video is called Part I, 00:02:14.430 --> 00:02:17.250 but I'm only going to cover one such irregular plural today, 00:02:17.250 --> 00:02:22.120 and that is the change from singular f to plural ve 00:02:22.980 --> 00:02:25.560 An important caveat, an important exception here 00:02:25.560 --> 00:02:26.760 is double-f. 00:02:26.760 --> 00:02:29.550 Words like "cliff" or "sheriff" or "sniff," 00:02:29.550 --> 00:02:33.240 do not change to ve or ves in the plural. 00:02:33.240 --> 00:02:36.690 They become "cliffs," "sheriffs," "sniffs." 00:02:36.690 --> 00:02:38.370 There are exceptions to that too, right? 00:02:38.370 --> 00:02:40.020 Like "staff" to "staves." 00:02:40.020 --> 00:02:43.680 But for the most part, double-f doesn't change to ve. 00:02:43.680 --> 00:02:45.120 Single f mostly does, right? 00:02:45.120 --> 00:02:46.380 That's the general rule. 00:02:46.380 --> 00:02:47.850 Singular word, ends in f, 00:02:47.850 --> 00:02:49.687 the plur will be ves. 00:02:49.687 --> 00:02:53.400 "Leaf" to "leaves," "loaf" to "loaves," "calf" to "calves." 00:02:53.400 --> 00:02:56.850 Generally, for the most part. 00:02:56.850 --> 00:02:59.070 English, ah, so silly. 00:02:59.070 --> 00:03:02.670 Who's driving this thing? We love it though. 00:03:02.670 --> 00:03:05.073 You can learn anything. David out.

Khanmigo: Co-create a Rubric Activity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIWOM7t6V1E

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.750 --> 00:00:02.010 - [Instructor] This is Khanmigo, 00:00:02.010 --> 00:00:05.730 an AI-powered guide designed to help all students learn. 00:00:05.730 --> 00:00:07.860 Khanmigo is not just for students, 00:00:07.860 --> 00:00:09.630 teachers can use Khanmigo too, 00:00:09.630 --> 00:00:11.490 by toggling from the Student mode 00:00:11.490 --> 00:00:13.410 to Teacher mode in any course, 00:00:13.410 --> 00:00:15.570 and teachers can always access Khanmigo 00:00:15.570 --> 00:00:17.910 by selecting the AI Activities button 00:00:17.910 --> 00:00:20.160 located at the top of the teacher dashboard. 00:00:20.160 --> 00:00:23.130 Khanmigo has many exciting features that support teachers, 00:00:23.130 --> 00:00:26.790 and this video will showcase ways teachers can use Khanmigo 00:00:26.790 --> 00:00:28.890 to create core-specific rubrics 00:00:28.890 --> 00:00:31.680 to enhance learning experiences for their students. 00:00:31.680 --> 00:00:34.380 Once I select the Co-create a Rubric feature, 00:00:34.380 --> 00:00:36.780 Khanmigo requests the objective for the lesson, 00:00:36.780 --> 00:00:39.180 and wants to know what I'm planning to grade. 00:00:39.180 --> 00:00:42.510 If I know the standard, I can include that as well. 00:00:42.510 --> 00:00:45.450 My students are going to be writing a research paper 00:00:45.450 --> 00:00:48.900 for a science lesson that we just completed. 00:00:48.900 --> 00:00:52.830 The standard is this, 00:00:52.830 --> 00:00:56.490 I love that Khanmigo knows exactly what I'm talking about. 00:00:56.490 --> 00:00:58.740 Khanmigo will then ask me a series of questions 00:00:58.740 --> 00:01:01.920 throughout this process, so that we are truly collaborating 00:01:01.920 --> 00:01:04.590 to co-create the perfect rubric that I want. 00:01:04.590 --> 00:01:05.550 Throughout the process, 00:01:05.550 --> 00:01:08.010 Khanmigo's always going to want my input 00:01:08.010 --> 00:01:10.440 and ask me if I wanna make any changes. 00:01:10.440 --> 00:01:14.130 Could you simplify the explanation a bit for my students? 00:01:14.130 --> 00:01:16.470 Ah, this is much better. 00:01:16.470 --> 00:01:18.510 Once I've answered all of Khanmigo's questions, 00:01:18.510 --> 00:01:19.590 the magic begins, 00:01:19.590 --> 00:01:23.100 and Khanmigo creates a rubric that is detailed and specific 00:01:23.100 --> 00:01:24.840 so my students will know exactly 00:01:24.840 --> 00:01:26.580 what they're being graded on. 00:01:26.580 --> 00:01:29.160 And if I have any EL students, 00:01:29.160 --> 00:01:31.920 I can always ask Khanmigo to translate the rubric 00:01:31.920 --> 00:01:34.230 for my students or my parents. 00:01:34.230 --> 00:01:36.900 This is saving me so much time. 00:01:36.900 --> 00:01:38.300 Thank you so much, Khanmigo.

Khanmigo: Class Snapshot Activity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9w8TJljZkQ

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.880 - [Narrator] This is Khanmigo, an AI-powered guide 00:00:02.880 --> 00:00:05.340 designed to help all students learn. 00:00:05.340 --> 00:00:07.830 Khanmigo is not just for students though. 00:00:07.830 --> 00:00:09.570 Teachers can use Khanmigo too 00:00:09.570 --> 00:00:13.020 by toggling from Student Mode to Teacher Mode. 00:00:13.020 --> 00:00:15.600 Once in Teacher Mode, Khanmigo transforms 00:00:15.600 --> 00:00:18.270 into the teaching assistant you've always wanted. 00:00:18.270 --> 00:00:21.330 Khanmigo has many exciting features that support teachers 00:00:21.330 --> 00:00:25.140 and this video will showcase ways teachers can use Khanmigo 00:00:25.140 --> 00:00:27.330 to track their students' progress. 00:00:27.330 --> 00:00:30.033 This feature is called the Class Snapshot. 00:00:30.900 --> 00:00:34.140 Once the Class Snapshot feature is selected, 00:00:34.140 --> 00:00:36.360 Khanmigo will ask you which course 00:00:36.360 --> 00:00:38.970 do you want to use the Class Snapshot for? 00:00:38.970 --> 00:00:41.280 I'm going to select Algebra 1. 00:00:41.280 --> 00:00:44.640 Once that button is selected, Khanmigo springs into action 00:00:44.640 --> 00:00:47.460 and tells me how my students have performed 00:00:47.460 --> 00:00:49.980 the last seven days in my course. 00:00:49.980 --> 00:00:52.830 Khanmigo will show me their learning time. 00:00:52.830 --> 00:00:54.840 Khanmigo will show me how they're performing 00:00:54.840 --> 00:00:57.300 on their assignments, how they're performing 00:00:57.300 --> 00:01:00.360 on their skills, and how they are performing 00:01:00.360 --> 00:01:02.313 towards their mastery goals. 00:01:03.150 --> 00:01:06.030 Khanmigo also includes additional prompts to help guide me 00:01:06.030 --> 00:01:09.630 into diving into my students' data, such as which students 00:01:09.630 --> 00:01:12.810 should I celebrate for their work on their assignments? 00:01:12.810 --> 00:01:15.360 Who needs a check-in about their skills progress 00:01:15.360 --> 00:01:16.710 for the week? 00:01:16.710 --> 00:01:20.070 Give me a list of students who are above 25% 00:01:20.070 --> 00:01:21.750 on their mastery goal. 00:01:21.750 --> 00:01:24.000 And I think this one may be my favorite, 00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:26.520 group my class by their recommendations. 00:01:26.520 --> 00:01:29.370 This feature really does help me when I wanna do 00:01:29.370 --> 00:01:31.560 skill-based group instruction. 00:01:31.560 --> 00:01:33.660 When I select the who needs a check-in 00:01:33.660 --> 00:01:35.850 about their skills progress for the week, 00:01:35.850 --> 00:01:38.430 Khanmigo creates a list of students 00:01:38.430 --> 00:01:40.680 that they think I should check on 00:01:40.680 --> 00:01:42.510 who may need a nudge in the course 00:01:42.510 --> 00:01:46.200 because they haven't been leveling up two skills per week. 00:01:46.200 --> 00:01:48.180 I'm able to see the list of students. 00:01:48.180 --> 00:01:51.360 And again, Khanmigo gives me a helpful link 00:01:51.360 --> 00:01:54.660 that I could click on that will give me direct access 00:01:54.660 --> 00:01:56.910 to the report that I need. 00:01:56.910 --> 00:01:59.010 After having my data chats with my students 00:01:59.010 --> 00:02:01.650 who are struggling, I can also use Khanmigo 00:02:01.650 --> 00:02:04.380 to help me draft an email that I can send home 00:02:04.380 --> 00:02:08.130 to parents about their students' progress. 00:02:08.130 --> 00:02:13.130 Create a parent letter for Paul about his progress. 00:02:21.630 --> 00:02:25.863 And then I just let Khanmigo do Khanmigo's magic. 00:02:27.180 --> 00:02:30.390 This is wonderful. Thank you so much, Khanmigo. 00:02:30.390 --> 00:02:34.500 Oops, I totally forgot. Paul's mom speaks Spanish. 00:02:34.500 --> 00:02:39.500 Could you please translate this to Spanish? 00:02:43.740 --> 00:02:47.730 Again, one click of the button and my email is ready 00:02:47.730 --> 00:02:49.680 to go to Paul's mom. 00:02:49.680 --> 00:02:53.310 This is an amazing feature. Thank you so much, Khanmigo. 00:02:53.310 --> 00:02:54.960 I appreciate all of your help. 00:02:54.960 --> 00:02:57.450 You have saved me so much time. 00:02:57.450 --> 00:03:00.030 Thanks so much for watching and be on the lookout 00:03:00.030 --> 00:03:03.240 for more videos to come on how to use Khanmigo 00:03:03.240 --> 00:03:05.043 to support your students.

Khanmigo: Teacher Activities Overview

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSvIn4fm2GQ

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.890 --> 00:00:04.380 - [Instructor] This is Khanmigo, an AI-powered guide 00:00:04.380 --> 00:00:06.930 designed to help all students learn. 00:00:06.930 --> 00:00:09.030 Khanmigo is not just for students, though, 00:00:09.030 --> 00:00:11.070 teachers can use Khanmigo too. 00:00:11.070 --> 00:00:13.920 In fact, when teachers access Khanmigo, 00:00:13.920 --> 00:00:16.470 their device will transform into the teaching assistant 00:00:16.470 --> 00:00:17.760 they've always wanted. 00:00:17.760 --> 00:00:19.560 Let's take a look. 00:00:19.560 --> 00:00:21.630 Upon entering Khanmigo's dashboard, 00:00:21.630 --> 00:00:23.490 you're able to see all of the wonderful things 00:00:23.490 --> 00:00:25.560 that Khanmigo can do. 00:00:25.560 --> 00:00:27.780 Khanmigo can give you a class snapshot 00:00:27.780 --> 00:00:30.750 into your student's activity the last seven days. 00:00:30.750 --> 00:00:33.150 It can summarize your student's chat history 00:00:33.150 --> 00:00:35.670 so you can see what they've been up to. 00:00:35.670 --> 00:00:38.640 Need help with a upcoming lesson plan? 00:00:38.640 --> 00:00:40.563 Khanmigo can help with that too. 00:00:41.580 --> 00:00:45.420 Feeling iffy about a lesson that you are about to teach? 00:00:45.420 --> 00:00:47.070 Khanmigo's refresh my knowledge 00:00:47.070 --> 00:00:49.290 will help you prepare for it. 00:00:49.290 --> 00:00:51.360 I can use Khanmigo to help me come up 00:00:51.360 --> 00:00:52.830 with a creative lesson hook 00:00:52.830 --> 00:00:56.460 that gets my students excited about an upcoming lesson. 00:00:56.460 --> 00:00:58.920 Khanmigo can help me write learning objectives 00:00:58.920 --> 00:01:00.543 for that unit as well. 00:01:01.800 --> 00:01:03.780 Khanmigo can help me create a writing rubric 00:01:03.780 --> 00:01:06.540 for my students' next essay or assignment, 00:01:06.540 --> 00:01:08.250 and Khanmigo can write unique, 00:01:08.250 --> 00:01:10.260 thought-provoking exit ticket questions 00:01:10.260 --> 00:01:13.083 that I can use as checks for understanding. 00:01:14.010 --> 00:01:16.800 I can also use Khanmigo to collaborate with my students 00:01:16.800 --> 00:01:20.403 to create a fun class summary poem that I know they'll love. 00:01:21.330 --> 00:01:23.520 Ready to see Khanmigo in action? 00:01:23.520 --> 00:01:25.230 Great, me too! 00:01:25.230 --> 00:01:27.660 I'm gonna start off with refresh my knowledge 00:01:27.660 --> 00:01:31.860 because next week I'm covering a unit on the parts of speech 00:01:31.860 --> 00:01:36.007 and it's been a little while, so I'm just gonna type in, 00:01:36.007 --> 00:01:38.337 "parts of speech." 00:01:39.240 --> 00:01:42.097 I also have to let Khanmigo know my grade level, 00:01:42.097 --> 00:01:44.007 "7th grade." 00:01:49.380 --> 00:01:51.510 Amazing, with one click of the button, 00:01:51.510 --> 00:01:53.790 Khanmigo is able to give me a overview 00:01:53.790 --> 00:01:55.470 of the five major concepts, 00:01:55.470 --> 00:01:58.320 and then offers to support me a little bit more 00:01:58.320 --> 00:02:00.900 by offering to quiz me on the topic 00:02:00.900 --> 00:02:03.150 and learn through conversation. 00:02:03.150 --> 00:02:07.110 Now I want to come up with a creative lesson hook 00:02:07.110 --> 00:02:12.110 for my students, so we are going to cover nouns. 00:02:14.850 --> 00:02:18.000 These are good, but I would like to make it funny. 00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:21.570 So Khanmigo, can you make it funny? 00:02:21.570 --> 00:02:25.620 Absolutely, humor is a fantastic way to engage students. 00:02:25.620 --> 00:02:29.100 I couldn't agree more, thank you so much, Khanmigo. 00:02:29.100 --> 00:02:32.970 Now, could you help me create a lesson plan on nouns 00:02:32.970 --> 00:02:35.193 to introduce the topic to my students? 00:02:36.660 --> 00:02:39.453 I would love one on introduction to nouns. 00:02:41.880 --> 00:02:44.310 And again, with one click of a button, 00:02:44.310 --> 00:02:48.663 Khanmigo creates an incredible lesson plan for me. 00:02:49.530 --> 00:02:52.230 Wow, this is incredible! 00:02:52.230 --> 00:02:54.060 Okay, can we please print this? 00:02:54.060 --> 00:02:56.760 This is amazing! 00:02:56.760 --> 00:02:59.343 Khanmigo included the learning objective, 00:03:00.360 --> 00:03:03.090 the activities that my students are going to do, 00:03:03.090 --> 00:03:05.340 the exit ticket, key terms, 00:03:05.340 --> 00:03:07.080 the resources that I'm going to need, 00:03:07.080 --> 00:03:09.000 and then a lesson summary. 00:03:09.000 --> 00:03:11.550 This is absolutely incredible. 00:03:11.550 --> 00:03:13.860 In just a few minutes, Khanmigo, 00:03:13.860 --> 00:03:18.000 my new teaching assistant, has saved me so many hours 00:03:18.000 --> 00:03:21.450 of planning time to help me create a quality lesson plan 00:03:21.450 --> 00:03:23.310 for my students. 00:03:23.310 --> 00:03:25.260 Incorporating Khanmigo into the classroom 00:03:25.260 --> 00:03:27.660 is going to be a game changer for teachers. 00:03:27.660 --> 00:03:29.790 Khanmigo's insights and suggestions 00:03:29.790 --> 00:03:31.680 are going to enhance classroom learning 00:03:31.680 --> 00:03:35.400 and make teachers' lives easier by saving them so much time 00:03:35.400 --> 00:03:36.870 so that we'll have the ability 00:03:36.870 --> 00:03:40.260 to focus on what's important, our students. 00:03:40.260 --> 00:03:41.523 Thank you, Khanmigo.

Khanmigo: Create a Lesson Plan Activity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AW7gOaq5Cqk

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.750 --> 00:00:02.010 - This is Khanmigo, 00:00:02.010 --> 00:00:05.730 an AI powered guide designed to help all students learn. 00:00:05.730 --> 00:00:07.860 Khanmigo is not just for students, 00:00:07.860 --> 00:00:09.630 teachers can use Khanmigo too 00:00:09.630 --> 00:00:11.490 by toggling from the student mode 00:00:11.490 --> 00:00:13.410 to teacher mode in any course. 00:00:13.410 --> 00:00:15.570 And teachers can always access Khanmigo 00:00:15.570 --> 00:00:17.910 by selecting the AI activities button 00:00:17.910 --> 00:00:20.400 located at the top of the teacher dashboard. 00:00:20.400 --> 00:00:23.430 Khanmigo has many exciting features that support teachers 00:00:23.430 --> 00:00:26.760 and this video will showcase ways teachers can use Khanmigo 00:00:26.760 --> 00:00:28.830 to create engaging lesson plans 00:00:28.830 --> 00:00:30.300 to help support their students. 00:00:30.300 --> 00:00:34.500 First, I'm going to go to the course that I'm working from. 00:00:34.500 --> 00:00:36.000 I'd like to create a lesson plan 00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:38.580 from the digital SAT Reading and Writing course 00:00:38.580 --> 00:00:41.010 that I'm teaching with my students. 00:00:41.010 --> 00:00:42.930 Our next unit is going to be on 00:00:42.930 --> 00:00:44.880 central idea and details, 00:00:44.880 --> 00:00:47.490 so I'm going to select that. 00:00:47.490 --> 00:00:49.020 And once there, it shows me all 00:00:49.020 --> 00:00:51.450 of the different options that are in there. 00:00:51.450 --> 00:00:55.290 There's an article, some videos, as well as an exercise. 00:00:55.290 --> 00:00:57.300 This is where I need Khanmigo's help. 00:00:57.300 --> 00:00:59.610 Once I select Khanmigo's button, 00:00:59.610 --> 00:01:01.860 Khanmigo will give me different options 00:01:01.860 --> 00:01:03.120 that it can help with, 00:01:03.120 --> 00:01:06.060 such as giving me a lesson summary 00:01:06.060 --> 00:01:08.640 or helping me prep for a quiz. 00:01:08.640 --> 00:01:11.760 I would love Khanmigo help with writing a lesson plan, 00:01:11.760 --> 00:01:13.803 so I'm going to select that. 00:01:15.570 --> 00:01:17.700 And as soon as I select that button, 00:01:17.700 --> 00:01:20.163 Khanmigo starts working. 00:01:21.420 --> 00:01:22.890 Let's take a look at the lesson plan 00:01:22.890 --> 00:01:25.530 that Khanmigo created for me. 00:01:25.530 --> 00:01:27.960 Khanmigo has given me the learning objectives 00:01:27.960 --> 00:01:29.373 for the lesson plan. 00:01:30.813 --> 00:01:34.230 Khanmigo also created learning activities for me. 00:01:34.230 --> 00:01:35.760 Actually, Khanmigo created 00:01:35.760 --> 00:01:37.830 three different learning activities for me. 00:01:37.830 --> 00:01:41.220 Here's an activity on identifying central idea and details. 00:01:41.220 --> 00:01:43.380 Here's a 20 minute activity. 00:01:43.380 --> 00:01:45.900 This one's a 20 minute activity. 00:01:45.900 --> 00:01:47.760 This one's a 10 minute activity. 00:01:47.760 --> 00:01:49.083 These are great. 00:01:50.130 --> 00:01:52.770 Khanmigo also created exit ticket questions for me 00:01:52.770 --> 00:01:54.513 that I can use with my students. 00:01:55.920 --> 00:01:58.383 Khanmigo included the key terms. 00:02:00.180 --> 00:02:02.430 Khanmigo also included the resources 00:02:02.430 --> 00:02:04.860 that I'm going to need to help support my students 00:02:04.860 --> 00:02:06.540 with this lesson. 00:02:06.540 --> 00:02:09.780 Wow, Khanmigo also included prerequisite videos 00:02:09.780 --> 00:02:11.550 that I can share with my students 00:02:11.550 --> 00:02:14.440 to help give them background knowledge on the topic 00:02:15.450 --> 00:02:17.940 as well as other differentiation options 00:02:17.940 --> 00:02:21.453 for advanced learners and striving learners. 00:02:22.620 --> 00:02:25.920 And then finally, Khanmigo's given me a lesson summary 00:02:25.920 --> 00:02:27.990 over what we're going to be doing. 00:02:27.990 --> 00:02:31.290 Here's the introduction, activity one, activity two, 00:02:31.290 --> 00:02:33.990 activity three, and then the exit ticket. 00:02:33.990 --> 00:02:37.950 Khanmigo lets me know that this timeline is a rough estimate 00:02:37.950 --> 00:02:41.760 and I may need to adjust depending on my student's progress, 00:02:41.760 --> 00:02:43.980 but this is so helpful. 00:02:43.980 --> 00:02:45.750 Khanmigo also gives me the option 00:02:45.750 --> 00:02:48.000 to export this lesson plan 00:02:48.000 --> 00:02:50.103 or I can print the lesson plan. 00:02:52.320 --> 00:02:55.320 And because Khanmigo is truly my co-pilot, 00:02:55.320 --> 00:02:59.250 if there's any part of this lesson plan that I wanna change, 00:02:59.250 --> 00:03:03.000 Khanmigo will do it for me, no questions asked. 00:03:03.000 --> 00:03:05.160 I just highlight what I want changed, 00:03:05.160 --> 00:03:09.060 and Khanmigo, my co-pilot, will give me options 00:03:09.060 --> 00:03:11.163 and then makes the changes for me. 00:03:14.160 --> 00:03:16.080 Thank you so much, Khanmigo. 00:03:16.080 --> 00:03:17.553 This is so helpful.

Introducing Constitution 101 from Khan Academy and the National Constitution Center

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dlHVKdY7ZY

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.210 --> 00:00:03.090 - [Narrator] Introducing Constitution 101. 00:00:03.090 --> 00:00:06.330 The National Constitution Center and Khan Academy 00:00:06.330 --> 00:00:09.660 are teaming up to offer students a free online course 00:00:09.660 --> 00:00:11.640 on the US Constitution, 00:00:11.640 --> 00:00:14.790 led by conversations hosted by Jeffrey Rosen, 00:00:14.790 --> 00:00:18.390 president and CEO of the National Constitution Center, 00:00:18.390 --> 00:00:22.140 and Sal Khan, founder and CEO of Khan Academy, 00:00:22.140 --> 00:00:24.810 joined by dozens of constitutional scholars, 00:00:24.810 --> 00:00:28.470 professors, and experts from diverse political philosophies. 00:00:28.470 --> 00:00:29.370 Students will explore 00:00:29.370 --> 00:00:31.920 the constitution's historical foundations, 00:00:31.920 --> 00:00:33.870 landmark supreme court cases, 00:00:33.870 --> 00:00:36.180 and contemporary constitutional issues, 00:00:36.180 --> 00:00:39.360 pioneered by the founders and diverse figures 00:00:39.360 --> 00:00:41.430 from across American history. 00:00:41.430 --> 00:00:42.600 The semester long course 00:00:42.600 --> 00:00:45.660 will provide non-partisan constitutional education 00:00:45.660 --> 00:00:48.450 to counter the civics crisis facing America, 00:00:48.450 --> 00:00:52.380 where civics achievement is at the same level as 1998. 00:00:52.380 --> 00:00:55.140 Students will gain knowledge to become engaged citizens 00:00:55.140 --> 00:00:58.290 and foster an understanding of diverse viewpoints. 00:00:58.290 --> 00:00:59.550 All of the videos, 00:00:59.550 --> 00:01:02.040 quizzes and exercises will be designed 00:01:02.040 --> 00:01:05.160 to align with state curriculum standards nationwide. 00:01:05.160 --> 00:01:06.870 It's all on Khan Academy. 00:01:06.870 --> 00:01:10.590 And as always, it's free to anyone, anywhere. 00:01:10.590 --> 00:01:13.620 Khan Academy and the National Constitution Center, 00:01:13.620 --> 00:01:16.890 shaping the future of nonpartisan civic education 00:01:16.890 --> 00:01:20.969 with Constitution 101, launching September, 2024. 00:01:20.969 --> 00:01:23.552 (upbeat music)

Parents: See how to get 24/7 homework help with Khanmigo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xgaKsbyozk

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:03.570 --> 00:00:04.440 - [Narrator] Hey, parents. 00:00:04.440 --> 00:00:06.420 Do you need help with your child's homework? 00:00:06.420 --> 00:00:09.390 Let me show you how Khanmigo can help with homework today. 00:00:09.390 --> 00:00:12.060 So I'm in Khanmigo and I'm in the Activities tab, 00:00:12.060 --> 00:00:14.730 and I'm going to use the Tutor Me feature. 00:00:14.730 --> 00:00:17.040 So all you have to do, you or your child 00:00:17.040 --> 00:00:19.260 can copy and paste your child's homework question 00:00:19.260 --> 00:00:20.430 into Khanmigo. 00:00:20.430 --> 00:00:22.380 For example, let's say I need some help 00:00:22.380 --> 00:00:24.030 with this algebra problem. 00:00:24.030 --> 00:00:26.133 Can you help me solve the equation for X? 00:00:27.120 --> 00:00:28.570 Let's see what Khanmigo says. 00:00:31.500 --> 00:00:33.690 So you can see that Khanmigo's gonna help me figure it out, 00:00:33.690 --> 00:00:35.820 but it's not going to just give me answers. 00:00:35.820 --> 00:00:38.490 Instead, it's going to guide me to find the answer myself, 00:00:38.490 --> 00:00:40.410 which is going to really help me learn this concept. 00:00:40.410 --> 00:00:42.813 So let's say I think we need to solve for X. 00:00:45.270 --> 00:00:46.500 And it will encourage me, 00:00:46.500 --> 00:00:48.330 it will give me some tips on some other things 00:00:48.330 --> 00:00:50.520 that I should consider to solve this problem. 00:00:50.520 --> 00:00:52.590 Now, if I go to ChatGPT 00:00:52.590 --> 00:00:55.560 and I ask it to help me with the same problem, 00:00:55.560 --> 00:00:59.160 all, as you can see, it's only gonna give me the answer. 00:00:59.160 --> 00:01:00.570 But that might not necessarily lead 00:01:00.570 --> 00:01:02.940 to my child really developing deeper understanding 00:01:02.940 --> 00:01:04.770 and learning of their homework. 00:01:04.770 --> 00:01:06.630 So if you want your kids to get homework help, 00:01:06.630 --> 00:01:09.300 and really understand the why behind the answer, 00:01:09.300 --> 00:01:10.590 Khanmigo can help. 00:01:10.590 --> 00:01:13.680 That's because we built Khanmigo with learning in mind. 00:01:13.680 --> 00:01:15.360 So you wanna give it a try yourself. 00:01:15.360 --> 00:01:17.340 Just click the link in the description below 00:01:17.340 --> 00:01:18.790 to get started with Khanmigo.

Khan Academy’s AI Tool for the Classroom: Teacher + Student Edition

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLEe0kT11UU

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:06.300 --> 00:00:08.310 - Welcome, welcome. 00:00:08.310 --> 00:00:11.340 We are going to be starting promptly at three o'clock, 00:00:11.340 --> 00:00:13.590 but we're gonna start letting our participants come in. 00:00:13.590 --> 00:00:15.693 So thank you for joining us today. 00:00:18.256 --> 00:00:20.523 - Hello, hello, hello. 00:00:28.001 --> 00:00:30.390 - Thank you all for joining us. 00:00:30.390 --> 00:00:33.150 We still have some participants coming in, 00:00:33.150 --> 00:00:37.653 so we're gonna start promptly at the top of the hour. 00:00:53.005 --> 00:00:55.231 So as you are coming in, 00:00:55.231 --> 00:01:00.207 if you have any questions at any time during our session, 00:01:00.207 --> 00:01:02.820 you can drop them in the Q and A. 00:01:02.820 --> 00:01:06.230 We are being joined by some of our Khan Academy team members 00:01:06.230 --> 00:01:10.200 who will be answering questions in the Q and A. 00:01:10.200 --> 00:01:14.272 So please feel free at any time to drop any questions 00:01:14.272 --> 00:01:17.643 that you may have in our Q and A section. 00:01:19.227 --> 00:01:21.333 Have about one more minute. 00:01:51.985 --> 00:01:54.297 All right, it is the top of the hour, 00:01:54.297 --> 00:01:57.741 and so we are going to get started. 00:01:57.741 --> 00:02:01.680 We want to welcome all of you here today 00:02:01.680 --> 00:02:04.749 to join us for our session. 00:02:04.749 --> 00:02:07.950 The title of our session is Khanmigo, 00:02:07.950 --> 00:02:10.509 Khan Academy's AI Tool for the Classroom, 00:02:10.509 --> 00:02:13.050 the Teacher + Student Edition. 00:02:13.050 --> 00:02:15.120 My name is Diona Clingman. 00:02:15.120 --> 00:02:17.269 I am a professional learning specialist 00:02:17.269 --> 00:02:22.269 here at Khan Academy, and I am also joined by... 00:02:24.330 --> 00:02:25.560 - Hello, hello, everyone. 00:02:25.560 --> 00:02:26.910 My name is Michele Marbra 00:02:26.910 --> 00:02:29.670 and I too am on the professional learning team 00:02:29.670 --> 00:02:31.020 at Khan Academy 00:02:31.020 --> 00:02:33.903 and I hope everybody is having a wonderful Wednesday. 00:02:35.168 --> 00:02:39.456 - All right, so we're gonna get started. 00:02:39.456 --> 00:02:44.456 So before we dive into our content for today, 00:02:44.610 --> 00:02:47.430 we want to hear from you, the audience. 00:02:47.430 --> 00:02:51.450 So using AI to support student learning is a new concept, 00:02:51.450 --> 00:02:54.780 and so it's gonna be plenty of time 00:02:54.780 --> 00:02:57.390 for everyone to learn about all the various tools 00:02:57.390 --> 00:03:00.840 that are available to you as an educator. 00:03:00.840 --> 00:03:05.400 So before we get started, we just want to know from you, 00:03:05.400 --> 00:03:08.640 how familiar are you with AI and student learning? 00:03:08.640 --> 00:03:11.460 So there's gonna be a poll that's about to pop up, 00:03:11.460 --> 00:03:14.610 and we just want to know, are you A, very familiar, 00:03:14.610 --> 00:03:17.340 you regularly use it in your classrooms? 00:03:17.340 --> 00:03:19.740 You might be somewhat familiar. 00:03:19.740 --> 00:03:21.600 You've used it a few times. 00:03:21.600 --> 00:03:23.280 You might be slightly familiar. 00:03:23.280 --> 00:03:25.680 You've heard about it, tried it once or twice, 00:03:25.680 --> 00:03:27.780 or you're just not familiar at all 00:03:27.780 --> 00:03:29.520 and you're just here to kind of learn 00:03:29.520 --> 00:03:30.840 a little bit more about it. 00:03:30.840 --> 00:03:32.250 So, okay. 00:03:32.250 --> 00:03:35.310 We're seeing that there's some people somewhat familiar. 00:03:35.310 --> 00:03:36.143 Okay. 00:03:38.670 --> 00:03:40.360 We have some slightly familiar 00:03:43.730 --> 00:03:46.500 'cause, I mean, we're all learning at this point, 00:03:46.500 --> 00:03:47.640 so this is new. 00:03:47.640 --> 00:03:49.590 So thank you for sharing 00:03:49.590 --> 00:03:51.603 kind of where you are at this point. 00:03:57.990 --> 00:03:58.823 All right. 00:03:58.823 --> 00:04:02.027 And so for those of you that may not be as familiar, 00:04:02.027 --> 00:04:04.962 we hope by the end of this session, 00:04:04.962 --> 00:04:07.432 you have a lot of your questions answered 00:04:07.432 --> 00:04:09.633 that you may have at this time. 00:04:20.850 --> 00:04:24.010 All right, so most of you probably already know 00:04:25.470 --> 00:04:27.870 Khan Academy has a free resource 00:04:27.870 --> 00:04:30.540 that includes videos, articles, and exercises. 00:04:30.540 --> 00:04:32.550 And we know that that's true. 00:04:32.550 --> 00:04:36.630 We are about giving a free education to anyone anywhere. 00:04:36.630 --> 00:04:41.194 But however, we also now have a paid district partnership 00:04:41.194 --> 00:04:43.590 that's available for those districts 00:04:43.590 --> 00:04:47.310 that are looking to get a little bit more support. 00:04:47.310 --> 00:04:49.936 And so in this paid district partnership, 00:04:49.936 --> 00:04:54.545 this partnership grants both teachers and students 00:04:54.545 --> 00:04:58.110 access to Khanmigo, which is our chat bot. 00:04:58.110 --> 00:04:59.700 And Khanmigo provides that 00:04:59.700 --> 00:05:02.850 in-the-moment, personalized support for students 00:05:02.850 --> 00:05:06.390 when they encounter learning difficulties. 00:05:06.390 --> 00:05:09.720 Also, a part of this paid district partnership 00:05:09.720 --> 00:05:11.760 comes some wraparound services 00:05:11.760 --> 00:05:15.150 that support both teachers and administrators 00:05:15.150 --> 00:05:19.050 and we offer robust professional development. 00:05:19.050 --> 00:05:21.150 And in that professional development, 00:05:21.150 --> 00:05:23.490 we incorporate practical strategies 00:05:23.490 --> 00:05:26.610 for incorporating AI into the classrooms. 00:05:26.610 --> 00:05:29.340 And so this type of wraparound support, 00:05:29.340 --> 00:05:32.070 it extends through the whole duration 00:05:32.070 --> 00:05:33.633 of our partnership together. 00:05:38.010 --> 00:05:39.510 So you also may be wondering, 00:05:39.510 --> 00:05:43.846 what is the difference between Khanmigo and ChatGPT? 00:05:43.846 --> 00:05:46.080 So by now, in the news, 00:05:46.080 --> 00:05:48.540 I'm pretty sure you've heard of ChatGPT, 00:05:48.540 --> 00:05:51.630 which is this large language artificial intelligence. 00:05:51.630 --> 00:05:54.930 It's a large language artificial intelligence model. 00:05:54.930 --> 00:05:59.067 But unlike ChatGPT, Khanmigo was specifically designed 00:05:59.067 --> 00:06:01.980 with educators and students in mind. 00:06:01.980 --> 00:06:04.303 So some of the things that Khanmigo does 00:06:04.303 --> 00:06:07.868 is Khanmigo prioritizes safety and data management. 00:06:07.868 --> 00:06:12.630 Khanmigo adheres to privacy and data protection guidelines 00:06:12.630 --> 00:06:14.730 like FERPA and COPPA. 00:06:14.730 --> 00:06:17.670 Khanmigo is also a Socratic tutor 00:06:17.670 --> 00:06:19.344 that's gonna guide students 00:06:19.344 --> 00:06:23.130 when they are stuck on a specific problem 00:06:23.130 --> 00:06:26.760 and it's not just gonna give them the direct answer. 00:06:26.760 --> 00:06:29.370 Khanmigo is also going to provide 00:06:29.370 --> 00:06:33.090 a comprehensive learning experience for students. 00:06:33.090 --> 00:06:35.790 And then as a teacher or as a educator, 00:06:35.790 --> 00:06:39.330 Khanmigo will also partner with you and support you 00:06:39.330 --> 00:06:43.410 with co-creating some high quality lesson plans 00:06:43.410 --> 00:06:46.353 and assist you with the progress monitoring process. 00:06:53.160 --> 00:06:55.680 So as you begin to implement Khanmigo 00:06:55.680 --> 00:06:58.740 into your learning environment, this is a new tool, 00:06:58.740 --> 00:07:01.980 so with anything that is new, it's going to be important 00:07:01.980 --> 00:07:05.730 that you carefully introduce Khanmigo to your students. 00:07:05.730 --> 00:07:08.580 You want your students to know and understand 00:07:08.580 --> 00:07:12.450 the clear expectations around using Khanmigo. 00:07:12.450 --> 00:07:14.040 We know that as educators, 00:07:14.040 --> 00:07:16.440 when we set those clear expectations, 00:07:16.440 --> 00:07:18.900 students are more than likely to meet them 00:07:18.900 --> 00:07:20.340 because they understand the why 00:07:20.340 --> 00:07:25.083 behind why this tool is being used in their classroom. 00:07:29.794 --> 00:07:32.430 So as you begin to carefully introduce this 00:07:32.430 --> 00:07:35.460 to your students, you want your students to know 00:07:35.460 --> 00:07:39.522 that their brain is their first supercomputer. 00:07:39.522 --> 00:07:43.616 Our human brain is designed to create, 00:07:43.616 --> 00:07:46.890 to think creatively, right? 00:07:46.890 --> 00:07:49.110 And so AI cannot do that. 00:07:49.110 --> 00:07:52.470 We want our students to still be those creative thinkers. 00:07:52.470 --> 00:07:56.070 When students are stuck on a specific concept 00:07:56.070 --> 00:07:58.920 in our classes, we already give them some tools to do. 00:07:58.920 --> 00:08:01.380 What are some things that you can do when you get stuck? 00:08:01.380 --> 00:08:03.180 You can ask a friend. 00:08:03.180 --> 00:08:05.460 You can refer back to your notes. 00:08:05.460 --> 00:08:07.530 You can even use manipulatives 00:08:07.530 --> 00:08:10.824 or you probably have anchor charts up in your classrooms 00:08:10.824 --> 00:08:14.070 for students to reference if they get stuck. 00:08:14.070 --> 00:08:16.410 They can even ask you as the teacher. 00:08:16.410 --> 00:08:19.860 But now you are bringing Khanmigo into your classrooms 00:08:19.860 --> 00:08:23.490 to now be that additional tool for students to have 00:08:23.490 --> 00:08:25.950 when they are stuck in their learning. 00:08:25.950 --> 00:08:30.750 AI is not meant to replace creative thinking. 00:08:30.750 --> 00:08:32.010 And so because of that, 00:08:32.010 --> 00:08:35.220 it's still going to be important that as educators, 00:08:35.220 --> 00:08:39.510 we continue to establish that very high culture 00:08:39.510 --> 00:08:42.663 of creative thinking in our classrooms. 00:08:46.320 --> 00:08:49.050 You also want your students to know and understand 00:08:49.050 --> 00:08:52.170 that Khanmigo is going to be there to help them grow. 00:08:52.170 --> 00:08:54.120 They should understand that this is a tool 00:08:54.120 --> 00:08:55.530 that's gonna help them grow 00:08:55.530 --> 00:08:57.990 and gain confidence in their studies. 00:08:57.990 --> 00:09:01.039 Khanmigo can also interact with students 00:09:01.039 --> 00:09:04.680 in other languages other than English. 00:09:04.680 --> 00:09:08.550 So if you have students that are currently in your classroom 00:09:08.550 --> 00:09:11.160 and English is not their first language, 00:09:11.160 --> 00:09:15.330 Khanmigo can interact with them in their home language. 00:09:15.330 --> 00:09:17.370 And so by removing that barrier, 00:09:17.370 --> 00:09:20.910 this is gonna give all students in your classrooms 00:09:20.910 --> 00:09:25.910 the opportunity to interact and contribute to the classroom 00:09:26.201 --> 00:09:28.113 in a very meaningful way. 00:09:33.004 --> 00:09:35.431 And earlier, you heard me mention 00:09:35.431 --> 00:09:38.606 that we have our district partnership 00:09:38.606 --> 00:09:42.060 that includes the robust professional development. 00:09:42.060 --> 00:09:44.670 Well, as part of our professional development, 00:09:44.670 --> 00:09:49.050 we do train on what it means to be AI literate. 00:09:49.050 --> 00:09:52.890 And so as you are introducing AI literacy to your students, 00:09:52.890 --> 00:09:54.900 it's going to be very important 00:09:54.900 --> 00:09:58.740 that your students understand, one, what is AI, right? 00:09:58.740 --> 00:10:02.040 What can it do and how should it be used? 00:10:02.040 --> 00:10:05.129 And all of this is available through our partnership 00:10:05.129 --> 00:10:09.480 if you decide to become one of our partners. 00:10:09.480 --> 00:10:11.190 We definitely talk about this 00:10:11.190 --> 00:10:13.770 in our professional learning sessions. 00:10:13.770 --> 00:10:14.760 And so with that, 00:10:14.760 --> 00:10:17.133 I am now going to turn it over to Michele. 00:10:18.570 --> 00:10:20.280 - Thank you so much, Diona. 00:10:20.280 --> 00:10:23.220 This is actually my favorite part because I love sharing 00:10:23.220 --> 00:10:25.740 all of the amazing features that Khanmigo has 00:10:25.740 --> 00:10:28.770 to support and enhance learning for your students. 00:10:28.770 --> 00:10:31.290 So let's just dig right in there. 00:10:31.290 --> 00:10:35.250 So first, let's see how Khanmigo can be used 00:10:35.250 --> 00:10:37.530 within the course. 00:10:37.530 --> 00:10:41.703 I'm gonna go ahead into, I'm gonna pull up a course, 00:10:43.620 --> 00:10:47.460 and when I pull that course up, we're gonna be able to see 00:10:47.460 --> 00:10:52.200 how Khan students can use Khanmigo with that course. 00:10:52.200 --> 00:10:55.950 When students open up Khan Academy and they select a video 00:10:55.950 --> 00:10:58.723 or an article like is on the screen, 00:10:58.723 --> 00:11:00.330 something that they're working on, 00:11:00.330 --> 00:11:02.370 they have the ability to include Khanmigo 00:11:02.370 --> 00:11:06.750 into their learning journey by clicking in the lower left, 00:11:06.750 --> 00:11:08.463 right-hand corner of the screen. 00:11:09.780 --> 00:11:13.128 And mine is currently in teacher mode, 00:11:13.128 --> 00:11:15.030 which, when I select that, 00:11:15.030 --> 00:11:17.550 it's going to give me a list of prompts such as, 00:11:17.550 --> 00:11:19.860 do I want to write a lesson plan 00:11:19.860 --> 00:11:22.740 or create warmup activities for my students? 00:11:22.740 --> 00:11:24.180 But for today's purposes, 00:11:24.180 --> 00:11:27.120 I'm going to change it to student mode, 00:11:27.120 --> 00:11:30.600 turn that teacher mode off because I have my student hat on. 00:11:30.600 --> 00:11:34.650 And then it provides me another set of pre-populated prompts 00:11:34.650 --> 00:11:37.200 that are related to the content that's on the screen, 00:11:37.200 --> 00:11:40.140 which are specifically designed for students 00:11:40.140 --> 00:11:44.010 to make that learning more engaging for them. 00:11:44.010 --> 00:11:47.550 So students can also ask Khanmigo questions, 00:11:47.550 --> 00:11:52.140 but I'm going to select, I'm gonna ask Khanmigo a question 00:11:52.140 --> 00:11:54.720 that most of my students asked me 00:11:54.720 --> 00:11:58.380 anytime I introduced a new concept to them in class. 00:11:58.380 --> 00:12:00.470 Why should I learn about this? 00:12:00.470 --> 00:12:04.743 So I'm gonna select that and let's see what Khanmigo says. 00:12:07.020 --> 00:12:08.520 Great question. 00:12:08.520 --> 00:12:11.790 Knowing how to evaluate expressions with two variables 00:12:11.790 --> 00:12:14.310 is like a secret decoder ring. 00:12:14.310 --> 00:12:16.410 It helps you solve real-world problems. 00:12:16.410 --> 00:12:18.387 For example, if you're baking cookies 00:12:18.387 --> 00:12:21.060 and the recipe says two cups of flour 00:12:21.060 --> 00:12:22.980 for every one cup of sugar, 00:12:22.980 --> 00:12:26.040 that's an expression with two variables. 00:12:26.040 --> 00:12:28.620 If you know how many cookies you want to make, 00:12:28.620 --> 00:12:30.570 you can figure out how much. 00:12:30.570 --> 00:12:33.483 Do you want to try a problem from the article now? 00:12:34.566 --> 00:12:35.550 Yeah, let's do that. 00:12:35.550 --> 00:12:36.663 Yes, please. 00:12:38.340 --> 00:12:41.970 Let's see. All right, awesome. 00:12:41.970 --> 00:12:43.980 Let's start with the first practice problem 00:12:43.980 --> 00:12:45.060 from the article. 00:12:45.060 --> 00:12:49.950 Can you evaluate the expression 6A plus 4B? 00:12:49.950 --> 00:12:50.783 No, I cannot. 00:12:57.840 --> 00:13:00.927 And as a student, I'm just interacting with Khanmigo, 00:13:00.927 --> 00:13:04.260 and Khanmigo is going to help support me 00:13:04.260 --> 00:13:08.853 with answering the questions and what's on the screen. 00:13:09.780 --> 00:13:12.300 Now, Khanmigo can also be used 00:13:12.300 --> 00:13:16.020 alongside the exercises in Khan Academy. 00:13:16.020 --> 00:13:18.813 So I'm gonna go ahead and select one of the exercises. 00:13:20.580 --> 00:13:21.750 And just like before, 00:13:21.750 --> 00:13:24.720 Khanmigo provides me pre-populated prompts 00:13:24.720 --> 00:13:28.140 related to the content that I'm working on. 00:13:28.140 --> 00:13:29.970 And let's see. 00:13:29.970 --> 00:13:32.310 Again, why should I care about this? 00:13:32.310 --> 00:13:34.860 I could ask that or try a similar example 00:13:34.860 --> 00:13:36.870 or help me solve the problem, 00:13:36.870 --> 00:13:40.950 or I can even ask my own questions. 00:13:40.950 --> 00:13:44.185 So first I'll do, why should I care about this? 00:13:44.185 --> 00:13:46.950 'Cause I think that's always interesting. 00:13:46.950 --> 00:13:48.600 Well, what are your goals in life? 00:13:48.600 --> 00:13:53.600 All right, Khanmigo, I want to be a singer. 00:13:58.110 --> 00:13:58.943 Cool. 00:13:58.943 --> 00:14:00.489 As a singer, 00:14:00.489 --> 00:14:03.060 you might need to split profits from a song with others. 00:14:03.060 --> 00:14:04.170 Very true. 00:14:04.170 --> 00:14:07.980 This math can help you figure out how much each person gets. 00:14:07.980 --> 00:14:11.040 Does that make sense? Absolutely. 00:14:11.040 --> 00:14:14.640 So now I'm gonna go into, now I know why I need to learn it 00:14:14.640 --> 00:14:17.463 because I don't want to split all my royalties. 00:14:19.602 --> 00:14:22.080 So I'm gonna go into the actual activity. 00:14:22.080 --> 00:14:24.420 This is what the students see. 00:14:24.420 --> 00:14:28.905 And I'm just gonna ask it, what's the answer? 00:14:28.905 --> 00:14:32.940 Because I don't feel like figuring this out. 00:14:32.940 --> 00:14:34.290 Let's see. 00:14:34.290 --> 00:14:37.170 I can't give you the answer, but I can help you find it. 00:14:37.170 --> 00:14:40.260 Let's start by plugging in the values for G and H 00:14:40.260 --> 00:14:41.550 into the equation. 00:14:41.550 --> 00:14:44.283 Can you do that? No. 00:14:47.430 --> 00:14:49.563 Let's see what Khanmigo helps me do. 00:14:50.910 --> 00:14:53.190 No worries. We can do this together. 00:14:53.190 --> 00:14:54.090 Thank you. 00:14:54.090 --> 00:14:57.840 Let's replace the G with 10. And H, what do you get? 00:14:57.840 --> 00:14:59.430 And so with this, 00:14:59.430 --> 00:15:02.970 Khanmigo is not going to give students the answer at all. 00:15:02.970 --> 00:15:06.000 It's going to be a thought partner with them 00:15:06.000 --> 00:15:11.000 and helps them work through the exercises. 00:15:11.550 --> 00:15:16.290 Now, in addition to students being able to access Khanmigo 00:15:16.290 --> 00:15:19.170 when they're working actually in a course, 00:15:19.170 --> 00:15:20.820 with our paid district partnerships, 00:15:20.820 --> 00:15:24.930 students have the access to our Khanmigo dashboard 00:15:24.930 --> 00:15:27.197 that's designed to support students 00:15:27.197 --> 00:15:32.160 in the subjects in Khan Academy, as well as other subjects. 00:15:32.160 --> 00:15:34.290 So I'm going to access that dashboard 00:15:34.290 --> 00:15:38.043 by selecting right here where it has AI activities. 00:15:39.850 --> 00:15:42.270 And I'm gonna come down here 00:15:42.270 --> 00:15:44.670 and one of the first things I want to do 00:15:44.670 --> 00:15:49.290 is how about let's practice my knowledge. 00:15:49.290 --> 00:15:51.510 This section allows students to practice 00:15:51.510 --> 00:15:54.750 and build knowledge in any subject they select. 00:15:54.750 --> 00:15:57.120 This feature meets students where they are 00:15:57.120 --> 00:16:00.570 and it helps support them as they build confidence 00:16:00.570 --> 00:16:02.700 in the content that they're working on. 00:16:02.700 --> 00:16:07.556 So first, Khanmigo wants to know, what age level am I? 00:16:07.556 --> 00:16:09.300 I always love middle school, 00:16:09.300 --> 00:16:11.000 so I'm gonna select middle school. 00:16:12.510 --> 00:16:13.343 Great. 00:16:13.343 --> 00:16:15.840 Now, could you please specify the subject 00:16:15.840 --> 00:16:17.583 you'd like to be quizzed on? 00:16:18.480 --> 00:16:21.796 It can do math, science, history, English. 00:16:21.796 --> 00:16:25.650 How about let's do science? 00:16:25.650 --> 00:16:29.110 And I'm gonna ask Khanmigo a question 00:16:30.767 --> 00:16:33.120 that I'm working on in class. 00:16:33.120 --> 00:16:34.920 My teacher asked me for homework. 00:16:34.920 --> 00:16:37.320 So can you help me with understanding 00:16:37.320 --> 00:16:39.600 cell parts and functions? 00:16:39.600 --> 00:16:41.820 Science is always fun. 00:16:41.820 --> 00:16:43.020 Absolutely. 00:16:43.020 --> 00:16:45.540 We're gonna have a blast exploring the world of cells. 00:16:45.540 --> 00:16:47.220 Let's dive into the first question. 00:16:47.220 --> 00:16:48.540 Question one. 00:16:48.540 --> 00:16:53.220 In a cell, where are the genetic materials stored? 00:16:53.220 --> 00:16:58.220 Okay, I have no idea. 00:16:58.440 --> 00:17:01.023 Am I smarter than a seventh grader? Let's see. 00:17:03.690 --> 00:17:06.330 No worries at all. Let's think about this together. 00:17:06.330 --> 00:17:07.950 The genetic material of a cell 00:17:07.950 --> 00:17:10.650 is like an instruction manual. 00:17:10.650 --> 00:17:11.880 It's stored in a place. 00:17:11.880 --> 00:17:15.690 And so Khanmigo is going to help me through the process 00:17:15.690 --> 00:17:18.210 of learning all about cells. 00:17:18.210 --> 00:17:20.790 Now I'm gonna refresh it again, 00:17:20.790 --> 00:17:24.150 and this time I'm going to select a subject 00:17:24.150 --> 00:17:28.530 that's not necessarily in Khan Academy. 00:17:28.530 --> 00:17:31.955 How about I am a high school student 00:17:31.955 --> 00:17:35.493 and I'm working in a pottery class. 00:17:35.493 --> 00:17:38.853 Let's say pottery. 00:17:41.880 --> 00:17:43.830 Fantastic. Pottery it is. 00:17:43.830 --> 00:17:46.860 Get ready for a whirlwind tour of the world of ceramics. 00:17:46.860 --> 00:17:48.330 Here comes your first question. 00:17:48.330 --> 00:17:50.640 What is the process of heating the pottery 00:17:50.640 --> 00:17:54.843 to a high temperature to make it hard and durable called? 00:17:56.400 --> 00:17:57.363 Got me. 00:18:01.140 --> 00:18:04.203 I have no idea. 00:18:07.470 --> 00:18:09.180 Khanmigo is so smart. 00:18:09.180 --> 00:18:12.120 And I love the way Khanmigo, 00:18:12.120 --> 00:18:14.640 it helps build a growth mindset for students 00:18:14.640 --> 00:18:15.510 and it lets them know 00:18:15.510 --> 00:18:18.420 it's okay that they don't know it right now, 00:18:18.420 --> 00:18:22.440 but it will work with them and through the process. 00:18:22.440 --> 00:18:25.590 So it's all of these teachable moments 00:18:25.590 --> 00:18:29.280 and the students are learning from this entire process. 00:18:29.280 --> 00:18:31.740 Now let's do something else. 00:18:31.740 --> 00:18:34.920 How about, let's go to our debate. 00:18:34.920 --> 00:18:37.860 I love debating and it could be because 00:18:37.860 --> 00:18:39.840 my husband says that I love to argue. 00:18:39.840 --> 00:18:44.840 Not sure, but the debate feature, students are able to, 00:18:44.850 --> 00:18:49.252 first they want to select their appropriate school age. 00:18:49.252 --> 00:18:51.540 And when they do that, 00:18:51.540 --> 00:18:54.150 they are going to get a list of prompts 00:18:54.150 --> 00:18:57.540 and notice the prompts are age appropriate. 00:18:57.540 --> 00:19:00.300 So elementary school prompts are, 00:19:00.300 --> 00:19:02.880 should students wear school uniforms 00:19:02.880 --> 00:19:06.180 or is homework necessary or should it be banned? 00:19:06.180 --> 00:19:09.213 If I come over to the middle school list of topics, 00:19:10.290 --> 00:19:12.571 they're a little bit more in-depth. 00:19:12.571 --> 00:19:16.195 Should schools start later in the morning? 00:19:16.195 --> 00:19:20.820 Should schools offer art and music classes? 00:19:20.820 --> 00:19:25.260 And I'm gonna come over to the high school version, 00:19:25.260 --> 00:19:27.630 a little bit more higher level. 00:19:27.630 --> 00:19:32.136 So it definitely works with age appropriateness 00:19:32.136 --> 00:19:34.530 for students. 00:19:34.530 --> 00:19:37.890 So I am going to, how about, 00:19:37.890 --> 00:19:39.570 because we're working on AI right now, 00:19:39.570 --> 00:19:43.710 how about should schools ban students' use of AI 00:19:43.710 --> 00:19:45.060 to write papers? 00:19:45.060 --> 00:19:47.280 I am a former ELA teacher, 00:19:47.280 --> 00:19:51.690 so this is definitely one that's near and dear to my heart, 00:19:51.690 --> 00:19:53.073 so I'm gonna select that. 00:19:55.230 --> 00:19:57.000 All right, so great choice. 00:19:57.000 --> 00:19:58.560 Now, which side are you on? 00:19:58.560 --> 00:20:01.770 Do you think schools should ban students from using AI 00:20:01.770 --> 00:20:02.790 to write papers? 00:20:02.790 --> 00:20:05.070 Or do you think they shouldn't? 00:20:05.070 --> 00:20:08.010 Khanmigo wants to know my side of the argument, 00:20:08.010 --> 00:20:12.333 so I'm going to say no. 00:20:15.498 --> 00:20:16.348 I don't think so. 00:20:17.880 --> 00:20:18.780 So, all right. 00:20:18.780 --> 00:20:21.690 You're saying schools shouldn't ban AI for writing papers. 00:20:21.690 --> 00:20:24.120 I'm all ears and eyes in my case. 00:20:24.120 --> 00:20:27.450 That's funny. Khanmigo definitely has a sense of humor. 00:20:27.450 --> 00:20:32.317 So let me think of my first argument, how I'm going to say, 00:20:33.485 --> 00:20:38.485 because you don't give me the answer. 00:20:39.909 --> 00:20:42.873 You guide me in the right direction. 00:20:45.060 --> 00:20:47.520 Ah, clever point. Thank you, Khanmigo. 00:20:47.520 --> 00:20:50.070 You're saying AI can be a guide, not a cheat sheet. 00:20:50.070 --> 00:20:52.290 Absolutely. But here's a twist. 00:20:52.290 --> 00:20:55.290 What if students start relying too much on AI 00:20:55.290 --> 00:20:57.270 and start thinking for themselves? 00:20:57.270 --> 00:20:58.470 It's like using a map. 00:20:58.470 --> 00:21:03.470 So it's like using a map so much, you forget to explore. 00:21:05.100 --> 00:21:06.210 Your turn, buddy. 00:21:06.210 --> 00:21:10.650 So even though Khanmigo is a form of AI, 00:21:10.650 --> 00:21:14.670 it's still kind of playing the opposite side. 00:21:14.670 --> 00:21:16.980 And so I need to think about 00:21:16.980 --> 00:21:19.440 what my next argument is going to be. 00:21:19.440 --> 00:21:22.140 And we're just going to go back and forth. 00:21:22.140 --> 00:21:23.733 So I'm gonna give another one. 00:21:24.900 --> 00:21:25.910 How about... 00:21:27.360 --> 00:21:29.970 Because I have to write an entire essay on this. 00:21:29.970 --> 00:21:33.530 I'm writing an argumentative essay for my class, 00:21:33.530 --> 00:21:36.360 so I believe that AI should be allowed 00:21:36.360 --> 00:21:38.760 because it helps me stay focused on what I'm writing. 00:21:38.760 --> 00:21:39.593 Aha. 00:21:39.593 --> 00:21:42.390 You're saying AI is like a trusty sidekick, 00:21:42.390 --> 00:21:45.060 helping you stay on track and sparking ideas, 00:21:45.060 --> 00:21:47.430 but remember, too much of a good thing. 00:21:47.430 --> 00:21:50.730 And so Khanmigo is going to go back and forth 00:21:50.730 --> 00:21:54.990 and back and forth and I'm able to debate to help me create, 00:21:54.990 --> 00:21:57.450 look at the other side of the spectrum as well. 00:21:57.450 --> 00:21:59.100 So I love that debate feature. 00:21:59.100 --> 00:22:00.780 It's one of my favorites. 00:22:00.780 --> 00:22:04.410 Now, another amazing thing that Khanmigo can do 00:22:04.410 --> 00:22:07.110 is give students instant feedback. 00:22:07.110 --> 00:22:10.980 In our courses, students get immediate feedback. 00:22:10.980 --> 00:22:13.170 Anytime they answer a question, 00:22:13.170 --> 00:22:15.900 it will provide that immediate feedback 00:22:15.900 --> 00:22:19.620 that we know is so important for learning. 00:22:19.620 --> 00:22:23.670 However, Khanmigo can also give immediate feedback as well. 00:22:23.670 --> 00:22:26.850 So this is the start of my essay. 00:22:26.850 --> 00:22:31.653 So I'm just gonna ask Khanmigo, can you give me feedback? 00:22:32.545 --> 00:22:37.170 Can you give me, and I'm gonna spell feedback wrong. 00:22:37.170 --> 00:22:42.033 So you can see that Khanmigo does not worry about spelling, 00:22:42.900 --> 00:22:45.180 which is a great thing for me. 00:22:45.180 --> 00:22:46.380 Sure thing, partner. 00:22:46.380 --> 00:22:47.730 You've made some solid points 00:22:47.730 --> 00:22:50.700 about how AI can help with focus, organization, 00:22:50.700 --> 00:22:53.850 and idea generation for improvement. 00:22:53.850 --> 00:22:57.270 Let's try to give specific examples or tell a story 00:22:57.270 --> 00:23:00.120 to make your argument more convincing. 00:23:00.120 --> 00:23:02.126 Like remember that time 00:23:02.126 --> 00:23:05.730 AI helped me structure my essay on dinosaurs? 00:23:05.730 --> 00:23:09.540 So Khanmigo is not telling me how to do it. 00:23:09.540 --> 00:23:11.370 It's not writing it for me. 00:23:11.370 --> 00:23:13.380 It's my thought partner 00:23:13.380 --> 00:23:15.870 and it's kind of like my trusty sidekick 00:23:15.870 --> 00:23:20.280 that's going to help me come up with ideas and thoughts 00:23:20.280 --> 00:23:24.810 to make the most amazing essay that I possibly can. 00:23:24.810 --> 00:23:27.423 So I love this feature on Khanmigo. 00:23:28.530 --> 00:23:32.010 Now, another thing that Khanmigo can do, 00:23:32.010 --> 00:23:35.250 it can support students in their home language. 00:23:35.250 --> 00:23:38.550 Khanmigo is designed with multilingual capabilities 00:23:38.550 --> 00:23:42.090 that support English, Spanish, as well as Portuguese. 00:23:42.090 --> 00:23:47.090 These features are incredible resources for our ELA students 00:23:49.470 --> 00:23:51.720 because it enables them to ask questions 00:23:51.720 --> 00:23:53.850 and learn in their home language. 00:23:53.850 --> 00:23:57.030 So I'm going to select another option. 00:23:57.030 --> 00:24:00.120 How about let's... 00:24:00.120 --> 00:24:02.040 Hmm. 00:24:02.040 --> 00:24:03.843 What should I do? What should I do? 00:24:05.430 --> 00:24:08.613 How about let's chat with a literary character? 00:24:09.690 --> 00:24:13.620 Now, although when a student selects one of the features, 00:24:13.620 --> 00:24:16.650 the initial prompts and speech bubbles from Khanmigo 00:24:16.650 --> 00:24:18.420 will not be translated. 00:24:18.420 --> 00:24:22.080 However, if a student writes to Khanmigo in their language, 00:24:22.080 --> 00:24:24.090 Khanmigo is going to respond to them 00:24:24.090 --> 00:24:26.280 in that selected language. 00:24:26.280 --> 00:24:30.213 So I'm going to type something to Khanmigo, 00:24:34.666 --> 00:24:35.833 and let's see. 00:24:37.020 --> 00:24:39.780 All right, it responds in Spanish. 00:24:39.780 --> 00:24:44.700 So another way students can change the language for Khanmigo 00:24:44.700 --> 00:24:46.980 is at the top of the page, 00:24:46.980 --> 00:24:48.931 there are gonna be these three buttons up here. 00:24:48.931 --> 00:24:52.683 Students can select it and select their preferences. 00:24:53.730 --> 00:24:56.430 And one of the preferences that they can select 00:24:56.430 --> 00:24:58.080 is the language. 00:24:58.080 --> 00:25:01.890 So if English is the automatic default language, 00:25:01.890 --> 00:25:05.040 but students can change it to Portuguese 00:25:05.040 --> 00:25:07.323 and they can change it to Spanish as well. 00:25:10.680 --> 00:25:12.840 So I love that feature. 00:25:12.840 --> 00:25:16.500 Another thing that Khanmigo can do on the teacher side 00:25:16.500 --> 00:25:20.880 is that let's say a teacher wants to write a letter home 00:25:20.880 --> 00:25:24.663 to a parent, but the parent speaks Portuguese, 00:25:26.910 --> 00:25:30.720 the teacher can ask Khanmigo to translate that letter 00:25:30.720 --> 00:25:35.720 to the parents in Portuguese or in Spanish. 00:25:35.760 --> 00:25:38.013 So it's super helpful that way as well. 00:25:39.270 --> 00:25:40.500 All right. 00:25:40.500 --> 00:25:43.680 Another feature that I want to share is, 00:25:43.680 --> 00:25:45.450 and I think this one, 00:25:45.450 --> 00:25:47.880 and maybe it's because I'm the mom of older children, 00:25:47.880 --> 00:25:51.030 I absolutely love this next feature 00:25:51.030 --> 00:25:53.880 because Khanmigo offers several tools 00:25:53.880 --> 00:25:56.610 that focus on post-secondary activities, 00:25:56.610 --> 00:25:58.800 which are designed to assist students 00:25:58.800 --> 00:26:02.220 in their transition to higher education 00:26:02.220 --> 00:26:04.290 as well as career planning. 00:26:04.290 --> 00:26:05.850 So I could ask Khanmigo 00:26:05.850 --> 00:26:08.790 to coach my academic and career growth. 00:26:08.790 --> 00:26:10.833 I can honestly, I could use that now. 00:26:12.449 --> 00:26:13.500 Why not? 00:26:13.500 --> 00:26:16.440 Or again, students can ask Khanmigo, 00:26:16.440 --> 00:26:19.950 let's navigate college admission and financial aid. 00:26:19.950 --> 00:26:21.423 So I'm gonna select that. 00:26:22.260 --> 00:26:24.390 So, great. 00:26:24.390 --> 00:26:27.330 Here, looking at the prompts, 00:26:27.330 --> 00:26:29.580 it says, how do I apply for college? 00:26:29.580 --> 00:26:32.910 What are different types of secondary education available? 00:26:32.910 --> 00:26:36.240 Or what factors should I consider when picking a college? 00:26:36.240 --> 00:26:38.430 These are all great questions. 00:26:38.430 --> 00:26:42.930 How about something that I know that most college students 00:26:42.930 --> 00:26:46.740 or high school students preparing to go to college 00:26:46.740 --> 00:26:51.740 like to ask are, how can I pay for college? 00:26:55.410 --> 00:26:57.630 I know that's something on the minds of students 00:26:57.630 --> 00:26:58.803 as well as parents. 00:26:59.940 --> 00:27:02.910 Paying for college can seem daunting, absolutely, 00:27:02.910 --> 00:27:05.340 but there are a few key resources that can help. 00:27:05.340 --> 00:27:10.320 Scholarships, grants, work study programs, 00:27:10.320 --> 00:27:13.050 loans, personal savings. 00:27:13.050 --> 00:27:16.080 Does this answer your question or can we move on? 00:27:16.080 --> 00:27:18.360 You know what, it does not answer my question 00:27:18.360 --> 00:27:21.210 because I don't know what a grant is. 00:27:21.210 --> 00:27:26.210 So I'm gonna say, what is a grant? 00:27:26.460 --> 00:27:27.360 I have no idea. 00:27:27.360 --> 00:27:31.560 I have a cousin named Grant, but that's the best I can do. 00:27:31.560 --> 00:27:33.690 A grant is a type of financial aid 00:27:33.690 --> 00:27:35.610 that you don't have to pay back. 00:27:35.610 --> 00:27:37.590 Ooh, winner. I love that. 00:27:37.590 --> 00:27:42.510 Grants are often need-based, meaning they are given out 00:27:42.510 --> 00:27:45.510 based on a family's financial situation, 00:27:45.510 --> 00:27:48.510 and it goes through all of the different features. 00:27:48.510 --> 00:27:51.843 Ooh, it brings up about the FAFSA. 00:27:55.126 --> 00:27:57.120 I don't know what that is. 00:27:57.120 --> 00:28:02.120 So I'm going to ask Khanmigo, what is this FAFSA? 00:28:02.400 --> 00:28:03.870 What is this called? 00:28:03.870 --> 00:28:06.630 F-A-F-S-A. 00:28:06.630 --> 00:28:09.840 Because remember, I'm in 10th grade or 11th grade, 00:28:09.840 --> 00:28:12.183 so I have no idea what these things are. 00:28:15.540 --> 00:28:18.990 It stands for Free Application for Federal Student Aid. 00:28:18.990 --> 00:28:20.087 Oh, okay. 00:28:20.087 --> 00:28:22.085 Great, great, great. 00:28:22.085 --> 00:28:23.190 Thank you. Thank you, Khanmigo. 00:28:23.190 --> 00:28:24.840 That is very, very helpful. 00:28:24.840 --> 00:28:28.050 So again, students can use this 00:28:28.050 --> 00:28:32.405 to help with that post-secondary exploration. 00:28:32.405 --> 00:28:36.750 They have guidance counselors, but realistically, 00:28:36.750 --> 00:28:40.230 how often are students able to visit a guidance counselor? 00:28:40.230 --> 00:28:42.750 They can work, be at home. 00:28:42.750 --> 00:28:45.270 They can do this, they can sit with a parent, 00:28:45.270 --> 00:28:46.950 they can go on Khanmigo 00:28:46.950 --> 00:28:49.530 and ask Khanmigo all types of questions, 00:28:49.530 --> 00:28:53.250 which will help educate them as well as parents. 00:28:53.250 --> 00:28:55.470 Now, I know I've been talking a lot 00:28:55.470 --> 00:28:57.990 about all of the great features 00:28:57.990 --> 00:29:00.360 that Khanmigo has for students, 00:29:00.360 --> 00:29:02.850 but I don't want us to forget about 00:29:02.850 --> 00:29:04.710 all of the amazing resources 00:29:04.710 --> 00:29:07.233 that are available for teachers as well. 00:29:08.070 --> 00:29:10.470 With our paid district partnership, 00:29:10.470 --> 00:29:13.260 students will be automatically rostered. 00:29:13.260 --> 00:29:16.050 So teachers have access to, 00:29:16.050 --> 00:29:18.840 this is one of my favorite things for teachers. 00:29:18.840 --> 00:29:21.210 It's called the Class Snapshot. 00:29:21.210 --> 00:29:24.570 So I'm gonna go ahead and select that. 00:29:24.570 --> 00:29:27.960 So the Class Snapshot gives teachers a quick overview 00:29:27.960 --> 00:29:31.620 of how students are performing in class on Khan Academy 00:29:31.620 --> 00:29:34.170 to help ensure that students are using the program 00:29:34.170 --> 00:29:37.170 with fidelity and that they're getting the support 00:29:37.170 --> 00:29:41.160 that they need that's necessary for them to be successful. 00:29:41.160 --> 00:29:44.070 So once I select that Class Snapshot feature, 00:29:44.070 --> 00:29:46.620 Khanmigo is gonna ask me which class. 00:29:46.620 --> 00:29:48.360 I could have multiple classes. 00:29:48.360 --> 00:29:50.943 So I'm gonna select my algebra class. 00:29:53.520 --> 00:29:54.480 All right. 00:29:54.480 --> 00:29:56.190 Once I select that, 00:29:56.190 --> 00:30:00.000 Khanmigo is going to give me lots of great information 00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:02.340 about how my students are performing. 00:30:02.340 --> 00:30:04.440 And it just gives me a high-level overview 00:30:04.440 --> 00:30:07.230 of their performance for the last seven days. 00:30:07.230 --> 00:30:10.800 And it's gonna highlight areas such as recent activity. 00:30:10.800 --> 00:30:13.380 What have my students been doing this week? 00:30:13.380 --> 00:30:16.849 Are they on track to hit their course mastery goals? 00:30:16.849 --> 00:30:19.290 Have they completed any assignments? 00:30:19.290 --> 00:30:21.390 What assignments are they working on? 00:30:21.390 --> 00:30:24.000 And what skills are they working on? 00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:26.070 How's their skill development going? 00:30:26.070 --> 00:30:29.610 It's also going to provide me these links 00:30:29.610 --> 00:30:33.442 that give me direct access to the reports 00:30:33.442 --> 00:30:38.370 that are in my class that I'm getting from Khan Academy. 00:30:38.370 --> 00:30:40.080 So I can always select that 00:30:40.080 --> 00:30:43.980 and it'll take me directly to these specific reports. 00:30:43.980 --> 00:30:48.451 Now, at the bottom, it's going to give me prompts 00:30:48.451 --> 00:30:53.451 which will help me learn about what my students are doing. 00:30:53.490 --> 00:30:56.640 So I can find out, what students should I celebrate 00:30:56.640 --> 00:30:58.987 with the work that they've done last week? 00:30:58.987 --> 00:31:00.840 Who needs a check-in? 00:31:00.840 --> 00:31:03.330 It lets me know what students are struggling. 00:31:03.330 --> 00:31:04.590 Give me a list of students 00:31:04.590 --> 00:31:07.830 who are 25% or more towards their mastery goal. 00:31:07.830 --> 00:31:10.560 I need to know who's progressing, who's not. 00:31:10.560 --> 00:31:13.380 And then this one, I think is my favorite 00:31:13.380 --> 00:31:16.080 because we all know the importance 00:31:16.080 --> 00:31:19.653 of small group instruction or skill-based group instruction, 00:31:19.653 --> 00:31:22.380 but we don't necessarily have the time 00:31:22.380 --> 00:31:24.360 to create those groups. 00:31:24.360 --> 00:31:27.180 With Khanmigo, does it instantly for me. 00:31:27.180 --> 00:31:31.791 So I can select Group my class by their recommendations. 00:31:31.791 --> 00:31:35.729 When I select that, Khanmigo, again, remember, 00:31:35.729 --> 00:31:38.520 my students are automatically rostered. 00:31:38.520 --> 00:31:40.853 So Khanmigo has access to my students 00:31:40.853 --> 00:31:43.590 and it's going to group them for me 00:31:43.590 --> 00:31:46.440 based on a course that I'm working on. 00:31:46.440 --> 00:31:50.820 So I can use all of these different features with Khanmigo. 00:31:50.820 --> 00:31:53.490 I can ask Khanmigo about a specific student. 00:31:53.490 --> 00:31:56.220 So I have my students over here. 00:31:56.220 --> 00:31:59.580 I can ask Khanmigo, 00:31:59.580 --> 00:32:04.580 can you create a report for Amanda? 00:32:10.920 --> 00:32:11.883 Let's see. 00:32:12.810 --> 00:32:15.030 Absolutely. Let's take a look. 00:32:15.030 --> 00:32:16.803 Here's Amanda's progress. 00:32:17.790 --> 00:32:20.220 And again, it's going to show me how Amanda's done 00:32:20.220 --> 00:32:21.633 the last seven weeks. 00:32:22.740 --> 00:32:26.340 And if let's say I had to go to a parent-teacher conference, 00:32:26.340 --> 00:32:27.930 I can just bring this with me. 00:32:27.930 --> 00:32:29.600 But wait. You know what? 00:32:29.600 --> 00:32:30.870 Amanda's mom speaks Spanish. 00:32:30.870 --> 00:32:35.570 Can you translate this to Spanish? 00:32:40.650 --> 00:32:41.483 Let's see. 00:32:43.890 --> 00:32:46.110 And it'll translate it for Spanish for me. 00:32:46.110 --> 00:32:49.050 So although Amanda's mom doesn't speak English, 00:32:49.050 --> 00:32:53.280 I can keep Amanda's mom informed of her progress 00:32:53.280 --> 00:32:56.220 on how she's doing in my course. 00:32:56.220 --> 00:32:58.590 So lots of great features. 00:32:58.590 --> 00:33:01.320 It just, it's super, super cool. 00:33:01.320 --> 00:33:05.762 So when teachers incorporate Khanmigo into the classroom, 00:33:05.762 --> 00:33:09.059 it's like a teaching assistant. 00:33:09.059 --> 00:33:11.040 It's the teaching assistant I've always wanted, 00:33:11.040 --> 00:33:13.950 and it's an absolute game changer for teachers 00:33:13.950 --> 00:33:15.570 as well as students. 00:33:15.570 --> 00:33:18.993 So I am going to pass this back to Diona. 00:33:20.010 --> 00:33:21.540 Thank you so much for your time 00:33:21.540 --> 00:33:26.540 and letting me share all of these incredible features today. 00:33:26.550 --> 00:33:28.710 - Well, thank you. Thank you, Michele. 00:33:28.710 --> 00:33:32.400 And so with everything that we've talked about, 00:33:32.400 --> 00:33:34.920 you're probably trying to think about, you know, 00:33:34.920 --> 00:33:36.900 how is teaching and learning gonna adapt 00:33:36.900 --> 00:33:39.420 as AI becomes prevalent? 00:33:39.420 --> 00:33:43.140 Well, one of the things we do want to highlight with you 00:33:43.140 --> 00:33:45.180 that it's gonna be very important 00:33:45.180 --> 00:33:48.120 that you establish guidelines for plagiarism 00:33:48.120 --> 00:33:51.244 and clearly communicate that to students. 00:33:51.244 --> 00:33:53.460 Students should understand 00:33:53.460 --> 00:33:56.700 that original work is going to be important. 00:33:56.700 --> 00:34:00.930 And if they do use AI, they need to cite the sources. 00:34:00.930 --> 00:34:04.950 And they should also understand that they should only use AI 00:34:04.950 --> 00:34:09.640 if the assignment allows it or it's required to use it. 00:34:09.640 --> 00:34:13.562 And as part of our paid district partnership, 00:34:13.562 --> 00:34:16.860 you can receive support around planning 00:34:16.860 --> 00:34:19.350 and sharing what those guidelines would be 00:34:19.350 --> 00:34:22.263 so that you can share them to all of your stakeholders. 00:34:26.341 --> 00:34:31.341 So with AI being new and as well as with Khanmigo, 00:34:31.890 --> 00:34:34.140 it is so much to learn. 00:34:34.140 --> 00:34:36.802 And so on behalf of Khan Academy, 00:34:36.802 --> 00:34:39.870 we want to share a couple of resources with you. 00:34:39.870 --> 00:34:41.790 So on our Khan Academy website, 00:34:41.790 --> 00:34:45.000 you are going to find Khan for Educators, 00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:47.160 which is a teacher support course 00:34:47.160 --> 00:34:50.490 that includes a unit on Khanmigo, 00:34:50.490 --> 00:34:53.313 and it has some videos on there as well. 00:34:54.210 --> 00:34:55.410 And then we also have 00:34:55.410 --> 00:34:58.740 a short but powerful AI education course 00:34:58.740 --> 00:35:01.200 located in our course library 00:35:01.200 --> 00:35:04.680 that we encourage you to check out as well. 00:35:04.680 --> 00:35:08.190 And we are gonna share the links to both of those 00:35:08.190 --> 00:35:12.243 in a follow-up email after this presentation. 00:35:14.970 --> 00:35:19.970 So from moving barriers to supporting student learning, 00:35:20.597 --> 00:35:24.066 also imagine your students getting 00:35:24.066 --> 00:35:27.480 that in-the-moment support and feedback, 00:35:27.480 --> 00:35:29.460 especially during those times 00:35:29.460 --> 00:35:32.280 when you are busy with your other teacher tasks. 00:35:32.280 --> 00:35:34.353 Well, Khanmigo provides that. 00:35:35.340 --> 00:35:38.010 As Michele just highlighted, 00:35:38.010 --> 00:35:40.710 if you want to be able to track your students' progress 00:35:40.710 --> 00:35:42.690 and have data at your fingertips 00:35:42.690 --> 00:35:44.880 to share with your students and your parents 00:35:44.880 --> 00:35:46.680 and if you are a classroom teacher, 00:35:46.680 --> 00:35:48.450 even with your administrators, 00:35:48.450 --> 00:35:51.180 when you become a paid district partner, 00:35:51.180 --> 00:35:54.390 Khanmigo and Khan Academy has you covered 00:35:54.390 --> 00:35:56.070 in that area as well. 00:35:56.070 --> 00:35:59.822 So the only thing left to do is just try it out. 00:35:59.822 --> 00:36:02.610 There's a link that you see on this screen, 00:36:02.610 --> 00:36:04.830 but don't try to write it down 00:36:04.830 --> 00:36:06.630 because it's gonna be emailed to you 00:36:06.630 --> 00:36:08.400 after this presentation. 00:36:08.400 --> 00:36:11.440 So please be on the lookout for a follow-up email 00:36:11.440 --> 00:36:15.615 that's gonna have links to some resources 00:36:15.615 --> 00:36:19.800 as well as the recording of this presentation. 00:36:19.800 --> 00:36:24.570 So with that, we thank you so, so much for joining us today 00:36:24.570 --> 00:36:26.820 and we hope you have a great rest of your day 00:36:26.820 --> 00:36:29.250 as well as the great rest of your week. 00:36:29.250 --> 00:36:31.800 So take care and feel free to reach out 00:36:31.800 --> 00:36:34.080 if you have any questions. 00:36:34.080 --> 00:36:35.580 - Thank you so much. 00:36:35.580 --> 00:36:38.850 Have a great day, everybody. Thank you. 00:36:38.850 --> 00:36:40.203 - Thank you so much. 00:36:44.160 --> 00:36:47.613 - Happy learning. Have fun with Khanmigo. 00:36:58.176 --> 00:37:01.560 - All right. Take care, everyone. 00:37:01.560 --> 00:37:03.693 - Have a wonderful Wednesday. 00:37:04.530 --> 00:37:05.883 Happy hump day. 00:37:23.010 --> 00:37:23.843 See you later.

Introducing Khan Academy’s Magical AI Tool for Teachers: Khanmigo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycBI3fJSbz8

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.360 --> 00:00:02.400 - I am Deanna Klingman. 00:00:02.400 --> 00:00:06.780 I am a professional learning specialist with Khan Academy. 00:00:06.780 --> 00:00:08.670 - Hello, everyone, my name is Stacie Johnson. 00:00:08.670 --> 00:00:11.040 I lead professional learning for Khan Academy. 00:00:11.040 --> 00:00:15.660 - Today we are going to explore how Khanmigo can support you 00:00:15.660 --> 00:00:17.250 and save you time. 00:00:17.250 --> 00:00:20.070 So whether you already have Khanmigo 00:00:20.070 --> 00:00:21.690 and are looking for some tips, 00:00:21.690 --> 00:00:23.520 or maybe you're just wondering, 00:00:23.520 --> 00:00:26.280 what is Khanmigo and how can it help you? 00:00:26.280 --> 00:00:27.113 We are here, 00:00:27.113 --> 00:00:28.740 we're here to talk to you about that today 00:00:28.740 --> 00:00:30.600 and we have you covered. 00:00:30.600 --> 00:00:32.220 Right, so as we know right now, 00:00:32.220 --> 00:00:33.990 AI is all around us. 00:00:33.990 --> 00:00:35.730 There are several tools on the market 00:00:35.730 --> 00:00:37.800 that's designed to support teachers. 00:00:37.800 --> 00:00:39.822 So you're probably asking, 00:00:39.822 --> 00:00:42.330 what makes Khanmigo so different? 00:00:42.330 --> 00:00:44.430 So we keep accuracy, safety, 00:00:44.430 --> 00:00:46.380 and responsible data management 00:00:46.380 --> 00:00:49.230 at the forefront of every decision that we make. 00:00:49.230 --> 00:00:51.540 We're also adhering to those national 00:00:51.540 --> 00:00:53.280 and regional guidelines 00:00:53.280 --> 00:00:56.610 so that the learners, as well as the teachers, 00:00:56.610 --> 00:00:58.680 have the best experience. 00:00:58.680 --> 00:00:59.610 More than that, 00:00:59.610 --> 00:01:03.090 the one thing that I really love about Khanmigo 00:01:03.090 --> 00:01:05.370 is that it's designed to also work 00:01:05.370 --> 00:01:07.740 with the Khan Academy content, 00:01:07.740 --> 00:01:09.540 so now you as an educator 00:01:09.540 --> 00:01:12.450 have a comprehensive suite of resources 00:01:12.450 --> 00:01:15.270 that's going to support your lesson planning, 00:01:15.270 --> 00:01:16.770 data analysis, 00:01:16.770 --> 00:01:19.920 and just resources that are going to allow you 00:01:19.920 --> 00:01:23.943 to be able to tailor to the needs of your students. 00:01:24.930 --> 00:01:27.510 Headlines, we've all seen them. 00:01:27.510 --> 00:01:30.060 And so as you continue to see these headlines, 00:01:30.060 --> 00:01:33.090 we know that you have a wide range of emotions, 00:01:33.090 --> 00:01:35.190 as we just kind of talked about before, 00:01:35.190 --> 00:01:37.320 from excitement to apprehension, 00:01:37.320 --> 00:01:39.870 and we wanna acknowledge those feelings. 00:01:39.870 --> 00:01:42.840 AI has some exhilarating potential, 00:01:42.840 --> 00:01:46.590 is revolutionizing fields like healthcare, 00:01:46.590 --> 00:01:48.753 communication, and education. 00:01:49.620 --> 00:01:54.210 However, we do know that there are some concerns around AI, 00:01:54.210 --> 00:01:58.140 concerns about job displacement, privacy, 00:01:58.140 --> 00:02:00.270 and some ethical considerations, 00:02:00.270 --> 00:02:02.373 and these are valid emotions. 00:02:03.570 --> 00:02:07.080 However, it is important to separate fact from fiction. 00:02:07.080 --> 00:02:08.550 So AI is a tool, 00:02:08.550 --> 00:02:11.400 it's not meant to replace that human interaction 00:02:11.400 --> 00:02:13.320 that we know is very important, 00:02:13.320 --> 00:02:16.713 is designed to assist, not to take over. 00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:19.380 Here at Khan Academy, 00:02:19.380 --> 00:02:21.120 the way we use AI, 00:02:21.120 --> 00:02:24.030 we talk about it as a way to support the teacher, 00:02:24.030 --> 00:02:25.950 not replace the teacher. 00:02:25.950 --> 00:02:28.830 It's gonna help you, as a teacher, save time, 00:02:28.830 --> 00:02:30.510 help you tailor your lessons, 00:02:30.510 --> 00:02:33.900 and expedite planning so you can do what you do best, 00:02:33.900 --> 00:02:36.123 and we know that's working with students. 00:02:37.207 --> 00:02:39.690 "We are at the cusp of using AI 00:02:39.690 --> 00:02:42.540 for probably the biggest transformation 00:02:42.540 --> 00:02:44.850 that education has ever seen. 00:02:44.850 --> 00:02:47.430 We're going to give every teacher on the planet 00:02:47.430 --> 00:02:51.750 an amazing artificially intelligent teaching assistant." 00:02:51.750 --> 00:02:55.143 That is a quote directly from our leader, Sal Khan. 00:02:56.310 --> 00:02:58.470 As a nonprofit organization, 00:02:58.470 --> 00:03:01.410 we see it as our duty to explore AI's potential 00:03:01.410 --> 00:03:03.360 for education's future. 00:03:03.360 --> 00:03:06.960 We believe AI can positively transform learning, 00:03:06.960 --> 00:03:09.870 but we're also aware of some of those risks, right? 00:03:09.870 --> 00:03:13.050 We're focused on ensuring AI's benefits, 00:03:13.050 --> 00:03:16.410 making sure that it's shared equally across society, 00:03:16.410 --> 00:03:19.240 and we're committed to those ethical 00:03:20.671 --> 00:03:23.373 and responsible development process. 00:03:25.140 --> 00:03:27.540 We also wanna be very transparent 00:03:27.540 --> 00:03:30.180 in this presentation about cost. 00:03:30.180 --> 00:03:32.160 We know most of you are wondering, 00:03:32.160 --> 00:03:33.870 okay, well how much does it cost? 00:03:33.870 --> 00:03:36.360 And who can use Khanmigo? 00:03:36.360 --> 00:03:38.910 Teachers, parents, adult learners, 00:03:38.910 --> 00:03:41.880 and school districts can all get Khanmigo. 00:03:41.880 --> 00:03:44.730 On the screen, you do see some prices there, 00:03:44.730 --> 00:03:46.620 and at the end of this presentation, 00:03:46.620 --> 00:03:49.110 we're gonna make sure that you get more information 00:03:49.110 --> 00:03:52.113 about how to access and purchase Khanmigo. 00:03:54.270 --> 00:03:58.530 Most of the times we get specific questions around Khanmigo, 00:03:58.530 --> 00:04:02.070 and so we wanna address a few of those right now. 00:04:02.070 --> 00:04:05.190 First, we know that Khan Academy is known 00:04:05.190 --> 00:04:07.920 for providing a free world-class education, 00:04:07.920 --> 00:04:12.450 but we do have to charge for Khanmigo 00:04:12.450 --> 00:04:14.460 because we have to cover the fees 00:04:14.460 --> 00:04:17.850 that we have to pay for GPT-4. 00:04:17.850 --> 00:04:20.850 In order for a teacher to give their students access, 00:04:20.850 --> 00:04:24.480 the teacher must be a part of a district partnership 00:04:24.480 --> 00:04:27.063 as a way to prioritize student safety. 00:04:28.260 --> 00:04:31.200 We'll have more information on the partnerships 00:04:31.200 --> 00:04:33.390 later in this presentation. 00:04:33.390 --> 00:04:36.330 If you are a homeschooling parent, 00:04:36.330 --> 00:04:40.710 you can only get access for your child only. 00:04:40.710 --> 00:04:43.600 And we would love to have a free trial 00:04:45.210 --> 00:04:47.070 for educators who would like to, 00:04:47.070 --> 00:04:49.950 however, we do have some technical limitations 00:04:49.950 --> 00:04:52.443 that prevent that option at this time. 00:04:53.520 --> 00:04:55.080 So you might be wondering, 00:04:55.080 --> 00:04:57.210 where the name Khanmigo comes from? 00:04:57.210 --> 00:05:01.920 We've combined our name Khan with the Spanish word Amigo, 00:05:01.920 --> 00:05:04.590 which now gives you a creative co-pilot 00:05:04.590 --> 00:05:06.720 that's gonna work alongside with you, 00:05:06.720 --> 00:05:08.160 and it has a very welcoming 00:05:08.160 --> 00:05:11.580 and supporting presence available 00:05:11.580 --> 00:05:14.193 as you are going through your Khan Academy journey. 00:05:15.060 --> 00:05:17.030 - All right, so with that, 00:05:17.030 --> 00:05:22.030 it is time to jump into Khanmigo. 00:05:22.110 --> 00:05:24.270 So I'm gonna be working in the platform today, 00:05:24.270 --> 00:05:26.490 walking you through some of the things 00:05:26.490 --> 00:05:27.780 that you can see, experience, 00:05:27.780 --> 00:05:30.060 and what it might be like to use this 00:05:30.060 --> 00:05:32.640 with students in the classroom. 00:05:32.640 --> 00:05:35.310 So I just logged in to my Khan Academy account 00:05:35.310 --> 00:05:38.130 and this page is the first page that pops up. 00:05:38.130 --> 00:05:40.470 This is our AI Activities page. 00:05:40.470 --> 00:05:42.240 There is lots of stuff here, 00:05:42.240 --> 00:05:44.940 and we're gonna dig into a few of these in a little bit, 00:05:44.940 --> 00:05:46.530 but I want you to just first notice 00:05:46.530 --> 00:05:49.830 that there are activities here that support teachers. 00:05:49.830 --> 00:05:52.350 We can look at how our students are doing in Khan Academy 00:05:52.350 --> 00:05:53.910 with a class snapshot. 00:05:53.910 --> 00:05:55.440 We can refresh our knowledge, 00:05:55.440 --> 00:05:57.120 co-create a rubric, 00:05:57.120 --> 00:05:59.550 even chat with chat GPT-4. 00:05:59.550 --> 00:06:01.290 There are also some activities down here 00:06:01.290 --> 00:06:03.870 that allow you to take the seat of a learner, 00:06:03.870 --> 00:06:05.610 and we're gonna dig into all of that. 00:06:05.610 --> 00:06:07.350 But there is lots of stuff here 00:06:07.350 --> 00:06:09.690 and I just want you to notice right out of the gate 00:06:09.690 --> 00:06:13.263 how much you have at your fingertips with Khanmigo. 00:06:14.970 --> 00:06:17.040 We do have this AI Activities page, 00:06:17.040 --> 00:06:18.960 but my favorite part, 00:06:18.960 --> 00:06:21.660 the real power in my mind of Khanmigo, 00:06:21.660 --> 00:06:25.020 is using Khanmigo with our courses. 00:06:25.020 --> 00:06:27.300 So I'm gonna go up here in this top left-hand menu 00:06:27.300 --> 00:06:29.277 of our screen in Khan Academy 00:06:29.277 --> 00:06:31.410 and I'm gonna open up the Courses menu. 00:06:31.410 --> 00:06:33.840 And what you see here, if you're not already familiar, 00:06:33.840 --> 00:06:36.510 we have courses in mathematics, science, 00:06:36.510 --> 00:06:37.800 arts and humanities. 00:06:37.800 --> 00:06:40.200 If you're looking for middle school science 00:06:40.200 --> 00:06:41.730 or high school history, 00:06:41.730 --> 00:06:45.900 we have courses that tailor to all of those needs. 00:06:45.900 --> 00:06:47.520 So Khanmigo, 00:06:47.520 --> 00:06:50.490 what makes Khanmigo different is that it partners 00:06:50.490 --> 00:06:54.150 with this already well-known high-quality content 00:06:54.150 --> 00:06:57.150 to really create a comprehensive learning path 00:06:57.150 --> 00:06:59.520 and support for all students. 00:06:59.520 --> 00:07:01.800 So I'm gonna show you what that looks like 00:07:01.800 --> 00:07:05.280 by jumping into our middle school biology class. 00:07:05.280 --> 00:07:07.533 I'm gonna go into middle school biology, 00:07:08.430 --> 00:07:09.510 and what we see here, 00:07:09.510 --> 00:07:11.670 we have all of these units on the left-hand side. 00:07:11.670 --> 00:07:14.430 So this has the same sort of arrangement as a textbook. 00:07:14.430 --> 00:07:15.690 This is a course 00:07:15.690 --> 00:07:18.300 and each course is made up of a series of units. 00:07:18.300 --> 00:07:20.040 I'm gonna scroll down here. 00:07:20.040 --> 00:07:22.530 On this screen, we can see the units here too. 00:07:22.530 --> 00:07:25.680 And each unit is made up of lessons. 00:07:25.680 --> 00:07:27.690 I'm gonna jump into the first lesson here, 00:07:27.690 --> 00:07:29.103 cells and organisms. 00:07:30.720 --> 00:07:33.960 And what we see here is that we have all sorts of content 00:07:33.960 --> 00:07:35.040 to support learners. 00:07:35.040 --> 00:07:39.210 We have videos, articles, and exercises. 00:07:39.210 --> 00:07:40.537 So I'm gonna go into an exercise. 00:07:40.537 --> 00:07:43.560 I'm gonna be working with my students next week 00:07:43.560 --> 00:07:46.410 on understanding cells and organisms. 00:07:46.410 --> 00:07:48.840 And Khanmigo is down here in the corner. 00:07:48.840 --> 00:07:49.740 So if I'm getting ready 00:07:49.740 --> 00:07:52.170 to teach this content to my students, 00:07:52.170 --> 00:07:53.520 I'm gonna open up Khanmigo. 00:07:55.470 --> 00:07:57.510 And as a teacher, 00:07:57.510 --> 00:07:59.550 it has several different prompts here 00:07:59.550 --> 00:08:03.870 that I can use to support my instruction and my planning. 00:08:03.870 --> 00:08:05.850 So the first that I wanna do is, 00:08:05.850 --> 00:08:08.340 how might I explain this concept to my students? 00:08:08.340 --> 00:08:11.220 What does it mean to teach cells and organisms 00:08:11.220 --> 00:08:13.350 and making sure students understand that? 00:08:13.350 --> 00:08:16.470 So I'm going to click here to help me explain this concept, 00:08:16.470 --> 00:08:19.020 open that up a little bit bigger so you can see it. 00:08:20.425 --> 00:08:22.470 And Khanmigo is gonna give me some ideas 00:08:22.470 --> 00:08:25.560 of how I might talk to my students 00:08:25.560 --> 00:08:27.630 about cells and organisms. 00:08:27.630 --> 00:08:29.580 Quite an explanation here. 00:08:29.580 --> 00:08:31.320 So we start up with like, hey, kiddos, 00:08:31.320 --> 00:08:34.110 today we're going to talk about something super cool, 00:08:34.110 --> 00:08:35.553 cells and organisms! 00:08:36.660 --> 00:08:37.590 But maybe I was looking 00:08:37.590 --> 00:08:38.940 for something a little bit different. 00:08:38.940 --> 00:08:40.560 I'm gonna ask Khanmigo, 00:08:40.560 --> 00:08:45.090 can you help me write a catchy poem, 00:08:45.090 --> 00:08:45.923 oops, 00:08:48.240 --> 00:08:51.093 about this for my students? 00:08:54.750 --> 00:08:56.450 See what Khanmigo comes back with. 00:08:58.346 --> 00:08:59.550 Loves the idea of a poem. 00:08:59.550 --> 00:09:01.590 Cells, cells, they're really swell. 00:09:01.590 --> 00:09:03.900 In every organism, they do dwell. 00:09:03.900 --> 00:09:07.980 So we can ask Khanmigo for different takes on things, 00:09:07.980 --> 00:09:09.870 different pieces of information 00:09:09.870 --> 00:09:11.370 so that we can present this to students 00:09:11.370 --> 00:09:13.410 in a way that feels relevant 00:09:13.410 --> 00:09:16.680 and tied to what we are already doing in instruction. 00:09:16.680 --> 00:09:19.500 So I love this because it really helps me not only think 00:09:19.500 --> 00:09:22.440 about what content might I deliver to students, 00:09:22.440 --> 00:09:25.290 I have that great Khan Academy content here, 00:09:25.290 --> 00:09:27.720 but I can use Khanmigo to help me think 00:09:27.720 --> 00:09:30.333 about how I deliver that to my students. 00:09:31.170 --> 00:09:32.640 I'm just gonna refresh this chat, 00:09:32.640 --> 00:09:34.860 go right back to the beginning, 00:09:34.860 --> 00:09:37.380 and maybe now I wanna walk through this exercise. 00:09:37.380 --> 00:09:39.480 So remember we're here in this exercise 00:09:39.480 --> 00:09:41.280 asking some questions. 00:09:41.280 --> 00:09:42.720 And I have this exercise 00:09:42.720 --> 00:09:44.610 that's just gonna be presented to students. 00:09:44.610 --> 00:09:46.290 What are all organisms made up of? 00:09:46.290 --> 00:09:48.090 A single cell, many cells, 00:09:48.090 --> 00:09:49.590 one or more cells. 00:09:49.590 --> 00:09:52.560 So I can open up Khanmigo as a teacher 00:09:52.560 --> 00:09:54.813 and have it walk me through the exercise. 00:09:56.100 --> 00:09:57.303 Let's see what it says. 00:09:59.190 --> 00:10:01.050 Maybe I'm working on making sure that I understand this. 00:10:01.050 --> 00:10:03.693 Maybe I'm doing this with my kids' whole class. 00:10:04.800 --> 00:10:06.120 It tells me here, 00:10:06.120 --> 00:10:08.220 this is the example of what students see, 00:10:08.220 --> 00:10:09.660 here's the answer choices, 00:10:09.660 --> 00:10:11.700 and it tells me what the answer is. 00:10:11.700 --> 00:10:13.680 So if I'm reviewing content 00:10:13.680 --> 00:10:15.210 that I haven't seen in a little while 00:10:15.210 --> 00:10:17.160 or I'm doing a math concept, 00:10:17.160 --> 00:10:19.230 I don't have the time to break out the paper and pencil, 00:10:19.230 --> 00:10:21.540 that's here as a support for me. 00:10:21.540 --> 00:10:23.190 Now, as a teacher, 00:10:23.190 --> 00:10:25.320 you have this little toggle up here. 00:10:25.320 --> 00:10:27.870 Right now I'm in teacher mode, 00:10:27.870 --> 00:10:29.940 and in teacher mode, 00:10:29.940 --> 00:10:31.650 I'm going to get this support. 00:10:31.650 --> 00:10:33.963 It's talking to me like I'm a teacher, 00:10:34.800 --> 00:10:38.100 so I have this support of getting the answer, 00:10:38.100 --> 00:10:41.430 walking through exactly what's explained. 00:10:41.430 --> 00:10:44.970 But if I turn that off and I go into student mode, 00:10:44.970 --> 00:10:46.980 Khanmigo is going to support me 00:10:46.980 --> 00:10:49.200 much more like a Socratic tutor, 00:10:49.200 --> 00:10:51.990 putting the ownership of learning back on me 00:10:51.990 --> 00:10:53.430 as the learner and the student. 00:10:53.430 --> 00:10:55.320 So in student mode, 00:10:55.320 --> 00:10:57.900 Khanmigo is not going to provide answers. 00:10:57.900 --> 00:10:59.600 So I want you to think about this. 00:11:00.780 --> 00:11:04.560 And if you had this in your classroom as a teacher, 00:11:04.560 --> 00:11:07.500 how might you be able to turn on student mode 00:11:07.500 --> 00:11:09.810 and maybe project this onto the whiteboard, 00:11:09.810 --> 00:11:11.790 pull it up on the smart board, 00:11:11.790 --> 00:11:14.970 and turn student mode on to engage students 00:11:14.970 --> 00:11:17.070 in a new and exciting way, 00:11:17.070 --> 00:11:18.810 maybe something that they haven't seen before 00:11:18.810 --> 00:11:20.610 that might be exciting to them. 00:11:20.610 --> 00:11:23.310 We're gonna talk more about that in just a little bit. 00:11:24.390 --> 00:11:25.950 With that, I'm gonna jump over 00:11:25.950 --> 00:11:28.500 and show you another one of my favorite activities. 00:11:28.500 --> 00:11:30.940 I'm gonna go back to this AI Activities page 00:11:32.460 --> 00:11:35.220 and I'm going to open up Class Snapshot. 00:11:35.220 --> 00:11:36.870 Before I do that, 00:11:36.870 --> 00:11:39.480 we already mentioned that using Khanmigo 00:11:39.480 --> 00:11:43.260 alongside our courses and content, remember that's up here, 00:11:43.260 --> 00:11:46.830 so using Khanmigo with algebra one, algebra two, 00:11:46.830 --> 00:11:48.630 middle school physics, 00:11:48.630 --> 00:11:50.700 is really what makes Khanmigo different 00:11:50.700 --> 00:11:53.580 and makes it stand apart from other tools on the market. 00:11:53.580 --> 00:11:55.230 So if you are using Khanmigo 00:11:55.230 --> 00:11:57.540 or you're interested in using Khanmigo, 00:11:57.540 --> 00:12:00.150 students should also be working in Khan Academy 00:12:00.150 --> 00:12:02.400 and learning in those Khan Academy courses. 00:12:02.400 --> 00:12:03.540 You can set your students up 00:12:03.540 --> 00:12:05.220 with mastery goals and assignments 00:12:05.220 --> 00:12:07.230 so that they are working on content 00:12:07.230 --> 00:12:10.440 that mirrors what you're already doing in the classroom. 00:12:10.440 --> 00:12:11.310 If you haven't checked it out, 00:12:11.310 --> 00:12:13.410 definitely jump into the courses and find a course 00:12:13.410 --> 00:12:16.440 and maybe explore it on your own to see what's here. 00:12:16.440 --> 00:12:19.140 But imagine for a second we've already done that. 00:12:19.140 --> 00:12:20.340 We've gotten our kids set up, 00:12:20.340 --> 00:12:22.410 they're working in Khan Academy, 00:12:22.410 --> 00:12:25.473 and now as a teacher I have Khanmigo. 00:12:26.340 --> 00:12:27.960 Rather than going in and having to look 00:12:27.960 --> 00:12:30.300 at how every single one of my students has done 00:12:30.300 --> 00:12:32.850 and what they're working on in Khan Academy, 00:12:32.850 --> 00:12:35.160 I'm gonna open up Class Snapshot 00:12:35.160 --> 00:12:36.750 and I'm gonna go into one of my courses. 00:12:36.750 --> 00:12:38.850 I'm gonna check out my algebra one course. 00:12:39.961 --> 00:12:41.880 I'm gonna open that up, 00:12:41.880 --> 00:12:43.410 gonna give it a second, 00:12:43.410 --> 00:12:48.330 and I want you to take a look at what Class Snapshot can do. 00:12:48.330 --> 00:12:50.700 So it's pulling data for the last seven days. 00:12:50.700 --> 00:12:52.800 Now, my class has not been very active, 00:12:52.800 --> 00:12:55.980 but we know y'all are gonna have much more active students. 00:12:55.980 --> 00:12:58.440 What you're seeing here is the activity 00:12:58.440 --> 00:13:00.720 and the performance of your class. 00:13:00.720 --> 00:13:02.520 So I'm seeing the activity of my students. 00:13:02.520 --> 00:13:05.160 I had a goal that they were gonna work for 30 minutes. 00:13:05.160 --> 00:13:06.900 My class is a little behind the curve, 00:13:06.900 --> 00:13:09.420 they've only done an average of two minutes. 00:13:09.420 --> 00:13:12.600 I see the assignments and how my class is doing, 00:13:12.600 --> 00:13:14.430 their average exercise performance, 00:13:14.430 --> 00:13:16.170 quizzes, tests, 00:13:16.170 --> 00:13:17.940 and how they're doing on their skills. 00:13:17.940 --> 00:13:20.220 So imagine my students are working 00:13:20.220 --> 00:13:22.380 through their algebra one course, 00:13:22.380 --> 00:13:25.230 and in a snap, I can open up Khanmigo 00:13:25.230 --> 00:13:28.440 and I can get this snapshot to see quick glance, 00:13:28.440 --> 00:13:30.330 how are my students doing? 00:13:30.330 --> 00:13:33.240 This is really powerful information 00:13:33.240 --> 00:13:35.370 that makes it a whole lot easier 00:13:35.370 --> 00:13:38.370 for me to get a comprehensive view of my class's progress. 00:13:38.370 --> 00:13:40.500 I understand where my class stands 00:13:40.500 --> 00:13:42.270 in terms of learning objectives. 00:13:42.270 --> 00:13:45.210 I can identify areas where my students are excelling 00:13:45.210 --> 00:13:47.370 and maybe where we have some more opportunities 00:13:47.370 --> 00:13:49.590 for growth and extra instruction. 00:13:49.590 --> 00:13:53.580 So I love this because it saves us time 00:13:53.580 --> 00:13:56.490 by giving us a consolidated view of class progress. 00:13:56.490 --> 00:13:59.370 Totally takes away the need from manual tracking 00:13:59.370 --> 00:14:01.500 and looking at each individual student. 00:14:01.500 --> 00:14:02.760 I can always dig in, right? 00:14:02.760 --> 00:14:05.130 I can always go take a closer look at a student, 00:14:05.130 --> 00:14:08.010 but this makes it really easy for me to dig in 00:14:08.010 --> 00:14:10.080 and get that nitty-gritty information 00:14:10.080 --> 00:14:11.680 about how my students are doing. 00:14:12.990 --> 00:14:15.930 So after we get the class snapshot, 00:14:15.930 --> 00:14:18.810 what I really love are some options for student grouping, 00:14:18.810 --> 00:14:22.260 because it's one thing to have this data, 00:14:22.260 --> 00:14:24.270 it's another thing to know what to do with it 00:14:24.270 --> 00:14:25.800 and how we're gonna respond 00:14:25.800 --> 00:14:29.970 and how that data is going to be used to drive instruction. 00:14:29.970 --> 00:14:31.470 So we might ask Khanmigo, 00:14:31.470 --> 00:14:34.620 which students need to be celebrated for their work? 00:14:34.620 --> 00:14:37.500 Students need that pat on the back as much as we do. 00:14:37.500 --> 00:14:39.390 We might ask, who needs a check-in 00:14:39.390 --> 00:14:41.310 about their skills progress for the week? 00:14:41.310 --> 00:14:43.590 Or who's a little ahead of the curve 00:14:43.590 --> 00:14:47.340 and they're doing better than 25% on their mastery goal? 00:14:47.340 --> 00:14:50.760 But what I wanna show you is how we can group the class 00:14:50.760 --> 00:14:52.440 by their recommendations. 00:14:52.440 --> 00:14:55.083 So if students have been working on this content, 00:14:56.010 --> 00:14:59.790 how can we take those students and make groups? 00:14:59.790 --> 00:15:01.443 So I'm gonna open up this tool, 00:15:03.360 --> 00:15:05.313 let's see what it comes back with. 00:15:10.110 --> 00:15:12.480 All right, check it out. 00:15:12.480 --> 00:15:14.040 Here's my students' names 00:15:14.040 --> 00:15:16.260 and a list of the concepts and skills 00:15:16.260 --> 00:15:17.910 that they need to work on. 00:15:17.910 --> 00:15:18.900 So I have Chelsea 00:15:18.900 --> 00:15:21.060 that needs to work on this set of recommendations, 00:15:21.060 --> 00:15:23.070 and I have a whole group of kiddos 00:15:23.070 --> 00:15:25.350 that need to work on these skills here. 00:15:25.350 --> 00:15:26.460 So what this has done, 00:15:26.460 --> 00:15:28.470 I mean, in a world past, 00:15:28.470 --> 00:15:30.240 I would have to look at every student, 00:15:30.240 --> 00:15:32.490 how they're doing on their skills, 00:15:32.490 --> 00:15:35.010 figure out where they are in those skills, 00:15:35.010 --> 00:15:36.780 make groups, 00:15:36.780 --> 00:15:38.430 and this has done that for me, right? 00:15:38.430 --> 00:15:39.780 It's taking all of that data, 00:15:39.780 --> 00:15:41.610 it's allowing you to make student groups, 00:15:41.610 --> 00:15:44.130 which is super empowering, saving time, 00:15:44.130 --> 00:15:45.480 and now I know what I'm doing tomorrow. 00:15:45.480 --> 00:15:46.830 I'm gonna grab those students. 00:15:46.830 --> 00:15:48.330 I'm gonna grab Chelsea, pull her to the back, 00:15:48.330 --> 00:15:49.680 get some chart paper, 00:15:49.680 --> 00:15:51.090 and we're gonna talk about 00:15:51.090 --> 00:15:52.620 relating division and multiplication 00:15:52.620 --> 00:15:54.270 and how those go together. 00:15:54.270 --> 00:15:56.130 I can then even go back into my class 00:15:56.130 --> 00:15:57.390 and assign that content, 00:15:57.390 --> 00:16:00.720 again, from those Khan Academy courses. 00:16:00.720 --> 00:16:03.750 So Khanmigo and Khan Academy, they go hand in hand. 00:16:03.750 --> 00:16:07.230 And again, that's really what sets this tool apart. 00:16:07.230 --> 00:16:10.200 It's not just a stand-alone AI tool, 00:16:10.200 --> 00:16:13.920 it's a tool that complements curriculum and content 00:16:13.920 --> 00:16:15.243 in a really powerful way. 00:16:17.400 --> 00:16:19.470 All right, so with that, 00:16:19.470 --> 00:16:21.900 we're gonna jump into some of these other activities, 00:16:21.900 --> 00:16:23.550 and I think you're gonna be really excited 00:16:23.550 --> 00:16:25.590 because these are pretty cool. 00:16:25.590 --> 00:16:30.210 So I'm gonna start by looking at Refresh My Knowledge. 00:16:30.210 --> 00:16:34.710 There are so many use cases for this tool, 00:16:34.710 --> 00:16:36.870 whether maybe we're a new teacher 00:16:36.870 --> 00:16:40.020 and we're still working on building that comfort 00:16:40.020 --> 00:16:41.340 to stand up in front of a group 00:16:41.340 --> 00:16:43.680 of students that can be a little bit critical 00:16:43.680 --> 00:16:46.260 and deliver content to answer questions. 00:16:46.260 --> 00:16:48.780 Or I remember in my eighth year of teaching, 00:16:48.780 --> 00:16:50.850 I was feeling pretty good about myself 00:16:50.850 --> 00:16:52.860 until I was given a brand-new grade level, 00:16:52.860 --> 00:16:55.110 and while I knew the content, 00:16:55.110 --> 00:16:56.010 it had been a minute 00:16:56.010 --> 00:16:58.920 and I just needed a safe place to go and practice, 00:16:58.920 --> 00:17:01.200 and not everybody has that safe space, 00:17:01.200 --> 00:17:04.620 so Khanmigo and Refresh My Knowledge can be there. 00:17:04.620 --> 00:17:07.500 So here we are, to start off, 00:17:07.500 --> 00:17:11.130 what topic and grade level would I like a refresher on? 00:17:11.130 --> 00:17:16.130 So I'm going to be teaching eighth grade gene mutations. 00:17:17.040 --> 00:17:19.440 Oops, it would help if I typed the number. 00:17:19.440 --> 00:17:21.693 There we go, eighth grade gene mutations. 00:17:23.490 --> 00:17:26.820 So it's gonna give me some major concepts 00:17:26.820 --> 00:17:29.490 related to gene mutations that are going on here. 00:17:29.490 --> 00:17:31.080 And then I have a choice. 00:17:31.080 --> 00:17:35.310 I can practice and build my understanding and comprehension 00:17:35.310 --> 00:17:37.380 by being quizzed on the topic 00:17:37.380 --> 00:17:39.570 or maybe through learning through conversation, 00:17:39.570 --> 00:17:41.160 and that's the one I'm gonna go with today, 00:17:41.160 --> 00:17:42.933 I wanna learn through conversation. 00:17:45.750 --> 00:17:46.583 So let's see. 00:17:46.583 --> 00:17:49.200 Can you explain to me what a gene mutation is 00:17:49.200 --> 00:17:51.933 and how it differs from a frameshift mutation? 00:17:52.890 --> 00:17:54.033 Actually, 00:17:55.530 --> 00:18:00.530 I want to understand the role of RNA in gene mutations. 00:18:03.690 --> 00:18:05.070 We got some typos here, y'all, 00:18:05.070 --> 00:18:07.820 but that's okay because we're human and it understands. 00:18:10.470 --> 00:18:14.070 What is the role of RNA in gene mutations? 00:18:14.070 --> 00:18:15.960 So it's able to help me understand that, 00:18:15.960 --> 00:18:17.400 it's talking me through it. 00:18:17.400 --> 00:18:20.370 And now not only is it giving me an explanation. 00:18:20.370 --> 00:18:23.370 Absolutely, RNA, or ribonucleic acid, 00:18:23.370 --> 00:18:25.500 plays a crucial role in gene mutations. 00:18:25.500 --> 00:18:27.450 And I have this explanation. 00:18:27.450 --> 00:18:30.240 But now it's allowing me the opportunity 00:18:30.240 --> 00:18:31.890 to test my understanding. 00:18:31.890 --> 00:18:33.810 If a student were to ask me, 00:18:33.810 --> 00:18:37.830 how does a mutation in the DNA affect the RNA? 00:18:37.830 --> 00:18:39.390 How would I answer it? 00:18:39.390 --> 00:18:41.853 So let's say, I'm not sure. 00:18:43.290 --> 00:18:45.783 Can you give me some tips? 00:18:51.450 --> 00:18:53.340 So it gives me a sample answer. 00:18:53.340 --> 00:18:56.850 So we have this very constructive back and forth 00:18:56.850 --> 00:19:00.390 where as I'm building maybe my understanding of the content 00:19:00.390 --> 00:19:01.680 because I'm new to it 00:19:01.680 --> 00:19:05.040 or maybe just how I'm gonna explain it to students. 00:19:05.040 --> 00:19:08.460 Often it's one thing to understand the content ourselves, 00:19:08.460 --> 00:19:10.680 it's a whole other thing to be prepared 00:19:10.680 --> 00:19:13.980 to explain it to students at that foundational level. 00:19:13.980 --> 00:19:17.070 So Refresh My Knowledge is a great tool for that. 00:19:17.070 --> 00:19:19.080 And just like I showed you earlier, 00:19:19.080 --> 00:19:21.300 you can even say, 00:19:21.300 --> 00:19:25.533 can you write that as a poem? 00:19:28.380 --> 00:19:29.880 And it can do that. 00:19:29.880 --> 00:19:32.190 You could ask it to write a more thorough explanation 00:19:32.190 --> 00:19:35.220 to expand or to make something more concise. 00:19:35.220 --> 00:19:38.490 So it's really nice to have this safe space 00:19:38.490 --> 00:19:40.620 to get that comfort and get that confidence 00:19:40.620 --> 00:19:42.783 before we deliver content to students. 00:19:44.190 --> 00:19:45.780 Now, let's say, I've got that, 00:19:45.780 --> 00:19:47.340 I'm feeling pretty good about my comfort 00:19:47.340 --> 00:19:49.530 and my knowledge walking into that. 00:19:49.530 --> 00:19:51.600 I'm ready to start planning my lesson. 00:19:51.600 --> 00:19:52.980 I wanna create a lesson hook 00:19:52.980 --> 00:19:55.323 for an activity that I'm about to deliver. 00:19:56.310 --> 00:19:57.390 In this activity, 00:19:57.390 --> 00:19:59.280 Khanmigo is gonna help us come up with some ideas 00:19:59.280 --> 00:20:02.160 for lesson hooks to spark our students' interest 00:20:02.160 --> 00:20:04.200 in our lesson at the beginning of class. 00:20:04.200 --> 00:20:06.060 What grade level and subject am I teaching? 00:20:06.060 --> 00:20:08.130 So I'm gonna shift just a little bit 00:20:08.130 --> 00:20:08.963 and we're gonna go 00:20:08.963 --> 00:20:13.760 into teaching seventh grade two-step equations. 00:20:19.290 --> 00:20:22.740 Okay, so it's gonna come up with some lesson hooks. 00:20:22.740 --> 00:20:23.790 Let's see, we've got one, 00:20:23.790 --> 00:20:25.110 the magic number box. 00:20:25.110 --> 00:20:28.710 We would start the class by showing them a decorated box. 00:20:28.710 --> 00:20:31.560 Tell the students that the box contains a magic number. 00:20:31.560 --> 00:20:32.910 The only way to discover the number 00:20:32.910 --> 00:20:34.920 is solving a two-step equation 00:20:34.920 --> 00:20:36.600 that we've written on the board. 00:20:36.600 --> 00:20:39.330 The surprise element of the magic number 00:20:39.330 --> 00:20:41.100 will peak their curiosity 00:20:41.100 --> 00:20:42.690 and they'll be eager to solve the equation. 00:20:42.690 --> 00:20:43.800 It's one idea. 00:20:43.800 --> 00:20:44.940 We have another idea, 00:20:44.940 --> 00:20:46.200 there's two. 00:20:46.200 --> 00:20:47.070 Now let's say, 00:20:47.070 --> 00:20:48.690 I really wanted something more in tune 00:20:48.690 --> 00:20:49.950 with my students' interests 00:20:49.950 --> 00:20:51.480 and more in line with something 00:20:51.480 --> 00:20:53.640 that's gonna grab their attention right out of the gate. 00:20:53.640 --> 00:20:56.010 My students, junior high teacher here, 00:20:56.010 --> 00:20:58.230 my students love Fortnite, 00:20:58.230 --> 00:20:59.520 so I'm gonna ask, 00:20:59.520 --> 00:21:04.350 can you write lesson hooks 00:21:04.350 --> 00:21:09.000 that are related to Fortnite? 00:21:09.000 --> 00:21:10.100 Let's see what we get. 00:21:12.150 --> 00:21:13.110 Ah, Fortnite, 00:21:13.110 --> 00:21:14.640 now, that's a game that gets kids excited, 00:21:14.640 --> 00:21:15.900 it sure is. 00:21:15.900 --> 00:21:18.420 So we've got a Fortnite loot drop. 00:21:18.420 --> 00:21:19.830 Fortnite Battle Royale. 00:21:19.830 --> 00:21:21.030 You know about Fortnite, 00:21:21.030 --> 00:21:22.470 Battle Royale is a big thing. 00:21:22.470 --> 00:21:24.780 And so as soon as I put this on the board, 00:21:24.780 --> 00:21:28.350 as soon as I tell students we're gonna do a Battle Royale, 00:21:28.350 --> 00:21:29.850 now they're listening to me, right? 00:21:29.850 --> 00:21:31.050 Now I've grabbed their interest. 00:21:31.050 --> 00:21:32.790 This is something that they're interested in. 00:21:32.790 --> 00:21:36.480 Whether you were looking for a lesson hook about Legos, 00:21:36.480 --> 00:21:39.240 video games, Pokemon, 00:21:39.240 --> 00:21:40.950 whatever the thing of the day is, right? 00:21:40.950 --> 00:21:42.360 Because it's always changing. 00:21:42.360 --> 00:21:44.400 It's really nice to have this alignment 00:21:44.400 --> 00:21:46.230 to something that students are interested in 00:21:46.230 --> 00:21:47.340 so it grabs their interest 00:21:47.340 --> 00:21:50.100 and keeps their interest in the lesson material. 00:21:50.100 --> 00:21:52.020 So we've got our lesson hooks. 00:21:52.020 --> 00:21:55.590 Let's think now about how we're going to close the lesson. 00:21:55.590 --> 00:21:57.210 We've taught our lesson. 00:21:57.210 --> 00:21:59.910 How are we gonna know whether or not students really got 00:21:59.910 --> 00:22:02.403 a solid grasp of this material? 00:22:03.720 --> 00:22:07.050 So we're gonna write some exit ticket questions. 00:22:07.050 --> 00:22:09.723 What grade level and subject do I want questions for? 00:22:10.680 --> 00:22:15.333 Let's stick with seventh grade two-step equations. 00:22:19.050 --> 00:22:21.060 All right, what is the specific learning objective? 00:22:21.060 --> 00:22:21.893 Let's see. 00:22:21.893 --> 00:22:25.000 We are going to be solving two-step equations 00:22:26.070 --> 00:22:29.673 with rational coefficients. 00:22:31.680 --> 00:22:33.330 All right, let's see what we get. 00:22:34.500 --> 00:22:37.290 So we have a few sample exit ticket questions there. 00:22:37.290 --> 00:22:40.950 And what I wanna point out is these aren't super complex, 00:22:40.950 --> 00:22:43.230 you could have made these, right? 00:22:43.230 --> 00:22:45.810 We can always go and make our own exit ticket questions. 00:22:45.810 --> 00:22:48.450 We can go curate some examples from the internet 00:22:48.450 --> 00:22:50.070 or from our textbook, 00:22:50.070 --> 00:22:52.440 but saving the time to do that, 00:22:52.440 --> 00:22:55.140 having this done at our fingertips 00:22:55.140 --> 00:22:56.910 is really where the power of this is, right? 00:22:56.910 --> 00:22:59.790 So again, as Deanna mentioned at the beginning, 00:22:59.790 --> 00:23:02.310 we're trying to take the time and the burden away 00:23:02.310 --> 00:23:05.490 from those more arduous tasks 00:23:05.490 --> 00:23:07.350 so that you can focus on the students. 00:23:07.350 --> 00:23:09.810 What if instead of curating this material, 00:23:09.810 --> 00:23:12.120 you're sitting at the table working with a student, 00:23:12.120 --> 00:23:14.460 or you're actually working through these with kids? 00:23:14.460 --> 00:23:16.590 That's what we wanna make sure you can do. 00:23:16.590 --> 00:23:18.510 So we have five examples here 00:23:18.510 --> 00:23:21.210 of what exit ticket questions might be, 00:23:21.210 --> 00:23:23.130 but I think the most powerful part of this 00:23:23.130 --> 00:23:25.950 is it's not just about the procedural fluency 00:23:25.950 --> 00:23:28.680 to be able to answer these questions, 00:23:28.680 --> 00:23:30.000 what's almost more important 00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:33.240 is not just that we have the competence, 00:23:33.240 --> 00:23:36.630 but that we have the confidence in this content. 00:23:36.630 --> 00:23:38.610 So we're also given a couple of questions 00:23:38.610 --> 00:23:41.400 that gauge students confidence and understanding. 00:23:41.400 --> 00:23:45.300 On a scale of one to five, how confident are they feeling? 00:23:45.300 --> 00:23:46.800 Are they ready to take this forward? 00:23:46.800 --> 00:23:48.360 Can they explain? 00:23:48.360 --> 00:23:50.190 That's critically important. 00:23:50.190 --> 00:23:52.620 So having these questions, again, available 00:23:52.620 --> 00:23:55.113 and at your fingertips is super important. 00:23:56.640 --> 00:23:58.530 So with that, 00:23:58.530 --> 00:24:02.910 we are going to shift back over here 00:24:02.910 --> 00:24:06.390 and take a look at what it might look like 00:24:06.390 --> 00:24:09.060 to use Khanmigo with students. 00:24:09.060 --> 00:24:12.120 So I wanna really reinforce one thing. 00:24:12.120 --> 00:24:15.180 Unless you are part of a district partnership 00:24:15.180 --> 00:24:17.310 where your school district has said, 00:24:17.310 --> 00:24:19.080 we are working with Khan Academy 00:24:19.080 --> 00:24:21.750 and all of our teachers are working as part of that, 00:24:21.750 --> 00:24:24.270 then your students will not have access 00:24:24.270 --> 00:24:25.440 to Khanmigo on their own, 00:24:25.440 --> 00:24:27.840 meaning they're not gonna be able to open their laptop 00:24:27.840 --> 00:24:29.910 and have Khanmigo there on the screen. 00:24:29.910 --> 00:24:31.620 Now, should your district choose 00:24:31.620 --> 00:24:33.570 to explore a district partnership with us, 00:24:33.570 --> 00:24:34.950 which we do have, 00:24:34.950 --> 00:24:38.490 it does come with comprehensive, robust support 00:24:38.490 --> 00:24:40.950 for setting you, as a teacher, 00:24:40.950 --> 00:24:43.290 and your students, as learners, up for success 00:24:43.290 --> 00:24:47.670 with lots of PD that actually looks a lot like this. 00:24:47.670 --> 00:24:50.070 But that may not be where you are right now. 00:24:50.070 --> 00:24:51.930 Maybe you're just looking at what would it look like 00:24:51.930 --> 00:24:53.430 for me as a teacher 00:24:53.430 --> 00:24:55.020 to use this tool in my classroom 00:24:55.020 --> 00:24:56.820 if I'm the only one that has it. 00:24:56.820 --> 00:24:59.400 And we can still look at what it might look like 00:24:59.400 --> 00:25:01.140 to use this whole class. 00:25:01.140 --> 00:25:04.230 Again, think about projecting onto the whiteboard 00:25:04.230 --> 00:25:06.270 or pulling it up on a smart board, 00:25:06.270 --> 00:25:08.310 that's our frame of reference for the next few minutes. 00:25:08.310 --> 00:25:10.320 So think about what it would look like 00:25:10.320 --> 00:25:12.420 whole class, one computer, 00:25:12.420 --> 00:25:13.770 and we're working together. 00:25:15.060 --> 00:25:17.760 When we are talking to students about AI, 00:25:17.760 --> 00:25:20.580 when we are working with students in AI, 00:25:20.580 --> 00:25:23.580 it is critical that we frame the role of AI 00:25:23.580 --> 00:25:25.350 in our classroom. 00:25:25.350 --> 00:25:27.090 It is a tool, 00:25:27.090 --> 00:25:28.290 not a crutch. 00:25:28.290 --> 00:25:31.260 It is a tool amongst other tools we have in our classroom, 00:25:31.260 --> 00:25:34.230 manipulatives, notes, wall charts, rulers, 00:25:34.230 --> 00:25:36.000 we have so many tools 00:25:36.000 --> 00:25:39.210 and we choose the right tool for the job. 00:25:39.210 --> 00:25:42.180 But the most important thing is that our brain 00:25:42.180 --> 00:25:43.650 is our first supercomputer 00:25:43.650 --> 00:25:47.280 and we have to reinforce that with students. 00:25:47.280 --> 00:25:50.220 Khanmigo is a tool to support our thinking, 00:25:50.220 --> 00:25:52.890 to support our learning, not replace it. 00:25:52.890 --> 00:25:54.420 It's not something that we're gonna go to 00:25:54.420 --> 00:25:56.130 every time we have a question. 00:25:56.130 --> 00:25:59.550 Our first line of defense is always thinking critically 00:25:59.550 --> 00:26:00.780 for ourselves 00:26:00.780 --> 00:26:04.473 and using Khanmigo as one of the tools in our toolbox. 00:26:05.730 --> 00:26:08.850 So let's think about what it might look like 00:26:08.850 --> 00:26:11.823 to use Khanmigo whole class. 00:26:12.720 --> 00:26:17.380 So I wanna go back to what it would look like 00:26:18.450 --> 00:26:21.510 to use in one of the courses. 00:26:21.510 --> 00:26:26.070 So I'm gonna go back to that middle school biology course, 00:26:26.070 --> 00:26:27.753 go into one of the units. 00:26:28.620 --> 00:26:30.810 Let's see, let's pick a different piece of content. 00:26:30.810 --> 00:26:33.423 Let's go to cell parts and function. 00:26:34.830 --> 00:26:38.460 So here, if I open up, we're gonna do this activity. 00:26:38.460 --> 00:26:41.220 We're learning about cell parts and functions in class, 00:26:41.220 --> 00:26:46.220 and I open Khanmigo up and I have it in student mode. 00:26:46.230 --> 00:26:50.853 Imagine that we ask Khanmigo to help us solve this. 00:26:54.090 --> 00:26:55.050 Now remember, 00:26:55.050 --> 00:26:57.990 this is up on the smart board or on the whiteboard, 00:26:57.990 --> 00:26:59.610 and Khanmigo is now talking to your students 00:26:59.610 --> 00:27:00.720 because they can all see it. 00:27:00.720 --> 00:27:03.900 Sure, the goal is to pick the true facts 00:27:03.900 --> 00:27:05.520 about the cell membrane. 00:27:05.520 --> 00:27:07.920 Do you know what a cell membrane does? 00:27:07.920 --> 00:27:09.360 So now let's imagine I ask my students, 00:27:09.360 --> 00:27:10.980 what does the cell membrane do? 00:27:10.980 --> 00:27:11.940 We have some hands pop up. 00:27:11.940 --> 00:27:13.665 What do you wanna say to Khanmigo? 00:27:13.665 --> 00:27:15.750 And I have a friend back there in the back row that says, 00:27:15.750 --> 00:27:18.930 the cell membrane keeps out the bad stuff. 00:27:18.930 --> 00:27:21.000 So I say, okay, I'm gonna type that in. 00:27:21.000 --> 00:27:26.000 The cell membrane keeps out the bad stuff. 00:27:26.910 --> 00:27:28.060 Let's see what it says. 00:27:29.280 --> 00:27:30.840 Yep, that's part of it. 00:27:30.840 --> 00:27:34.893 The cell membrane does help keep out some things, 00:27:35.910 --> 00:27:39.303 but does it keep out all things or just some? 00:27:40.740 --> 00:27:42.660 Again, you can ask your students, 00:27:42.660 --> 00:27:43.980 what does it do? 00:27:43.980 --> 00:27:45.870 So a student might say, 00:27:45.870 --> 00:27:49.300 I think it lets some stuff in 00:27:50.370 --> 00:27:53.733 and some stuff it keeps out. 00:27:58.200 --> 00:28:00.360 And we can keep going back and forth. 00:28:00.360 --> 00:28:04.560 Now, could we have the same discussion whole class 00:28:04.560 --> 00:28:05.580 without Khanmigo? 00:28:05.580 --> 00:28:06.413 Absolutely. 00:28:06.413 --> 00:28:07.920 Could we read about this in a book? 00:28:07.920 --> 00:28:09.390 Absolutely. 00:28:09.390 --> 00:28:11.340 But we're always looking for new ways 00:28:11.340 --> 00:28:12.990 to engage students, right? 00:28:12.990 --> 00:28:14.520 If you pull this up on the board, 00:28:14.520 --> 00:28:16.200 how might your students react to this, 00:28:16.200 --> 00:28:17.790 to having this back and forth, 00:28:17.790 --> 00:28:19.080 and to having a tool 00:28:19.080 --> 00:28:23.070 where they can contribute to a class discussion 00:28:23.070 --> 00:28:25.470 and Khanmigo can have that back and forth dialogue 00:28:25.470 --> 00:28:27.060 with your whole class? 00:28:27.060 --> 00:28:30.630 We know how important it is to change up the voice, right? 00:28:30.630 --> 00:28:34.170 Maybe we're looking for a different perspective, 00:28:34.170 --> 00:28:35.670 not listening to our colleagues anymore, 00:28:35.670 --> 00:28:38.100 looking for a different voice than the teacher. 00:28:38.100 --> 00:28:40.170 Khanmigo can be really powerful for that 00:28:40.170 --> 00:28:42.420 and it enables you, again, as the teacher, 00:28:42.420 --> 00:28:44.550 to take that guiding and facilitating role, 00:28:44.550 --> 00:28:46.770 which is the most powerful role for you 00:28:46.770 --> 00:28:48.990 because you're leading that instruction. 00:28:48.990 --> 00:28:50.463 So that's one possibility. 00:28:51.390 --> 00:28:53.823 I'm gonna go back to the AI Activities page, 00:28:55.080 --> 00:28:56.070 and I'm gonna scroll down here. 00:28:56.070 --> 00:28:58.800 Below our teaching tools, 00:28:58.800 --> 00:29:00.630 we have some student tools. 00:29:00.630 --> 00:29:01.463 And again, remember, 00:29:01.463 --> 00:29:04.590 your students don't have this one-to-one on their laptops, 00:29:04.590 --> 00:29:06.630 but I want you to think about how this might fit 00:29:06.630 --> 00:29:09.450 into your existing instructional routine. 00:29:09.450 --> 00:29:13.143 So, do your students ever have to craft a story? 00:29:14.160 --> 00:29:15.780 Do you have high school students 00:29:15.780 --> 00:29:18.000 that are working on admissions essays? 00:29:18.000 --> 00:29:19.440 Or maybe they need to check for problems 00:29:19.440 --> 00:29:21.963 in their admission essay, debate. 00:29:22.950 --> 00:29:24.390 What about historical figures? 00:29:24.390 --> 00:29:26.250 Let's say that we're in history class 00:29:26.250 --> 00:29:29.490 and we are learning about World War II. 00:29:29.490 --> 00:29:31.950 I'm gonna open up historical figures, 00:29:31.950 --> 00:29:34.807 and let's see, we have Winston Churchill here. 00:29:34.807 --> 00:29:36.750 I'm gonna open up Winston Churchill. 00:29:36.750 --> 00:29:38.820 Again, we're on the smart board. 00:29:38.820 --> 00:29:41.040 We'd love to meet Winston Churchill. 00:29:41.040 --> 00:29:43.920 History is not every student's favorite topic, right? 00:29:43.920 --> 00:29:46.800 A lot of times we're stuck reading history out of the book. 00:29:46.800 --> 00:29:49.290 Now, we know this isn't really Winston Churchill 00:29:49.290 --> 00:29:51.510 and of course we're gonna reinforce that to our students. 00:29:51.510 --> 00:29:55.650 This is Khanmigo speaking as if it is Winston Churchill. 00:29:55.650 --> 00:29:59.880 But now we're bringing history to life. 00:29:59.880 --> 00:30:02.617 So, "Ah, splendid choice," Khanmigo says, 00:30:02.617 --> 00:30:05.820 "I am now about to become an AI simulation 00:30:05.820 --> 00:30:07.440 of Winston Churchill." 00:30:07.440 --> 00:30:08.273 So let's see. 00:30:08.273 --> 00:30:13.220 I might ask, what was your opinion of D-Day? 00:30:15.990 --> 00:30:16.823 Oops. 00:30:18.690 --> 00:30:22.290 A pivotal moment in the co course of the Second World War. 00:30:22.290 --> 00:30:24.933 So we can have that back and forth, right? 00:30:26.430 --> 00:30:30.510 How might this bring topics to life for your students? 00:30:30.510 --> 00:30:33.510 What is this going to do to the engagement level 00:30:33.510 --> 00:30:36.150 in your history class or in your history lesson 00:30:36.150 --> 00:30:38.670 if you're in a self-contained classroom? 00:30:38.670 --> 00:30:39.630 And I wanna go back up, 00:30:39.630 --> 00:30:42.570 look at all the different historical figures 00:30:42.570 --> 00:30:44.430 that you could bring to life in your classroom 00:30:44.430 --> 00:30:46.980 and engage students in a brand-new way, 00:30:46.980 --> 00:30:49.890 in a way we've never been able to do before. 00:30:49.890 --> 00:30:51.450 What about the same thing for literature? 00:30:51.450 --> 00:30:55.110 We might talk to a literary character. 00:30:55.110 --> 00:30:58.410 Maybe we wanna talk to Jay Gatsby and ask, 00:30:58.410 --> 00:31:01.773 so, what's that green light really all about, right? 00:31:02.790 --> 00:31:05.010 Always chasing the elusive green light. 00:31:05.010 --> 00:31:07.320 Now, what brings you to my humble abode? 00:31:07.320 --> 00:31:09.930 Is there a particular topic you'd like to discuss, 00:31:09.930 --> 00:31:12.603 or perhaps a question you've been longing to ask? 00:31:13.560 --> 00:31:18.560 I'm gonna ask, how did you really feel about Daisy? 00:31:23.130 --> 00:31:24.480 Ah, Daisy, old sport. 00:31:24.480 --> 00:31:26.790 So even talking like Jay Gatsby. 00:31:26.790 --> 00:31:31.173 Again, think about the engagement with the text. 00:31:31.173 --> 00:31:32.250 We're gonna read the book, right? 00:31:32.250 --> 00:31:33.390 We need to work our way 00:31:33.390 --> 00:31:35.460 through one of the greatest pieces of literature 00:31:35.460 --> 00:31:36.510 of all time. 00:31:36.510 --> 00:31:38.070 But now we can really engage 00:31:38.070 --> 00:31:40.410 and get students thinking more deeply 00:31:40.410 --> 00:31:42.840 and more critically than they would have otherwise 00:31:42.840 --> 00:31:46.170 because we're pulling this tool up on the smart board, 00:31:46.170 --> 00:31:47.490 up on the whiteboard, 00:31:47.490 --> 00:31:51.300 and engaging with students in this brand-new way. 00:31:51.300 --> 00:31:52.440 Lots of other tools here, 00:31:52.440 --> 00:31:54.510 Word Architect, Word Safari, 00:31:54.510 --> 00:31:57.270 or even Ignite My Curiosity. 00:31:57.270 --> 00:31:58.650 Students have curiosities, right? 00:31:58.650 --> 00:32:00.780 There's lots of things they wanna know about. 00:32:00.780 --> 00:32:01.890 Let's see. 00:32:01.890 --> 00:32:02.723 My students, 00:32:02.723 --> 00:32:07.590 I wanna talk about igniting our curiosity about movies. 00:32:07.590 --> 00:32:10.410 Guys like movies, everybody likes movies, right? 00:32:10.410 --> 00:32:11.910 Let's explore something related to movies 00:32:11.910 --> 00:32:13.710 like the art of storytelling, 00:32:13.710 --> 00:32:15.873 or the science of sound and light. 00:32:16.770 --> 00:32:21.770 I wanna know about the history of cinema. 00:32:24.270 --> 00:32:28.650 So imagine bringing these topics to life. 00:32:28.650 --> 00:32:31.110 Really, there's so many different possibilities 00:32:31.110 --> 00:32:32.820 and ways that you can do this, 00:32:32.820 --> 00:32:34.470 but as a teacher, 00:32:34.470 --> 00:32:39.450 you not only have access to those teacher tools, 00:32:39.450 --> 00:32:42.330 but you also have access to the student tools. 00:32:42.330 --> 00:32:43.500 And there are ways, 00:32:43.500 --> 00:32:45.480 even if you're not part of a district partnership, 00:32:45.480 --> 00:32:48.000 to, again, engage students whole class. 00:32:48.000 --> 00:32:49.650 And that is important to think about 00:32:49.650 --> 00:32:52.230 because if we are engaging students whole class, 00:32:52.230 --> 00:32:53.610 we're maintaining that safety, 00:32:53.610 --> 00:32:56.640 we are never putting AI in the hands of students 00:32:56.640 --> 00:32:59.460 where we don't have those safety mechanisms in place 00:32:59.460 --> 00:33:00.660 and those safety protocols 00:33:00.660 --> 00:33:03.000 that are very much a part of a district partnership. 00:33:03.000 --> 00:33:05.550 And we will give you some information in just a few minutes 00:33:05.550 --> 00:33:08.103 about how to explore those district partnerships. 00:33:08.940 --> 00:33:10.710 One other thing I wanna show you 00:33:10.710 --> 00:33:15.240 is that you can also, as a teacher, chat with GPT-4. 00:33:15.240 --> 00:33:17.610 Now, we've all heard about GPT-4, 00:33:17.610 --> 00:33:19.748 but in Khanmigo, 00:33:19.748 --> 00:33:24.030 it is specifically designed to engage with you as a teacher. 00:33:24.030 --> 00:33:28.200 So let's say with Chat GPT-4, 00:33:28.200 --> 00:33:32.760 I need a letter to parents 00:33:32.760 --> 00:33:36.960 introducing my new unit of study 00:33:36.960 --> 00:33:41.433 on eighth grade gene mutations. 00:33:45.866 --> 00:33:48.460 And it's gonna help me draft that letter. 00:33:54.810 --> 00:33:57.600 Now, I have some students in my class 00:33:57.600 --> 00:33:59.520 and their parents' first language is Spanish, 00:33:59.520 --> 00:34:00.390 so I'm gonna ask, 00:34:00.390 --> 00:34:05.103 can you rewrite that letter in Spanish? 00:34:07.710 --> 00:34:09.330 And there we go. 00:34:09.330 --> 00:34:10.710 I can even, I can go back, 00:34:10.710 --> 00:34:11.700 I can have it back and forth, 00:34:11.700 --> 00:34:13.800 I can make modifications. 00:34:13.800 --> 00:34:16.970 Let's see, I'm going to ask it to... 00:34:18.720 --> 00:34:19.860 How powerful, right? 00:34:19.860 --> 00:34:22.020 The letter is already done in Spanish. 00:34:22.020 --> 00:34:25.080 So I'm opening the door to my families 00:34:25.080 --> 00:34:26.790 no matter what their first language is, 00:34:26.790 --> 00:34:28.710 English, Spanish, they are now empowered. 00:34:28.710 --> 00:34:31.500 And this is fully designed to support students, 00:34:31.500 --> 00:34:34.560 English, Spanish, and Portuguese. 00:34:34.560 --> 00:34:35.393 So let's see. 00:34:35.393 --> 00:34:40.310 Can you add a note about a group project that is, 00:34:43.660 --> 00:34:46.747 oops, that is due on November 1st? 00:34:50.970 --> 00:34:51.840 And it's gonna do that. 00:34:51.840 --> 00:34:54.240 I'll get it to put it back in English in just a second. 00:34:54.240 --> 00:34:56.400 But we see that we can have that back and forth. 00:34:56.400 --> 00:34:59.220 And then all I have to do is copy and paste and it's done. 00:34:59.220 --> 00:35:00.750 How long would it have taken us 00:35:00.750 --> 00:35:04.470 to write that letter otherwise, right? 00:35:04.470 --> 00:35:06.900 It's done and it's really empowering 00:35:06.900 --> 00:35:08.820 to have that time saved. 00:35:08.820 --> 00:35:12.693 Can you rewrite this in English? 00:35:14.010 --> 00:35:15.060 So we can go back and forth 00:35:15.060 --> 00:35:16.910 and we have it all at our fingertips. 00:35:17.820 --> 00:35:19.410 So I love this, 00:35:19.410 --> 00:35:21.570 because, again, the objective here 00:35:21.570 --> 00:35:24.750 is to take some of that day-to-day planning 00:35:24.750 --> 00:35:27.030 and prep work off of your plate 00:35:27.030 --> 00:35:30.450 so you have more time to focus on instruction 00:35:30.450 --> 00:35:32.370 and to focus on students. 00:35:32.370 --> 00:35:34.710 And you can see here that we do have that note. 00:35:34.710 --> 00:35:37.050 The project will be assigned on the first day of the unit 00:35:37.050 --> 00:35:39.420 and the due date will be November 1st. 00:35:39.420 --> 00:35:41.490 So now all I have to do is copy this. 00:35:41.490 --> 00:35:43.410 I could paste it into a Word document, 00:35:43.410 --> 00:35:45.060 make a couple of changes if I wanted to, 00:35:45.060 --> 00:35:47.460 and my letter is done in less than five minutes. 00:35:48.480 --> 00:35:49.620 So with that, 00:35:49.620 --> 00:35:52.160 I know we are still working through the Q&A. 00:35:52.160 --> 00:35:53.940 If you have questions, 00:35:53.940 --> 00:35:55.680 post them in there. 00:35:55.680 --> 00:35:59.823 I'm gonna go ahead and turn this back over to Deanna. 00:36:02.970 --> 00:36:04.350 - Thank you, Stacie. 00:36:04.350 --> 00:36:07.650 So after hearing all that amazing information, 00:36:07.650 --> 00:36:09.810 if you want to learn more, 00:36:09.810 --> 00:36:14.250 we highly encourage you to visit our Khan Academy website 00:36:14.250 --> 00:36:18.300 where you are going to find our Khan for Educators course. 00:36:18.300 --> 00:36:20.250 Inside that Khan for Educators course, 00:36:20.250 --> 00:36:25.250 there is a unit that talks about Khanmigo. 00:36:25.350 --> 00:36:27.843 And so Stacie is bringing that up as well. 00:36:29.442 --> 00:36:31.233 You will find it, as I said, 00:36:33.584 --> 00:36:35.073 on our Khan Academy website. 00:36:36.180 --> 00:36:41.163 There's also a course that we have called AI for Educators. 00:36:46.650 --> 00:36:48.000 You can also learn more 00:36:48.000 --> 00:36:50.850 by going through that course as well. 00:36:50.850 --> 00:36:54.063 So we highly encourage you to check both of those out. 00:36:55.320 --> 00:36:57.090 - I'm gonna add this course, you guys, 00:36:57.090 --> 00:37:01.110 it is fantastic and it only takes like 30, 45 minutes. 00:37:01.110 --> 00:37:03.570 These articles, super easy to read, 00:37:03.570 --> 00:37:04.590 really empowering, 00:37:04.590 --> 00:37:06.000 and gave me a lot of great ideas. 00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:07.260 I really encourage you to do that. 00:37:07.260 --> 00:37:09.510 - So as we wrap up, 00:37:09.510 --> 00:37:10.470 just think now, 00:37:10.470 --> 00:37:15.470 imagine having a co-teacher at your fingertips 24/7. 00:37:15.600 --> 00:37:18.060 Sometimes I used to be up late planning 00:37:18.060 --> 00:37:19.950 and my colleagues were not there, 00:37:19.950 --> 00:37:23.190 and so Khanmigo will be there to help you with that. 00:37:23.190 --> 00:37:25.140 If you wanna track your students' progress, 00:37:25.140 --> 00:37:26.580 as Stacie showed you, 00:37:26.580 --> 00:37:28.410 Khanmigo has you covered. 00:37:28.410 --> 00:37:30.660 If you needed help in your lesson planning, 00:37:30.660 --> 00:37:33.300 Khanmigo has a wide range of activities 00:37:33.300 --> 00:37:35.340 and Stacie only hit on a couple of them, 00:37:35.340 --> 00:37:39.060 so you are able to have that as well. 00:37:39.060 --> 00:37:42.450 And then Khanmigo just adapts and grows with you. 00:37:42.450 --> 00:37:45.390 So what you see here on the screen 00:37:45.390 --> 00:37:48.570 is there is a link there on how you can try 00:37:48.570 --> 00:37:50.100 if you wanna try Khanmigo. 00:37:50.100 --> 00:37:53.850 But don't worry about trying to get that link, 00:37:53.850 --> 00:37:55.290 after this presentation, 00:37:55.290 --> 00:37:57.210 there is gonna be a follow-up email 00:37:57.210 --> 00:37:59.040 for all of you that have registered. 00:37:59.040 --> 00:38:02.130 And so you will receive an email with this link, 00:38:02.130 --> 00:38:05.280 as well as a few more resources. 00:38:05.280 --> 00:38:06.900 So with that, 00:38:06.900 --> 00:38:10.050 we definitely appreciate your time. 00:38:10.050 --> 00:38:12.990 If you have any questions, as Stacie said, 00:38:12.990 --> 00:38:15.150 make sure you put them in the Q&A. 00:38:15.150 --> 00:38:16.533 Thank you for your time. 00:38:17.430 --> 00:38:18.263 - Thank you, everyone. 00:38:18.263 --> 00:38:19.170 Have a great afternoon. 00:38:19.170 --> 00:38:20.463 We're so glad you came.

Embrace World Mental Health Day with Sal Khan

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22-FRN6W2-Y

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.480 --> 00:00:02.280 - Sal Khan here from Khan Academy, 00:00:02.280 --> 00:00:06.270 and we are inside my office slash closet. 00:00:06.270 --> 00:00:09.270 This is where I'd record videos, take meetings, et cetera. 00:00:09.270 --> 00:00:12.450 Many of y'all know I'm a big fan of meditation. 00:00:12.450 --> 00:00:15.570 It helps me clear my mind, it helps me think more clearly, 00:00:15.570 --> 00:00:17.400 be less stressed, et cetera, et cetera. 00:00:17.400 --> 00:00:18.990 And I'll show you where I meditate. 00:00:18.990 --> 00:00:21.810 So I actually usually meditate on this chair. 00:00:21.810 --> 00:00:23.940 This is like my meditation chair, 00:00:23.940 --> 00:00:26.250 and I like it 'cause it's nice and firm. 00:00:26.250 --> 00:00:29.010 So I try to do it before the family wakes up 00:00:29.010 --> 00:00:30.450 when the house is quiet. 00:00:30.450 --> 00:00:34.620 And yeah, I'll just sit here, get nice posture, 00:00:34.620 --> 00:00:38.950 and, you know, close my eyes and deepen my breaths 00:00:40.470 --> 00:00:42.120 and put a smile on my face. 00:00:42.120 --> 00:00:45.180 I feel like that actually puts you in a better mood 00:00:45.180 --> 00:00:48.390 if you force a smile and then, you know, 00:00:48.390 --> 00:00:50.190 just try to still my thoughts, 00:00:50.190 --> 00:00:53.069 accept everything around me, still my thoughts. 00:00:53.069 --> 00:00:55.736 (gentle music) 00:01:00.221 --> 00:01:02.030 And I started only doing 10 minutes a day, 00:01:02.030 --> 00:01:05.400 but I found after a month I was just getting less stressed, 00:01:05.400 --> 00:01:08.640 I was sleeping better, I was able to focus a lot better, 00:01:08.640 --> 00:01:10.380 I was listening to people better. 00:01:10.380 --> 00:01:11.820 I know it sounds like it defies 00:01:11.820 --> 00:01:13.890 the laws of time mathematics, 00:01:13.890 --> 00:01:16.440 but if you do that meditation for 10 or 20 minutes, 00:01:16.440 --> 00:01:19.350 you're eerily gonna find yourself with more time 00:01:19.350 --> 00:01:20.760 because you realize that you're gonna focus 00:01:20.760 --> 00:01:21.990 on the things that matter, 00:01:21.990 --> 00:01:23.400 you're gonna be able to pay more attention, 00:01:23.400 --> 00:01:24.510 and you're just gonna be doing things 00:01:24.510 --> 00:01:25.650 in a more sustainable way. 00:01:25.650 --> 00:01:27.420 It's, you know, take it for what it's worth, 00:01:27.420 --> 00:01:29.420 but it's definitely been working for me.

Khan Academy's Content

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KO6H6pMpmCE

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.240 --> 00:00:02.970 - [Instructor] This video will review the available content 00:00:02.970 --> 00:00:06.510 on Khan Academy and discuss how our courses are designed 00:00:06.510 --> 00:00:09.990 to help students master the content they're learning. 00:00:09.990 --> 00:00:12.150 When learners interact with Khan Academy, 00:00:12.150 --> 00:00:16.260 they will experience videos, articles, practice questions 00:00:16.260 --> 00:00:19.290 and instant feedback to help them improve. 00:00:19.290 --> 00:00:22.920 When we think about the resources Khan Academy contains, 00:00:22.920 --> 00:00:25.830 think of them split into two categories. 00:00:25.830 --> 00:00:28.920 The videos and articles are instructional content 00:00:28.920 --> 00:00:31.920 and the practice questions are practice content. 00:00:31.920 --> 00:00:33.390 Together, our goal is 00:00:33.390 --> 00:00:36.930 to provide learners a growth mindset experience 00:00:36.930 --> 00:00:38.370 and authentically learn 00:00:38.370 --> 00:00:40.590 until they have mastered the content. 00:00:40.590 --> 00:00:43.680 A key part of that practice is they'll get instant feedback 00:00:43.680 --> 00:00:47.220 about how they're doing alongside worked solutions 00:00:47.220 --> 00:00:49.200 to help them get back on track 00:00:49.200 --> 00:00:53.160 if they're not quite clear on a particular concept. 00:00:53.160 --> 00:00:55.320 We know many educators are familiar 00:00:55.320 --> 00:00:57.900 with Khan Academy's great math content, 00:00:57.900 --> 00:01:01.590 but many are unaware Khan Academy has a lot more to offer. 00:01:01.590 --> 00:01:03.450 Take a moment to explore the dozens 00:01:03.450 --> 00:01:06.180 of courses available to you, including courses 00:01:06.180 --> 00:01:11.040 in the sciences, finance and economics, art and humanities. 00:01:11.040 --> 00:01:13.110 Additionally, we have test prep content 00:01:13.110 --> 00:01:15.870 including our digital SAT course created 00:01:15.870 --> 00:01:18.180 in partnership with the College Board. 00:01:18.180 --> 00:01:20.040 Another example that we're excited 00:01:20.040 --> 00:01:22.380 about here at Khan Academy is we're excited 00:01:22.380 --> 00:01:25.050 to introduce our financial literacy course. 00:01:25.050 --> 00:01:27.180 The financial literacy course helps students 00:01:27.180 --> 00:01:29.460 and their families understand money better, 00:01:29.460 --> 00:01:31.080 making it easier to reach goals 00:01:31.080 --> 00:01:33.000 and avoid financial problems. 00:01:33.000 --> 00:01:33.833 To check out 00:01:33.833 --> 00:01:36.450 and browse all the courses that we have available, 00:01:36.450 --> 00:01:38.220 simply click on the Courses button 00:01:38.220 --> 00:01:42.000 in the upper left hand corner of your Khan Academy account. 00:01:42.000 --> 00:01:45.450 As teachers, we know you have many options when it comes 00:01:45.450 --> 00:01:47.610 to using tools in your classroom. 00:01:47.610 --> 00:01:49.080 So you might be asking yourself, 00:01:49.080 --> 00:01:52.110 what makes Khan Academy's content so unique? 00:01:52.110 --> 00:01:55.530 Well, Khan Academy's content is not only interactive, 00:01:55.530 --> 00:01:57.750 but our content is standards based, 00:01:57.750 --> 00:02:01.050 ensuring that it aligns with educational requirements 00:02:01.050 --> 00:02:03.390 and allows teachers to seamlessly integrate it 00:02:03.390 --> 00:02:04.980 into their curriculum. 00:02:04.980 --> 00:02:07.440 We've minimized the amount of work teachers need to do 00:02:07.440 --> 00:02:10.710 by offering a wide range of resources, exercises 00:02:10.710 --> 00:02:12.990 and videos that can be easily incorporated 00:02:12.990 --> 00:02:15.720 into your lesson plans and daily instruction. 00:02:15.720 --> 00:02:19.320 This means you as the teacher can spend more time focusing 00:02:19.320 --> 00:02:23.160 on your students' needs and guiding them towards success. 00:02:23.160 --> 00:02:24.900 Our content is student friendly 00:02:24.900 --> 00:02:26.790 and encourages growth mindset 00:02:26.790 --> 00:02:29.730 by letting students know that they can learn anything. 00:02:29.730 --> 00:02:30.840 We want students to feel 00:02:30.840 --> 00:02:33.510 like they are receiving personalized support. 00:02:33.510 --> 00:02:35.160 We hope this video provides a look 00:02:35.160 --> 00:02:37.620 into the content available on Khan Academy, 00:02:37.620 --> 00:02:39.750 but we know the best way to learn is 00:02:39.750 --> 00:02:41.340 to actually experience it. 00:02:41.340 --> 00:02:44.349 Choose a topic that inspires you and explore it. 00:02:44.349 --> 00:02:47.016 (upbeat music)

Basic Site Navigation on Khan Academy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u05iUGqOFP0

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.079 --> 00:00:02.220 - [Narrator] In this video we will browse through 00:00:02.220 --> 00:00:03.990 Khan Academy together. 00:00:03.990 --> 00:00:06.510 We will start by logging into the platform 00:00:06.510 --> 00:00:10.080 and reviewing some of the key navigation features together. 00:00:10.080 --> 00:00:13.110 To get started, go to khanacademy.org 00:00:13.110 --> 00:00:16.140 and click teachers in the center of the screen. 00:00:16.140 --> 00:00:20.070 If you have an existing Khan Academy account, select log in. 00:00:20.070 --> 00:00:22.260 If you need to create a Khan Academy account, 00:00:22.260 --> 00:00:24.660 there are five registration options. 00:00:24.660 --> 00:00:28.200 Using a Google account, Clever, Facebook, 00:00:28.200 --> 00:00:29.430 your Apple account, 00:00:29.430 --> 00:00:32.640 or any other email account you would like to use. 00:00:32.640 --> 00:00:34.710 Now, let's get started. 00:00:34.710 --> 00:00:36.330 Once you have your account set up 00:00:36.330 --> 00:00:38.430 you will start on the teacher dashboard. 00:00:38.430 --> 00:00:40.950 We are now viewing the teacher dashboard, 00:00:40.950 --> 00:00:43.530 which is the homepage for teachers. 00:00:43.530 --> 00:00:44.943 If you're seeing a different homepage 00:00:44.943 --> 00:00:48.360 than the teacher dashboard, you can adjust your homepage 00:00:48.360 --> 00:00:50.700 to the teacher dashboard in settings. 00:00:50.700 --> 00:00:53.790 There are a few important items on this page. 00:00:53.790 --> 00:00:54.840 The courses button, 00:00:54.840 --> 00:00:56.790 which shows our academic content 00:00:56.790 --> 00:00:59.130 organized by subject and course. 00:00:59.130 --> 00:01:01.893 The search bar, which you can use to find content quickly 00:01:01.893 --> 00:01:04.080 by name or standard. 00:01:04.080 --> 00:01:06.750 The Khan Academy logo, that will always take you 00:01:06.750 --> 00:01:08.580 to your chosen homepage. 00:01:08.580 --> 00:01:10.140 And the navigation button, 00:01:10.140 --> 00:01:11.970 which appears as your username, 00:01:11.970 --> 00:01:14.880 which can take you to a few other essential locations 00:01:14.880 --> 00:01:18.300 including the learner homepage, the teacher dashboard, 00:01:18.300 --> 00:01:21.150 the parent dashboard, and settings. 00:01:21.150 --> 00:01:23.370 If you wanna edit basic information, 00:01:23.370 --> 00:01:26.010 you can do this from the settings page 00:01:26.010 --> 00:01:29.580 located from the dropdown of the navigation button. 00:01:29.580 --> 00:01:30.720 From the settings page 00:01:30.720 --> 00:01:32.910 you can edit basic account information, 00:01:32.910 --> 00:01:37.910 like usernames and primary language, reset your password. 00:01:38.346 --> 00:01:40.380 Know which email account is linked 00:01:40.380 --> 00:01:42.780 to your Khan Academy account, 00:01:42.780 --> 00:01:46.230 select your homepage, and much more. 00:01:46.230 --> 00:01:48.960 It is important to double check that the teacher function 00:01:48.960 --> 00:01:52.230 is selected because only then you will have access 00:01:52.230 --> 00:01:53.970 to the teacher dashboard. 00:01:53.970 --> 00:01:55.210 On the teacher dashboard 00:01:56.100 --> 00:01:57.930 you'll find three very important tabs. 00:01:57.930 --> 00:02:00.686 The class tab shows all of your active classes. 00:02:00.686 --> 00:02:04.149 If you select a class, you'll be able to view the roster, 00:02:04.149 --> 00:02:07.350 student activity, mastery progress, 00:02:07.350 --> 00:02:09.180 and assignments for that class. 00:02:09.180 --> 00:02:13.440 We will discuss reports in more detail in a later session. 00:02:13.440 --> 00:02:16.050 If we return to the main teacher dashboard 00:02:16.050 --> 00:02:19.500 by selecting the Khan Academy logo at the top of the page, 00:02:19.500 --> 00:02:21.810 the second tab is the student's tab, 00:02:21.810 --> 00:02:24.000 which you can view the complete list of students 00:02:24.000 --> 00:02:25.770 who are connected to your account. 00:02:25.770 --> 00:02:28.111 This list contains all of the students currently associated 00:02:28.111 --> 00:02:30.390 with your teacher account, 00:02:30.390 --> 00:02:32.820 regardless of their assigned class. 00:02:32.820 --> 00:02:34.800 Finally, from the main teacher dashboard 00:02:34.800 --> 00:02:37.020 you can access the resource tab, 00:02:37.020 --> 00:02:39.300 which brings you to the teacher facing materials 00:02:39.300 --> 00:02:40.530 on Khan Academy, 00:02:40.530 --> 00:02:43.800 and also has a shortcut to Khan for Educators course. 00:02:43.800 --> 00:02:46.350 We know that many parents wanna connect their own children 00:02:46.350 --> 00:02:48.450 to their Khan Academy account. 00:02:48.450 --> 00:02:50.010 From the navigation button, 00:02:50.010 --> 00:02:52.320 you can access the parent dashboard 00:02:52.320 --> 00:02:54.060 where parents can add their child 00:02:54.060 --> 00:02:56.010 and create accounts for them. 00:02:56.010 --> 00:02:58.110 They can also monitor their progress 00:02:58.110 --> 00:03:01.440 and how they're achieving mastery in our courses. 00:03:01.440 --> 00:03:03.720 One lasted important item to point out, 00:03:03.720 --> 00:03:05.940 where to find additional help if you need it. 00:03:05.940 --> 00:03:09.210 By clicking from the navigation button dropdown menu, 00:03:09.210 --> 00:03:11.700 you have access to a full page of resources 00:03:11.700 --> 00:03:14.550 about Khan Academy, community advice, 00:03:14.550 --> 00:03:17.040 and you can even file a request or support ticket 00:03:17.040 --> 00:03:20.130 to our support team to resolve any technical issues 00:03:20.130 --> 00:03:21.330 that may arise. 00:03:21.330 --> 00:03:23.820 We hope this video has helped you find your way 00:03:23.820 --> 00:03:25.290 around Khan Academy. 00:03:25.290 --> 00:03:27.957 (gentle music)

Mastery Goals on Khan Academy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=el8IUMrbHvk

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.693 --> 00:00:02.760 (upbeat music) 00:00:02.760 --> 00:00:04.890 - In this video, we're going to explore 00:00:04.890 --> 00:00:07.890 Khan Academy's mastery goal system. 00:00:07.890 --> 00:00:10.260 At Khan Academy, we're committed to the concept 00:00:10.260 --> 00:00:12.390 of mastery learning, which is embodied 00:00:12.390 --> 00:00:14.670 in our mastery goal system. 00:00:14.670 --> 00:00:16.980 But what does mastery goal mean? 00:00:16.980 --> 00:00:19.500 Essentially, it is a tool that allows teachers 00:00:19.500 --> 00:00:23.070 to establish and monitor goals for their students, 00:00:23.070 --> 00:00:26.190 while also promoting self-paced learning. 00:00:26.190 --> 00:00:28.140 When we talk about master goals, 00:00:28.140 --> 00:00:30.000 we're referring to a student's ability 00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:32.160 to understand a subject thoroughly 00:00:32.160 --> 00:00:34.920 and do so at their own speed. 00:00:34.920 --> 00:00:36.990 Think of mastery goals as your student's 00:00:36.990 --> 00:00:40.230 personal learning map in subjects like math 00:00:40.230 --> 00:00:44.490 or even our new digital SAT reading and math courses. 00:00:44.490 --> 00:00:46.410 Course mastery covers a year worth 00:00:46.410 --> 00:00:48.120 of discoveries and learning. 00:00:48.120 --> 00:00:50.490 It's your student's long-term goal. 00:00:50.490 --> 00:00:52.200 Unit mastery, on the other hand, 00:00:52.200 --> 00:00:55.080 is like a treasure hunt within the big adventure. 00:00:55.080 --> 00:00:57.570 It's all about finding and mastering skills 00:00:57.570 --> 00:01:00.030 for just one unit at a time. 00:01:00.030 --> 00:01:02.013 It's your student's short-term goal. 00:01:03.270 --> 00:01:04.980 Let's walk through how to assign 00:01:04.980 --> 00:01:07.650 mastery goals to your students. 00:01:07.650 --> 00:01:09.630 When you log into Khan Academy, 00:01:09.630 --> 00:01:12.390 you'll land on the teacher dashboard. 00:01:12.390 --> 00:01:13.830 Click on the name of the class 00:01:13.830 --> 00:01:16.410 you want to create a mastery goal for. 00:01:16.410 --> 00:01:18.720 On the left-hand side navigation, 00:01:18.720 --> 00:01:22.290 go to the Mastery Goals tab and click Assign. 00:01:22.290 --> 00:01:24.240 If you haven't done so already, 00:01:24.240 --> 00:01:27.243 add the on grade level course you currently teach. 00:01:28.230 --> 00:01:31.980 Click the blue hyperlink, Edit Courses. 00:01:31.980 --> 00:01:35.670 Next, you'll be on the Course Mastery Placement page. 00:01:35.670 --> 00:01:38.640 Click Create Course Goal. 00:01:38.640 --> 00:01:41.880 You can confirm your assigned and desired goals 00:01:41.880 --> 00:01:44.640 to students by selecting Mastery Goals 00:01:44.640 --> 00:01:48.210 on the left-hand panel and then selecting Progress. 00:01:48.210 --> 00:01:50.370 You will now see the current mastery goals 00:01:50.370 --> 00:01:52.380 assigned to students in your class 00:01:52.380 --> 00:01:54.723 and their progress towards meeting that goal. 00:01:55.650 --> 00:01:57.540 Now, let's look a little closer 00:01:57.540 --> 00:02:00.990 at what students see in terms of mastery goals. 00:02:00.990 --> 00:02:03.120 When students log into Khan Academy, 00:02:03.120 --> 00:02:05.940 they will be on their learner homepage. 00:02:05.940 --> 00:02:08.160 Each student will be able to see their teacher 00:02:08.160 --> 00:02:10.503 or class name on the left-hand side. 00:02:11.610 --> 00:02:13.920 By clicking on the class, students will see 00:02:13.920 --> 00:02:16.860 their mastery goals at the top of their page. 00:02:16.860 --> 00:02:19.020 A student can click the goal at any time 00:02:19.020 --> 00:02:21.210 and continue from where they left off 00:02:21.210 --> 00:02:23.610 to make progress towards their goal. 00:02:23.610 --> 00:02:25.380 Students can also continue working 00:02:25.380 --> 00:02:28.170 towards their mastery goal on the iOS 00:02:28.170 --> 00:02:30.183 and Android apps as well. 00:02:31.140 --> 00:02:34.380 There are several ways for students to practice. 00:02:34.380 --> 00:02:38.700 They can practice a single concept at a time on an exercise 00:02:38.700 --> 00:02:42.540 or they could practice mixed skills on a quiz, unit test, 00:02:42.540 --> 00:02:45.570 course challenge, or mastery challenge. 00:02:45.570 --> 00:02:47.340 As students get questions right, 00:02:47.340 --> 00:02:52.320 they move up from not started to familiar to proficient. 00:02:52.320 --> 00:02:54.450 The top level is mastered. 00:02:54.450 --> 00:02:58.170 Students can only get to mastered by getting to proficient 00:02:58.170 --> 00:03:00.390 and then getting that concept right again 00:03:00.390 --> 00:03:02.970 in a mixed-skill setting. 00:03:02.970 --> 00:03:06.210 Mastery challenges can be used for spiral review 00:03:06.210 --> 00:03:08.820 and they're just six questions each. 00:03:08.820 --> 00:03:11.220 It will appear for each student when they have reached 00:03:11.220 --> 00:03:14.520 familiar level on at least three skills 00:03:14.520 --> 00:03:18.510 and have reached proficiency on at least one skill. 00:03:18.510 --> 00:03:21.930 The mastery challenge refreshes every 12 hours. 00:03:21.930 --> 00:03:24.813 We do like to think of this as a spiral review. 00:03:26.070 --> 00:03:28.140 Most teachers recommend having students 00:03:28.140 --> 00:03:30.450 start with a course challenge or a specific 00:03:30.450 --> 00:03:32.820 unit test within the course. 00:03:32.820 --> 00:03:35.100 Students may navigate to the course challenge 00:03:35.100 --> 00:03:36.990 in their account or teachers 00:03:36.990 --> 00:03:39.300 may assign the course challenge. 00:03:39.300 --> 00:03:41.520 This way, both students and teachers 00:03:41.520 --> 00:03:44.280 can quickly identify gaps and strengths 00:03:44.280 --> 00:03:48.090 in students' knowledge in order to provide the right content 00:03:48.090 --> 00:03:51.060 and the right support at the right moment. 00:03:51.060 --> 00:03:54.000 Course challenges contain 30 questions and can be used 00:03:54.000 --> 00:03:57.753 as a pre-assessment, as well as a progress monitoring tool. 00:03:58.860 --> 00:04:01.020 A mastery goal is considered achieved 00:04:01.020 --> 00:04:05.700 once a student reaches 80% of their course mastery goal. 00:04:05.700 --> 00:04:09.060 We'll be diving deeper into reports in a later session 00:04:09.060 --> 00:04:10.890 but let's take a look at where to find 00:04:10.890 --> 00:04:13.590 mastery progress for students. 00:04:13.590 --> 00:04:17.220 Starting at the teacher dashboard, select a class. 00:04:17.220 --> 00:04:20.733 Select Mastery Goals from the left navigation menu, 00:04:21.600 --> 00:04:23.313 then select Progress. 00:04:24.150 --> 00:04:27.663 This report shows student progress on the assigned course. 00:04:28.530 --> 00:04:30.750 Khan Academy also has a skills report 00:04:30.750 --> 00:04:33.540 found under the Activity tab to dive deeper 00:04:33.540 --> 00:04:37.110 into the individual skill for a given course. 00:04:37.110 --> 00:04:39.780 On the skills report, you can open any unit 00:04:39.780 --> 00:04:43.050 to get a quick view of how students are progressing. 00:04:43.050 --> 00:04:45.210 By clicking on a specific skill, 00:04:45.210 --> 00:04:47.100 you'll be able to see the mastery level 00:04:47.100 --> 00:04:49.143 for every student for that skill. 00:04:50.220 --> 00:04:52.440 If you notice that several students are struggling 00:04:52.440 --> 00:04:55.800 on a skill, you can assign extra practice on that skill 00:04:55.800 --> 00:04:58.140 right here in the skills report. 00:04:58.140 --> 00:05:00.030 We'll talk more about how to make assignments 00:05:00.030 --> 00:05:01.410 in a separate video. 00:05:01.410 --> 00:05:04.050 We hope this video helps you start using 00:05:04.050 --> 00:05:06.258 mastery goals with your students. 00:05:06.258 --> 00:05:08.841 (upbeat music)

Assignment Reports on Khan Academy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wxPbFnJK2g

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.480 --> 00:00:01.770 - [Narrator] This video will highlight 00:00:01.770 --> 00:00:03.660 how to monitor student progress 00:00:03.660 --> 00:00:06.183 with assignment reports on Khan Academy. 00:00:07.020 --> 00:00:10.770 The assignment score report is a tool for teachers to view 00:00:10.770 --> 00:00:14.403 and analyze their students' performance on assigned tasks. 00:00:15.840 --> 00:00:19.140 Start by selecting the class from your teacher dashboard 00:00:19.140 --> 00:00:22.260 and then selecting Scores under the Assignments tab 00:00:22.260 --> 00:00:24.423 in the left-side navigation menu. 00:00:25.500 --> 00:00:28.530 This will bring you to the assignment scores report. 00:00:28.530 --> 00:00:30.870 If the assignment is a video or article 00:00:30.870 --> 00:00:33.240 and students have completed the assignment, 00:00:33.240 --> 00:00:35.610 you will see a green check mark. 00:00:35.610 --> 00:00:37.650 To earn completion for a video, 00:00:37.650 --> 00:00:41.190 the student must have watched at least 90% of the video 00:00:41.190 --> 00:00:43.353 at no faster than double speed. 00:00:44.250 --> 00:00:46.530 To earn completion for an article, 00:00:46.530 --> 00:00:49.500 the student must have clicked into the article. 00:00:49.500 --> 00:00:52.890 If the assignment is an exercise, quiz, or test, 00:00:52.890 --> 00:00:54.840 the student's best score will be shown 00:00:54.840 --> 00:00:57.270 in a color-coded box. 00:00:57.270 --> 00:01:01.890 The boxes appear as red for scores 0 to 59, 00:01:01.890 --> 00:01:05.520 yellow for scores 60 to 99, 00:01:05.520 --> 00:01:08.580 or green for a score of 100. 00:01:08.580 --> 00:01:11.190 If the student has not completed the assignment, 00:01:11.190 --> 00:01:13.680 the box will remain gray. 00:01:13.680 --> 00:01:15.870 To access a more detailed report 00:01:15.870 --> 00:01:18.030 for an individual assignment, 00:01:18.030 --> 00:01:20.190 from the assignment scores report, 00:01:20.190 --> 00:01:22.740 select the assignment name for any assignment 00:01:22.740 --> 00:01:24.243 that contains questions. 00:01:25.560 --> 00:01:28.320 This report is called the response report. 00:01:28.320 --> 00:01:30.030 This screen shows you an example 00:01:30.030 --> 00:01:32.970 of an assignment's report for an exercise. 00:01:32.970 --> 00:01:35.220 On the left-hand side of the screen, 00:01:35.220 --> 00:01:38.460 you can select the first or last attempt students made 00:01:38.460 --> 00:01:40.350 to answer the question. 00:01:40.350 --> 00:01:42.780 You are also able to select each question 00:01:42.780 --> 00:01:45.480 to see students' responses. 00:01:45.480 --> 00:01:47.730 If you've chosen to provide different questions 00:01:47.730 --> 00:01:49.110 for each student, 00:01:49.110 --> 00:01:50.220 the questions appear 00:01:50.220 --> 00:01:53.700 in the order students found them most challenging. 00:01:53.700 --> 00:01:55.980 The questions students answered incorrectly 00:01:55.980 --> 00:01:58.650 most frequently appears at the top, 00:01:58.650 --> 00:02:01.260 while the questions students answered correctly 00:02:01.260 --> 00:02:03.723 most frequently appears at the bottom. 00:02:05.130 --> 00:02:07.260 If you've chosen to provide the same question 00:02:07.260 --> 00:02:08.550 for all students, 00:02:08.550 --> 00:02:09.930 the questions appear in the order 00:02:09.930 --> 00:02:12.390 in which they were presented to them. 00:02:12.390 --> 00:02:13.380 On the right side, 00:02:13.380 --> 00:02:16.800 you can select a specific student or the whole class 00:02:16.800 --> 00:02:19.920 to view the assignment responses report. 00:02:19.920 --> 00:02:22.980 Select the Responses tab on the right to see a summary 00:02:22.980 --> 00:02:24.990 of student responses. 00:02:24.990 --> 00:02:26.910 Correct responses can be highlighted 00:02:26.910 --> 00:02:29.850 by selecting the Reveal answer button. 00:02:29.850 --> 00:02:32.460 You can view which students gave which answers 00:02:32.460 --> 00:02:35.070 by selecting an individual response 00:02:35.070 --> 00:02:37.380 to display student names. 00:02:37.380 --> 00:02:39.630 We recommend keeping student's name private 00:02:39.630 --> 00:02:42.243 when sharing this report with the entire class. 00:02:43.470 --> 00:02:45.750 Additionally, you can select the Draw tab 00:02:45.750 --> 00:02:47.610 to reveal a scratch pad space 00:02:47.610 --> 00:02:51.900 that you can also use to solve problems live with students. 00:02:51.900 --> 00:02:54.510 Consider using this report to do error analysis 00:02:54.510 --> 00:02:55.860 with your students. 00:02:55.860 --> 00:02:57.390 Analyze where mistakes were made 00:02:57.390 --> 00:02:59.550 that led to an incorrect answer 00:02:59.550 --> 00:03:02.130 and correct misunderstandings. 00:03:02.130 --> 00:03:04.020 We also suggest having a student 00:03:04.020 --> 00:03:07.020 solve the problem step-by-step for the class 00:03:07.020 --> 00:03:08.220 instead of the teacher 00:03:08.220 --> 00:03:10.200 as a way to encourage student voice 00:03:10.200 --> 00:03:12.363 and build students' confidence. 00:03:13.500 --> 00:03:14.520 In the Hints tab, 00:03:14.520 --> 00:03:17.583 you can view the step-by-step process to solve the problem. 00:03:19.230 --> 00:03:22.050 These are the same steps provided to students in real time 00:03:22.050 --> 00:03:25.950 when they select Get a Hint option in an exercise. 00:03:25.950 --> 00:03:28.920 You can also access the assignment responses report 00:03:28.920 --> 00:03:32.700 by selecting the Manage tab from the class dashboard 00:03:32.700 --> 00:03:36.360 and then selecting the blue hyperlink that says Responses 00:03:36.360 --> 00:03:38.370 for the individual assignment. 00:03:38.370 --> 00:03:39.990 The assignment score report 00:03:39.990 --> 00:03:42.600 and the assignments responses report are helpful 00:03:42.600 --> 00:03:46.200 in monitoring assignment progress for an entire class. 00:03:46.200 --> 00:03:48.030 If you would like to look more closely 00:03:48.030 --> 00:03:51.000 at the assignment progress for a single student, 00:03:51.000 --> 00:03:54.270 use the individual student assignment report. 00:03:54.270 --> 00:03:55.950 From the class dashboard, 00:03:55.950 --> 00:04:00.480 select Activity overview from the left-side navigation, 00:04:00.480 --> 00:04:02.730 then select the individual student 00:04:02.730 --> 00:04:04.830 whose assignment progress you wanna view 00:04:04.830 --> 00:04:08.640 by selecting the blue circle next to the student's name. 00:04:08.640 --> 00:04:12.120 This brings you to the individual student report. 00:04:12.120 --> 00:04:13.470 Select the Assignments tab 00:04:13.470 --> 00:04:16.650 to view all assignments given to that student. 00:04:16.650 --> 00:04:19.500 This report displays the due date and time, 00:04:19.500 --> 00:04:21.990 assignment name, assignment status, 00:04:21.990 --> 00:04:23.880 attempts made on the assignment, 00:04:23.880 --> 00:04:25.290 and the student's best score 00:04:25.290 --> 00:04:28.019 if the assignment is an exercise, quiz, or test. 00:04:28.019 --> 00:04:30.602 (bright music)

Student Tips for Completing Assignments on Khan Academy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBJZtPTG-EQ

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.420 --> 00:00:01.253 - [Narrator] Hello. 00:00:01.253 --> 00:00:02.880 In this video we will discuss how 00:00:02.880 --> 00:00:06.330 to enhance your learning experience on Khan Academy 00:00:06.330 --> 00:00:09.180 as you work through assignments and lessons. 00:00:09.180 --> 00:00:10.650 First, ensure you're logged 00:00:10.650 --> 00:00:13.230 into your Khan Academy account by checking 00:00:13.230 --> 00:00:16.320 that your name is in the upper right hand corner. 00:00:16.320 --> 00:00:18.660 Logging into your account is important to view 00:00:18.660 --> 00:00:22.800 your assignments and earn progress towards your classes. 00:00:22.800 --> 00:00:24.090 On the left hand side 00:00:24.090 --> 00:00:27.060 you'll find your classes where your teacher has 00:00:27.060 --> 00:00:30.840 assigned mastery goals or assignments for you. 00:00:30.840 --> 00:00:33.750 Click on the assignments tab to access the assignments 00:00:33.750 --> 00:00:34.863 from your teacher. 00:00:36.150 --> 00:00:39.720 Now, let's review the top five things you need to know 00:00:39.720 --> 00:00:42.423 about how to complete assignments on Khan Academy. 00:00:43.350 --> 00:00:46.620 First, let's discuss the types of assignments. 00:00:46.620 --> 00:00:50.280 There are two main types of assignments on Khan Academy. 00:00:50.280 --> 00:00:54.660 The first is practice indicated by the mastery icon. 00:00:54.660 --> 00:00:58.890 Practice can include exercises, quizzes, or unit tests. 00:00:58.890 --> 00:01:00.180 While completing assignments 00:01:00.180 --> 00:01:02.070 you'll receive instant feedback 00:01:02.070 --> 00:01:04.710 after each question you answer. 00:01:04.710 --> 00:01:07.170 The second type is instruction noted 00:01:07.170 --> 00:01:09.573 by the play symbol and the paper symbol. 00:01:10.470 --> 00:01:12.570 Instructional content can come in the form 00:01:12.570 --> 00:01:16.290 of videos or articles, helping you learn new skills 00:01:16.290 --> 00:01:19.530 or review concepts that were covered in class. 00:01:19.530 --> 00:01:22.500 All videos have subtitles for easy following. 00:01:22.500 --> 00:01:25.080 If you're stuck, take a hint. 00:01:25.080 --> 00:01:27.120 Feeling stuck when learning is natural 00:01:27.120 --> 00:01:28.920 but don't get discouraged. 00:01:28.920 --> 00:01:30.330 Khan Academy offers hints 00:01:30.330 --> 00:01:33.603 for specific questions providing step-by-step guidance. 00:01:34.440 --> 00:01:37.680 Be sure to jot down those hints for future reference. 00:01:37.680 --> 00:01:40.170 Additionally, you can watch related videos 00:01:40.170 --> 00:01:43.260 or read articles to gain deeper understanding. 00:01:43.260 --> 00:01:44.970 You'll find help related links 00:01:44.970 --> 00:01:47.490 under the skill you are working on. 00:01:47.490 --> 00:01:50.130 If needed, don't hesitate to seek support 00:01:50.130 --> 00:01:53.923 from classmates, teachers, or family members. 00:01:53.923 --> 00:01:56.340 Be patient and persistent. 00:01:56.340 --> 00:01:59.160 Don't worry if you're not satisfied with your initial score 00:01:59.160 --> 00:02:02.610 on a practice exercise, you can always retry assignments 00:02:02.610 --> 00:02:05.880 until you achieve a score you are proud of. 00:02:05.880 --> 00:02:09.150 Just click try again to start over. 00:02:09.150 --> 00:02:10.860 You can even go back to assignments 00:02:10.860 --> 00:02:14.010 with past due dates to improve your score. 00:02:14.010 --> 00:02:16.890 Remember, every challenge and mistake is a part 00:02:16.890 --> 00:02:18.330 of your learning journey 00:02:18.330 --> 00:02:20.943 and contributes to your intellectual growth. 00:02:21.960 --> 00:02:23.430 Check your progress. 00:02:23.430 --> 00:02:26.970 Stay on top of your learning journey by selecting progress 00:02:26.970 --> 00:02:30.270 under my account on the left hand side. 00:02:30.270 --> 00:02:33.900 Here you can review all of your activities on Khan Academy 00:02:33.900 --> 00:02:37.650 including completed exercises, watched videos 00:02:37.650 --> 00:02:38.943 and read articles. 00:02:39.900 --> 00:02:41.400 Depending on your learning goals 00:02:41.400 --> 00:02:45.630 you can filter to view specific content for activities. 00:02:45.630 --> 00:02:47.190 For each completed practice 00:02:47.190 --> 00:02:49.650 you can see your current mastery level, 00:02:49.650 --> 00:02:51.480 the number of correct answers 00:02:51.480 --> 00:02:54.420 and the time spent on the activity. 00:02:54.420 --> 00:02:56.790 Regularly checking your progress helps you stay 00:02:56.790 --> 00:02:58.743 on track to meet your goals. 00:02:59.850 --> 00:03:02.160 Make Khan Academy your own. 00:03:02.160 --> 00:03:04.230 Customize your Khan Academy experience 00:03:04.230 --> 00:03:06.660 to suit your unique learning style. 00:03:06.660 --> 00:03:08.640 Rewind or slow down a video 00:03:08.640 --> 00:03:12.780 as needed to ensure that you can understand the concept. 00:03:12.780 --> 00:03:16.140 Khan Academy is available in over 50 different languages 00:03:16.140 --> 00:03:16.980 so you can learn 00:03:16.980 --> 00:03:19.860 in the language you are most comfortable with. 00:03:19.860 --> 00:03:22.860 Easily switch languages in your settings. 00:03:22.860 --> 00:03:25.710 If you prefer complete assignments on your smartphone 00:03:25.710 --> 00:03:29.703 by downloading the Khan Academy app on Android or iOS. 00:03:30.570 --> 00:03:33.690 Remember the sky's the limit for your learning journey. 00:03:33.690 --> 00:03:36.750 Embrace challenges, learn from your mistakes 00:03:36.750 --> 00:03:39.810 and never hesitate to ask for help when needed. 00:03:39.810 --> 00:03:43.290 With Khan Academy, there's no limit to what you can achieve. 00:03:43.290 --> 00:03:44.385 Happy learning. 00:03:44.385 --> 00:03:47.052 (upbeat music)

Student tips for using Mastery Goals on Khan Academy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGZ20TjSvRg

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.600 --> 00:00:01.740 - [Instructor] Hello and welcome 00:00:01.740 --> 00:00:03.515 to our video on mastery goals. 00:00:03.515 --> 00:00:04.348 (light music) 00:00:04.348 --> 00:00:07.680 Let's review a few tips to ensure you are making the most 00:00:07.680 --> 00:00:09.540 out of your learning experience 00:00:09.540 --> 00:00:11.520 while working on Khan Academy. 00:00:11.520 --> 00:00:13.620 First, let's make sure you're logged in 00:00:13.620 --> 00:00:15.480 to your Khan Academy account 00:00:15.480 --> 00:00:19.410 by checking for your name in the upper right-hand corner. 00:00:19.410 --> 00:00:21.000 Now, on the left side, 00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:22.950 you should see your classes 00:00:22.950 --> 00:00:26.100 where your teacher has given you a mastery goal 00:00:26.100 --> 00:00:28.410 or an assignment to work on. 00:00:28.410 --> 00:00:30.810 Click on the tab that says Mastery goals 00:00:30.810 --> 00:00:33.573 to view the goals your teachers have set for you. 00:00:34.710 --> 00:00:36.450 Now that you're viewing and focused 00:00:36.450 --> 00:00:37.710 on your learning goals, 00:00:37.710 --> 00:00:40.500 let's discuss the top five strategies 00:00:40.500 --> 00:00:43.470 for mastering goals on Khan Academy. 00:00:43.470 --> 00:00:47.010 Number one: your mastery goals are important goals 00:00:47.010 --> 00:00:48.930 set by your teacher. 00:00:48.930 --> 00:00:50.610 On your learner home page, 00:00:50.610 --> 00:00:54.300 you can track your progress toward the mastery goal, 00:00:54.300 --> 00:00:57.480 along with the due date your teacher has assigned. 00:00:57.480 --> 00:00:59.340 Simply click on the mastery goal 00:00:59.340 --> 00:01:01.680 to access the course home page. 00:01:01.680 --> 00:01:03.840 Here, you'll find the course units 00:01:03.840 --> 00:01:06.843 and your progress towards mastering each unit. 00:01:07.680 --> 00:01:11.640 Keep an eye on the purple bar that fills from left to right 00:01:11.640 --> 00:01:14.340 as you progress through each unit. 00:01:14.340 --> 00:01:16.080 Regularly check your unit progress 00:01:16.080 --> 00:01:19.530 to ensure you're on track to achieve your goal. 00:01:19.530 --> 00:01:22.290 Click into a unit to see your mastery level 00:01:22.290 --> 00:01:25.590 for each skill on the left-hand side. 00:01:25.590 --> 00:01:27.870 Aim to earn a crown for every skill 00:01:27.870 --> 00:01:30.510 and move your mastery level to mastered. 00:01:30.510 --> 00:01:33.330 Next, embrace time and practice. 00:01:33.330 --> 00:01:36.360 Mastery requires time and practice. 00:01:36.360 --> 00:01:39.360 As you practice skills and answer questions, 00:01:39.360 --> 00:01:42.120 your mastery level for each skill will rise 00:01:42.120 --> 00:01:46.410 with correct answers and decline with incorrect ones. 00:01:46.410 --> 00:01:48.810 If you wish to accelerate your progress, 00:01:48.810 --> 00:01:51.540 consider trying a mastery challenge. 00:01:51.540 --> 00:01:54.600 These challenges allow you to reinforce the skills 00:01:54.600 --> 00:01:56.430 you've already practiced through 00:01:56.430 --> 00:01:58.980 through six focus questions. 00:01:58.980 --> 00:02:02.100 Remember, mastery is a meaningful achievement, 00:02:02.100 --> 00:02:04.350 and the effort you put in to reach it 00:02:04.350 --> 00:02:07.020 demonstrates true learning. 00:02:07.020 --> 00:02:09.270 Don't be afraid to retry exercises 00:02:09.270 --> 00:02:12.810 until you achieve a score you're satisfied with. 00:02:12.810 --> 00:02:14.730 Embrace struggles and mistakes, 00:02:14.730 --> 00:02:17.790 as they contribute to your brain's growth. 00:02:17.790 --> 00:02:19.800 Make sure to follow the guiding blue buttons 00:02:19.800 --> 00:02:21.360 throughout the platform. 00:02:21.360 --> 00:02:23.340 Your course contains a number of skills 00:02:23.340 --> 00:02:26.070 that you can practice at your own pace. 00:02:26.070 --> 00:02:28.350 To stay on track, look for the blue buttons 00:02:28.350 --> 00:02:29.820 through the course. 00:02:29.820 --> 00:02:31.290 These buttons will always guide you 00:02:31.290 --> 00:02:34.200 to the next skill that you should work on. 00:02:34.200 --> 00:02:37.320 Don't forget to utilize hints when you're stuck. 00:02:37.320 --> 00:02:39.060 It's completely normal to feel stuck 00:02:39.060 --> 00:02:40.620 while learning new skills. 00:02:40.620 --> 00:02:42.840 The key is to not give up. 00:02:42.840 --> 00:02:44.730 When you encounter difficulties, 00:02:44.730 --> 00:02:46.980 take advantage of the hint feature. 00:02:46.980 --> 00:02:49.320 Hints provide step-by-step instructions 00:02:49.320 --> 00:02:51.720 for the specific question you're working on. 00:02:51.720 --> 00:02:55.080 And you can jot them down for future reference. 00:02:55.080 --> 00:02:57.750 Additionally, you can watch instructional videos 00:02:57.750 --> 00:03:01.890 or read articles on the skill to gain further insights. 00:03:01.890 --> 00:03:04.650 Once you've done this, attempt the exercise again. 00:03:04.650 --> 00:03:06.150 And if you're still stuck, 00:03:06.150 --> 00:03:08.700 don't hesitate to seek support from your classmates, 00:03:08.700 --> 00:03:10.650 teachers, or family members. 00:03:10.650 --> 00:03:13.530 Lastly, embrace mastery learning. 00:03:13.530 --> 00:03:17.280 Always remember your potential to succeed knows no bounds. 00:03:17.280 --> 00:03:19.890 Keep trying, embrace making mistakes, 00:03:19.890 --> 00:03:22.500 and never hesitate to seek help when needed. 00:03:22.500 --> 00:03:24.810 The beauty of learning on Khan Academy lies 00:03:24.810 --> 00:03:27.720 in the endless possibilities for growth and knowledge. 00:03:27.720 --> 00:03:29.490 By employing these strategies, 00:03:29.490 --> 00:03:32.340 you'll be well equipped to work towards your mastery goals 00:03:32.340 --> 00:03:33.830 effectively on Khan Academy. 00:03:33.830 --> 00:03:37.163 (light music continues)

Intro to taxes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8zPRF3JsE4

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.050 --> 00:00:02.610 - So a lot of folks are familiar 00:00:02.610 --> 00:00:06.360 with government doing things like building roads and bridges 00:00:06.360 --> 00:00:10.050 or providing schooling or parks or at the federal level 00:00:10.050 --> 00:00:13.860 national programs, or say, the military. 00:00:13.860 --> 00:00:14.970 And the natural question is 00:00:14.970 --> 00:00:16.770 how does the government pay for all of this? 00:00:16.770 --> 00:00:19.680 And the simple answer is it's primarily through taxes. 00:00:19.680 --> 00:00:21.600 There's other sources of revenue as well, 00:00:21.600 --> 00:00:23.280 but we're thinking on a local level. 00:00:23.280 --> 00:00:24.900 Taxes are things like sales tax. 00:00:24.900 --> 00:00:26.550 You buy something, you pay a little bit extra. 00:00:26.550 --> 00:00:28.020 That extra percentage does not go 00:00:28.020 --> 00:00:30.540 to the retailer or whoever's providing the service. 00:00:30.540 --> 00:00:32.812 It would go to the government. 00:00:32.812 --> 00:00:33.645 There're things like property tax, 00:00:33.645 --> 00:00:34.950 especially at a local level 00:00:35.877 --> 00:00:36.810 where if you own property every year, 00:00:36.810 --> 00:00:40.290 that property generally is assessed what the value is 00:00:40.290 --> 00:00:42.420 and you have to pay a percentage of that value 00:00:42.420 --> 00:00:46.500 to traditionally the local government on an annual basis. 00:00:46.500 --> 00:00:49.080 And then when you go to the state and the federal level, 00:00:49.080 --> 00:00:50.700 probably the most significant tax, 00:00:50.700 --> 00:00:53.970 in fact, the most significant tax is income tax, 00:00:53.970 --> 00:00:57.000 which is a tax on people's income. 00:00:57.000 --> 00:00:59.580 Now, income tax, you can broadly view it 00:00:59.580 --> 00:01:03.120 as a tax on a percentage of your income, 00:01:03.120 --> 00:01:04.890 and it can be significant depending 00:01:04.890 --> 00:01:06.788 on how much money you make. 00:01:06.788 --> 00:01:10.920 It's not uncommon for, 00:01:10.920 --> 00:01:14.040 between state and federal taxes for people to, 00:01:14.040 --> 00:01:16.590 and things like social security tax, et cetera, 00:01:16.590 --> 00:01:19.800 for 20, 30, 40% or more 00:01:19.800 --> 00:01:24.800 of someone's income to go to these collective income taxes. 00:01:24.930 --> 00:01:28.170 So it is a significant part of folks' income. 00:01:28.170 --> 00:01:29.790 So it's definitely something 00:01:29.790 --> 00:01:31.740 that you should pay attention to. 00:01:31.740 --> 00:01:33.180 Now, I mentioned, generally speaking, 00:01:33.180 --> 00:01:36.360 it's a percentage, and that percentage, generally speaking, 00:01:36.360 --> 00:01:38.790 is gonna get larger and larger the more that you earn. 00:01:38.790 --> 00:01:40.560 And that's a important point, 00:01:40.560 --> 00:01:42.240 that it's not just a flat percentage, 00:01:42.240 --> 00:01:44.040 which you still would pay more if you make more 00:01:44.040 --> 00:01:46.800 but the actual percentage goes up. 00:01:46.800 --> 00:01:48.540 Now I go into details in other videos. 00:01:48.540 --> 00:01:53.540 Another misconception is that as you go into brackets, 00:01:53.670 --> 00:01:55.200 the higher and higher tax brackets 00:01:55.200 --> 00:01:56.250 as you make more and more, 00:01:56.250 --> 00:01:58.890 and as that percentage for those incremental brackets 00:01:58.890 --> 00:01:59.723 go higher and higher 00:01:59.723 --> 00:02:02.400 that you pay that percentage on all of your income. 00:02:02.400 --> 00:02:03.690 That's not the case. 00:02:03.690 --> 00:02:05.700 You just pay that higher percentage 00:02:05.700 --> 00:02:08.670 on the incremental income between that threshold 00:02:08.670 --> 00:02:09.720 and the next threshold, 00:02:09.720 --> 00:02:10.830 and then the threshold above that, 00:02:10.830 --> 00:02:12.840 you pay another higher percentage. 00:02:12.840 --> 00:02:14.400 I know that can be a little confusing. 00:02:14.400 --> 00:02:16.320 We have some other videos that break it down 00:02:16.320 --> 00:02:17.153 a little bit more, 00:02:17.153 --> 00:02:18.690 in a little bit more detail. 00:02:18.690 --> 00:02:22.620 But the important thing to realize is as you make money, 00:02:22.620 --> 00:02:23.970 you are going to, depending if you, 00:02:23.970 --> 00:02:26.370 especially if you reach some minimum thresholds, 00:02:26.370 --> 00:02:27.840 you are going to spend 00:02:27.840 --> 00:02:30.450 a significant amount of money on taxes. 00:02:30.450 --> 00:02:34.920 The average American household spends $10,000 on taxes 00:02:34.920 --> 00:02:36.660 and if you make more than average, 00:02:36.660 --> 00:02:39.480 it can be substantially more than that. 00:02:39.480 --> 00:02:41.520 So this is just the intro primer. 00:02:41.520 --> 00:02:42.870 I encourage you to watch the other videos 00:02:42.870 --> 00:02:45.300 that teach you how to break down taxes a little bit. 00:02:45.300 --> 00:02:47.250 But it's very important to think about.

Credit 101: What is APR?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqqXTrEEZ7Y

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.020 --> 00:00:02.550 - Let's talk a little bit about credit 00:00:02.550 --> 00:00:05.880 and in particular, how much you pay for credit. 00:00:05.880 --> 00:00:09.210 So just as a reminder, credit is essentially the ability 00:00:09.210 --> 00:00:11.940 or when you actually borrow from someone else. 00:00:11.940 --> 00:00:13.380 It could take the form of a mortgage 00:00:13.380 --> 00:00:16.230 where say you're borrowing money to buy a house, 00:00:16.230 --> 00:00:17.790 or it could take the form of a credit card 00:00:17.790 --> 00:00:20.340 where when you purchase things with that credit card 00:00:20.340 --> 00:00:22.590 you are borrowing money from the bank issuer 00:00:22.590 --> 00:00:24.870 in order to purchase whatever you want. 00:00:24.870 --> 00:00:26.520 Now, credit can be useful, 00:00:26.520 --> 00:00:29.160 it could be convenient in the case of a credit card 00:00:29.160 --> 00:00:31.110 where you don't have to carry cash around. 00:00:31.110 --> 00:00:35.100 Some places only accept credit or a credit card, 00:00:35.100 --> 00:00:38.880 and it can help you sometimes make good investments. 00:00:38.880 --> 00:00:41.220 For example, if you borrow money 00:00:41.220 --> 00:00:43.320 in order to make an investment that's going to return 00:00:43.320 --> 00:00:44.700 more money than you put in. 00:00:44.700 --> 00:00:45.540 But you have to be careful, 00:00:45.540 --> 00:00:47.280 there's always some risk involved, 00:00:47.280 --> 00:00:50.940 that actually could be a good financial decision. 00:00:50.940 --> 00:00:53.340 Now, we also have to be very, very, very careful, 00:00:53.340 --> 00:00:58.230 especially, if you're using credit to buy something 00:00:58.230 --> 00:00:59.640 that isn't an investment. 00:00:59.640 --> 00:01:01.920 That's really just all about consumption. 00:01:01.920 --> 00:01:03.330 Hey, there's a new outfit I want 00:01:03.330 --> 00:01:04.980 I'm going to use credit for it. 00:01:04.980 --> 00:01:06.480 Maybe you're using it for the convenience 00:01:06.480 --> 00:01:07.800 and you're going to pay off the balance 00:01:07.800 --> 00:01:09.000 at the end of the month, 00:01:09.000 --> 00:01:10.080 but if you are using it 00:01:10.080 --> 00:01:12.000 because you actually don't have the money 00:01:12.000 --> 00:01:13.320 that is a bad sign. 00:01:13.320 --> 00:01:15.630 That is a sign that you are spending more money 00:01:15.630 --> 00:01:16.950 than you are bringing in, 00:01:16.950 --> 00:01:20.310 and you're using credit to kind of not notice that. 00:01:20.310 --> 00:01:22.170 And the reason why that's a big deal was one, 00:01:22.170 --> 00:01:23.880 you are spending unsustainably, 00:01:23.880 --> 00:01:25.800 but the other issue is there is usually 00:01:25.800 --> 00:01:29.250 a pretty significant cost especially to credit cards. 00:01:29.250 --> 00:01:32.130 All credit, someone is going to charge you interest 00:01:32.130 --> 00:01:33.210 for the amount that you borrow 00:01:33.210 --> 00:01:35.940 and there's usually going to be some fees on top of that. 00:01:35.940 --> 00:01:38.610 And one way to think about the cost of credit 00:01:38.610 --> 00:01:40.890 you'll see something called APR. 00:01:40.890 --> 00:01:42.930 These are annual percentage rate. 00:01:42.930 --> 00:01:46.050 And what they do in the case of a credit card, 00:01:46.050 --> 00:01:48.570 they look at your average daily balance 00:01:48.570 --> 00:01:50.730 and they're gonna charge you a certain amount of interest 00:01:50.730 --> 00:01:53.970 plus fees on that average daily balance. 00:01:53.970 --> 00:01:56.700 Now, if you were to just keep that balance all year, 00:01:56.700 --> 00:01:58.140 you would actually have to compound 00:01:58.140 --> 00:02:01.410 that average daily balance by 365 days. 00:02:01.410 --> 00:02:03.060 But to simplify the calculation, 00:02:03.060 --> 00:02:08.010 APR just takes how much interest you would pay times 365. 00:02:08.010 --> 00:02:10.320 So it actually understates a little bit. 00:02:10.320 --> 00:02:12.810 It's actually the interest plus the fees you would pay 00:02:12.810 --> 00:02:16.650 as a percentage times 365 which actually understates 00:02:16.650 --> 00:02:18.390 a little bit what you would pay 00:02:18.390 --> 00:02:20.580 if you actually had to compound. 00:02:20.580 --> 00:02:23.370 But it's a good standardized measure of roughly 00:02:23.370 --> 00:02:24.870 what you're going to pay for a loan. 00:02:24.870 --> 00:02:27.060 It's not uncommon for a credit card APR 00:02:27.060 --> 00:02:29.970 to be in the high 10s or even in the 20s. 00:02:29.970 --> 00:02:32.703 In some cases I've even seen them in the 30% range. 00:02:34.486 --> 00:02:37.710 That's a lot of expense to pay to borrow money, 00:02:37.710 --> 00:02:40.620 especially if you're not using it for investments. 00:02:40.620 --> 00:02:42.510 Mortgages will also have APRs 00:02:42.510 --> 00:02:44.550 although they will be significantly lower, 00:02:44.550 --> 00:02:46.050 mainly because of people lending to you, 00:02:46.050 --> 00:02:49.500 view that as a safer bet from their point of view. 00:02:49.500 --> 00:02:52.350 And even when you're using credit 00:02:52.350 --> 00:02:54.150 for what you think are investments, 00:02:54.150 --> 00:02:56.280 you have to be very conscientious of risk 00:02:56.280 --> 00:02:58.680 because credit is really a way of getting leverage 00:02:58.680 --> 00:03:01.200 and we can talk more about that in other videos. 00:03:01.200 --> 00:03:03.570 It can magnify how much you make 00:03:03.570 --> 00:03:05.400 if say the asset increases in value, 00:03:05.400 --> 00:03:08.130 but it can also magnify how much you lose 00:03:08.130 --> 00:03:09.810 if the asset decreases in value. 00:03:09.810 --> 00:03:11.730 We'll talk about that at other times. 00:03:11.730 --> 00:03:14.280 But generally speaking, be very careful about credit, 00:03:14.280 --> 00:03:18.660 especially if you're using it to consume versus invest. 00:03:18.660 --> 00:03:21.660 And look at that APR, it's a standardized way 00:03:21.660 --> 00:03:24.603 of really getting a sense of how costly that loan is.

Debt: Good debt and bad debt

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFCdA2vGVh4

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.410 --> 00:00:04.080 - So let's talk a little bit about debt. 00:00:04.080 --> 00:00:07.230 Debt is just the amount of money that you owe, 00:00:07.230 --> 00:00:08.430 usually in the form of loans. 00:00:08.430 --> 00:00:10.320 It could also be your balance on a credit card, 00:00:10.320 --> 00:00:12.660 which is really a loan from the credit card issuer, 00:00:12.660 --> 00:00:16.230 and I would say there is good debt and there is bad debt. 00:00:16.230 --> 00:00:18.240 Good debt is when you borrow money 00:00:18.240 --> 00:00:20.400 in order to make an investment of some kind 00:00:20.400 --> 00:00:23.190 that should produce more money 00:00:23.190 --> 00:00:24.870 than the amount that you are borrowing 00:00:24.870 --> 00:00:27.720 and enough money to actually even offset the interest 00:00:27.720 --> 00:00:29.670 that you're going to have to pay on that debt. 00:00:29.670 --> 00:00:32.670 Examples of things that might be good debt 00:00:32.670 --> 00:00:36.450 is if you are borrowing money to, say, buy a house 00:00:36.450 --> 00:00:39.540 because that will reduce your rent expense in the future, 00:00:39.540 --> 00:00:42.180 and the house itself might appreciate. 00:00:42.180 --> 00:00:44.610 Maybe you need transportation, you need a car 00:00:44.610 --> 00:00:46.230 or a motorcycle to get to your job, 00:00:46.230 --> 00:00:48.540 or you could get to a better job if you had that. 00:00:48.540 --> 00:00:49.710 You could work more hours 00:00:49.710 --> 00:00:52.080 'cause you're gonna spend less time getting there. 00:00:52.080 --> 00:00:54.600 That could be an investment. 00:00:54.600 --> 00:00:57.570 It could be you're going to invest in yourself. 00:00:57.570 --> 00:00:58.403 It could be saying, 00:00:58.403 --> 00:01:00.600 hey, I could take a course or I could get a degree. 00:01:00.600 --> 00:01:02.250 And yes, it's going to cost money 00:01:02.250 --> 00:01:03.600 that I'm gonna have to pay interest on 00:01:03.600 --> 00:01:05.280 on top of the money I owe, 00:01:05.280 --> 00:01:08.310 but it'll increase my my actual job prospects 00:01:08.310 --> 00:01:11.130 and my income enough that will more than offset that money 00:01:11.130 --> 00:01:12.480 that I have to pay in the future. 00:01:12.480 --> 00:01:14.580 And even in those three scenarios, 00:01:14.580 --> 00:01:17.400 three or four scenarios, be very, very careful. 00:01:17.400 --> 00:01:20.040 If you're taking on student debt, really talk to people. 00:01:20.040 --> 00:01:22.560 Make sure that the degree program you're getting into, 00:01:22.560 --> 00:01:24.480 that line of work that you're getting into, 00:01:24.480 --> 00:01:27.720 that the folks who decided to take debt on to do that, 00:01:27.720 --> 00:01:29.910 that it actually did pay off. 00:01:29.910 --> 00:01:31.440 If you buy a car, 00:01:31.440 --> 00:01:33.600 make sure that it's something that really is an investment 00:01:33.600 --> 00:01:34.950 and not just something fancy 00:01:34.950 --> 00:01:36.690 that you wanna show off to your friends, 00:01:36.690 --> 00:01:39.210 because at some point, yes, it is transportation, 00:01:39.210 --> 00:01:41.070 but if you're starting to buy a very fancy car 00:01:41.070 --> 00:01:43.260 and you're borrowing money to do it, 00:01:43.260 --> 00:01:45.330 well, the fanciness of the car 00:01:45.330 --> 00:01:47.940 isn't going to necessarily increase your ability 00:01:47.940 --> 00:01:50.640 to get to work or to get a better job, 00:01:50.640 --> 00:01:53.370 and then you're essentially taking on debt for a want 00:01:53.370 --> 00:01:55.860 as opposed to a need or an investment. 00:01:55.860 --> 00:01:57.150 Same thing with buying a house. 00:01:57.150 --> 00:01:58.920 It's not always the right decision. 00:01:58.920 --> 00:02:00.450 Oftentimes it can be, 00:02:00.450 --> 00:02:03.840 but really weigh what you think is going to happen, 00:02:03.840 --> 00:02:05.430 how much rent you're going to save, 00:02:05.430 --> 00:02:06.990 how much the house might appreciate, 00:02:06.990 --> 00:02:09.480 and sometimes they don't, they go down in value too, 00:02:09.480 --> 00:02:11.250 relative to how much you owe, 00:02:11.250 --> 00:02:12.390 and make sure that it's something 00:02:12.390 --> 00:02:15.120 that you will be able to pay back over time. 00:02:15.120 --> 00:02:18.570 Even if some bad things happen in life, you lose a job, 00:02:18.570 --> 00:02:20.940 you have to spend money on an emergency 00:02:20.940 --> 00:02:22.650 in some way, shape, or form. 00:02:22.650 --> 00:02:23.550 Now on the other hand, 00:02:23.550 --> 00:02:26.220 there's things that I would categorize as bad debt, 00:02:26.220 --> 00:02:28.380 and this is when you are borrowing money 00:02:28.380 --> 00:02:31.080 for things that, frankly, you do not need. 00:02:31.080 --> 00:02:32.670 Because when you do that, 00:02:32.670 --> 00:02:36.840 you're essentially taking money away from your future self. 00:02:36.840 --> 00:02:38.820 And if you didn't have money today to buy it, 00:02:38.820 --> 00:02:40.410 and if you're gonna have to pay that money back 00:02:40.410 --> 00:02:42.960 in the future with interest, you're taking, 00:02:42.960 --> 00:02:44.240 you're putting your future self 00:02:44.240 --> 00:02:46.980 in a more and more difficult situation. 00:02:46.980 --> 00:02:50.010 So I would say a very obvious category of this is, 00:02:50.010 --> 00:02:52.710 let's say there's a big fancy outfit you wanna buy, 00:02:52.710 --> 00:02:54.900 one that will not help you get a job. 00:02:54.900 --> 00:02:56.490 And you're like, well, I don't have the money, 00:02:56.490 --> 00:02:59.250 but that looks really cool, let me buy that. 00:02:59.250 --> 00:03:00.510 Well, it might feel good now, 00:03:00.510 --> 00:03:02.010 but you're gonna be paying that down 00:03:02.010 --> 00:03:04.410 for a very, very, very long time. 00:03:04.410 --> 00:03:07.920 Or using debt to go eat at a fancy restaurant. 00:03:07.920 --> 00:03:09.840 If you're using money that you don't have, 00:03:09.840 --> 00:03:12.030 once again, it might be fun in the moment, 00:03:12.030 --> 00:03:13.410 but you're going to be paying that down 00:03:13.410 --> 00:03:15.930 and taking away from your future self. 00:03:15.930 --> 00:03:19.290 And it can lead from pretty suboptimal 00:03:19.290 --> 00:03:21.900 or not so great situations. 00:03:21.900 --> 00:03:25.320 There are folks that, if they start doing that, 00:03:25.320 --> 00:03:27.390 they take money from their future self, 00:03:27.390 --> 00:03:28.620 they see that their income 00:03:28.620 --> 00:03:30.450 after they have to pay down the debt 00:03:30.450 --> 00:03:31.860 and the interest and the payments, 00:03:31.860 --> 00:03:34.650 month after month their income starts going lower 00:03:34.650 --> 00:03:36.750 and lower and lower and lower. 00:03:36.750 --> 00:03:38.970 That's a scary situation to be in 00:03:38.970 --> 00:03:40.350 that will create a lot of stress 00:03:40.350 --> 00:03:41.790 and create a lot of anxiety. 00:03:41.790 --> 00:03:43.290 If you find yourself in a situation 00:03:43.290 --> 00:03:46.230 where you're borrowing to pay off other debt, 00:03:46.230 --> 00:03:49.260 that can also be a very big red flag, 00:03:49.260 --> 00:03:51.690 create a lot of stress and a lot of anxiety. 00:03:51.690 --> 00:03:53.340 If on things like your credit cards 00:03:53.340 --> 00:03:54.990 you're just paying the minimum amount 00:03:54.990 --> 00:03:57.120 but the balances aren't coming down, 00:03:57.120 --> 00:03:58.740 and you're usually paying very high interest 00:03:58.740 --> 00:03:59.790 on those credit cards, 00:03:59.790 --> 00:04:02.040 that is a very bad situation 00:04:02.040 --> 00:04:06.420 that is setting you up for not good financial outcomes. 00:04:06.420 --> 00:04:07.855 And maybe worse of all, 00:04:07.855 --> 00:04:10.230 whenever someone falls into one of these cycles, 00:04:10.230 --> 00:04:11.063 they might just say, 00:04:11.063 --> 00:04:12.870 "Well, I just wanna look at it, it just stresses me out." 00:04:12.870 --> 00:04:15.840 And then you're not even in a position 00:04:15.840 --> 00:04:17.490 where you're paying your debt or you're trying to ignore it, 00:04:17.490 --> 00:04:19.890 and then that's going to hit your credit rating, 00:04:19.890 --> 00:04:21.240 and eventually the collections folks 00:04:21.240 --> 00:04:22.260 are gonna come after you. 00:04:22.260 --> 00:04:24.750 And that is a very, very bad situation. 00:04:24.750 --> 00:04:26.160 Maybe you have to declare bankruptcy 00:04:26.160 --> 00:04:27.570 at some point in the future. 00:04:27.570 --> 00:04:30.240 So debt can be useful, 00:04:30.240 --> 00:04:33.243 but be very, very, very careful with it.

Sources of loans/credit

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2dzSPOhUOI

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.020 --> 00:00:03.810 - So let's talk a little bit about credit and lending. 00:00:03.810 --> 00:00:05.820 So when I talk about credit, I'm literally just talking 00:00:05.820 --> 00:00:08.310 about someone's willingness to lend you money 00:00:08.310 --> 00:00:09.660 or to actually lend you money. 00:00:09.660 --> 00:00:10.920 You've heard of a credit card. 00:00:10.920 --> 00:00:13.020 When you buy something with a credit card, 00:00:13.020 --> 00:00:16.200 essentially the credit card issuer is lending you the money 00:00:16.200 --> 00:00:17.310 to make that purchase, 00:00:17.310 --> 00:00:19.440 and you're gonna have to pay that back at some future date, 00:00:19.440 --> 00:00:22.530 likely with interest, likely with a lot of interest. 00:00:22.530 --> 00:00:24.750 Now, there's a lot of different types of loans 00:00:24.750 --> 00:00:26.340 or credit you can get. 00:00:26.340 --> 00:00:27.173 And they're going 00:00:27.173 --> 00:00:28.980 to have different costs associated with them. 00:00:28.980 --> 00:00:30.630 You're like, "Well, what's the cost of a loan?" 00:00:30.630 --> 00:00:31.463 Well, sometimes, 00:00:31.463 --> 00:00:33.660 there's just an outright fee associated with it, 00:00:33.660 --> 00:00:35.670 but more likely, or on top of that, 00:00:35.670 --> 00:00:38.580 the interest that you pay on a loan is how much you pay. 00:00:38.580 --> 00:00:41.220 So if you're paying 2% interest for a loan, 00:00:41.220 --> 00:00:44.400 you're paying a lot less per dollar on that loan 00:00:44.400 --> 00:00:48.180 than if you had to pay, say, 20% or 30% interest. 00:00:48.180 --> 00:00:49.920 And that might not seem like a lot, 00:00:49.920 --> 00:00:51.930 the difference between 2 and 20%. 00:00:51.930 --> 00:00:54.090 It's a ginormous difference. 00:00:54.090 --> 00:00:56.490 If you've watched our videos on compound interest, 00:00:56.490 --> 00:00:59.710 if you're paying 20% interest or even 10% interest 00:01:00.750 --> 00:01:03.420 and if you're not paying down that balance pretty quickly, 00:01:03.420 --> 00:01:05.700 that could end up being a lot, a lot of money. 00:01:05.700 --> 00:01:08.490 You could very easily end up paying a lot more in interest 00:01:08.490 --> 00:01:12.360 than the initial amount of money that you actually borrowed. 00:01:12.360 --> 00:01:13.470 Now, what are the scenarios? 00:01:13.470 --> 00:01:15.780 We're gonna pay less or you're gonna pay more? 00:01:15.780 --> 00:01:18.270 Well, we have whole videos on your credit score 00:01:18.270 --> 00:01:21.090 and the better your credit score in general 00:01:21.090 --> 00:01:23.790 the better a risk you look like you are to the lender. 00:01:23.790 --> 00:01:26.250 And so you're gonna have to pay a lower rate, 00:01:26.250 --> 00:01:29.190 a lower interest rate, which is a good thing. 00:01:29.190 --> 00:01:30.570 Now, above and beyond that, 00:01:30.570 --> 00:01:32.070 there's different types of loans. 00:01:32.070 --> 00:01:34.890 There's loans where if you aren't able to pay it back, 00:01:34.890 --> 00:01:36.540 the person who lent you money, 00:01:36.540 --> 00:01:38.010 they're still gonna be able to get something. 00:01:38.010 --> 00:01:41.310 So for example, if you take out a mortgage to buy a house, 00:01:41.310 --> 00:01:43.950 that's a loan, and you have a down payment. 00:01:43.950 --> 00:01:47.310 And if you aren't able to pay it back for whatever reason, 00:01:47.310 --> 00:01:50.220 the bank will foreclose and will take the house, 00:01:50.220 --> 00:01:52.020 and then they are likely to sell the house 00:01:52.020 --> 00:01:54.060 in order to get their money back. 00:01:54.060 --> 00:01:56.040 So there's some risk for the bank still. 00:01:56.040 --> 00:01:56.873 They have to go 00:01:56.873 --> 00:01:59.280 through all the trouble of foreclosing on the house. 00:01:59.280 --> 00:02:01.950 Maybe property values go down. 00:02:01.950 --> 00:02:04.140 That's one of the reasons why they also make you 00:02:04.140 --> 00:02:07.140 put a down payment, that also protects them a little bit. 00:02:07.140 --> 00:02:09.210 But it's a lot lower risk than if they didn't, 00:02:09.210 --> 00:02:11.220 if they weren't able to get access to that house. 00:02:11.220 --> 00:02:14.910 And so there, you're gonna have to pay lower interest. 00:02:14.910 --> 00:02:17.700 Similarly, a car higher risk than a house. 00:02:17.700 --> 00:02:18.630 So you're probably going 00:02:18.630 --> 00:02:20.970 to have to pay a higher interest for a car loan, 00:02:20.970 --> 00:02:22.230 but if you don't pay, 00:02:22.230 --> 00:02:24.750 the bank will take the car and then sell the car. 00:02:24.750 --> 00:02:26.610 At the other end of the spectrum, 00:02:26.610 --> 00:02:28.530 I talked a little bit already about credit cards. 00:02:28.530 --> 00:02:31.590 You're just buying stuff and if you don't pay back, 00:02:31.590 --> 00:02:32.790 it's going to be bad for you. 00:02:32.790 --> 00:02:36.390 The bank will really, they'll report to the credit bureaus, 00:02:36.390 --> 00:02:37.650 and it's gonna hurt your credit score, 00:02:37.650 --> 00:02:39.930 and future people aren't going to lend to you 00:02:39.930 --> 00:02:42.630 or they're gonna charge a lot more to lend. 00:02:42.630 --> 00:02:45.180 But from the bank's point of view, it's pretty risky. 00:02:45.180 --> 00:02:48.660 And so that's why they likely charge much higher interest. 00:02:48.660 --> 00:02:50.700 And that interest can easily be in the teens 00:02:50.700 --> 00:02:54.450 or even twenties, even up to 30% in certain situations. 00:02:54.450 --> 00:02:55.950 And that is a lot of interest. 00:02:55.950 --> 00:02:56.880 And that's why in other videos, 00:02:56.880 --> 00:03:00.330 we talk about maybe pay down your credit card balances 00:03:00.330 --> 00:03:01.590 as quickly as possible. 00:03:01.590 --> 00:03:03.510 And then there's things, even more extreme. 00:03:03.510 --> 00:03:04.680 Things like payday loans, 00:03:04.680 --> 00:03:08.490 which I don't recommend anyone watching this video to use. 00:03:08.490 --> 00:03:12.090 Those are usually lenders to some degree taking advantage 00:03:12.090 --> 00:03:13.860 of people pretty desperate for money 00:03:13.860 --> 00:03:16.050 where they're outta money, they need $500, 00:03:16.050 --> 00:03:17.310 they go to these payday lenders, 00:03:17.310 --> 00:03:18.810 and they say, "Okay we'll give you $500, 00:03:18.810 --> 00:03:23.640 but pay us $550 in three days when you get your paycheck." 00:03:23.640 --> 00:03:25.327 For some folks that might not feel like a lot, 00:03:25.327 --> 00:03:27.270 "Okay, it's an extra $50." 00:03:27.270 --> 00:03:28.410 But if you actually think about that 00:03:28.410 --> 00:03:30.900 as an annual interest rate, I have a whole video on that, 00:03:30.900 --> 00:03:33.540 it's actually a ginormous interest rate. 00:03:33.540 --> 00:03:35.700 And if someone does that consistently, 00:03:35.700 --> 00:03:38.970 and it's obviously not a great cycle to be in, 00:03:38.970 --> 00:03:40.560 you could end up paying a lot more 00:03:40.560 --> 00:03:44.400 to these payday loan lenders than you suspect. 00:03:44.400 --> 00:03:48.303 So the big picture is credit can be a useful thing. 00:03:49.590 --> 00:03:50.790 Maybe you're making an investment, 00:03:50.790 --> 00:03:52.530 you're buying real estate, you need a place to live, 00:03:52.530 --> 00:03:54.300 you're buying a house, you need a car. 00:03:54.300 --> 00:03:56.220 These are all reasonable things 00:03:56.220 --> 00:03:59.220 and it is okay even sometimes to potentially borrow 00:03:59.220 --> 00:04:01.920 for consuming things, things that you enjoy. 00:04:01.920 --> 00:04:04.650 But I would be a little bit or a lot more careful with that. 00:04:04.650 --> 00:04:08.250 But the key takeaway is the bigger a risk you are, 00:04:08.250 --> 00:04:10.833 the more that you're likely to pay for that loan.

Introduction to Middle school physics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIR1mgJXyIQ

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.330 --> 00:00:01.163 - Hi everyone. 00:00:01.163 --> 00:00:04.620 Sal Khan here and welcome to Middle School Physics. 00:00:04.620 --> 00:00:08.790 I have Iman Howard, who manages all of our STEM content. 00:00:08.790 --> 00:00:10.410 Iman, why should folks be excited 00:00:10.410 --> 00:00:12.480 about Middle School Physics? 00:00:12.480 --> 00:00:16.020 - So, Middle School Physics is, like, the only science 00:00:16.020 --> 00:00:19.440 out there that explains how things happen. 00:00:19.440 --> 00:00:22.170 And so basically everything's made of matter. 00:00:22.170 --> 00:00:25.500 Me, you, the chair that I'm sitting on, 00:00:25.500 --> 00:00:27.930 and this course is gonna explore how we exist 00:00:27.930 --> 00:00:29.130 in the natural world. 00:00:29.130 --> 00:00:31.110 So, for example, we talk a little bit 00:00:31.110 --> 00:00:32.760 about movement in forces, 00:00:32.760 --> 00:00:37.290 and we learn that everything that we have a collision with 00:00:37.290 --> 00:00:39.390 has this equal but opposite force 00:00:39.390 --> 00:00:41.610 that's applied when the collision happens. 00:00:41.610 --> 00:00:44.430 So that's why when you give those high fives, 00:00:44.430 --> 00:00:46.050 and then your hand starts stinging. 00:00:46.050 --> 00:00:48.090 It's because the same force you gave your buddy 00:00:48.090 --> 00:00:50.100 is the same force they gave you back. 00:00:50.100 --> 00:00:52.230 And then we also talk about force 00:00:52.230 --> 00:00:54.120 in a way where it doesn't touch you. 00:00:54.120 --> 00:00:56.370 So, like, I'm thinking like "Star Wars". 00:00:56.370 --> 00:00:59.970 There's, like, this force energy like gravitational. 00:00:59.970 --> 00:01:02.940 There's magnetic energy. There's electric energy. 00:01:02.940 --> 00:01:05.490 And then finally we get into waves, 00:01:05.490 --> 00:01:08.760 and we talk a little bit about how waves, you know, exists, 00:01:08.760 --> 00:01:11.550 whether it's sound waves or even the waves in the ocean. 00:01:11.550 --> 00:01:13.860 What do you think is exciting about it? 00:01:13.860 --> 00:01:16.740 - Oh, well that's a dangerous question to ask me. 00:01:16.740 --> 00:01:19.740 I wanted to be a physicist, and I still aspire to be it, 00:01:19.740 --> 00:01:23.070 because, you know, we kind of wake up in this cosmos, 00:01:23.070 --> 00:01:25.920 and we're just trying to understand where we fit in. 00:01:25.920 --> 00:01:29.850 And physics asks the most fundamental questions 00:01:29.850 --> 00:01:31.920 about how the universe works. 00:01:31.920 --> 00:01:34.500 And so when I first learned about Newton's laws, 00:01:34.500 --> 00:01:38.250 and fields, and all of the things that you just touched on, 00:01:38.250 --> 00:01:39.960 it started to give me goosebumps, 00:01:39.960 --> 00:01:42.210 'cause I'm like, wow, we can finally understand 00:01:42.210 --> 00:01:43.470 how the universe fits together, 00:01:43.470 --> 00:01:45.180 and then use that to make predictions, 00:01:45.180 --> 00:01:47.760 and then think about things that we don't understand. 00:01:47.760 --> 00:01:49.530 And there is so much that we don't understand. 00:01:49.530 --> 00:01:50.790 So I think this is the beginning 00:01:50.790 --> 00:01:53.673 of a very, very exciting journey in physics. 00:01:54.510 --> 00:01:55.491 - I agree, Sal. 00:01:55.491 --> 00:01:57.744 (gentle music)

Introduction to Middle school biology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wmwmMeF3pE

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.510 --> 00:00:02.340 - Hi, everyone. Sal Kahn here. 00:00:02.340 --> 00:00:05.220 And welcome to Middle School Biology. 00:00:05.220 --> 00:00:09.750 I have Iman Howard here, who manages our STEM content. 00:00:09.750 --> 00:00:12.120 Welcome, Iman, and why should folks care 00:00:12.120 --> 00:00:14.460 about middle school biology? 00:00:14.460 --> 00:00:17.280 - Biology is the study of life. 00:00:17.280 --> 00:00:20.070 And so, in this course, it really answers 00:00:20.070 --> 00:00:21.960 why are things the way they are, 00:00:21.960 --> 00:00:23.640 why do you look the way they do, 00:00:23.640 --> 00:00:25.320 why do I look the way I do, 00:00:25.320 --> 00:00:27.600 and how every organism on Earth 00:00:27.600 --> 00:00:30.720 has a really special purpose and a special trait. 00:00:30.720 --> 00:00:33.000 And based on these traits, it helps them 00:00:33.000 --> 00:00:34.890 interact with their environment. 00:00:34.890 --> 00:00:36.510 We even talk about energy. 00:00:36.510 --> 00:00:39.570 And energy can't be created and it can't be destroyed. 00:00:39.570 --> 00:00:42.990 It actually cycles as matter through an ecosystem. 00:00:42.990 --> 00:00:45.420 And it even has this really cool chemical reactions 00:00:45.420 --> 00:00:48.540 called photosynthesis, where plants use light energy 00:00:48.540 --> 00:00:52.230 from the sun and they make their own food, which is insane. 00:00:52.230 --> 00:00:55.530 I think about organisms like the gorilla that are super-big 00:00:55.530 --> 00:00:58.440 and strong and they don't go and eat a cow. 00:00:58.440 --> 00:01:01.260 They go and eat plants because that's like getting energy 00:01:01.260 --> 00:01:03.120 right from the source. 00:01:03.120 --> 00:01:05.730 And then finally, we talk about evolution. 00:01:05.730 --> 00:01:09.120 Based on our traits, how have we changed over time? 00:01:09.120 --> 00:01:12.570 And how some of our natural traits were selected 00:01:12.570 --> 00:01:15.390 by the environment that create those changes 00:01:15.390 --> 00:01:17.430 or even how humans, we have something called 00:01:17.430 --> 00:01:20.700 artificial selection, which explains why your dog's so cute. 00:01:20.700 --> 00:01:24.750 Whether it's 100 pounds or five pounds, we did that. 00:01:24.750 --> 00:01:27.150 What do you think's cool about it, Sal? 00:01:27.150 --> 00:01:30.240 - Oh, well, you know, biology's trying to answer, 00:01:30.240 --> 00:01:31.800 I mean, to your point, the questions of life, 00:01:31.800 --> 00:01:33.660 which we still don't understand a lot about 00:01:33.660 --> 00:01:37.920 but like what makes us us and to realize that we don't exist 00:01:37.920 --> 00:01:39.210 as human beings in isolation. 00:01:39.210 --> 00:01:40.290 We're part of an ecosystem. 00:01:40.290 --> 00:01:43.140 We're part of a story, a narrative that's been going on 00:01:43.140 --> 00:01:45.870 for millions and billions of years. 00:01:45.870 --> 00:01:48.510 The fact that we're made up of trillions of cells, 00:01:48.510 --> 00:01:51.690 each of them with DNA that can describe who we are, 00:01:51.690 --> 00:01:53.940 how did all of this complexity come about? 00:01:53.940 --> 00:01:55.920 This is maybe the most mind-blowing topic 00:01:55.920 --> 00:01:57.900 that we're really at just the beginning of this journey. 00:01:57.900 --> 00:01:59.880 So I think folks are gonna be really, 00:01:59.880 --> 00:02:02.400 really excited to or it's gonna be really interesting 00:02:02.400 --> 00:02:05.010 to see all of the things that they get to learn. 00:02:05.010 --> 00:02:06.693 - Well, let's dig in. 00:02:06.693 --> 00:02:09.943 (enthusiastic chiming)

Revolving vs installment credit

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OT9l855nxgg

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.870 --> 00:00:05.820 - So let's talk about two very broad categories of loans. 00:00:05.820 --> 00:00:07.710 One is installment loans 00:00:07.710 --> 00:00:11.340 and one is revolving loans or revolving credit. 00:00:11.340 --> 00:00:12.173 So if we're talking 00:00:12.173 --> 00:00:14.100 about installment loans or installment credit, 00:00:14.100 --> 00:00:16.890 that's a situation where you're borrowing one 00:00:16.890 --> 00:00:18.480 usually large amount of money 00:00:18.480 --> 00:00:21.180 and then you're paying it back in installments. 00:00:21.180 --> 00:00:25.020 The most common examples of this are a car loan, 00:00:25.020 --> 00:00:28.050 your student debt payment, or a mortgage where 00:00:28.050 --> 00:00:31.200 you might say, borrow a hundred thousand dollars. 00:00:31.200 --> 00:00:35.400 And then you're paying it down over 10, 15, 30 years 00:00:35.400 --> 00:00:38.850 where you're paying usually a fixed amount every year to pay 00:00:38.850 --> 00:00:42.510 down how much you borrowed, plus paying the interest. 00:00:42.510 --> 00:00:45.090 Now, the other end of the spectrum, or the other category 00:00:45.090 --> 00:00:48.540 I should say, is revolving credit or revolving loans. 00:00:48.540 --> 00:00:50.190 And the one most common to 00:00:50.190 --> 00:00:53.460 or most familiar to most people is your credit card. 00:00:53.460 --> 00:00:55.860 You don't call that necessarily revolving credit 00:00:55.860 --> 00:00:56.850 but that's what it is. 00:00:56.850 --> 00:01:00.450 What that means is there's some limit that you can borrow 00:01:00.450 --> 00:01:02.460 that the credit card issuer says, all right 00:01:02.460 --> 00:01:05.370 I'll lend you up to a thousand dollars. 00:01:05.370 --> 00:01:09.090 That's your credit card limit, and you can use it as long 00:01:09.090 --> 00:01:10.710 as you spend less than a thousand dollars. 00:01:10.710 --> 00:01:11.640 And then you can pay it down 00:01:11.640 --> 00:01:13.380 and then you can use some more, et cetera, et cetera. 00:01:13.380 --> 00:01:15.570 So let's say you have a thousand dollars credit card limit 00:01:15.570 --> 00:01:17.790 and right now you have not borrowed 00:01:17.790 --> 00:01:19.170 or you haven't used it at all. 00:01:19.170 --> 00:01:22.050 Then you go out, you spend $50 on clothing. 00:01:22.050 --> 00:01:26.040 Now you owe the credit card company the issuer $50 00:01:26.040 --> 00:01:29.610 and you could borrow an extra $950 from them 00:01:29.610 --> 00:01:32.670 'cause you've used $50 of that thousand dollars. 00:01:32.670 --> 00:01:34.350 Now you could pay that down 00:01:34.350 --> 00:01:35.700 and I highly recommend paying it 00:01:35.700 --> 00:01:37.140 down as quickly as possible. 00:01:37.140 --> 00:01:38.790 You could pay down that $50 00:01:38.790 --> 00:01:41.370 and now you could borrow up to a thousand dollars. 00:01:41.370 --> 00:01:42.930 So that's why it's called revolving. 00:01:42.930 --> 00:01:44.820 You're constantly using some of it 00:01:44.820 --> 00:01:47.280 and then paying some of it back, using some of it, 00:01:47.280 --> 00:01:50.280 paying some of it back. 00:01:50.280 --> 00:01:52.950 That's the most common example in most people's lives. 00:01:52.950 --> 00:01:55.530 There's also things like personal lines 00:01:55.530 --> 00:01:57.510 of credit that you might be able to get from a bank. 00:01:57.510 --> 00:02:00.180 Sometimes they'll lend you that based 00:02:00.180 --> 00:02:02.940 on the value that you have in your house, where 00:02:02.940 --> 00:02:05.250 you can borrow money and then pay it back, borrow money 00:02:05.250 --> 00:02:08.070 and pay it back up to some type of a limit. 00:02:08.070 --> 00:02:09.780 So those are the two big categories. 00:02:09.780 --> 00:02:13.080 It's nice to have a little category knowledge in your head 00:02:13.080 --> 00:02:15.660 about how they might different, how they might be different. 00:02:15.660 --> 00:02:19.320 One is usually one large lump sum purchase 00:02:19.320 --> 00:02:21.240 that you're borrowing money for, and then 00:02:21.240 --> 00:02:24.000 you're paying it back in, usually fixed installments. 00:02:24.000 --> 00:02:26.160 The other is you have some kind of a credit limit 00:02:26.160 --> 00:02:29.277 and you can borrow and pay back, borrow and pay back 00:02:29.277 --> 00:02:33.423 depending on what your needs are in life.

Education as an investment

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAjZj3ZwebA

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.350 --> 00:00:03.990 - At a very high level an investment is 00:00:03.990 --> 00:00:07.800 when you're putting, let's say, your money now 00:00:07.800 --> 00:00:09.540 into something in the hope 00:00:09.540 --> 00:00:11.400 that in the future you're gonna get more 00:00:11.400 --> 00:00:13.440 than that amount of money back. 00:00:13.440 --> 00:00:16.140 And the extra amount that you get back, 00:00:16.140 --> 00:00:19.080 you'd call your return on your investment. 00:00:19.080 --> 00:00:20.790 Now you can think of an investment 00:00:20.790 --> 00:00:22.290 in slightly broader terms, 00:00:22.290 --> 00:00:24.690 where you're not just investing money. 00:00:24.690 --> 00:00:29.160 You could also be investing your energy or your time. 00:00:29.160 --> 00:00:30.870 And you could think of it in broader terms, 00:00:30.870 --> 00:00:33.990 that what you're gonna get back is hopefully more money, 00:00:33.990 --> 00:00:36.101 maybe more energy and more time as well 00:00:36.101 --> 00:00:38.190 in some future world. 00:00:38.190 --> 00:00:40.380 And that's why you can really view, 00:00:40.380 --> 00:00:44.610 in many situations, education as an investment. 00:00:44.610 --> 00:00:46.200 The whole idea here is 00:00:46.200 --> 00:00:48.960 especially if we're thinking about college, is 00:00:48.960 --> 00:00:52.890 if you are willing to put the time, the energy, 00:00:52.890 --> 00:00:55.560 and the money, and there's really several costs here, 00:00:55.560 --> 00:00:57.990 there's the actual tuition costs, 00:00:57.990 --> 00:00:59.790 there's the room and board costs, 00:00:59.790 --> 00:01:01.740 which is the living expenses, 00:01:01.740 --> 00:01:03.810 the food expenses while you're at college, 00:01:03.810 --> 00:01:05.520 and there's also that lost income. 00:01:05.520 --> 00:01:07.410 You could be working over those years 00:01:07.410 --> 00:01:09.750 when you're in college, so there's also that lost income. 00:01:09.750 --> 00:01:12.600 So it can be a pretty substantial investment. 00:01:12.600 --> 00:01:15.090 But the reason why many folks are willing 00:01:15.090 --> 00:01:18.660 to do that is the belief that coming outta college 00:01:18.660 --> 00:01:21.600 they're going to have many more career opportunities, 00:01:21.600 --> 00:01:23.760 ones that better resonate with their interest, 00:01:23.760 --> 00:01:26.580 and maybe coming down to financial literacy, ones 00:01:26.580 --> 00:01:30.570 that give a better return in terms of income. 00:01:30.570 --> 00:01:33.420 So you might say, "Oh, it might cost a good bit of money. 00:01:33.420 --> 00:01:35.370 It might cost tens of thousands of dollars 00:01:35.370 --> 00:01:38.220 or even in certain cases hundreds of thousands of dollars 00:01:38.220 --> 00:01:41.820 to put the time and money into college, 00:01:41.820 --> 00:01:43.470 and also the opportunity cost 00:01:43.470 --> 00:01:45.060 of not working during those years. 00:01:45.060 --> 00:01:48.210 But when I come out, maybe I'll be able to make two times, 00:01:48.210 --> 00:01:50.700 three times as more just right out the gate. 00:01:50.700 --> 00:01:53.640 And maybe 10 years down the road or 20 years down the road 00:01:53.640 --> 00:01:55.560 because it puts me on a career track, 00:01:55.560 --> 00:01:58.320 I could make a lot, lot more than I might otherwise. 00:01:58.320 --> 00:01:59.790 And once again, I would be doing it 00:01:59.790 --> 00:02:02.790 in a job that maybe I enjoy more." 00:02:02.790 --> 00:02:05.490 Now, generally speaking, and I tell this to my own family, 00:02:05.490 --> 00:02:08.280 I tell this to my own kids, I think that's a good idea. 00:02:08.280 --> 00:02:10.380 College is a good idea, 00:02:10.380 --> 00:02:12.960 but you have to tread very carefully 00:02:12.960 --> 00:02:15.780 when you decide where you want to go 00:02:15.780 --> 00:02:19.200 how much you wanna spend, and what you decide to major in, 00:02:19.200 --> 00:02:23.250 and how you end up leveraging that major into a career. 00:02:23.250 --> 00:02:25.680 Because when you go to a college 00:02:25.680 --> 00:02:28.440 folks are going to offer you things like student debt. 00:02:28.440 --> 00:02:30.270 And they're also gonna offer you grants and things. 00:02:30.270 --> 00:02:31.200 And grants are awesome 00:02:31.200 --> 00:02:33.960 because that's essentially people are just giving you money. 00:02:33.960 --> 00:02:35.970 Obviously you have scholarships as well. 00:02:35.970 --> 00:02:38.100 But especially when you're taking on debt 00:02:38.100 --> 00:02:40.260 you really have to think about, are you going to be 00:02:40.260 --> 00:02:43.350 in a position to pay off this debt in the future 00:02:43.350 --> 00:02:46.920 and have a good standard of living that you hope to have 00:02:46.920 --> 00:02:49.110 given the major that you choose 00:02:49.110 --> 00:02:51.180 and given what you know about yourself? 00:02:51.180 --> 00:02:53.250 And both of those are really important 00:02:53.250 --> 00:02:55.230 because sometimes you might say, "Oh, well, you know, 00:02:55.230 --> 00:02:59.490 I've heard people in this major can make all of this money," 00:02:59.490 --> 00:03:01.170 but there might be a lot of work 00:03:01.170 --> 00:03:02.640 above and beyond doing the major. 00:03:02.640 --> 00:03:04.290 There might be a lot of hustling involved 00:03:04.290 --> 00:03:05.790 to to make sure you get the job. 00:03:05.790 --> 00:03:08.280 And there might be people who aren't in that situation 00:03:08.280 --> 00:03:10.800 and you're only hearing about the good stories. 00:03:10.800 --> 00:03:12.450 There might be certain majors 00:03:12.450 --> 00:03:14.790 where people are having trouble getting a job, 00:03:14.790 --> 00:03:16.830 they're having trouble paying down their debt. 00:03:16.830 --> 00:03:18.840 And so when you start thinking 00:03:18.840 --> 00:03:21.540 about what you wanna major in, what type of career path 00:03:21.540 --> 00:03:23.280 do you want to go into, 00:03:23.280 --> 00:03:26.010 how much tuition you want to pay at which universities, 00:03:26.010 --> 00:03:29.400 I really encourage you to talk to as many people as you can, 00:03:29.400 --> 00:03:32.010 especially people who have gone down that path, 00:03:32.010 --> 00:03:34.950 maybe 4 or 5 years, 10 years ahead of you. 00:03:34.950 --> 00:03:36.660 And if you don't know those folks, 00:03:36.660 --> 00:03:38.167 ask the college, ask the university, 00:03:38.167 --> 00:03:40.767 "Hey, I would like to talk to some of the graduates. 00:03:41.760 --> 00:03:43.320 I don't wanna just take your word for it, 00:03:43.320 --> 00:03:45.810 a college that you have good placement into jobs. 00:03:45.810 --> 00:03:47.730 I wanna talk to some of the recent graduates 00:03:47.730 --> 00:03:50.820 and see if they were happy paying that tuition, 00:03:50.820 --> 00:03:53.340 putting that time and energy, the opportunity costs, 00:03:53.340 --> 00:03:55.620 and see if they think that was a good path 00:03:55.620 --> 00:03:56.820 or if they have some regrets 00:03:56.820 --> 00:03:59.640 that they wish they picked another path." 00:03:59.640 --> 00:04:01.059 Now the other thing to think about 00:04:01.059 --> 00:04:03.780 when you think about investing in your education, 00:04:03.780 --> 00:04:06.120 there's often a, let's call it a sticker price. 00:04:06.120 --> 00:04:07.320 If you just do a web search 00:04:07.320 --> 00:04:09.420 and you look at some university and you'd say, 00:04:09.420 --> 00:04:10.650 well, what's the tuition, 00:04:10.650 --> 00:04:12.660 and what's the tuition plus the room and board, 00:04:12.660 --> 00:04:14.610 which is the cost of living and eating, 00:04:14.610 --> 00:04:17.850 or housing and eating and all of that, 00:04:17.850 --> 00:04:19.440 there's some places that it could look 00:04:19.440 --> 00:04:22.650 like it's 50, 60, $70,000 a year 00:04:22.650 --> 00:04:24.780 when you put it all together. 00:04:24.780 --> 00:04:27.690 Now some folks will have to pay that amount of money, 00:04:27.690 --> 00:04:30.000 which is a lot so you have to be very careful 00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:32.880 if you take on that type of obligation, 00:04:32.880 --> 00:04:34.440 especially if you're taking on debt. 00:04:34.440 --> 00:04:35.640 But in a lot of cases 00:04:35.640 --> 00:04:38.520 you can get significant financial aid depending 00:04:38.520 --> 00:04:39.870 on the university. 00:04:39.870 --> 00:04:41.010 I'll tell you from my point of view 00:04:41.010 --> 00:04:42.480 when I was in high school, 00:04:42.480 --> 00:04:45.840 a lot of my, let's call it my dream schools, 00:04:45.840 --> 00:04:49.530 when I looked at the tuition back then in the '90s, 00:04:49.530 --> 00:04:51.510 if you put tuition and living expenses, 00:04:51.510 --> 00:04:54.420 it was about 30, $35,000. 00:04:54.420 --> 00:04:57.150 And my family, my mom was, 00:04:57.150 --> 00:05:01.110 I was in a single mother household, made about $16,000 00:05:01.110 --> 00:05:03.330 in the year that I was a junior and a senior. 00:05:03.330 --> 00:05:04.230 I was like, okay, there's no way 00:05:04.230 --> 00:05:05.850 we're gonna be able to afford that. 00:05:05.850 --> 00:05:07.380 But I applied anyway. 00:05:07.380 --> 00:05:08.880 And the reason why I did is my sister, 00:05:08.880 --> 00:05:11.340 who was three years older, told me about financial aid 00:05:11.340 --> 00:05:13.710 because she also went to a similar university. 00:05:13.710 --> 00:05:16.140 And you don't know what it's gonna cost you 00:05:16.140 --> 00:05:19.650 until you get in and they give you a financial aid package. 00:05:19.650 --> 00:05:22.170 And that package is going to be some scholarship, 00:05:22.170 --> 00:05:25.590 maybe some grants, and it'll be some loan. 00:05:25.590 --> 00:05:27.210 And then when I got that package 00:05:27.210 --> 00:05:29.100 I realized that it was actually doable. 00:05:29.100 --> 00:05:32.610 Now, I still did take on many tens of thousands of dollars 00:05:32.610 --> 00:05:34.410 of debt, which is real money. 00:05:34.410 --> 00:05:36.300 And so I took it very seriously. 00:05:36.300 --> 00:05:37.890 I asked a lot of questions. 00:05:37.890 --> 00:05:42.120 I tried to do my best to make sure I was going into a career 00:05:42.120 --> 00:05:43.740 that I had a good chance of paying off that debt. 00:05:43.740 --> 00:05:45.990 And even when I was starting to graduate from college 00:05:45.990 --> 00:05:47.437 I didn't just rest on my laurels and say, 00:05:47.437 --> 00:05:48.900 "Oh, I have a good degree. 00:05:48.900 --> 00:05:50.940 Surely someone will walk up to me and give a job." 00:05:50.940 --> 00:05:51.810 No, I hustled. 00:05:51.810 --> 00:05:54.690 I hustled to make sure that I got a job 00:05:54.690 --> 00:05:57.090 that put me in a good financial position. 00:05:57.090 --> 00:05:58.500 So talk to a lot of people. 00:05:58.500 --> 00:05:59.880 Think about these questions. 00:05:59.880 --> 00:06:02.550 College generally is a good idea 00:06:02.550 --> 00:06:04.320 but all college isn't equal. 00:06:04.320 --> 00:06:05.760 All career paths aren't equal. 00:06:05.760 --> 00:06:08.910 And what you do with those degrees, they aren't all equal. 00:06:08.910 --> 00:06:10.770 So really think hard about that. 00:06:10.770 --> 00:06:13.893 But if you do it, you'll probably make a good investment.

Compare costs of postsecondary education

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuXAm3tyc48

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.290 --> 00:00:03.660 - So let's talk a little bit about how to compare costs 00:00:03.660 --> 00:00:06.600 based on all of your college options. 00:00:06.600 --> 00:00:09.990 So the biggest piece of cost is going to be your tuition, 00:00:09.990 --> 00:00:13.140 and then of course your living expenses, room and board, 00:00:13.140 --> 00:00:15.630 where you're gonna live, and what you're going to eat, 00:00:15.630 --> 00:00:17.010 and how you're going to eat it. 00:00:17.010 --> 00:00:18.900 And then there's a bunch of other expenses. 00:00:18.900 --> 00:00:20.670 There's gonna be travel, and entertainment. 00:00:20.670 --> 00:00:22.440 And everyone needs a little bit of entertainment. 00:00:22.440 --> 00:00:24.960 And especially, if you're going to a college, 00:00:24.960 --> 00:00:26.550 or one of your options is to go to a college 00:00:26.550 --> 00:00:28.440 where you might have to travel by air. 00:00:28.440 --> 00:00:30.330 Well, that could get a little bit more expensive. 00:00:30.330 --> 00:00:32.250 And then there's all these other incidentals, 00:00:32.250 --> 00:00:35.640 things like textbooks, and lab fees, et cetera. 00:00:35.640 --> 00:00:37.440 And so the first thing I would do 00:00:37.440 --> 00:00:40.050 is when you get your various options, 00:00:40.050 --> 00:00:41.880 and it's good to have as many options as possible 00:00:41.880 --> 00:00:45.090 within reason, is try to add all of that up. 00:00:45.090 --> 00:00:48.600 And now, one thing I wanna make sure you keep in mind 00:00:48.600 --> 00:00:50.310 is the sticker cost. 00:00:50.310 --> 00:00:53.130 You know, when a university just says our tuition is X, 00:00:53.130 --> 00:00:55.890 that's not necessarily what you have to pay, 00:00:55.890 --> 00:00:58.380 and there's many ways for you to pay it. 00:00:58.380 --> 00:01:00.510 And in many cases, if you come from a family 00:01:00.510 --> 00:01:02.130 that does not have a high income, 00:01:02.130 --> 00:01:04.290 you can get significant financial aid. 00:01:04.290 --> 00:01:06.099 Now, that financial aid could be in the form of scholarship, 00:01:06.099 --> 00:01:08.130 it could be just a straight up grant 00:01:08.130 --> 00:01:10.290 based on your your family's need, 00:01:10.290 --> 00:01:13.200 or it could be some type of a loan. 00:01:13.200 --> 00:01:16.440 Now, once you have your options 00:01:16.440 --> 00:01:18.751 and you know what type of aid 00:01:18.751 --> 00:01:21.780 you can get for your different options, 00:01:21.780 --> 00:01:23.520 then you need to just compare them. 00:01:23.520 --> 00:01:27.750 And generally speaking, before you consider financial aid, 00:01:27.750 --> 00:01:30.090 your least expensive options 00:01:30.090 --> 00:01:31.198 are probably going to be something 00:01:31.198 --> 00:01:34.320 like going to community college close to home. 00:01:34.320 --> 00:01:36.300 And even if your goal is a four year degree, 00:01:36.300 --> 00:01:38.880 in many states, I know out here in California, 00:01:38.880 --> 00:01:41.460 you can go to a community college for two years, 00:01:41.460 --> 00:01:43.440 and it's actually kind of a program 00:01:43.440 --> 00:01:45.990 to transfer then into four year colleges. 00:01:45.990 --> 00:01:47.550 So that could be an option. 00:01:47.550 --> 00:01:50.220 That could be cheaper, you could live at home. 00:01:50.220 --> 00:01:52.110 The tuition tends to be a lot cheaper 00:01:52.110 --> 00:01:53.820 at the local community college, 00:01:53.820 --> 00:01:56.640 and then when you're ready to transfer, you could transfer. 00:01:56.640 --> 00:01:58.650 The next most expensive option 00:01:58.650 --> 00:02:01.530 or the next higher price option 00:02:01.530 --> 00:02:05.220 is usually going to some form of a state school, 00:02:05.220 --> 00:02:07.740 either a city school or a state school 00:02:07.740 --> 00:02:10.800 where they they give a special tuition 00:02:10.800 --> 00:02:13.230 for in-state residents. 00:02:13.230 --> 00:02:15.750 If you're strong academically, there might also be schools 00:02:15.750 --> 00:02:18.060 that give you academic scholarships. 00:02:18.060 --> 00:02:20.160 And then you have a bunch of private schools 00:02:20.160 --> 00:02:21.285 that usually have higher tuition 00:02:21.285 --> 00:02:25.380 than for sure the state schools and the community colleges. 00:02:25.380 --> 00:02:29.070 And there, the key is to not make your decision 00:02:29.070 --> 00:02:30.811 until you know whether they're going to give you 00:02:30.811 --> 00:02:33.090 financial aid, and how, 00:02:33.090 --> 00:02:34.920 and what kind of financial aid that is. 00:02:34.920 --> 00:02:36.390 Obviously, scholarships and grants 00:02:36.390 --> 00:02:38.190 are a lot better than loans, 00:02:38.190 --> 00:02:39.810 but then once you have all of that information, 00:02:39.810 --> 00:02:41.430 you can make your decision. 00:02:41.430 --> 00:02:42.910 And don't make your decision 00:02:42.910 --> 00:02:46.111 purely on cost or purely on price. 00:02:46.111 --> 00:02:48.000 It might be tempting say, "Oh, I'm gonna end up 00:02:48.000 --> 00:02:49.650 with a four year degree no matter what. 00:02:49.650 --> 00:02:51.930 Let me just take the cheapest possible option." 00:02:51.930 --> 00:02:55.020 That might be a good idea, but ask a lot of questions. 00:02:55.020 --> 00:02:57.540 It might turn out that maybe one option 00:02:57.540 --> 00:02:58.770 is a little bit more expensive 00:02:58.770 --> 00:03:00.900 even after you consider financial aid, 00:03:00.900 --> 00:03:02.670 but when you talk to recent graduates, 00:03:02.670 --> 00:03:05.460 they say, "Hey, that was an amazing experience. 00:03:05.460 --> 00:03:07.500 It helped me grow so much." 00:03:07.500 --> 00:03:10.410 And maybe the career services there, 00:03:10.410 --> 00:03:12.840 or there's just a lot of recruiters that go to that campus 00:03:12.840 --> 00:03:14.610 that would not go to the other campuses, 00:03:14.610 --> 00:03:17.730 and so their job prospects are a lot better. 00:03:17.730 --> 00:03:19.200 And so it's not just the cost. 00:03:19.200 --> 00:03:21.450 You're making an investment in yourself. 00:03:21.450 --> 00:03:22.620 So it's not just the cost. 00:03:22.620 --> 00:03:25.230 You have to see the return on that cost, you know. 00:03:25.230 --> 00:03:26.730 So if you were investing in two stocks, 00:03:26.730 --> 00:03:28.530 it wouldn't be that the dollar stock 00:03:28.530 --> 00:03:30.700 is better than the $2 stock 00:03:30.700 --> 00:03:33.510 if the $2 stock is gonna give you a better return. 00:03:33.510 --> 00:03:35.310 Same thing about colleges. 00:03:35.310 --> 00:03:36.360 Now, I won't say the expensive one 00:03:36.360 --> 00:03:38.850 is also always going to be the best one either. 00:03:38.850 --> 00:03:41.310 You really have to think what you're gonna be putting in, 00:03:41.310 --> 00:03:43.680 and then what you think you'll likely get out, 00:03:43.680 --> 00:03:45.360 and also, where are you going to thrive? 00:03:45.360 --> 00:03:47.580 Because if you go to a place where you're not happy, 00:03:47.580 --> 00:03:48.870 where you're not engaged, 00:03:48.870 --> 00:03:51.030 well, then that's really kind of setting yourself up 00:03:51.030 --> 00:03:53.913 for a not optimal situation.

The cost of education

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TtKUydRfDM

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=9TtKUydRfDM&ei=n1WUZYv6H_rKp-oPkpmMiAM&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=1969A7D1647B37A0BD4A48FE45765448DB8C4AF2.2D77BF951CDF6B687FE02DE71982E427AE7222A9&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.380 --> 00:00:05.220 - So let's think about all of the costs of an education. 00:00:05.220 --> 00:00:07.620 So the first thing that most people think about 00:00:07.620 --> 00:00:10.293 is the actual tuition that you would pay. 00:00:11.149 --> 00:00:13.890 If you go to a standard four-year college, 00:00:13.890 --> 00:00:16.560 it could be tens of thousands of dollars a year. 00:00:16.560 --> 00:00:18.720 If you go to a community college 00:00:18.720 --> 00:00:19.950 or you go to a state university, 00:00:19.950 --> 00:00:20.970 it could be a good bit less 00:00:20.970 --> 00:00:22.920 so it's something to think about. 00:00:22.920 --> 00:00:25.710 And there's other forms of what I would consider education, 00:00:25.710 --> 00:00:28.890 things like apprenticeships, co-op programs 00:00:28.890 --> 00:00:31.320 where you might even be able to make a little bit yourself. 00:00:31.320 --> 00:00:33.540 I guess you could consider that negative tuition, 00:00:33.540 --> 00:00:34.440 but that's the first thing. 00:00:34.440 --> 00:00:36.270 It's just how much are you going to pay 00:00:36.270 --> 00:00:38.430 for someone to help train you 00:00:38.430 --> 00:00:41.490 and for someone to help educate you? 00:00:41.490 --> 00:00:44.040 The next cost, and I'll try to go roughly in order, 00:00:44.040 --> 00:00:47.550 are probably things that you're gonna need to live 00:00:47.550 --> 00:00:50.280 wherever you are getting educated. 00:00:50.280 --> 00:00:52.183 And I know you might be thinking, 00:00:52.183 --> 00:00:54.210 "well, I'm gonna have to live someplace regardless. 00:00:54.210 --> 00:00:55.500 I'm gonna have to find food. 00:00:55.500 --> 00:00:58.830 I'm gonna have to have a place to stay." 00:00:58.830 --> 00:01:01.500 But if you decide to go to college, 00:01:01.500 --> 00:01:03.000 let's say, in a more expensive city, 00:01:03.000 --> 00:01:05.550 then those expenses could be a lot more. 00:01:05.550 --> 00:01:07.650 And also, certain colleges and universities 00:01:07.650 --> 00:01:11.130 have certain rules about where you are or aren't allowed 00:01:11.130 --> 00:01:13.680 to stay, or you might want to stay on campus 00:01:13.680 --> 00:01:15.840 which might have certain costs with it. 00:01:15.840 --> 00:01:17.340 So I would definitely consider 00:01:17.340 --> 00:01:18.960 what's often called room and board, 00:01:18.960 --> 00:01:20.880 which is where do you live 00:01:20.880 --> 00:01:22.770 and how are you getting your food 00:01:22.770 --> 00:01:25.530 to be a pretty substantial cost. 00:01:25.530 --> 00:01:28.430 Another cost, and I'm trying to once again, to go in order 00:01:29.332 --> 00:01:32.520 of of magnitude of cost, is the opportunity cost. 00:01:32.520 --> 00:01:33.870 What else could you be doing 00:01:33.870 --> 00:01:36.570 with that time that you're putting into that education? 00:01:36.570 --> 00:01:39.180 You could be getting some type of other job. 00:01:39.180 --> 00:01:41.010 So there is the opportunity cost 00:01:41.010 --> 00:01:44.700 of lost income when you go get an education, 00:01:44.700 --> 00:01:47.160 especially when you think about things like graduate school. 00:01:47.160 --> 00:01:50.280 You could be out in the job market there earning money. 00:01:50.280 --> 00:01:54.270 And then beyond that, there's all sorts of smaller expenses, 00:01:54.270 --> 00:01:56.520 but expenses that still can add up. 00:01:56.520 --> 00:01:59.740 I definitely had sticker shock when I went to college 00:02:00.884 --> 00:02:02.280 and I saw how much textbooks cost. 00:02:02.280 --> 00:02:06.060 And this was about 25 years ago, almost 30 years ago. 00:02:06.060 --> 00:02:07.203 Yeah, I'm getting old, 00:02:08.130 --> 00:02:11.460 but they can easily cost hundreds of dollars. 00:02:11.460 --> 00:02:14.310 I remember, I always tried to see 00:02:14.310 --> 00:02:16.620 if I could check it outta the library or share a textbook 00:02:16.620 --> 00:02:19.632 with a friend to avoid some of that expense. 00:02:19.632 --> 00:02:20.880 I know now there's some rental textbooks 00:02:20.880 --> 00:02:22.980 and digital textbooks and open source textbooks 00:02:22.980 --> 00:02:25.170 which might hopefully help with that cost, 00:02:25.170 --> 00:02:27.900 but that could be really a significant expense. 00:02:27.900 --> 00:02:29.910 Things like textbooks or lab materials 00:02:29.910 --> 00:02:31.140 or all of these other things 00:02:31.140 --> 00:02:33.570 that might not be included in tuition. 00:02:33.570 --> 00:02:35.910 And then on top of that, once again, 00:02:35.910 --> 00:02:37.560 you're going to wanna do all the things 00:02:37.560 --> 00:02:39.480 that any reasonable person would wanna do 00:02:39.480 --> 00:02:42.030 when they're living, which is not just have a place to stay 00:02:42.030 --> 00:02:45.150 and have food, but maybe entertainment, some travel. 00:02:45.150 --> 00:02:46.800 And that could change dramatically, 00:02:46.800 --> 00:02:50.070 if, let's say, you are going to go to college 00:02:50.070 --> 00:02:51.990 in a different city than where you live 00:02:51.990 --> 00:02:53.520 and you're gonna travel back and forth, 00:02:53.520 --> 00:02:54.570 maybe on a plane. 00:02:54.570 --> 00:02:56.970 That can get reasonably expensive. 00:02:56.970 --> 00:03:00.360 And then obviously, entertainment and travel 00:03:00.360 --> 00:03:01.950 in a bigger city, and say New York, 00:03:01.950 --> 00:03:04.100 it's gonna cost a lot more than if you live 00:03:05.215 --> 00:03:07.380 in a small town or decide to go to college in a small town. 00:03:07.380 --> 00:03:10.440 So that's, I would say, the space 00:03:10.440 --> 00:03:12.690 of all of the places where you could spend your money. 00:03:12.690 --> 00:03:16.920 But I wanna really make sure that this doesn't scare you 00:03:16.920 --> 00:03:20.610 because when you oftentimes just add all of those together, 00:03:20.610 --> 00:03:23.250 it can be tens of thousands of dollars a year. 00:03:23.250 --> 00:03:25.293 In some cases can even approach, 00:03:25.293 --> 00:03:28.950 you know, approaching six figures in a given year, 00:03:28.950 --> 00:03:31.560 but you really don't know what your costs are going to be 00:03:31.560 --> 00:03:34.590 until you apply and you figure out 00:03:34.590 --> 00:03:37.020 what kind of a financial aid package you get. 00:03:37.020 --> 00:03:39.420 Many of what you would call the sticker price 00:03:39.420 --> 00:03:40.710 of a lot of universities 00:03:40.710 --> 00:03:43.950 is what they would charge someone who's not coming in 00:03:43.950 --> 00:03:46.200 with a scholarship, who's getting no financial aid. 00:03:46.200 --> 00:03:49.560 So these are usually going to be more affluent people 00:03:49.560 --> 00:03:51.630 are going to usually have to pay those costs. 00:03:51.630 --> 00:03:55.740 But if you come from a less well-heeled family 00:03:55.740 --> 00:03:57.720 and those numbers look scary to you, 00:03:57.720 --> 00:03:59.430 it actually turns out that sometimes 00:03:59.430 --> 00:04:01.320 some of the more expensive universities 00:04:01.320 --> 00:04:04.560 are the more generous ones with financial aid. 00:04:04.560 --> 00:04:07.290 I'll just use myself as an example. 00:04:07.290 --> 00:04:10.200 The college I wanted to go to when I was in high school, 00:04:10.200 --> 00:04:11.640 at the time, this was in the nineties. 00:04:11.640 --> 00:04:13.680 It cost even then with room and board and everything, 00:04:13.680 --> 00:04:15.240 it was over $30,000 a year, 00:04:15.240 --> 00:04:18.420 which was more than twice what my mom was making that year. 00:04:18.420 --> 00:04:20.550 So I was like, "there's no way I'm gonna be able to do it." 00:04:20.550 --> 00:04:23.310 But my sister went to a similar type of school 00:04:23.310 --> 00:04:24.570 that had similar type of tuition 00:04:24.570 --> 00:04:26.970 and she got significant financial aid 00:04:26.970 --> 00:04:29.550 because my mother did not make a lot of money. 00:04:29.550 --> 00:04:30.810 We were on free and reduced lunch 00:04:30.810 --> 00:04:32.193 when I was in high school. 00:04:33.300 --> 00:04:34.133 They saw that. 00:04:35.092 --> 00:04:37.710 And my mom's contribution, 00:04:37.710 --> 00:04:39.330 even though the sticker price was, you know, 00:04:39.330 --> 00:04:40.470 30 something thousand dollars, 00:04:40.470 --> 00:04:44.752 my mom's contribution was something like $1,500 a year. 00:04:44.752 --> 00:04:47.220 And then I did accumulate some debt. 00:04:47.220 --> 00:04:50.310 So, you know, I accumulated about $30,000 in debt 00:04:50.310 --> 00:04:53.100 over four years, which is still a lot better 00:04:53.100 --> 00:04:56.100 than it could have been over a hundred thousand dollars. 00:04:56.100 --> 00:04:58.380 But you still have to be careful even with that 00:04:58.380 --> 00:05:00.690 to make sure that you're going into something 00:05:00.690 --> 00:05:03.390 that you feel confident you'll be able to be employed. 00:05:03.390 --> 00:05:06.000 It's something that you'll enjoy being employed in 00:05:06.000 --> 00:05:07.470 and something that you can really put the effort in 00:05:07.470 --> 00:05:09.270 to get those jobs so that you're in a position 00:05:09.270 --> 00:05:11.250 to pay back the debt and the investment 00:05:11.250 --> 00:05:13.050 in your education pays off. 00:05:13.050 --> 00:05:16.140 But I encourage you, you know, look at the spectrum. 00:05:16.140 --> 00:05:17.910 One, be aware of the costs. 00:05:17.910 --> 00:05:20.100 Be aware of what the different outcomes would be 00:05:20.100 --> 00:05:21.150 and then think about, 00:05:21.150 --> 00:05:23.430 okay, do I want to live in a big city, small town? 00:05:23.430 --> 00:05:25.440 There might be cost implications there. 00:05:25.440 --> 00:05:27.900 Do I want to go to a private school? 00:05:27.900 --> 00:05:29.550 Do I want to go to a state university? 00:05:29.550 --> 00:05:30.930 Do I wanna spend maybe two years 00:05:30.930 --> 00:05:33.069 at a community college and then transfer? 00:05:33.069 --> 00:05:34.530 These are all potential options 00:05:34.530 --> 00:05:35.850 that affect the cost equation, 00:05:35.850 --> 00:05:37.860 but they also have other trade-offs as well. 00:05:37.860 --> 00:05:40.230 So it's more nuanced than you think, 00:05:40.230 --> 00:05:41.520 but I think especially if you come 00:05:41.520 --> 00:05:43.380 from a lower income household, 00:05:43.380 --> 00:05:46.530 there's probably more options than you realize. 00:05:46.530 --> 00:05:48.960 In many cases, you should at least try to apply 00:05:48.960 --> 00:05:51.810 for some of these more aspirational schools 00:05:51.810 --> 00:05:53.310 if that's interesting to you 00:05:53.310 --> 00:05:55.910 and see what they offer you, you might be surprised.

Choosing the right college

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83jHrKbi2tI

vtt

https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=83jHrKbi2tI&ei=n1WUZdv8H9y_mLAP5d2x2A0&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=597CD69523C00172F11CC253A08FAE60B4209D01.B2215D2E7CD967E7A8480407A07FC306E27BDDFF&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.290 --> 00:00:04.050 - So let's think a little bit about how you might decide 00:00:04.050 --> 00:00:05.850 where you want to go to college. 00:00:05.850 --> 00:00:07.350 And the first thing I'll remind you, 00:00:07.350 --> 00:00:10.860 because this can oftentimes be a pretty stressful decision, 00:00:10.860 --> 00:00:13.200 is that there is no right decision. 00:00:13.200 --> 00:00:15.390 You just need to make the decision right. 00:00:15.390 --> 00:00:16.770 Now, what do I mean by that? 00:00:16.770 --> 00:00:20.790 Is there are plenty of great colleges and universities 00:00:20.790 --> 00:00:22.410 and community colleges. 00:00:22.410 --> 00:00:26.737 And if you go to them with an attitude of, 00:00:26.737 --> 00:00:28.470 "Hey, I'm going to take advantage 00:00:28.470 --> 00:00:32.400 of what this campus, what this program has to offer. 00:00:32.400 --> 00:00:34.920 I'm going to put myself out of my comfort zone. 00:00:34.920 --> 00:00:36.390 I'm going to sign up for clubs. 00:00:36.390 --> 00:00:38.550 I'm going to introduce myself to people. 00:00:38.550 --> 00:00:40.290 I'm going to try to get internships. 00:00:40.290 --> 00:00:43.080 I'm gonna try to join co-op programs. 00:00:43.080 --> 00:00:45.600 I'm gonna try to get to know my professors," 00:00:45.600 --> 00:00:48.600 you'll probably do pretty well, pretty much, 00:00:48.600 --> 00:00:50.820 as long as you go to one of these reasonable places. 00:00:50.820 --> 00:00:51.653 Now, on the other hand, 00:00:51.653 --> 00:00:54.630 you could go to some of the fanciest colleges on the planet, 00:00:54.630 --> 00:00:57.300 but if you go there a little bit afraid to step out 00:00:57.300 --> 00:01:01.116 of your comfort zone, if you're a little bit passive 00:01:01.116 --> 00:01:03.180 about your education, 00:01:03.180 --> 00:01:05.130 you kinda just let the education happen to you 00:01:05.130 --> 00:01:07.980 as opposed to you happening to the eduction, 00:01:07.980 --> 00:01:09.060 then it might not be great. 00:01:09.060 --> 00:01:11.310 Or it just might not be a great fit for you 00:01:11.310 --> 00:01:13.020 for whatever reason. 00:01:13.020 --> 00:01:15.270 So it's not about someplace being perfect. 00:01:15.270 --> 00:01:17.550 It's about what you bring to it. 00:01:17.550 --> 00:01:18.960 Now, with that said, 00:01:18.960 --> 00:01:21.150 there probably are certain types of places 00:01:21.150 --> 00:01:24.510 that you might thrive more than others. 00:01:24.510 --> 00:01:26.940 So the first thing, and we talk about this in other videos, 00:01:26.940 --> 00:01:29.640 you can look at the cost of different options 00:01:29.640 --> 00:01:31.680 and always keep in mind things like financial aid. 00:01:31.680 --> 00:01:33.330 Don't just look at the sticker cost. 00:01:33.330 --> 00:01:34.980 Sometimes the financial aid at some 00:01:34.980 --> 00:01:36.600 of the most expensive universities 00:01:36.600 --> 00:01:39.120 is the most significant financial aid. 00:01:39.120 --> 00:01:40.710 So definitely take a look at that. 00:01:40.710 --> 00:01:41.970 But it's not just about cost. 00:01:41.970 --> 00:01:44.100 It's also about benefit. 00:01:44.100 --> 00:01:45.780 Talk to a lot of folks, 00:01:45.780 --> 00:01:48.750 especially students who are at that program, 00:01:48.750 --> 00:01:50.970 ideally people who are recent graduates 00:01:50.970 --> 00:01:53.370 or who graduated maybe five or 10 years ago, 00:01:53.370 --> 00:01:57.330 and ask them about both their career opportunities, 00:01:57.330 --> 00:01:58.860 any regrets they might have, 00:01:58.860 --> 00:02:02.130 whether what they thought was going to happen happened. 00:02:02.130 --> 00:02:03.300 Was it better than expected? 00:02:03.300 --> 00:02:04.500 Was it worse than expected? 00:02:04.500 --> 00:02:06.330 And also about their experience. 00:02:06.330 --> 00:02:08.310 There could be two folks who end up 00:02:08.310 --> 00:02:11.670 in a similar place career-wise and money-wise, 00:02:11.670 --> 00:02:13.290 but one might say, "Yeah, you know, 00:02:13.290 --> 00:02:15.240 my four years of college really, 00:02:15.240 --> 00:02:16.830 it wasn't really working out for me. 00:02:16.830 --> 00:02:18.870 It wasn't really, weren't really great years." 00:02:18.870 --> 00:02:20.107 And there could be someone else who says, 00:02:20.107 --> 00:02:21.330 "Well, you know, those were some of the best years 00:02:21.330 --> 00:02:22.770 of my life. 00:02:22.770 --> 00:02:24.300 I met some of my best friends. 00:02:24.300 --> 00:02:26.760 I was so stimulated," et cetera. 00:02:26.760 --> 00:02:29.040 So that has to be part of the equation too. 00:02:29.040 --> 00:02:32.250 We're not living just to make money 00:02:32.250 --> 00:02:33.840 and have a job and pay bills. 00:02:33.840 --> 00:02:35.850 Now, that's important too, 00:02:35.850 --> 00:02:39.000 but it's also about having an experience in life 00:02:39.000 --> 00:02:40.560 that you think might be fulfilling 00:02:40.560 --> 00:02:43.590 and make you a better person in a lot of ways. 00:02:43.590 --> 00:02:45.450 Now, your general options are going to be, 00:02:45.450 --> 00:02:46.980 obviously, you could go to a four-year college, 00:02:46.980 --> 00:02:48.360 four-year colleges. 00:02:48.360 --> 00:02:51.030 You'll often have your in-state colleges, 00:02:51.030 --> 00:02:52.860 which will tend to have lower tuition. 00:02:52.860 --> 00:02:54.570 And then you might have the private colleges, 00:02:54.570 --> 00:02:56.610 which will have, tend to have higher tuition. 00:02:56.610 --> 00:03:00.120 But once again, keep in mind things like financial aid. 00:03:00.120 --> 00:03:02.400 Don't write off an expensive university 00:03:02.400 --> 00:03:03.540 without looking a little bit 00:03:03.540 --> 00:03:05.220 into how they give financial aid 00:03:05.220 --> 00:03:06.270 and whether you might be able 00:03:06.270 --> 00:03:09.480 to get a pretty good financial aid package. 00:03:09.480 --> 00:03:13.050 Now, you also have associate programs, community colleges. 00:03:13.050 --> 00:03:14.700 These might be really great options. 00:03:14.700 --> 00:03:16.620 The cost can be significant lower, 00:03:16.620 --> 00:03:17.880 especially 'cause they're close to home. 00:03:17.880 --> 00:03:19.320 Maybe you live at home. 00:03:19.320 --> 00:03:21.600 And in many cases, you can go to one of those programs, 00:03:21.600 --> 00:03:24.540 and sometimes get a great job coming out of them, 00:03:24.540 --> 00:03:27.270 or you can transfer to a four-year degree 00:03:27.270 --> 00:03:30.180 and save some money in the process 00:03:30.180 --> 00:03:32.910 for at least two first two years. 00:03:32.910 --> 00:03:36.780 The one thing I will tell you to be a little bit wary of 00:03:36.780 --> 00:03:40.080 are what I would, and I don't wanna say, you know, 00:03:40.080 --> 00:03:43.830 all for-profit universities are bad or good or et cetera, 00:03:43.830 --> 00:03:46.801 but when you're looking at colleges and associate programs 00:03:46.801 --> 00:03:49.200 that are for-profit, 00:03:49.200 --> 00:03:51.120 so they aren't not-for-profit organizations, 00:03:51.120 --> 00:03:53.340 they're owned by a corporation, 00:03:53.340 --> 00:03:55.140 you just have to be a little bit wary 00:03:55.140 --> 00:03:56.400 about what their motivations are. 00:03:56.400 --> 00:03:58.920 Especially many times, they'll have a lotta marketing. 00:03:58.920 --> 00:04:01.710 They'll really talk about all of the things 00:04:01.710 --> 00:04:03.120 that they're doing for their students. 00:04:03.120 --> 00:04:04.830 But you need to ask the hard questions 00:04:04.830 --> 00:04:07.500 to make sure that those outcomes are really happening. 00:04:07.500 --> 00:04:08.333 I'll tell you a story. 00:04:08.333 --> 00:04:10.230 When I used to work at an investment fund, 00:04:10.230 --> 00:04:12.480 we once talked to a publicly traded company 00:04:12.480 --> 00:04:16.590 that ran some of these associate programs. 00:04:16.590 --> 00:04:19.140 And I have to tell you, (laughing) 00:04:19.140 --> 00:04:22.170 they seemed very focused on what their marketing costs were 00:04:22.170 --> 00:04:25.590 and how long the students needed to spend 00:04:25.590 --> 00:04:28.170 at their campus or their online program 00:04:28.170 --> 00:04:30.720 in order for them to collect the government grants. 00:04:31.650 --> 00:04:33.630 But they really didn't have great outcomes. 00:04:33.630 --> 00:04:36.150 And so this was a situation where their motivation, 00:04:36.150 --> 00:04:37.560 and I'm not saying this going to be the case 00:04:37.560 --> 00:04:39.594 for all for-profit universities, 00:04:39.594 --> 00:04:41.407 but their motivation was definitely, 00:04:41.407 --> 00:04:44.430 "Hey, you know, we wanna market as aggressively as possible, 00:04:44.430 --> 00:04:45.900 get people through the door, 00:04:45.900 --> 00:04:47.760 collect some of that government grant money, 00:04:47.760 --> 00:04:50.250 and then yeah, you know, hopefully something good happens 00:04:50.250 --> 00:04:52.740 to them afterwards," but they didn't seem as focused there. 00:04:52.740 --> 00:04:53.970 And it's also not to say 00:04:53.970 --> 00:04:57.570 that all not-for-profit universities are perfect either. 00:04:57.570 --> 00:04:59.850 Similarly, you have to really scrutinize. 00:04:59.850 --> 00:05:01.447 They might give you some numbers about, 00:05:01.447 --> 00:05:03.120 "Hey, our average graduate does this 00:05:03.120 --> 00:05:05.070 or the average graduate with a job gets this." 00:05:05.070 --> 00:05:06.720 But you have to say, "Well, how many of them get a job? 00:05:06.720 --> 00:05:08.550 And how quickly do they get a job?" 00:05:08.550 --> 00:05:11.550 I would recommend actually talking to real people, 00:05:11.550 --> 00:05:14.400 recent graduates, seniors looking to get a job, 00:05:14.400 --> 00:05:17.550 to see if those outcomes really hold up. 00:05:17.550 --> 00:05:19.170 Or did they have to really hustle for them 00:05:19.170 --> 00:05:20.370 in ways that maybe the college 00:05:20.370 --> 00:05:21.990 didn't support them that much? 00:05:21.990 --> 00:05:23.716 That's real information. 00:05:23.716 --> 00:05:26.550 So what I would recommend, 00:05:26.550 --> 00:05:28.800 keep a reasonable number of options, 00:05:28.800 --> 00:05:30.660 some that might be a little bit more of a stretch, 00:05:30.660 --> 00:05:33.120 some that might be your backup and very affordable, 00:05:33.120 --> 00:05:34.350 you know they are going to be. 00:05:34.350 --> 00:05:36.360 But then before you make the decision, 00:05:36.360 --> 00:05:38.010 definitely visit the campus, 00:05:38.010 --> 00:05:41.220 see how it feels, talk to people on the campus, 00:05:41.220 --> 00:05:43.230 see if it resonates, their experience seems 00:05:43.230 --> 00:05:44.580 like something you'd want. 00:05:44.580 --> 00:05:47.343 And also talk to as many people as possible, 00:05:48.210 --> 00:05:50.190 especially recent grads or seniors 00:05:50.190 --> 00:05:51.270 that might be looking for a job. 00:05:51.270 --> 00:05:52.620 And don't be afraid to ask (laughing) 00:05:52.620 --> 00:05:54.780 what I would call slightly impolite questions, 00:05:54.780 --> 00:05:57.120 which is like, "How much money are you making? 00:05:57.120 --> 00:05:58.200 Are you stressed about it? 00:05:58.200 --> 00:05:59.550 Are you making what you thought you were? 00:05:59.550 --> 00:06:02.670 How much did the school help you with career placement? 00:06:02.670 --> 00:06:04.020 Do you think you would've gotten this job 00:06:04.020 --> 00:06:06.690 if you went someplace else? 00:06:06.690 --> 00:06:09.360 Do you wish you majored in something else? 00:06:09.360 --> 00:06:10.710 Do you have any?" et cetera. 00:06:10.710 --> 00:06:14.310 So you have your future in front of you. 00:06:14.310 --> 00:06:16.920 Just ask really, really good questions of a lot of folks. 00:06:16.920 --> 00:06:18.420 Be a little bit nosy. 00:06:18.420 --> 00:06:20.370 Don't always accept what people tell you, 00:06:20.370 --> 00:06:22.710 especially the universities, at face value. 00:06:22.710 --> 00:06:24.420 Double check for yourself. 00:06:24.420 --> 00:06:26.870 And then you'll probably be in pretty good shape.

Why invest in yourself?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olWhTwaYP_Y

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.230 --> 00:00:04.380 - [Instructor] This chart right over here is at bls.gov. 00:00:04.380 --> 00:00:08.190 BLS stands for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 00:00:08.190 --> 00:00:11.190 And it has a pretty interesting trend here. 00:00:11.190 --> 00:00:14.220 It shows that the higher the degree level 00:00:14.220 --> 00:00:15.720 that someone gets, 00:00:15.720 --> 00:00:20.720 it is associated with higher median weekly earnings, right? 00:00:21.690 --> 00:00:24.450 'Cause they're saying median usual weekly earnings. 00:00:24.450 --> 00:00:26.610 And you could also see it's associated 00:00:26.610 --> 00:00:29.130 with lower and lower unemployment 00:00:29.130 --> 00:00:31.680 the higher of a degree you get. 00:00:31.680 --> 00:00:34.620 So one takeaway from this might be, 00:00:34.620 --> 00:00:36.540 well, if you wanna make more money 00:00:36.540 --> 00:00:38.580 and if you wanna have lower unemployment, 00:00:38.580 --> 00:00:42.120 and I think those are things that most people aspire for, 00:00:42.120 --> 00:00:44.820 it might make sense to have higher and higher 00:00:44.820 --> 00:00:48.060 level of degrees, or get more and more education. 00:00:48.060 --> 00:00:52.110 Now, I will put a few of disclaimers on that 00:00:52.110 --> 00:00:55.050 because it's not necessarily the fact 00:00:55.050 --> 00:00:57.960 that the education is causing the higher income. 00:00:57.960 --> 00:01:01.620 It might be the fact that people who are really organized, 00:01:01.620 --> 00:01:05.310 who are really hardworking, who are doing well academically, 00:01:05.310 --> 00:01:08.400 which are all ingredients for maybe success, 00:01:08.400 --> 00:01:12.150 that those people also just decide to get more education 00:01:12.150 --> 00:01:14.820 and then they become more successful. 00:01:14.820 --> 00:01:17.880 It's probably, in my mind, a combination of both. 00:01:17.880 --> 00:01:22.260 The actual education does make you actually more trained 00:01:22.260 --> 00:01:24.840 and more capable and more ready for the workforce. 00:01:24.840 --> 00:01:26.940 And it also opens doors for you 00:01:26.940 --> 00:01:29.490 that wouldn't have been opened otherwise. 00:01:29.490 --> 00:01:32.130 But there is an aspect of the same person 00:01:32.130 --> 00:01:34.350 who might have gotten a doctoral degree. 00:01:34.350 --> 00:01:36.000 If you were able to run an experiment 00:01:36.000 --> 00:01:38.190 and they weren't able to get a doctoral degree, 00:01:38.190 --> 00:01:41.100 maybe they might be just as successful. 00:01:41.100 --> 00:01:42.930 We'll never know cause it's very hard to run 00:01:42.930 --> 00:01:45.300 that exact same experiment. 00:01:45.300 --> 00:01:48.870 But generally speaking, more education does seem to help. 00:01:48.870 --> 00:01:52.200 It does look like it's an investment in your earnings 00:01:52.200 --> 00:01:55.290 and in your employability, so to speak. 00:01:55.290 --> 00:01:56.370 Another thing to think about. 00:01:56.370 --> 00:01:57.517 You might just look at this and say, 00:01:57.517 --> 00:02:01.140 "Oh, if I wanna be as little unemployed as possible 00:02:01.140 --> 00:02:03.030 or make as much money as possible, 00:02:03.030 --> 00:02:04.800 I should either go get a PhD 00:02:04.800 --> 00:02:06.900 or I should get a professional degree 00:02:06.900 --> 00:02:10.050 like become a lawyer or become a doctor." 00:02:10.050 --> 00:02:12.660 And that might be true in certain cases, 00:02:12.660 --> 00:02:15.600 but not all degrees are going to be equal 00:02:15.600 --> 00:02:19.890 in terms of employability and equal in terms of earnings. 00:02:19.890 --> 00:02:22.230 For example, there's some bachelor's degrees 00:02:22.230 --> 00:02:23.910 that can make very good money. 00:02:23.910 --> 00:02:26.490 Oftentimes, a lot more money than a doctoral degree 00:02:26.490 --> 00:02:27.450 or a professional degree. 00:02:27.450 --> 00:02:28.650 For example, if you were to major 00:02:28.650 --> 00:02:31.890 in some types of engineering, or I guess computer science, 00:02:31.890 --> 00:02:33.330 which is also a high demand, 00:02:33.330 --> 00:02:35.220 I guess that's also part of engineering. 00:02:35.220 --> 00:02:36.720 There could even be associate's degrees 00:02:36.720 --> 00:02:37.920 that pay very, very well. 00:02:37.920 --> 00:02:39.120 A lot of the trades. 00:02:39.120 --> 00:02:41.310 Go become an electrician, become a plumber 00:02:41.310 --> 00:02:43.380 can pay better, in many cases, 00:02:43.380 --> 00:02:45.870 than some folks who get a PhD. 00:02:45.870 --> 00:02:47.670 So you just need to think about 00:02:47.670 --> 00:02:50.160 not just the level of education, 00:02:50.160 --> 00:02:53.640 but which particular field you're going into. 00:02:53.640 --> 00:02:55.380 And maybe more importantly, 00:02:55.380 --> 00:02:58.500 is that going to be a field where you think you can thrive 00:02:58.500 --> 00:03:01.320 and really dig into that career 00:03:01.320 --> 00:03:03.690 and make something out of it? 00:03:03.690 --> 00:03:05.257 But I think the combination of saying, 00:03:05.257 --> 00:03:09.990 "Hey, in general, more education is probably a good thing," 00:03:09.990 --> 00:03:13.140 as long as you don't take it for granted 00:03:13.140 --> 00:03:14.610 that just a degree by itself 00:03:14.610 --> 00:03:16.470 is what's going to make you successful. 00:03:16.470 --> 00:03:20.370 And you're very thoughtful about picking a path, 00:03:20.370 --> 00:03:22.110 not just how far you wanna go, 00:03:22.110 --> 00:03:24.270 but the actual lane you wanna go in, 00:03:24.270 --> 00:03:28.170 that both you believe, based on information, 00:03:28.170 --> 00:03:31.680 talking to folks, gives you good financial prospects. 00:03:31.680 --> 00:03:33.180 And it's one that you're going to thrive in. 00:03:33.180 --> 00:03:35.760 Because you could go and become a doctor, 00:03:35.760 --> 00:03:36.900 but if that's not something 00:03:36.900 --> 00:03:38.167 that you wake up every morning, you're like, 00:03:38.167 --> 00:03:39.330 "Oh, I love being a doctor," 00:03:39.330 --> 00:03:40.597 and at some point you're like, 00:03:40.597 --> 00:03:42.030 "Well, I don't wanna become a doctor anymore," 00:03:42.030 --> 00:03:44.520 then the degree's probably not going to help you as much. 00:03:44.520 --> 00:03:45.750 It might help you get some other type 00:03:45.750 --> 00:03:47.340 of healthcare job or something. 00:03:47.340 --> 00:03:48.660 So just think about these things. 00:03:48.660 --> 00:03:52.380 But this is a general chart that, hey, yeah, 00:03:52.380 --> 00:03:54.230 maybe education is a good investment.

SMART goals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkpFiOh88qQ

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.410 --> 00:00:03.660 - So let's talk a little bit about SMART goals 00:00:03.660 --> 00:00:05.220 when it comes to your finances. 00:00:05.220 --> 00:00:06.690 And when I say SMART goals, 00:00:06.690 --> 00:00:09.780 I'm not just saying well-thought-out or intelligent goals, 00:00:09.780 --> 00:00:11.280 although I guess it could be that. 00:00:11.280 --> 00:00:16.280 I'm talking about the acronym, S-M-A-R-T, SMART goals. 00:00:16.860 --> 00:00:19.440 Now the S stands for specific. 00:00:19.440 --> 00:00:21.660 The M stands for measurable. 00:00:21.660 --> 00:00:23.730 A stands for achievable. 00:00:23.730 --> 00:00:26.160 R stands for realistic. 00:00:26.160 --> 00:00:28.590 And T stands for time-based. 00:00:28.590 --> 00:00:30.960 I think achievable and realistic are kind of common, 00:00:30.960 --> 00:00:32.370 but then it wouldn't be a fun acronym. 00:00:32.370 --> 00:00:35.340 It would be like SMAT goals or SMRT goals. 00:00:35.340 --> 00:00:36.300 So it's SMART goals, 00:00:36.300 --> 00:00:37.710 which is a little bit easier to remember. 00:00:37.710 --> 00:00:39.870 So what do we mean by SMART goals? 00:00:39.870 --> 00:00:42.420 So for me, it's easy to think about what it is 00:00:42.420 --> 00:00:43.560 by thinking about what it isn't. 00:00:43.560 --> 00:00:46.230 So let's think about what a non-SMART goal would be 00:00:46.230 --> 00:00:47.880 when it comes to your finances. 00:00:47.880 --> 00:00:51.720 Let's say you just said, "I want to be rich." 00:00:51.720 --> 00:00:53.910 That is not a SMART goal. 00:00:53.910 --> 00:00:55.140 That is not specific. 00:00:55.140 --> 00:00:56.610 It is not measurable. 00:00:56.610 --> 00:00:58.410 It might be achievable 00:00:58.410 --> 00:01:01.470 depending on how you think about what rich is. 00:01:01.470 --> 00:01:02.490 But once again, we don't even know 00:01:02.490 --> 00:01:04.770 'cause you haven't quantified what that is. 00:01:04.770 --> 00:01:06.540 What does rich mean? 00:01:06.540 --> 00:01:08.340 It may be realistic, but we don't know. 00:01:08.340 --> 00:01:11.160 And the time, you haven't given any time there. 00:01:11.160 --> 00:01:13.140 So let's see if we can turn that 00:01:13.140 --> 00:01:16.860 into something more of a SMART goal. 00:01:16.860 --> 00:01:20.760 So let's first define what it means to be rich. 00:01:20.760 --> 00:01:25.760 And let's say you want, by the time you are 30 years old, 00:01:27.300 --> 00:01:29.370 so I'm putting some time in there, 00:01:29.370 --> 00:01:31.620 you wanna have enough money for a down payment 00:01:31.620 --> 00:01:32.790 on a pretty nice house. 00:01:32.790 --> 00:01:36.090 Let's say you wanna have a $100,000 down payment. 00:01:36.090 --> 00:01:39.180 So let's see if that meets our SMART goals. 00:01:39.180 --> 00:01:40.050 So is it specific? 00:01:40.050 --> 00:01:44.820 I want to save a $100,000 for a down payment on a house 00:01:44.820 --> 00:01:47.580 by the time I am 30 years old. 00:01:47.580 --> 00:01:48.750 That seems specific. 00:01:48.750 --> 00:01:51.510 It's a $100,000 for a down payment on a house. 00:01:51.510 --> 00:01:52.350 Is it measurable? 00:01:52.350 --> 00:01:53.183 Yes. 00:01:53.183 --> 00:01:55.470 You can see how much money you have saved 00:01:55.470 --> 00:01:56.550 for that down payment. 00:01:56.550 --> 00:01:57.603 How close you are? 00:01:58.740 --> 00:02:00.630 The first year, you saved $10,000, 00:02:00.630 --> 00:02:02.580 you're like, "Wow, I'm 10% of the way to my goal." 00:02:02.580 --> 00:02:07.170 The second year, I've saved $20,000, et cetera. 00:02:07.170 --> 00:02:08.700 You can measure how you're getting there. 00:02:08.700 --> 00:02:10.590 Is it achievable, realistic? 00:02:10.590 --> 00:02:12.800 Well, depending on your financial circumstances, 00:02:12.800 --> 00:02:16.200 that seems doable for a lot of folks 00:02:16.200 --> 00:02:18.720 if they're able to save well 00:02:18.720 --> 00:02:21.240 that they might be able to save that amount. 00:02:21.240 --> 00:02:22.890 But once again, it depends on your income, 00:02:22.890 --> 00:02:24.840 your lifestyle, your expenses. 00:02:24.840 --> 00:02:26.040 You have to make sure that's realistic. 00:02:26.040 --> 00:02:29.220 For some folks, that might not be achievable or realistic. 00:02:29.220 --> 00:02:32.280 For other folks, it might be very achievable and realistic. 00:02:32.280 --> 00:02:33.870 And then is it time-based? 00:02:33.870 --> 00:02:35.040 Well, yes. 00:02:35.040 --> 00:02:37.050 I just said by the time I am 30 years old. 00:02:37.050 --> 00:02:38.400 And you could break that down. 00:02:38.400 --> 00:02:40.597 Let's say you're 25 years old right now, and you say, 00:02:40.597 --> 00:02:43.830 "Well, then I'm gonna have to save $20,000 a year 00:02:43.830 --> 00:02:45.030 for the next five years." 00:02:45.030 --> 00:02:47.430 So you could break that bigger SMART goal 00:02:47.430 --> 00:02:48.907 into smaller SMART goals. 00:02:48.907 --> 00:02:52.560 "Okay, this coming year, I need to save $20,000 00:02:52.560 --> 00:02:55.500 towards my down payment on a house." 00:02:55.500 --> 00:02:57.900 Once again, it's specific, it's measurable. 00:02:57.900 --> 00:03:01.110 Depending on your scenario, it may or may not be achievable 00:03:01.110 --> 00:03:03.810 if that $20,000 a year is just way too much. 00:03:03.810 --> 00:03:06.540 If you're making, let's say, $40,000 a year, 00:03:06.540 --> 00:03:08.850 you might say, "Okay, that's still not a SMART goal." 00:03:08.850 --> 00:03:10.860 It's not necessarily achievable or realistic. 00:03:10.860 --> 00:03:13.650 Maybe you have to moderate that a little bit. 00:03:13.650 --> 00:03:16.110 Bring it down to five or $10,000. 00:03:16.110 --> 00:03:17.730 In which case, maybe your larger goal, 00:03:17.730 --> 00:03:20.970 you're gonna save $50,000 by the time you're 30. 00:03:20.970 --> 00:03:24.270 Or you'll say, I have to raise a 100,000 by the time I'm 35. 00:03:24.270 --> 00:03:25.650 What SMART goals allow you to do 00:03:25.650 --> 00:03:30.650 is just one, realize whether you are achieving them 00:03:30.660 --> 00:03:32.850 and also have goals that are achievable 00:03:32.850 --> 00:03:35.070 in a very clear timeframe. 00:03:35.070 --> 00:03:38.670 So SMART goals are useful in practically anything you do, 00:03:38.670 --> 00:03:40.440 but especially when it comes to your finances 00:03:40.440 --> 00:03:41.377 because it's very easy to say, 00:03:41.377 --> 00:03:42.540 "Oh, well, I just wanna do that. 00:03:42.540 --> 00:03:43.440 I wanna be comfortable. 00:03:43.440 --> 00:03:44.400 I wanna have enough money. 00:03:44.400 --> 00:03:45.390 I wanna to be rich." 00:03:45.390 --> 00:03:46.410 Whatever you say. 00:03:46.410 --> 00:03:47.243 But when you just say it 00:03:47.243 --> 00:03:50.100 in these kind of loosey goosey terms, 00:03:50.100 --> 00:03:51.510 it's very hard to know 00:03:51.510 --> 00:03:53.850 whether you're making progress against those things. 00:03:53.850 --> 00:03:54.780 And because it's hard to know 00:03:54.780 --> 00:03:55.650 whether you're making progress, 00:03:55.650 --> 00:03:58.440 you oftentimes aren't holding yourself accountable. 00:03:58.440 --> 00:03:59.973 And so SMART goals, 00:04:00.810 --> 00:04:02.343 they're a smart thing to do.

Short, medium and long term financial goals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzIAe8WSSqE

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.350 --> 00:00:03.690 - So it's very likely that you have different 00:00:03.690 --> 00:00:07.470 financial goals over different amounts of time. 00:00:07.470 --> 00:00:10.380 For example, you likely, or maybe you should, 00:00:10.380 --> 00:00:12.360 have long term financial goals. 00:00:12.360 --> 00:00:14.407 Long term financial goals are like, 00:00:14.407 --> 00:00:17.910 "I wanna make sure I have enough money for retirement, 00:00:17.910 --> 00:00:20.880 to be able to retire at a certain standard of living," 00:00:20.880 --> 00:00:23.550 or, "I want to ensure that my children, 00:00:23.550 --> 00:00:26.100 or my future children, that I'm going to be able 00:00:26.100 --> 00:00:30.360 to pay for their college," or, "I want to save up 00:00:30.360 --> 00:00:32.250 enough money for a house, or eventually, 00:00:32.250 --> 00:00:33.870 I wanna pay off that house." 00:00:33.870 --> 00:00:36.000 Those would all be long term goals, 00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:40.230 we're talking about many years, probably over many decades. 00:00:40.230 --> 00:00:42.420 Then you could have medium term goals. 00:00:42.420 --> 00:00:45.247 You could say, let's say over the next year, 00:00:45.247 --> 00:00:49.680 "I'm hoping to save $10,000," maybe towards 00:00:49.680 --> 00:00:51.630 a down payment on a house, or maybe to help you 00:00:51.630 --> 00:00:54.360 purchase a car, or really, just to have 00:00:54.360 --> 00:00:57.360 some rainy day money in case I lose my job, 00:00:57.360 --> 00:00:59.550 or whatever else might be happening. 00:00:59.550 --> 00:01:00.960 And then you could go all the way down 00:01:00.960 --> 00:01:02.730 to your short term goals. 00:01:02.730 --> 00:01:05.760 Your short term goals are, "Hey, this month, 00:01:05.760 --> 00:01:10.760 I want to save 10% of my after-tax money," 00:01:11.340 --> 00:01:14.460 or maybe "I want to save $500," 00:01:14.460 --> 00:01:18.180 or "I want to spend 10% less on eating out 00:01:18.180 --> 00:01:20.580 than I have the month before." 00:01:20.580 --> 00:01:22.860 Now, it's really important to have these different 00:01:22.860 --> 00:01:26.700 lengths of goals, or these different times of your goals. 00:01:26.700 --> 00:01:29.100 And the way I think about it is your long term goals, 00:01:29.100 --> 00:01:30.960 you shouldn't be changing them too frequently, 00:01:30.960 --> 00:01:32.580 and I think some of the ones that I listed 00:01:32.580 --> 00:01:35.010 are good long term goals for most people, 00:01:35.010 --> 00:01:37.410 if you want to be able to retire reasonably well, 00:01:37.410 --> 00:01:39.990 if you wanna help with your children's education, 00:01:39.990 --> 00:01:42.330 you wanna be able to have enough money for children, 00:01:42.330 --> 00:01:45.390 or you wanna buy a house. 00:01:45.390 --> 00:01:47.910 Now they might change if your circumstances 00:01:47.910 --> 00:01:50.040 change dramatically, if you're able to get 00:01:50.040 --> 00:01:53.520 a dramatically better job, or you were to lose your job, 00:01:53.520 --> 00:01:58.520 or if you get married, these all could change 00:01:58.620 --> 00:02:00.630 your long term goals pretty dramatically, 00:02:00.630 --> 00:02:01.620 but you're not going to be changing 00:02:01.620 --> 00:02:04.170 your long term goals on a monthly basis. 00:02:04.170 --> 00:02:06.690 Now on the other extreme, your short term goals 00:02:06.690 --> 00:02:09.480 might change pretty frequently, although even there, 00:02:09.480 --> 00:02:10.800 you should put some thought into it. 00:02:10.800 --> 00:02:12.810 This month it might be, "Hey, I wanna see 00:02:12.810 --> 00:02:15.720 if I can spend 10% less on eating out," 00:02:15.720 --> 00:02:18.000 and then the next month you just wanna maintain 00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:20.970 your new level, your more frugal level of spending, 00:02:20.970 --> 00:02:23.550 but maybe you have another short term goal. 00:02:23.550 --> 00:02:26.430 Maybe that month you wanna figure out, 00:02:26.430 --> 00:02:28.773 you wanna be able to invest your money better. 00:02:29.640 --> 00:02:31.920 Say, "Look, I have money sitting there in a savings account, 00:02:31.920 --> 00:02:34.770 it's getting, you know, not even at 1%, 00:02:34.770 --> 00:02:36.000 maybe I wanna figure out if I could get 00:02:36.000 --> 00:02:37.710 a higher interest rate, I wanna figure that out 00:02:37.710 --> 00:02:39.570 by the end of the month," or maybe you have 00:02:39.570 --> 00:02:42.900 some other types of saving goal or spending goal. 00:02:42.900 --> 00:02:47.070 So it's useful, 'cause if you just had a long term goal, 00:02:47.070 --> 00:02:49.380 it's really hard to maybe break that down 00:02:49.380 --> 00:02:51.720 about how that affects you this month. 00:02:51.720 --> 00:02:54.420 What I encourage you to, definitely have those long term 00:02:54.420 --> 00:02:56.557 goals, but then break it down, if you have, say, 00:02:56.557 --> 00:02:59.190 "I wanna save money for a down payment for a house," 00:02:59.190 --> 00:03:02.310 let's say you wanna save $50,000 or $100,000, 00:03:02.310 --> 00:03:04.770 over the next, let's say, 10 years, 00:03:04.770 --> 00:03:06.360 you can then break that down on how much 00:03:06.360 --> 00:03:09.990 you need to save per year, that would be a medium term goal, 00:03:09.990 --> 00:03:11.587 and then based on that, you have to think about, 00:03:11.587 --> 00:03:14.100 "Well, what should your budget look like 00:03:14.100 --> 00:03:15.180 on a monthly basis?" 00:03:15.180 --> 00:03:17.100 Well, how much money do you need to bring in, 00:03:17.100 --> 00:03:18.930 how much money can you spend, 00:03:18.930 --> 00:03:22.230 and based on that, you could set your short term goals, 00:03:22.230 --> 00:03:24.180 and see, "Oh, I'm actually tracking 00:03:24.180 --> 00:03:26.847 towards that long term goal."

Charitable giving

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdhVtONQAfM

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.200 --> 00:00:03.780 - So let's talk a little bit about charitable giving. 00:00:03.780 --> 00:00:07.830 And this one is close to my heart because I run a nonprofit. 00:00:07.830 --> 00:00:10.200 So why do folks donate to charity? 00:00:10.200 --> 00:00:11.850 Well, you might have your own motivations. 00:00:11.850 --> 00:00:14.460 For most folks, I think it just feels good. 00:00:14.460 --> 00:00:17.010 They might feel that they have certain privileges 00:00:17.010 --> 00:00:18.840 in life that other folks don't have 00:00:18.840 --> 00:00:20.760 or they might want to see a disease cured. 00:00:20.760 --> 00:00:24.180 Help educate folks, help the world in some way. 00:00:24.180 --> 00:00:26.400 And if you haven't tried it, I encourage you to 00:00:26.400 --> 00:00:27.780 when you donate money 00:00:27.780 --> 00:00:30.900 or you donate some of your time services 00:00:30.900 --> 00:00:34.050 or you donate goods to a charity and you feel like, hey, 00:00:34.050 --> 00:00:36.180 I'm making the world a little bit better, 00:00:36.180 --> 00:00:38.220 it feels really good. 00:00:38.220 --> 00:00:40.590 Now, some people might be a little cynical and say, oh 00:00:40.590 --> 00:00:42.090 well they get a tax write off 00:00:42.090 --> 00:00:44.040 whenever they donate money, et cetera. 00:00:44.040 --> 00:00:45.960 But I wanna be very clear, 'cause I've heard that a lot. 00:00:45.960 --> 00:00:48.000 Whenever someone has seen someone else donate, oh, well 00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:50.130 they're just getting a tax write off. 00:00:50.130 --> 00:00:53.100 In the vast majority of cases 00:00:53.100 --> 00:00:56.520 you do not get more money back than you donate. 00:00:56.520 --> 00:01:01.520 In most, most cases, if you say donate a hundred dollars 00:01:01.710 --> 00:01:03.870 that's just going to reduce your income 00:01:03.870 --> 00:01:04.950 by a hundred dollars. 00:01:04.950 --> 00:01:08.190 And let's say your marginal tax rate is 30% to 00:01:08.190 --> 00:01:11.460 make the math easy, that means it'll reduce your taxes 00:01:11.460 --> 00:01:13.920 by 30% of that a hundred dollars. 00:01:13.920 --> 00:01:15.570 So if you donate a hundred dollars 00:01:15.570 --> 00:01:17.760 to a not-for-profit to a charity, 00:01:17.760 --> 00:01:21.420 you will get $30 back in that situation on your taxes 00:01:21.420 --> 00:01:24.630 but you still donated a net $70. 00:01:24.630 --> 00:01:27.150 So when folks are donating, don't be cynical about it. 00:01:27.150 --> 00:01:29.910 They're definitely giving more than they're receiving. 00:01:29.910 --> 00:01:31.830 There's some special cases, 00:01:31.830 --> 00:01:33.810 maybe you have a car that you couldn't sell 00:01:33.810 --> 00:01:35.790 for more than a few hundred dollars. 00:01:35.790 --> 00:01:36.930 And if you donate to a charity 00:01:36.930 --> 00:01:39.030 you might be able to have a slightly 00:01:39.030 --> 00:01:40.470 larger write off than that. 00:01:40.470 --> 00:01:42.780 But in the great majority of cases 00:01:42.780 --> 00:01:45.150 folks are giving more than they're receiving. 00:01:45.150 --> 00:01:46.950 And what they're really receiving is 00:01:46.950 --> 00:01:49.500 that feeling that they're doing good for the world.

Money personalities

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tEha8BzsAZ8

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.110 --> 00:00:03.660 - So let's talk a little bit about money personalities, 00:00:03.660 --> 00:00:04.950 and take it all with a grain of salt. 00:00:04.950 --> 00:00:08.460 Anytime I see any of these personality tests 00:00:08.460 --> 00:00:10.200 that try to classify you in one way or another, 00:00:10.200 --> 00:00:11.700 I'm like, "I'm a complex human being. 00:00:11.700 --> 00:00:14.280 I have many different facets to my personality." 00:00:14.280 --> 00:00:16.680 But they do end up being helpful 00:00:16.680 --> 00:00:19.680 for just making us reflect on how we're behaving 00:00:19.680 --> 00:00:22.680 or how we tend to behave at certain times. 00:00:22.680 --> 00:00:24.990 So the general money personalities 00:00:24.990 --> 00:00:28.920 are the saver, the spender, the investor, 00:00:28.920 --> 00:00:31.290 and then someone who's pretty balanced in all of the above. 00:00:31.290 --> 00:00:34.470 And maybe there's a fifth category of the avoider. 00:00:34.470 --> 00:00:37.890 Now, the saver, and I think I fall under this, 00:00:37.890 --> 00:00:39.750 tends to be a little bit frugal. 00:00:39.750 --> 00:00:42.120 They're good at saving money, 00:00:42.120 --> 00:00:45.990 so they bring in more money than they necessarily spend, 00:00:45.990 --> 00:00:48.600 and that's generally a good thing, 00:00:48.600 --> 00:00:50.190 but it can have some downsides. 00:00:50.190 --> 00:00:54.720 Sometimes the saver doesn't put as much money as they need 00:00:54.720 --> 00:00:56.340 to enjoy life. 00:00:56.340 --> 00:00:59.940 After all, what is the money for, at the end of the day? 00:00:59.940 --> 00:01:01.680 Now, related to the saver, 00:01:01.680 --> 00:01:04.260 we could think about the investor, 00:01:04.260 --> 00:01:06.390 which I kind of view as a saver 00:01:06.390 --> 00:01:09.420 who is willing to put their money to work a little bit more. 00:01:09.420 --> 00:01:10.710 Now, when you put your money to work, 00:01:10.710 --> 00:01:13.260 it often involves a little bit more risk. 00:01:13.260 --> 00:01:15.030 So if you're a pure saver, 00:01:15.030 --> 00:01:17.430 maybe you just like to a little bit hoard that money, 00:01:17.430 --> 00:01:18.810 but you keep it really, really secure, 00:01:18.810 --> 00:01:21.780 while an investor maybe takes a little bit more risk, 00:01:21.780 --> 00:01:22.800 which could be a good thing, 00:01:22.800 --> 00:01:23.820 'cause a little bit more risk, 00:01:23.820 --> 00:01:25.800 a little bit more return, potentially, 00:01:25.800 --> 00:01:28.530 but it's also more risk, which means you might lose some. 00:01:28.530 --> 00:01:30.120 So if you're an investor, 00:01:30.120 --> 00:01:31.560 as long as you're investing prudently, 00:01:31.560 --> 00:01:32.670 it could be a very good thing, 00:01:32.670 --> 00:01:34.680 but you have to be aware of how much risk 00:01:34.680 --> 00:01:35.640 you're actually taking on. 00:01:35.640 --> 00:01:38.190 You might be taking on too much risk. 00:01:38.190 --> 00:01:40.740 Now, the third category is the spender. 00:01:40.740 --> 00:01:42.240 You can imagine what that is. 00:01:42.240 --> 00:01:44.430 I think we've all been in that mode a little bit. 00:01:44.430 --> 00:01:45.780 But I think you're a classic spender 00:01:45.780 --> 00:01:47.550 if you're kind of living in the moment. 00:01:47.550 --> 00:01:49.290 When you spend, you're not really thinking 00:01:49.290 --> 00:01:52.770 about how much money you have or what your goals are. 00:01:52.770 --> 00:01:55.380 And spenders can get into a good bit of trouble, 00:01:55.380 --> 00:01:57.930 out of all of the categories, probably the most trouble, 00:01:57.930 --> 00:01:59.190 where they can overspend, 00:01:59.190 --> 00:02:00.870 not be able to keep up with their bills. 00:02:00.870 --> 00:02:03.330 And obviously, if you're only thinking about the moment, 00:02:03.330 --> 00:02:06.870 you might be doing some harm to your future self. 00:02:06.870 --> 00:02:09.210 And then you have the balancer. 00:02:09.210 --> 00:02:10.500 Now, the balancer, overall, 00:02:10.500 --> 00:02:12.690 sounds like a pretty good category. 00:02:12.690 --> 00:02:15.540 It means that you're balanced across all of them. 00:02:15.540 --> 00:02:19.200 But even there, you might wanna make sure that, you know, 00:02:19.200 --> 00:02:22.177 you're not prone to, maybe, indecision. 00:02:22.177 --> 00:02:25.110 "Oh, do I save, do I spend? What do I do?" 00:02:25.110 --> 00:02:27.540 But overall, it sounds like a pretty good thing. 00:02:27.540 --> 00:02:30.690 Now, avoider is someone who just doesn't like 00:02:30.690 --> 00:02:32.280 to think about money at all. 00:02:32.280 --> 00:02:34.590 Now, probably, spenders and avoiders 00:02:34.590 --> 00:02:38.100 might have some common characteristics. 00:02:38.100 --> 00:02:39.090 If you're a real spender, 00:02:39.090 --> 00:02:41.550 you might not wanna think about financial literacy. 00:02:41.550 --> 00:02:43.860 You might wanna avoid thinking about money altogether. 00:02:43.860 --> 00:02:46.590 And that's what an avoider's doing, to some degree, 00:02:46.590 --> 00:02:48.180 is to say, "Well, let me just not think about it. 00:02:48.180 --> 00:02:49.530 Money kinda stresses me out." 00:02:49.530 --> 00:02:52.770 And obviously, avoiders, similar to spenders, 00:02:52.770 --> 00:02:54.390 when you just live in that moment, 00:02:54.390 --> 00:02:56.610 you can get yourself into a little bit of trouble. 00:02:56.610 --> 00:02:59.820 So think about what financial personality you are. 00:02:59.820 --> 00:03:02.820 Maybe you're evolving in your financial personalities. 00:03:02.820 --> 00:03:04.590 Maybe at different moments of your life, 00:03:04.590 --> 00:03:06.450 and certain dimensions of your life, 00:03:06.450 --> 00:03:09.480 you're more of one or the other. 00:03:09.480 --> 00:03:11.760 I tend to be a spender when it comes to fruit. 00:03:11.760 --> 00:03:14.730 I tend to be a saver when it comes to clothing. 00:03:14.730 --> 00:03:15.780 But just think about it. 00:03:15.780 --> 00:03:19.023 It'll give you a nice framework for how you tend to be.

Sources of income during retirement

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTTzDjdfILs

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=vTTzDjdfILs&ei=n1WUZfyCGt7mxN8P8qKhyAw&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=262D62E3E3CD76294E34E6CBD079983715F93FC7.4BE9943CBA2CD181A0A071FF70A516619AC3335F&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.080 --> 00:00:01.913 - Let's talk a little bit 00:00:01.913 --> 00:00:05.220 about sources of income during retirement. 00:00:05.220 --> 00:00:07.650 So we're assuming you're retired, you're not working, 00:00:07.650 --> 00:00:10.260 so you're not gonna get that income. 00:00:10.260 --> 00:00:11.093 But one of them 00:00:11.093 --> 00:00:13.920 is perhaps just your straight-up investment income. 00:00:13.920 --> 00:00:15.690 You saved money over time. 00:00:15.690 --> 00:00:18.900 You've invested it in, let's say, dividend-paying stocks. 00:00:18.900 --> 00:00:20.100 The dividend is income. 00:00:20.100 --> 00:00:21.780 Maybe you have bought rental properties. 00:00:21.780 --> 00:00:24.300 Those rents after paying all the expenses, 00:00:24.300 --> 00:00:27.210 those can be income, but there's also things 00:00:27.210 --> 00:00:30.210 that are special purpose for retirement. 00:00:30.210 --> 00:00:33.720 Probably most common is social security. 00:00:33.720 --> 00:00:35.670 You pay into social security. 00:00:35.670 --> 00:00:37.950 When you get your paycheck, you'll see that some of it 00:00:37.950 --> 00:00:40.860 is essentially taken out for social security. 00:00:40.860 --> 00:00:42.480 And then when you become the age 00:00:42.480 --> 00:00:44.850 when you can start collecting that social security, 00:00:44.850 --> 00:00:47.250 you get a payout and up to a cap, 00:00:47.250 --> 00:00:50.160 it is related to how much you have actually paid 00:00:50.160 --> 00:00:51.990 into social security. 00:00:51.990 --> 00:00:54.150 Now, above and beyond social security, 00:00:54.150 --> 00:00:59.010 many employers will have employee employer sponsored plans. 00:00:59.010 --> 00:01:01.890 And that is money that you pay in. 00:01:01.890 --> 00:01:05.790 And oftentimes the employer will add some money to that. 00:01:05.790 --> 00:01:07.320 They'll match some percentage 00:01:07.320 --> 00:01:09.420 of what you put into that plan. 00:01:09.420 --> 00:01:13.860 For example, a 401K, and then you can put money into it 00:01:13.860 --> 00:01:15.690 on a pre-tax basis. 00:01:15.690 --> 00:01:17.010 So what does that mean? 00:01:17.010 --> 00:01:21.660 Normally, let's say you make an incremental $10,000 00:01:21.660 --> 00:01:25.680 and your marginal tax rate is say, 20%. 00:01:25.680 --> 00:01:27.690 Well, you're going to have to pay $2,000 00:01:27.690 --> 00:01:30.120 of tax on that $10,000. 00:01:30.120 --> 00:01:33.990 But something like a 401K, you could put that $10,000 00:01:33.990 --> 00:01:38.190 into the plan and not have to pay taxes on it upfront. 00:01:38.190 --> 00:01:40.200 And then you can invest it within the plan. 00:01:40.200 --> 00:01:43.080 You can find out different types of investment vehicles, 00:01:43.080 --> 00:01:45.420 ways to invest that money within the plan. 00:01:45.420 --> 00:01:47.070 There's not unlimited choices, 00:01:47.070 --> 00:01:49.260 but they usually have several choices within the plan. 00:01:49.260 --> 00:01:51.780 And then when you're of retirement age, 00:01:51.780 --> 00:01:54.120 you can take it out and then you pay taxes. 00:01:54.120 --> 00:01:54.953 Now, you might say, well, 00:01:54.953 --> 00:01:56.241 I'm gonna pay taxes one way or the other. 00:01:56.241 --> 00:01:58.200 But when you pay taxes when you're retired, 00:01:58.200 --> 00:02:01.200 one, you deferred those taxes by many years, 00:02:01.200 --> 00:02:03.420 usually many, many decades. 00:02:03.420 --> 00:02:05.531 And also when you're retired, 00:02:05.531 --> 00:02:08.610 it's possible that your income is lower 00:02:08.610 --> 00:02:11.040 and so your marginal tax rate is lower. 00:02:11.040 --> 00:02:13.860 And so you might actually have to pay fewer taxes 00:02:13.860 --> 00:02:15.780 on those same dollars. 00:02:15.780 --> 00:02:17.010 So you have social security, 00:02:17.010 --> 00:02:20.730 you have employer sponsor plans like 401Ks, 00:02:20.730 --> 00:02:23.490 and then you have individual retirement plans. 00:02:23.490 --> 00:02:27.120 The most common one is that what's called an IRA, 00:02:27.120 --> 00:02:29.340 individual retirement account. 00:02:29.340 --> 00:02:31.950 And that's an individual plan that you usually go 00:02:31.950 --> 00:02:34.020 and get with a bank or a broker on your own. 00:02:34.020 --> 00:02:35.850 It's not connected to an employer. 00:02:35.850 --> 00:02:37.470 And there's two types. 00:02:37.470 --> 00:02:40.950 There's a traditional IRA where similar to a 401K, 00:02:40.950 --> 00:02:44.520 you can put money in on a pre-tax basis up to a cap. 00:02:44.520 --> 00:02:46.710 And 401Ks also have a cap. 00:02:46.710 --> 00:02:49.830 You can invest it without taxes, and then some future date 00:02:49.830 --> 00:02:51.750 you're going to pay the taxes on it. 00:02:51.750 --> 00:02:53.940 There's also something called a Roth IRA 00:02:53.940 --> 00:02:57.210 which you pay the taxes upfront, put the money in, 00:02:57.210 --> 00:02:59.130 but then you can invest it tax free. 00:02:59.130 --> 00:03:01.020 And then when you take it out at retirement, 00:03:01.020 --> 00:03:02.970 you don't have to pay taxes on it. 00:03:02.970 --> 00:03:05.730 So those are the the basic ways that you're going 00:03:05.730 --> 00:03:08.375 to get income in your retirement. 00:03:08.375 --> 00:03:11.253 So it's good to start thinking about them early.

Saving and investing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBJ3_A5SMsc

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.619 --> 00:00:04.170 - Let's talk a little bit about saving and investing. 00:00:04.170 --> 00:00:05.520 So I would define saving 00:00:05.520 --> 00:00:08.880 as just any extra money you bring in 00:00:08.880 --> 00:00:11.340 in a given amount of time 00:00:11.340 --> 00:00:13.530 that you haven't spent yet. 00:00:13.530 --> 00:00:15.630 So let's say in a given month, 00:00:15.630 --> 00:00:20.630 you bring in $4,000 and you spend $3,500 in that month. 00:00:21.810 --> 00:00:25.170 Well, then you would have saved $500. 00:00:25.170 --> 00:00:26.790 Now, that $500, 00:00:26.790 --> 00:00:29.790 there's many different things you could do with it. 00:00:29.790 --> 00:00:32.400 You could just put it into a bank account, 00:00:32.400 --> 00:00:35.010 you could put into a savings or a checking account, 00:00:35.010 --> 00:00:37.530 or you could even get a certificate of deposit. 00:00:37.530 --> 00:00:40.230 And those are all very, very safe things 00:00:40.230 --> 00:00:42.030 to do with your money. 00:00:42.030 --> 00:00:45.420 Assuming that nothing horrible happens with the bank 00:00:45.420 --> 00:00:47.760 and even if something horrible did happen with the bank, 00:00:47.760 --> 00:00:49.230 which isn't too likely, 00:00:49.230 --> 00:00:53.670 as long as it's less than $250,000 per account, 00:00:53.670 --> 00:00:55.380 that money is pretty much, 00:00:55.380 --> 00:00:58.140 you're going to be able to access it at any time. 00:00:58.140 --> 00:01:01.590 But when you put your money into something that safe, 00:01:01.590 --> 00:01:03.840 you're not likely to get much of a return. 00:01:03.840 --> 00:01:06.390 You'll be lucky to get even one or 2% 00:01:06.390 --> 00:01:09.540 or even to keep up with inflation. 00:01:09.540 --> 00:01:10.740 But it makes sense to do that, 00:01:10.740 --> 00:01:12.150 because you're gonna have your money there. 00:01:12.150 --> 00:01:13.140 It's guaranteed, 00:01:13.140 --> 00:01:15.060 and all of us need to keep some of our money 00:01:15.060 --> 00:01:16.590 in savings and checking account, 00:01:16.590 --> 00:01:21.240 because we might need to use that money to pay a bill, 00:01:21.240 --> 00:01:24.120 to do whatever in the next few weeks 00:01:24.120 --> 00:01:25.860 or in the next few months. 00:01:25.860 --> 00:01:28.560 Now, investing is when you think about, 00:01:28.560 --> 00:01:29.790 all right, I have this money, 00:01:29.790 --> 00:01:30.623 which for the most part, 00:01:30.623 --> 00:01:32.460 I would have had to have saved already, 00:01:32.460 --> 00:01:34.590 and some of it I want to invest 00:01:34.590 --> 00:01:37.890 in order to get a higher return, 00:01:37.890 --> 00:01:41.070 try to get four or 5%, 10%, 20%. 00:01:41.070 --> 00:01:42.450 I would start getting very suspicious 00:01:42.450 --> 00:01:43.590 if you think you can consistently 00:01:43.590 --> 00:01:47.820 get higher than 10 or 20% of return, even higher than 10%. 00:01:47.820 --> 00:01:49.710 You're probably having to take on 00:01:49.710 --> 00:01:53.100 a reasonable amount of risk to do that. 00:01:53.100 --> 00:01:54.930 Usually risk and return are related. 00:01:54.930 --> 00:01:57.150 If you could get high return with low risk, 00:01:57.150 --> 00:01:58.950 everyone would just pour their money there, 00:01:58.950 --> 00:02:01.230 so you should be a little bit suspicious of that. 00:02:01.230 --> 00:02:03.330 But what does investing look like? 00:02:03.330 --> 00:02:05.310 Well, at the riskier end of the spectrum, 00:02:05.310 --> 00:02:09.810 it could be, hey, I'm gonna buy some new startup stock, 00:02:09.810 --> 00:02:12.480 that is stock in a company that isn't making money, 00:02:12.480 --> 00:02:13.770 but it's growing super fast 00:02:13.770 --> 00:02:15.780 and look at how it stock is moving up. 00:02:15.780 --> 00:02:17.070 That's a little bit speculative. 00:02:17.070 --> 00:02:20.310 That would be high risk, potentially high return. 00:02:20.310 --> 00:02:21.720 At the other end of the spectrum, 00:02:21.720 --> 00:02:23.910 you could buy government or corporate bonds 00:02:23.910 --> 00:02:26.040 where you're essentially lending money to the government 00:02:26.040 --> 00:02:27.420 or to a corporation, 00:02:27.420 --> 00:02:29.583 and there you might get a lower return. 00:02:31.410 --> 00:02:33.323 Maybe you're getting 4%, 5%, 6%, 00:02:34.740 --> 00:02:35.573 which is a lot more 00:02:35.573 --> 00:02:38.160 than you might be getting in your checking account, 00:02:38.160 --> 00:02:41.400 and the risk there is only if whoever you're lending it to 00:02:41.400 --> 00:02:42.300 doesn't pay it back. 00:02:42.300 --> 00:02:43.710 And obviously, if you're lending it to the government, 00:02:43.710 --> 00:02:45.150 there's a very high chance 00:02:45.150 --> 00:02:47.370 that they're going to pay it back. 00:02:47.370 --> 00:02:48.480 So that's how I think about it. 00:02:48.480 --> 00:02:51.510 Saving, just the money that you're bringing in 00:02:51.510 --> 00:02:53.340 that you're not spending, you're saving that, 00:02:53.340 --> 00:02:55.260 and then some of that, you could invest it. 00:02:55.260 --> 00:02:56.490 But when you start to invest, 00:02:56.490 --> 00:02:57.930 you're going for a higher return, 00:02:57.930 --> 00:03:00.453 but you're also taking on higher risk.

Financial institutions and markets

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szUhmDH98oQ

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.290 --> 00:00:03.750 - So let's talk a little bit about financial institutions. 00:00:03.750 --> 00:00:06.750 There are many different types of financial institutions, 00:00:06.750 --> 00:00:08.250 but probably the most basic one 00:00:08.250 --> 00:00:09.810 that almost everyone encounters 00:00:09.810 --> 00:00:11.970 at some point in their life is a bank. 00:00:11.970 --> 00:00:14.160 And a bank, at the most basic level, 00:00:14.160 --> 00:00:15.960 there's many things that a bank can do, 00:00:15.960 --> 00:00:18.270 but it's a place where you can deposit your money, 00:00:18.270 --> 00:00:19.920 arguably for safekeeping, 00:00:19.920 --> 00:00:22.290 and a place where you can access it easily, 00:00:22.290 --> 00:00:23.940 and maybe you're going to be able 00:00:23.940 --> 00:00:25.800 to get a little bit of interest on it. 00:00:25.800 --> 00:00:27.720 And so think about what the world would be like 00:00:27.720 --> 00:00:29.490 if you did not have banks. 00:00:29.490 --> 00:00:31.470 You would probably put your money, 00:00:31.470 --> 00:00:34.320 stuff it into your mattress, put it in a vault someplace. 00:00:34.320 --> 00:00:36.450 One, it could be a little bit scary 00:00:36.450 --> 00:00:37.920 if someone were to break into your house, 00:00:37.920 --> 00:00:39.420 and I think more people would break into houses 00:00:39.420 --> 00:00:40.253 if they knew that people 00:00:40.253 --> 00:00:42.630 were stuffing money into their mattress. 00:00:42.630 --> 00:00:45.060 But even more than that, if you were to then go make 00:00:45.060 --> 00:00:46.530 a big purchase of some kind, 00:00:46.530 --> 00:00:48.990 instead of handing someone your debit card 00:00:48.990 --> 00:00:51.120 or being able to do it in an electronic way, 00:00:51.120 --> 00:00:53.160 you would have to take all the cash there, 00:00:53.160 --> 00:00:55.860 which by itself could be a security issue, 00:00:55.860 --> 00:00:58.470 and frankly, it'll be hard to keep track of all of that. 00:00:58.470 --> 00:01:01.650 And so modern banks, you're able to make your deposits. 00:01:01.650 --> 00:01:04.530 The money is accessible with a debit card. 00:01:04.530 --> 00:01:07.710 You can log online, use the various apps 00:01:07.710 --> 00:01:11.680 and see what your different transactions have been, how much 00:01:14.070 --> 00:01:17.550 and what your balances are wherever you are 00:01:17.550 --> 00:01:18.600 many times in the world. 00:01:18.600 --> 00:01:21.510 I was just out of the country, and with my debit card, 00:01:21.510 --> 00:01:23.550 I was able to go and get cash. 00:01:23.550 --> 00:01:24.990 I was able to buy things. 00:01:24.990 --> 00:01:28.740 I didn't have to take all of that cash with me on a plane. 00:01:28.740 --> 00:01:30.180 Now, the other thing that banks do 00:01:30.180 --> 00:01:31.140 is they'll give you interest, 00:01:31.140 --> 00:01:34.140 and the way that they are able to create that interest 00:01:34.140 --> 00:01:38.160 is they take a large fraction of the money that's deposited 00:01:38.160 --> 00:01:41.040 and then they will lend it out to other folks. 00:01:41.040 --> 00:01:44.400 Now, if you have less than $250,000 00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:48.750 per person per account type in a US bank, that's insured, 00:01:48.750 --> 00:01:50.550 so you can feel pretty confident 00:01:50.550 --> 00:01:52.530 that you put that money in there, 00:01:52.530 --> 00:01:54.750 if you need that money, you'll be able to take it out. 00:01:54.750 --> 00:01:56.460 So you don't have to worry too much 00:01:56.460 --> 00:01:58.200 about that dimension of it. 00:01:58.200 --> 00:02:00.300 And once again, by putting it in the bank 00:02:00.300 --> 00:02:02.820 versus having it stuffed in your mattress, 00:02:02.820 --> 00:02:04.590 you're gonna be able to get some interest on it 00:02:04.590 --> 00:02:06.840 and be able to access things very easily. 00:02:06.840 --> 00:02:08.730 Now, there are other financial institutions. 00:02:08.730 --> 00:02:10.080 There's things like insurance companies. 00:02:10.080 --> 00:02:12.870 We talk a lot about insurance in this course. 00:02:12.870 --> 00:02:14.190 And in order to get insurance, 00:02:14.190 --> 00:02:16.110 you need someone to take the other side of it. 00:02:16.110 --> 00:02:18.780 So you need someone to pay a certain premium, 00:02:18.780 --> 00:02:21.457 a certain amount per month or per year to agree that, 00:02:21.457 --> 00:02:24.810 "Hey, we got your back if the bad thing were to happen." 00:02:24.810 --> 00:02:27.060 And not just anyone can start an insurance company 00:02:27.060 --> 00:02:28.140 or a bank for that matter. 00:02:28.140 --> 00:02:30.630 They're heavily regulated because the government, 00:02:30.630 --> 00:02:33.930 we all wanna make sure that these other groups, 00:02:33.930 --> 00:02:34.890 these other institutions, 00:02:34.890 --> 00:02:36.630 are going to be there for you when you need it. 00:02:36.630 --> 00:02:38.490 When you go to a bank and you say, "I want my money back," 00:02:38.490 --> 00:02:40.590 they better give you your money back. 00:02:40.590 --> 00:02:41.737 If you go to an insurance company and say, 00:02:41.737 --> 00:02:42.967 "Hey, look, my car got totaled. 00:02:42.967 --> 00:02:43.830 "I need the money back," 00:02:43.830 --> 00:02:46.500 you better hope that that insurance company is there 00:02:46.500 --> 00:02:49.110 and that they're going to be good for your money. 00:02:49.110 --> 00:02:51.360 Now, there's many other types of financial institutions, 00:02:51.360 --> 00:02:52.320 and some of 'em are connected 00:02:52.320 --> 00:02:54.810 or parts of insurance companies or banks. 00:02:54.810 --> 00:02:56.850 You could have things like brokerages. 00:02:56.850 --> 00:03:01.080 These are folks who help broker transactions. 00:03:01.080 --> 00:03:02.790 Oftentimes it's a stock brokerage. 00:03:02.790 --> 00:03:05.160 They're helping, if someone is buying a stock, 00:03:05.160 --> 00:03:07.770 that means that someone else is selling that stock, 00:03:07.770 --> 00:03:09.300 and a few times it's the actual company 00:03:09.300 --> 00:03:11.490 that's selling the stock, but usually you're just buying it 00:03:11.490 --> 00:03:14.250 from somebody else out there in the stock market. 00:03:14.250 --> 00:03:15.960 So you need the brokers 00:03:15.960 --> 00:03:17.970 who help facilitate that transaction. 00:03:17.970 --> 00:03:21.000 You have the stock markets themselves that obviously help 00:03:21.000 --> 00:03:24.570 or in a even more direct way, I should say, 00:03:24.570 --> 00:03:27.450 help make those transactions happen as well. 00:03:27.450 --> 00:03:28.800 So I could go on and on and on. 00:03:28.800 --> 00:03:30.030 We could spend hours talking 00:03:30.030 --> 00:03:32.790 about all the different types of financial institutions, 00:03:32.790 --> 00:03:35.010 but it's important to realize when you're using your money 00:03:35.010 --> 00:03:37.020 or when you're interfacing with any of these, 00:03:37.020 --> 00:03:39.540 you're like, okay, what does this organization do? 00:03:39.540 --> 00:03:41.370 What am I really getting out of it? 00:03:41.370 --> 00:03:42.960 What are they providing for me? 00:03:42.960 --> 00:03:44.460 And then what are the risks involved 00:03:44.460 --> 00:03:46.020 and what are they getting out of it? 00:03:46.020 --> 00:03:47.280 How do they make their money, 00:03:47.280 --> 00:03:49.860 and is that something that I think is a reasonable thing 00:03:49.860 --> 00:03:52.050 for them to do given the services 00:03:52.050 --> 00:03:53.500 that they're providing to me?

Saving and investing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhvCc5tKAno

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.617 --> 00:00:03.963 - Let's talk a little bit about saving and investing. 00:00:05.400 --> 00:00:08.250 So one theme that you'll hear me talk a lot about 00:00:08.250 --> 00:00:10.350 is how important it is to save. 00:00:10.350 --> 00:00:12.360 One, it's a sign that you're living sustainably, 00:00:12.360 --> 00:00:15.630 that you're spending less money than you're bringing in. 00:00:15.630 --> 00:00:18.540 And it also allows you to build a cushion 00:00:18.540 --> 00:00:20.880 if anything bad were to happen, if you were to lose your job 00:00:20.880 --> 00:00:23.430 or there's some medical expenses that are unforeseen 00:00:23.430 --> 00:00:26.100 or whatever it might be, having that extra cushion 00:00:26.100 --> 00:00:27.810 is going to be really, really helpful. 00:00:27.810 --> 00:00:29.324 Really helpful. 00:00:29.324 --> 00:00:31.080 It's gonna lower your stress level in a lot of ways. 00:00:31.080 --> 00:00:33.450 The other valuable thing about savings is it allows you 00:00:33.450 --> 00:00:35.580 to do certain things that you wouldn't be able 00:00:35.580 --> 00:00:37.242 to do if you didn't have it. 00:00:37.242 --> 00:00:38.550 For example, put a down payment on a car 00:00:38.550 --> 00:00:40.950 or buy a car outright or put a down payment on a house. 00:00:40.950 --> 00:00:43.900 You need to save your money in order to do it. 00:00:43.900 --> 00:00:45.990 And that last category of buying a down payment on a house, 00:00:45.990 --> 00:00:48.570 one, it might allow you to live in the house that you want 00:00:48.570 --> 00:00:51.300 but you can also view that as you're making an investment. 00:00:51.300 --> 00:00:55.063 You're buying a real asset in real estate. 00:00:55.063 --> 00:00:57.900 And not only is by buying that asset 00:00:57.900 --> 00:01:00.030 you will save on rent in the future 00:01:00.030 --> 00:01:02.220 but the house itself might appreciate. 00:01:02.220 --> 00:01:05.760 And so savings allows you to also invest. 00:01:05.760 --> 00:01:06.780 Obviously you could buy a house, 00:01:06.780 --> 00:01:09.660 you could buy rental properties, other forms of real estate. 00:01:09.660 --> 00:01:12.840 You could buy stocks and bonds. 00:01:12.840 --> 00:01:15.750 Bonds you're essentially lending money to some group. 00:01:15.750 --> 00:01:17.970 You could buy Treasury bills, Treasury bonds. 00:01:17.970 --> 00:01:19.860 That's essentially lending money 00:01:19.860 --> 00:01:22.470 to the US federal government. 00:01:22.470 --> 00:01:24.840 You'll get better interest on that than if you just 00:01:24.840 --> 00:01:27.180 kept your money in a checking or savings account. 00:01:27.180 --> 00:01:29.190 And a lot better interest than if you just put your money, 00:01:29.190 --> 00:01:32.490 stuffed it in the mattress where you'll get no interest. 00:01:32.490 --> 00:01:34.860 But if you wanna take on more risk you could buy stocks. 00:01:34.860 --> 00:01:37.653 Stocks are you're buying shares of a company. 00:01:38.659 --> 00:01:39.492 And a lot of folks will say, 00:01:39.492 --> 00:01:41.070 "Oh, you'll get better return there." 00:01:41.070 --> 00:01:42.390 But there's also more risk there. 00:01:42.390 --> 00:01:45.000 Stocks can go up and down pretty dramatically 00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:47.416 depending on what's happening with the economy, 00:01:47.416 --> 00:01:50.190 depending on how people are valuing these things. 00:01:50.190 --> 00:01:53.130 But the bottom line is savings is a great start. 00:01:53.130 --> 00:01:55.470 It builds a cushion and then you can use those savings 00:01:55.470 --> 00:01:57.810 and you can think about how you might want to invest it. 00:01:57.810 --> 00:02:00.660 When you invest, you should never think 00:02:00.660 --> 00:02:02.970 that you're gonna get a high return without any risk. 00:02:02.970 --> 00:02:04.950 There's usually a bit of a catch there. 00:02:04.950 --> 00:02:08.040 But investing is a way that if you invest prudently, 00:02:08.040 --> 00:02:10.650 you should over time hopefully bring in 00:02:10.650 --> 00:02:12.480 more money than you are putting in. 00:02:12.480 --> 00:02:14.400 And so one way to think about that is you're taking 00:02:14.400 --> 00:02:17.430 your savings and you're getting your money to work for you, 00:02:17.430 --> 00:02:20.070 for your money to create income that you yourself 00:02:20.070 --> 00:02:22.290 don't even have to work in order to produce. 00:02:22.290 --> 00:02:25.244 So if you save enough money and you keep investing it 00:02:25.244 --> 00:02:28.620 in thoughtful ways that aren't too risky, 00:02:28.620 --> 00:02:31.440 that money will grow and eventually might be able 00:02:31.440 --> 00:02:33.660 to create more income than you can on your own. 00:02:33.660 --> 00:02:36.203 So it's a pretty good place to be if you can get there.

Why plan for retirement

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9lTE95LPaA

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.290 --> 00:00:03.660 - So let's think a little bit about retirement. 00:00:03.660 --> 00:00:05.490 And I know some of y'all who are younger, like, hey, 00:00:05.490 --> 00:00:07.230 I'm just trying to figure out what to do with my own life. 00:00:07.230 --> 00:00:10.110 Why am I already thinking about my life when I am 00:00:10.110 --> 00:00:13.140 in my 60s or 70s or even later? 00:00:13.140 --> 00:00:15.231 The first thing I'll tell you, 00:00:15.231 --> 00:00:18.300 life will go by faster than you suspect. 00:00:18.300 --> 00:00:20.850 I'm not at retirement yet, but I'm about halfway. 00:00:20.850 --> 00:00:23.790 And that, that first half went awfully fast. 00:00:23.790 --> 00:00:25.500 And, but the more importantly 00:00:25.500 --> 00:00:27.240 the earlier you start thinking about it, 00:00:27.240 --> 00:00:29.370 the more likely you're going to be in a situation 00:00:29.370 --> 00:00:32.160 that's a good situation when you get to retirement. 00:00:32.160 --> 00:00:34.440 So the whole principle is when you're 00:00:34.440 --> 00:00:37.530 in your 60s or 70s, you might not wanna work. 00:00:37.530 --> 00:00:39.510 You might want to see the world a little bit. 00:00:39.510 --> 00:00:41.640 You might wanna spend more time with your family 00:00:41.640 --> 00:00:43.890 or you might not be in a position to work. 00:00:43.890 --> 00:00:46.290 Your health might start going in certain ways. 00:00:46.290 --> 00:00:49.680 And so you want to have a cushion to live off of. 00:00:49.680 --> 00:00:54.150 Now, one consideration is, is that people are living longer 00:00:54.150 --> 00:00:56.520 and longer and longer, which is a good thing. 00:00:56.520 --> 00:00:59.850 But in the old days when the life expectancy was 65 00:00:59.850 --> 00:01:03.210 or 70 and people retired at 65, well then on average 00:01:03.210 --> 00:01:04.200 they only had to think about, well 00:01:04.200 --> 00:01:05.250 how am I gonna live for that? 00:01:05.250 --> 00:01:07.920 How am I gonna support myself for those five years? 00:01:07.920 --> 00:01:10.200 But now folks are living into their 80s, 90s 00:01:10.200 --> 00:01:12.240 and even beyond as healthcare gets better. 00:01:12.240 --> 00:01:14.550 And so now if, if you're fortunate 00:01:14.550 --> 00:01:16.800 your retirement might be decades 00:01:16.800 --> 00:01:20.070 it might be 20, 30 years or longer. 00:01:20.070 --> 00:01:21.600 Now that's a double-edged sword 00:01:21.600 --> 00:01:23.790 because healthcare is getting better 00:01:23.790 --> 00:01:26.580 but healthcare is also very, very expensive. 00:01:26.580 --> 00:01:28.590 And so you need to think, how do you pay for that? 00:01:28.590 --> 00:01:30.840 You might have to think about things like inflation. 00:01:30.840 --> 00:01:34.020 Everything is getting more expensive over time. 00:01:34.020 --> 00:01:36.510 Some of you might say, hey, there's government programs 00:01:36.510 --> 00:01:38.460 there's government healthcare. 00:01:38.460 --> 00:01:40.320 You have things like Medicare, 00:01:40.320 --> 00:01:43.140 you have social security that you're paying into, 00:01:43.140 --> 00:01:45.180 but you really don't know when you retire 00:01:45.180 --> 00:01:47.730 in 30, 40, 50, 60 years 00:01:47.730 --> 00:01:49.710 whether those programs are going to be the same. 00:01:49.710 --> 00:01:52.530 And to what degree are those programs able to 00:01:52.530 --> 00:01:54.690 actually help support you? 00:01:54.690 --> 00:01:58.290 So saving for retirement is a very, very important thing. 00:01:58.290 --> 00:01:59.850 But some of the core principles 00:01:59.850 --> 00:02:02.700 that we talk about saving generally apply. 00:02:02.700 --> 00:02:05.220 So you should try to live below your means, 00:02:05.220 --> 00:02:07.320 spend less than you bring in. 00:02:07.320 --> 00:02:08.850 You have that savings. 00:02:08.850 --> 00:02:11.790 Now, some of that savings could be for things that are 00:02:11.790 --> 00:02:12.960 in the short term. 00:02:12.960 --> 00:02:13.920 It could be a safety net 00:02:13.920 --> 00:02:16.110 in case you lose your job, in case you fall ill, 00:02:16.110 --> 00:02:19.440 in case you have some unforeseen expenses. 00:02:19.440 --> 00:02:22.680 It could also be for buying a house or buying a car. 00:02:22.680 --> 00:02:24.690 And it could also be for investment. 00:02:24.690 --> 00:02:28.215 And if you start saving and you invest now, one, 00:02:28.215 --> 00:02:30.930 if that investment's not something that you want to 00:02:30.930 --> 00:02:34.830 touch for 30, 40, 50 years, you could probably deal 00:02:34.830 --> 00:02:36.750 with a little bit of ups and downs, what's often 00:02:36.750 --> 00:02:38.790 called volatility, a little bit of that risk. 00:02:38.790 --> 00:02:42.180 And so if you invest it over many, many years, whether it's 00:02:42.180 --> 00:02:44.100 in something a little bit riskier like stocks 00:02:44.100 --> 00:02:47.400 or something safer like bonds, that interest 00:02:47.400 --> 00:02:50.880 that compounds year after year, it will become a 00:02:50.880 --> 00:02:54.150 significant addition to whatever you directly save 00:02:54.150 --> 00:02:55.350 over the coming decades. 00:02:56.220 --> 00:02:58.980 I encourage you to watch videos on Khan Academy about 00:02:58.980 --> 00:03:01.620 the power of compounding interest and things like that. 00:03:01.620 --> 00:03:02.820 But it is a lot. 00:03:02.820 --> 00:03:04.980 If you save a hundred dollars when you're in your twenties 00:03:04.980 --> 00:03:08.760 and it compounds at four or five, 6% per year 00:03:08.760 --> 00:03:11.580 that will be a lot more than a hundred dollars when you get 00:03:11.580 --> 00:03:13.800 into your fifties, sixties and seventies. 00:03:13.800 --> 00:03:15.450 So start thinking about retirement. 00:03:15.450 --> 00:03:16.380 It's never too early. 00:03:16.380 --> 00:03:18.690 And you know, worst case you think about retirement 00:03:18.690 --> 00:03:20.310 you start saving up for it. 00:03:20.310 --> 00:03:22.890 That money that you're saving up can be used for many, many, 00:03:22.890 --> 00:03:25.200 many different purposes depending on how you're saving it. 00:03:25.200 --> 00:03:27.210 You also have things like retirement accounts 00:03:27.210 --> 00:03:30.180 like 401Ks and IRAs, which we'll talk about later 00:03:30.180 --> 00:03:31.920 which allow you to save 00:03:31.920 --> 00:03:34.800 for retirement in a very tax efficient way. 00:03:34.800 --> 00:03:37.550 So we'll talk about that in more depth in other videos.

What is risk and return?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mo167ohvJw

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.590 --> 00:00:04.740 - So probably the main thing you'll hear when you talk 00:00:04.740 --> 00:00:07.260 about investing is what is the return that you got 00:00:07.260 --> 00:00:08.160 on your investment? 00:00:08.160 --> 00:00:10.380 And return on investment is oftentimes 00:00:10.380 --> 00:00:11.850 people will say ROI, 00:00:11.850 --> 00:00:14.100 and there's a lot of different ways of calculating it, 00:00:14.100 --> 00:00:15.510 but maybe the most basic ways, 00:00:15.510 --> 00:00:17.400 think about if you put a hundred dollars 00:00:17.400 --> 00:00:18.960 into an investment this year 00:00:18.960 --> 00:00:22.350 and then next year you got back $110. 00:00:22.350 --> 00:00:24.300 So you got a $10 return 00:00:24.300 --> 00:00:27.090 on top of your $100 that you invested. 00:00:27.090 --> 00:00:30.660 People would say that you got a 10% annual ROI 00:00:30.660 --> 00:00:34.170 or 10% return on investment annually. 00:00:34.170 --> 00:00:36.450 Now, it can get more complicated depending 00:00:36.450 --> 00:00:38.790 on what type of an investment it is 00:00:38.790 --> 00:00:41.700 and how it pays you out over time, et cetera. 00:00:41.700 --> 00:00:44.880 But ROI is a really good thing to think about. 00:00:44.880 --> 00:00:48.187 Any investment you make, generally speaking, you might say, 00:00:48.187 --> 00:00:51.720 "All right, if there's one thing that gives me a 20% ROI 00:00:51.720 --> 00:00:53.100 or return on investment, that's better 00:00:53.100 --> 00:00:56.040 than something that gives me a 10% ROI." 00:00:56.040 --> 00:00:59.730 And if in terms of risk, they're similar, the same, 00:00:59.730 --> 00:01:02.400 then that might very well be the case. 00:01:02.400 --> 00:01:03.233 But it turns out 00:01:03.233 --> 00:01:06.870 that there's usually a trade-off between risk and return. 00:01:06.870 --> 00:01:09.600 You're usually not going to get a higher return 00:01:09.600 --> 00:01:12.120 for something that is equally as risky. 00:01:12.120 --> 00:01:14.760 If that were the case, everyone would invest in that thing 00:01:14.760 --> 00:01:17.880 and not the thing that's giving the lower return. 00:01:17.880 --> 00:01:19.620 And so to just give an example 00:01:19.620 --> 00:01:21.330 of how you see that in the real world, 00:01:21.330 --> 00:01:24.570 you can think of very, very, very safe investments. 00:01:24.570 --> 00:01:26.280 For example, if you just have your money 00:01:26.280 --> 00:01:28.590 in a savings or checking account 00:01:28.590 --> 00:01:32.850 you might get low single digits, 1, 2, 3% on your money 00:01:32.850 --> 00:01:34.800 depending on where interest rates are, 00:01:34.800 --> 00:01:35.970 which doesn't feel like a lot, 00:01:35.970 --> 00:01:38.160 but it's very, very, very safe. 00:01:38.160 --> 00:01:41.130 If it's less than $250,000 per person, 00:01:41.130 --> 00:01:42.600 per account type, 00:01:42.600 --> 00:01:45.750 well, then you are pretty much guaranteed 00:01:45.750 --> 00:01:47.340 to get your money back. 00:01:47.340 --> 00:01:50.700 So low risk and arguably low return. 00:01:50.700 --> 00:01:53.520 If you're to go slightly higher risk, 00:01:53.520 --> 00:01:56.340 you could do something like lend to the federal government. 00:01:56.340 --> 00:01:59.130 You lend to the federal government by buying treasury bonds 00:01:59.130 --> 00:02:02.190 and treasury bills, oftentimes T bills for short. 00:02:02.190 --> 00:02:04.080 Now those are pretty much guaranteed 00:02:04.080 --> 00:02:05.400 to pay you what they say 00:02:05.400 --> 00:02:07.292 they're going to pay you. 00:02:07.292 --> 00:02:08.190 So you say, "Okay, why do I get slightly higher interest 00:02:08.190 --> 00:02:10.200 for that than I get on my checking account?" 00:02:10.200 --> 00:02:12.360 Well, it's a little bit less convenient 00:02:12.360 --> 00:02:15.090 if you need your money right that second. 00:02:15.090 --> 00:02:17.670 Yes, you could sell those treasury bills or treasury bonds, 00:02:17.670 --> 00:02:19.320 but those prices do fluctuate. 00:02:19.320 --> 00:02:22.920 So you're only guaranteed to get the money plus the interest 00:02:22.920 --> 00:02:26.880 if you hold it all the way to however long 00:02:26.880 --> 00:02:29.190 that treasury bond or treasury bill was for. 00:02:29.190 --> 00:02:30.900 It might be for one year, two years, 00:02:30.900 --> 00:02:33.450 or 10 years or whatever it is. 00:02:33.450 --> 00:02:34.920 And so there's a certain risk, 00:02:34.920 --> 00:02:36.900 not just for the price fluctuations, 00:02:36.900 --> 00:02:39.690 but also how accessible is that money, 00:02:39.690 --> 00:02:41.400 for example, in that checking or savings account? 00:02:41.400 --> 00:02:42.330 If you want that money, 00:02:42.330 --> 00:02:44.040 you can usually get it within a business, 00:02:44.040 --> 00:02:46.560 within a working day, usually in a matter of hours. 00:02:46.560 --> 00:02:48.090 If you have a treasury bond or treasury bill, 00:02:48.090 --> 00:02:49.680 it's a little bit more complicated 00:02:49.680 --> 00:02:52.350 and you're going to have more of those price fluctuations. 00:02:52.350 --> 00:02:55.020 Now, if you wanted to go up the risk and return ladder 00:02:55.020 --> 00:02:57.570 a little bit more, well, you could lend to other entities. 00:02:57.570 --> 00:02:59.790 You could lend to big, safe companies. 00:02:59.790 --> 00:03:01.320 They will pay you higher interest 00:03:01.320 --> 00:03:02.700 than the federal government will. 00:03:02.700 --> 00:03:04.230 But there's a little bit more risk 00:03:04.230 --> 00:03:06.270 that they might not pay that loan back. 00:03:06.270 --> 00:03:07.320 Maybe they go outta business, 00:03:07.320 --> 00:03:09.120 maybe something dramatically negative 00:03:09.120 --> 00:03:10.230 happens to their business. 00:03:10.230 --> 00:03:13.530 And what you'll generally see as you go to rescuer, sorry, 00:03:13.530 --> 00:03:16.440 if you go to riskier and riskier companies 00:03:16.440 --> 00:03:18.630 they're going to pay higher and higher interest 00:03:18.630 --> 00:03:20.160 on their bonds. 00:03:20.160 --> 00:03:22.020 And if you look at the stock market 00:03:22.020 --> 00:03:24.270 where you're actually buying a share, 00:03:24.270 --> 00:03:26.797 when you buy a stock where you're buying 00:03:26.797 --> 00:03:27.630 a piece of the company, 00:03:27.630 --> 00:03:28.980 you'll normally see that the companies 00:03:28.980 --> 00:03:30.820 that feel pretty risky, 00:03:30.820 --> 00:03:33.660 you might feel like they could have a higher return, 00:03:33.660 --> 00:03:36.330 but they could also have a much higher loss as well. 00:03:36.330 --> 00:03:39.360 While companies that are safer, generally speaking, 00:03:39.360 --> 00:03:44.360 you would expect to have lower risk and also lower return. 00:03:44.490 --> 00:03:46.380 So it's important to think 00:03:46.380 --> 00:03:48.690 about return on investment when you make an investment. 00:03:48.690 --> 00:03:51.060 And it's very, very, very, very important 00:03:51.060 --> 00:03:52.500 to think about risk. 00:03:52.500 --> 00:03:53.700 I can't stress this enough, 00:03:53.700 --> 00:03:55.080 how many people I've explained they're like, 00:03:55.080 --> 00:03:58.770 oh, I have a 30% guaranteed ROI investment. 00:03:58.770 --> 00:04:00.510 I'm like, okay, someone's lying to you. 00:04:00.510 --> 00:04:03.600 Because if it was 30% ROI guaranteed 00:04:03.600 --> 00:04:05.700 you would have all of the major investment funds 00:04:05.700 --> 00:04:07.800 in the world just investing in that. 00:04:07.800 --> 00:04:12.210 Why would they let little old Sal invest or you, uncle, 00:04:12.210 --> 00:04:13.920 why would they let you invest in that 00:04:13.920 --> 00:04:16.020 if it was really 30% guaranteed? 00:04:16.020 --> 00:04:17.340 I would be very skeptical 00:04:17.340 --> 00:04:19.560 of people who say something like that. 00:04:19.560 --> 00:04:20.820 There's usually a risk 00:04:20.820 --> 00:04:23.250 that that person isn't thinking about, 00:04:23.250 --> 00:04:26.430 or that return is in some ways shady or fabricated, 00:04:26.430 --> 00:04:27.540 which also makes me feel 00:04:27.540 --> 00:04:29.850 that that whole proposition is even riskier. 00:04:29.850 --> 00:04:32.610 So there are definitely ways 00:04:32.610 --> 00:04:34.950 that you can get 10, 20, 30% return, 00:04:34.950 --> 00:04:38.490 but it's usually associated with a decent dose of risk. 00:04:38.490 --> 00:04:39.990 And when you go into something like that, 00:04:39.990 --> 00:04:41.550 also think about the worst case scenario. 00:04:41.550 --> 00:04:43.590 It's easy to dream about, 00:04:43.590 --> 00:04:44.490 I'm making all the money, 00:04:44.490 --> 00:04:45.420 but think about what would happen 00:04:45.420 --> 00:04:49.013 if you lost 30% or 50% or 80% of your money? 00:04:49.013 --> 00:04:50.670 How would you feel then? 00:04:50.670 --> 00:04:53.073 And then invest accordingly.

Introduction to life insurance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYPee7aczTE

vtt

https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=wYPee7aczTE&ei=n1WUZbywIKK0vdIP6Oi_oAo&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=8DB7D4710FF5D0A304BEFF3CB0EDB3E488290599.937146ECE3EA5BC09A096C01058572B627CD606B&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.780 --> 00:00:01.740 - So let's talk a little bit 00:00:01.740 --> 00:00:04.230 about what's probably not your favorite subject. 00:00:04.230 --> 00:00:07.170 It's definitely not mine, and that is death. 00:00:07.170 --> 00:00:09.810 And it's not something a lot of us think about. 00:00:09.810 --> 00:00:11.340 And I remember when I was a kid 00:00:11.340 --> 00:00:14.910 and I used to see these ads on TV for life insurance, 00:00:14.910 --> 00:00:16.440 and it used to boggle my mind. 00:00:16.440 --> 00:00:18.007 I used to say, "Why would, 00:00:18.007 --> 00:00:19.597 "I don't even wanna think about life insurance, 00:00:19.597 --> 00:00:22.717 "and if I'm dead, well, you know, who cares? 00:00:22.717 --> 00:00:24.967 "You know, I won't need the money anymore. 00:00:24.967 --> 00:00:26.730 "Who are they gonna pay, et cetera?" 00:00:26.730 --> 00:00:30.360 And then I got married, I had kids, 00:00:30.360 --> 00:00:34.020 and I completely got why life insurance matters. 00:00:34.020 --> 00:00:37.080 Because once you have other people in your life 00:00:37.080 --> 00:00:39.213 that you might be helping support, 00:00:40.320 --> 00:00:41.670 then you do start to wonder, 00:00:41.670 --> 00:00:43.657 if you care about them, you wonder, 00:00:43.657 --> 00:00:45.277 "Well, what if something were to happen to me? 00:00:45.277 --> 00:00:46.710 "What if I were to die?" 00:00:46.710 --> 00:00:48.060 We would have our loss of income. 00:00:48.060 --> 00:00:48.990 They might have other things 00:00:48.990 --> 00:00:51.360 that they might have to do above and beyond that, 00:00:51.360 --> 00:00:52.830 because maybe I'm helping out at home 00:00:52.830 --> 00:00:54.480 and you're gonna need more support at home, 00:00:54.480 --> 00:00:56.970 so you're gonna have even more costs at the same time 00:00:56.970 --> 00:00:58.740 that you have loss of income. 00:00:58.740 --> 00:01:00.630 You might have a mortgage to pay, 00:01:00.630 --> 00:01:02.130 and the last thing you want your family 00:01:02.130 --> 00:01:03.360 to have to deal with if you die 00:01:03.360 --> 00:01:07.140 is not only they're hopefully grieving for you a little bit, 00:01:07.140 --> 00:01:08.640 but they're also having to move 00:01:08.640 --> 00:01:10.380 or they can't pay their house 00:01:10.380 --> 00:01:12.780 or they're gonna have to change their standard of living 00:01:12.780 --> 00:01:14.310 in a significant way. 00:01:14.310 --> 00:01:19.050 So, as soon as I had kids, I got a life insurance policy. 00:01:19.050 --> 00:01:22.650 Now, the basic idea of life insurance is you pay a premium, 00:01:22.650 --> 00:01:24.990 you pay a certain amount every year, 00:01:24.990 --> 00:01:29.310 and if you were to die, then the life insurance company 00:01:29.310 --> 00:01:32.460 will pay whoever you say is the beneficiary. 00:01:32.460 --> 00:01:35.160 It's oftentimes someone's partner or your children 00:01:35.160 --> 00:01:37.110 or some other family member, usually people 00:01:37.110 --> 00:01:40.590 that you're already helping support in some way. 00:01:40.590 --> 00:01:43.440 And when I thought about how much life insurance I needed, 00:01:43.440 --> 00:01:46.050 I remember I first got it when my first child was born, 00:01:46.050 --> 00:01:49.590 I think I was 32 years old at the time. 00:01:49.590 --> 00:01:51.340 I said, "Well, we have a mortgage." 00:01:52.230 --> 00:01:53.640 At the time we only had one kid. 00:01:53.640 --> 00:01:54.960 I want him to be able to go to college 00:01:54.960 --> 00:01:56.460 if something were to happen to me. 00:01:56.460 --> 00:01:59.034 So I got a policy that was large enough 00:01:59.034 --> 00:02:03.000 that would be able to pay off the rest of our mortgage, 00:02:03.000 --> 00:02:06.120 pay for his college education, and then maybe 00:02:06.120 --> 00:02:09.420 have a little bit extra to help my wife support her 00:02:09.420 --> 00:02:12.660 if she needed extra help with whatever it might be, 00:02:12.660 --> 00:02:14.730 and so that's how I thought about it. 00:02:14.730 --> 00:02:17.130 More recently, I got another health insurance, 00:02:17.130 --> 00:02:19.500 sorry, I got another life insurance policy 00:02:19.500 --> 00:02:20.580 with that same idea. 00:02:20.580 --> 00:02:21.780 I now have three kids. 00:02:21.780 --> 00:02:23.040 I want all of them, I wanna be able 00:02:23.040 --> 00:02:25.380 to afford for all of them to go to college. 00:02:25.380 --> 00:02:29.190 I want all of, you know, I want my wife and other folks 00:02:29.190 --> 00:02:32.640 in my family that I take care of to still be taken care of 00:02:32.640 --> 00:02:35.430 if I were to lose my income, 00:02:35.430 --> 00:02:37.350 so, or by dying. 00:02:37.350 --> 00:02:39.120 There's other ways for insuring loss of income 00:02:39.120 --> 00:02:41.640 for other reasons, but this is by dying. 00:02:41.640 --> 00:02:45.390 Now, there's a couple of different life insurance flavors 00:02:45.390 --> 00:02:46.223 that you can get. 00:02:46.223 --> 00:02:48.540 The biggest distinction is term life 00:02:48.540 --> 00:02:50.700 versus whole life policy. 00:02:50.700 --> 00:02:52.200 Now, term life insurance 00:02:52.200 --> 00:02:53.970 only covers a certain number of years. 00:02:53.970 --> 00:02:57.480 You can get a term life policy for say 10 years or 20 years, 00:02:57.480 --> 00:03:01.110 while a whole life policy will cover the rest of your life. 00:03:01.110 --> 00:03:01.943 You might be saying, 00:03:01.943 --> 00:03:03.817 "Well, why would I ever want a term life 00:03:03.817 --> 00:03:05.310 "when I could get one that's whole life." 00:03:05.310 --> 00:03:07.080 Well, it turns out that a term life policy 00:03:07.080 --> 00:03:09.690 is usually cheaper, and why is that? 00:03:09.690 --> 00:03:12.750 Well, if you're say 32 years old like I was 00:03:12.750 --> 00:03:15.090 and you got a 10-year term policy 00:03:15.090 --> 00:03:17.197 'cause you're just like, "Okay, over the next 10 years, 00:03:17.197 --> 00:03:19.170 "my family's gonna need help paying the mortgage," 00:03:19.170 --> 00:03:20.003 or whatever it might be. 00:03:20.003 --> 00:03:21.150 Or let's say over the next 20 years, 00:03:21.150 --> 00:03:22.807 if you get a 20-year term, 00:03:22.807 --> 00:03:26.377 "That could help cover my family through college, 00:03:26.377 --> 00:03:27.937 "through the mortgage, et cetera, 00:03:27.937 --> 00:03:30.487 "and then after that, my kids are going to be on their own. 00:03:30.487 --> 00:03:32.010 "They might not need it as much." 00:03:32.010 --> 00:03:33.990 And from an insurance company's point of view, 00:03:33.990 --> 00:03:36.360 if you look at a 32-year-old who's in good health, 00:03:36.360 --> 00:03:39.060 and they say the probability of them dying 00:03:39.060 --> 00:03:43.320 in the next 20 years, by the time they're 52, is fairly low. 00:03:43.320 --> 00:03:46.770 So we can give them a pretty low premium. 00:03:46.770 --> 00:03:51.770 So I didn't have to pay that much per year. 00:03:52.200 --> 00:03:54.960 Now, if you've got a whole life policy back when you're 32, 00:03:54.960 --> 00:03:55.927 the insurance company's gonna say, 00:03:55.927 --> 00:03:58.747 "Well, Sal's gonna die eventually, 00:03:58.747 --> 00:04:00.607 "and it's just a matter of is he gonna die sooner 00:04:00.607 --> 00:04:02.400 "or is he gonna die later?" 00:04:02.400 --> 00:04:04.710 And so they price it accordingly 00:04:04.710 --> 00:04:08.580 so that even if when they pay it out, you know, 00:04:08.580 --> 00:04:11.130 maybe you're 80 or 90 years old when you die, 00:04:11.130 --> 00:04:13.590 but that payout is still probably going to be less 00:04:13.590 --> 00:04:16.560 than the amount that you put in over the years, 00:04:16.560 --> 00:04:20.280 especially if you last 'til 70 or 80 or or 90 years old, 00:04:20.280 --> 00:04:21.750 because not only are they taking 00:04:21.750 --> 00:04:23.010 those premiums you're giving them, 00:04:23.010 --> 00:04:24.840 but the insurance company is investing it 00:04:24.840 --> 00:04:27.120 so they're also getting, they're getting 00:04:27.120 --> 00:04:28.890 the returns on that premium. 00:04:28.890 --> 00:04:29.910 So they do the numbers, 00:04:29.910 --> 00:04:32.040 they do the statistics to see, okay, if someone, 00:04:32.040 --> 00:04:35.790 let's say the average life expectancy is 75 or 80 years old. 00:04:35.790 --> 00:04:38.130 If they paid this premium all the way to that 00:04:38.130 --> 00:04:40.170 and were able to invest that premium, 00:04:40.170 --> 00:04:42.840 are we going to get more money than we have to pay out? 00:04:42.840 --> 00:04:44.340 But they're still probably going to ask 00:04:44.340 --> 00:04:46.200 for more money for a whole life policy 00:04:46.200 --> 00:04:47.370 'cause they have to do that. 00:04:47.370 --> 00:04:49.320 In fact, almost always they'll ask more money 00:04:49.320 --> 00:04:52.715 for a whole life policy than for a term policy. 00:04:52.715 --> 00:04:57.715 So you have to decide, what are you trying to de-risk? 00:04:57.930 --> 00:04:59.820 What are you trying to cover? 00:04:59.820 --> 00:05:01.290 And then act accordingly. 00:05:01.290 --> 00:05:04.950 And one of the things that's a little bit depressing 00:05:04.950 --> 00:05:08.580 as you get older is I had gotten at the time 00:05:08.580 --> 00:05:10.447 a 10-year term policy 'cause I was like, 00:05:10.447 --> 00:05:11.520 "Oh, that'll cover my family." 00:05:11.520 --> 00:05:13.473 And then once I turned 42 00:05:13.473 --> 00:05:16.800 and I wanted to get another 10-year policy, 00:05:16.800 --> 00:05:18.900 well, then it was a lot more expensive. 00:05:18.900 --> 00:05:21.030 And the reason why it was a lot more expensive is, 00:05:21.030 --> 00:05:23.130 well, the probability of a 42-year-old 00:05:23.130 --> 00:05:25.170 dying in the next 10 years is a good bit higher 00:05:25.170 --> 00:05:27.150 than the probability of a 32-year-old 00:05:27.150 --> 00:05:29.190 dying in the next 10 years. 00:05:29.190 --> 00:05:31.740 Now, there's also this notion about insurability, 00:05:31.740 --> 00:05:33.330 because they're not just gonna look at your age. 00:05:33.330 --> 00:05:34.260 They're gonna look at your health, 00:05:34.260 --> 00:05:35.700 they're gonna look at your lifestyle. 00:05:35.700 --> 00:05:38.253 If you like doing dangerous things, 00:05:40.131 --> 00:05:41.940 if you have things that increase your risk of death, 00:05:41.940 --> 00:05:42.990 well, they're gonna charge you more, 00:05:42.990 --> 00:05:46.230 and if you lead a very, very risky lifestyle, 00:05:46.230 --> 00:05:47.880 then they might not insure you at all, 00:05:47.880 --> 00:05:49.260 so that's this notion of insurability. 00:05:49.260 --> 00:05:51.750 When I got my last health insurance, 00:05:51.750 --> 00:05:53.580 someone came and literally took a blood test, 00:05:53.580 --> 00:05:55.020 they checked my blood pressure, 00:05:55.020 --> 00:05:58.680 they checked my BMI, my body mass index 00:05:58.680 --> 00:06:02.130 to just kind of figure out what the risk was. 00:06:02.130 --> 00:06:03.990 And there's all this questionnaire 00:06:03.990 --> 00:06:06.360 about my lifestyle, et cetera, et cetera. 00:06:06.360 --> 00:06:08.250 Now, the last thing I'll talk about is, 00:06:08.250 --> 00:06:10.200 and this isn't just applies to life insurance 00:06:10.200 --> 00:06:11.970 but it definitely does apply to life insurance, 00:06:11.970 --> 00:06:14.400 which is the notion of an individual plan 00:06:14.400 --> 00:06:16.230 versus a group plan. 00:06:16.230 --> 00:06:18.930 A group plan usually comes through, say your employer, 00:06:18.930 --> 00:06:19.763 where your employer says, 00:06:19.763 --> 00:06:22.177 "Hey, we're gonna give every employee we have 00:06:22.177 --> 00:06:23.400 "a life insurance policy." 00:06:23.400 --> 00:06:25.380 They might do other types of policies as well. 00:06:25.380 --> 00:06:26.700 And that's, they're just paying 00:06:26.700 --> 00:06:29.430 usually a fixed amount for every employee, 00:06:29.430 --> 00:06:33.240 and the insurance company isn't trying to differentiate 00:06:33.240 --> 00:06:35.100 because they're just averaging everyone out. 00:06:35.100 --> 00:06:37.470 Sometimes they might do a little bit of that, 00:06:37.470 --> 00:06:39.330 and that's nice. 00:06:39.330 --> 00:06:41.430 It's a benefit you might get from your employer, 00:06:41.430 --> 00:06:44.070 but if you leave your employer, 00:06:44.070 --> 00:06:46.050 that policy might not be effective anymore. 00:06:46.050 --> 00:06:47.970 So if it was a life insurance policy, 00:06:47.970 --> 00:06:50.310 if you die after leaving your employer, 00:06:50.310 --> 00:06:52.290 well, then it's not gonna be so beneficial. 00:06:52.290 --> 00:06:54.570 While on the other hand if you have an individual plan, 00:06:54.570 --> 00:06:56.010 one that you pay directly, 00:06:56.010 --> 00:06:57.450 well, that's just going to be tied to you. 00:06:57.450 --> 00:07:00.240 It's not gonna be tied to where you happen to work. 00:07:00.240 --> 00:07:02.940 So, if you're young, you're probably not thinking a lot 00:07:02.940 --> 00:07:03.900 about life insurance. 00:07:03.900 --> 00:07:05.250 Maybe you wanna talk to your parents 00:07:05.250 --> 00:07:06.720 and make sure they have life insurance. 00:07:06.720 --> 00:07:09.960 They may or may not appreciate the conversation, 00:07:09.960 --> 00:07:12.180 but it is an important thing to think about 00:07:12.180 --> 00:07:15.060 if we wanna make sure those that we care about 00:07:15.060 --> 00:07:19.113 are taken care of if anything really bad happens.

How insurance works

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4FAekxeS_o

vtt

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.170 --> 00:00:02.730 - Let's say that you have a car 00:00:02.730 --> 00:00:05.160 that right now is worth about $10,000 00:00:05.160 --> 00:00:08.970 and you don't have $10,000 as a cushion. 00:00:08.970 --> 00:00:11.820 If by chance your car were to get totaled 00:00:11.820 --> 00:00:13.380 or if it were to get stolen 00:00:13.380 --> 00:00:14.670 or something were to happen to it, 00:00:14.670 --> 00:00:16.380 you don't have an extra $10,000 00:00:16.380 --> 00:00:19.470 to then buy another car just like it. 00:00:19.470 --> 00:00:24.000 So one option you have to try to transfer 00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:27.570 some of that risk is to buy car insurance. 00:00:27.570 --> 00:00:29.730 And this video is about all forms of insurance, 00:00:29.730 --> 00:00:30.563 but I'll just use that 00:00:30.563 --> 00:00:31.980 as an example to just help think 00:00:31.980 --> 00:00:33.960 about how insurance works. 00:00:33.960 --> 00:00:35.841 So what's going to happen 00:00:35.841 --> 00:00:36.900 in that situation is that you would likely go 00:00:36.900 --> 00:00:38.040 to an insurance agent 00:00:38.040 --> 00:00:38.873 and you're just, like, 00:00:38.873 --> 00:00:41.190 "I would like to insure my car 00:00:41.190 --> 00:00:42.330 in case it gets stolen, 00:00:42.330 --> 00:00:43.593 in case it gets totaled, 00:00:44.460 --> 00:00:46.140 in case something bad happens to it 00:00:46.140 --> 00:00:48.390 and I have to pay a lot of money for that." 00:00:48.390 --> 00:00:50.310 And so then the agent, 00:00:50.310 --> 00:00:53.130 they might work for an insurance company 00:00:53.130 --> 00:00:55.500 or they might be able to get you quotes 00:00:55.500 --> 00:00:56.940 from many different insurance companies, 00:00:56.940 --> 00:00:59.225 but they'll come back to you and say, 00:00:59.225 --> 00:01:02.310 "Okay, if you pay $200 a year," 00:01:02.310 --> 00:01:03.510 and I'm making up these numbers, 00:01:03.510 --> 00:01:04.710 these aren't necessarily the types 00:01:04.710 --> 00:01:06.030 of numbers that you will see when you 00:01:06.030 --> 00:01:07.507 when you go to an insurance agent. 00:01:07.507 --> 00:01:09.783 "But if you pay $200 a year, 00:01:09.783 --> 00:01:11.461 we got you covered. 00:01:11.461 --> 00:01:13.380 If anything were to happen 00:01:13.380 --> 00:01:16.440 we will cover the cost of the car." 00:01:16.440 --> 00:01:17.970 You're like, "Okay, I do. 00:01:17.970 --> 00:01:19.590 I can pay $200 a year," 00:01:19.590 --> 00:01:21.240 and I'm willing to pay $200 a year 00:01:21.240 --> 00:01:23.160 because I don't have $10,000 00:01:23.160 --> 00:01:24.420 if something bad were to happen, 00:01:24.420 --> 00:01:26.190 so I agree to do that. 00:01:26.190 --> 00:01:27.337 Now the question you might have is, 00:01:27.337 --> 00:01:30.000 "Well, how does the insurance company make money here?" 00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:31.560 Well, they have a whole bunch 00:01:31.560 --> 00:01:33.240 of people looking at the statistics 00:01:33.240 --> 00:01:34.470 of it all, statisticians, 00:01:34.470 --> 00:01:36.060 they're usually called actuaries 00:01:36.060 --> 00:01:37.350 when they're at an insurance company, 00:01:37.350 --> 00:01:39.060 and they look at the probability 00:01:39.060 --> 00:01:40.920 of something like that happening. 00:01:40.920 --> 00:01:42.060 So let's say they decide 00:01:42.060 --> 00:01:44.850 that there's a 1% chance in a given year 00:01:44.850 --> 00:01:48.630 that they are going to have to pay out $10,000. 00:01:48.630 --> 00:01:50.250 Now, if it was just one person, 00:01:50.250 --> 00:01:52.530 and in that if you're the only person they insured, 00:01:52.530 --> 00:01:54.051 and in that year you paid $200, 00:01:54.051 --> 00:01:56.460 but they had to pay out 10,000, 00:01:56.460 --> 00:01:58.320 that's not that good of a business, (chuckles) 00:01:58.320 --> 00:01:59.790 or at least for that year 00:01:59.790 --> 00:02:02.250 they would've obviously lost a lot of money. 00:02:02.250 --> 00:02:03.750 But the way the insurance companies work 00:02:03.750 --> 00:02:04.583 through it is that 00:02:04.583 --> 00:02:06.330 they're actually insuring millions of people 00:02:06.330 --> 00:02:08.070 and they're working on percentages. 00:02:08.070 --> 00:02:12.000 So for example, if across millions of people, 00:02:12.000 --> 00:02:14.040 all of them are paying $200 00:02:14.040 --> 00:02:15.660 and there's a 1% chance 00:02:15.660 --> 00:02:18.600 of having to pay out $10,000, 00:02:18.600 --> 00:02:20.514 well that means on average 1% 00:02:20.514 --> 00:02:23.340 of $10,000 is $100, 00:02:23.340 --> 00:02:25.080 on average, they're gonna be paying 00:02:25.080 --> 00:02:26.746 out about $100 per insured person 00:02:26.746 --> 00:02:28.770 who's just like that, 00:02:28.770 --> 00:02:30.510 and if they're getting $200, 00:02:30.510 --> 00:02:31.650 well then they're going to be 00:02:31.650 --> 00:02:35.520 on average making about a $100 profit. 00:02:35.520 --> 00:02:37.170 People are paying $200, 00:02:37.170 --> 00:02:38.190 that's called the premium, 00:02:38.190 --> 00:02:40.290 what you pay the insurance company, 00:02:40.290 --> 00:02:44.250 and then their actual statistical cost is $100. 00:02:44.250 --> 00:02:46.020 So that's how they would actually make money. 00:02:46.020 --> 00:02:48.870 Now, let's say one of these bad scenarios happens to you, 00:02:48.870 --> 00:02:49.950 your car gets stolen, 00:02:49.950 --> 00:02:51.840 it gets totaled in some way, 00:02:51.840 --> 00:02:53.790 well, then you would make a claim 00:02:53.790 --> 00:02:55.560 to your insurance company, 00:02:55.560 --> 00:02:57.300 usually, someone there would 00:02:57.300 --> 00:02:58.964 then investigate the claim 00:02:58.964 --> 00:03:00.630 if you made a police report 00:03:00.630 --> 00:03:01.740 they would take a look at that, 00:03:01.740 --> 00:03:02.573 they would interview you, 00:03:02.573 --> 00:03:05.310 make sure that you're not committing insurance fraud, 00:03:05.310 --> 00:03:06.480 which is like, you know, 00:03:06.480 --> 00:03:07.860 you made the car disappear 00:03:07.860 --> 00:03:09.390 but it really didn't disappear. 00:03:09.390 --> 00:03:12.060 Don't do that, highly, highly illegal, 00:03:12.060 --> 00:03:13.830 you will get into trouble for that. 00:03:13.830 --> 00:03:15.630 But then if it's a legitimate claim 00:03:15.630 --> 00:03:18.870 then they will then make the payout to you. 00:03:18.870 --> 00:03:20.190 So think about insurance, 00:03:20.190 --> 00:03:21.630 but also think about, you know, 00:03:21.630 --> 00:03:24.450 how they're benefiting and how you can benefit. 00:03:24.450 --> 00:03:25.680 And also try to shop 00:03:25.680 --> 00:03:28.020 around for different types of insurance policies. 00:03:28.020 --> 00:03:30.600 You'll often see some pretty dramatic differences 00:03:30.600 --> 00:03:32.280 in the price of the premium, 00:03:32.280 --> 00:03:34.320 that's that $200 a year 00:03:34.320 --> 00:03:35.583 that I just talked about.

Ways to manage financial risk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmB8h9eEPMw

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.870 --> 00:00:02.970 - So let's talk a little bit about the different ways 00:00:02.970 --> 00:00:04.410 that you can manage risk. 00:00:04.410 --> 00:00:06.630 And it's generally gonna fall into a few categories. 00:00:06.630 --> 00:00:09.060 You can obviously try to avoid the risk altogether 00:00:09.060 --> 00:00:10.560 or reduce it. 00:00:10.560 --> 00:00:12.750 You could say, "All right, that risk is there 00:00:12.750 --> 00:00:14.250 and I'm gonna retain the risk. 00:00:14.250 --> 00:00:15.360 And then how can I manage that?" 00:00:15.360 --> 00:00:18.330 Or you can actually transfer that risk to someone else. 00:00:18.330 --> 00:00:19.560 And we're gonna talk about all of those. 00:00:19.560 --> 00:00:21.810 So let's just pick a particular type of risk. 00:00:21.810 --> 00:00:23.790 Let's just say, one risk, 00:00:23.790 --> 00:00:26.010 one financial risk is your loss of income. 00:00:26.010 --> 00:00:27.660 What happens if you lose your job? 00:00:27.660 --> 00:00:28.830 Or if you run a business, 00:00:28.830 --> 00:00:30.420 what happens if the business goes under 00:00:30.420 --> 00:00:33.450 or it has lower income for some period of time? 00:00:33.450 --> 00:00:35.010 Well, the first strategy is obviously 00:00:35.010 --> 00:00:36.570 to avoid that as much as possible 00:00:36.570 --> 00:00:39.180 or to reduce the probability of that as much as possible. 00:00:39.180 --> 00:00:42.870 So if you're at a job, try to perform well at your job 00:00:42.870 --> 00:00:46.650 so if they're firing folks or if they're doing layoffs, 00:00:46.650 --> 00:00:49.590 you are a crucial employee that they can't let go. 00:00:49.590 --> 00:00:51.480 That is a good way of avoiding 00:00:51.480 --> 00:00:53.010 or at least reducing your risk. 00:00:53.010 --> 00:00:54.630 You can't completely avoid your risk. 00:00:54.630 --> 00:00:56.280 Things happen in the economy. 00:00:56.280 --> 00:00:57.750 No matter how good you are at work, 00:00:57.750 --> 00:01:01.110 sometimes you can get fired, you can get laid off. 00:01:01.110 --> 00:01:02.640 So always keep that in mind. 00:01:02.640 --> 00:01:05.970 But obviously, we all wanna reduce that as much as possible. 00:01:05.970 --> 00:01:07.530 Now that risk is there. 00:01:07.530 --> 00:01:09.030 You're not gonna be able to completely get it. 00:01:09.030 --> 00:01:10.860 So to some degree, you are going to retain 00:01:10.860 --> 00:01:13.020 some of that financial risk. 00:01:13.020 --> 00:01:15.570 And if you're taking that financial risk on, 00:01:15.570 --> 00:01:16.860 as we've talked about in the other videos, 00:01:16.860 --> 00:01:21.150 one of the best ways to protect yourself is by saving money. 00:01:21.150 --> 00:01:22.290 And I would say a combination: 00:01:22.290 --> 00:01:24.570 saving money and living below your means 00:01:24.570 --> 00:01:26.190 or having a very quick way 00:01:26.190 --> 00:01:28.110 of being able to live below your means 00:01:28.110 --> 00:01:31.320 if by chance you were to lose your income. 00:01:31.320 --> 00:01:33.240 Because if you do that, you have more time. 00:01:33.240 --> 00:01:34.680 You could live off of your savings, 00:01:34.680 --> 00:01:36.450 especially if you don't spend a lot to live, 00:01:36.450 --> 00:01:39.900 and you have time to transition to something else. 00:01:39.900 --> 00:01:41.760 Now you can also transfer the risk to others 00:01:41.760 --> 00:01:45.210 and that's usually through some form of insurance. 00:01:45.210 --> 00:01:48.240 There is government unemployment benefits, 00:01:48.240 --> 00:01:50.610 but oftentimes that's not going to be enough 00:01:50.610 --> 00:01:52.560 to cover your expenses. 00:01:52.560 --> 00:01:56.010 And there are other types of unemployment insurance 00:01:56.010 --> 00:01:57.570 that you might be able to get 00:01:57.570 --> 00:01:59.640 that's a little bit less common 00:01:59.640 --> 00:02:01.740 for people to get unemployment insurance 00:02:01.740 --> 00:02:02.610 above and beyond that. 00:02:02.610 --> 00:02:06.180 So most folks are usually, when it comes to loss of income, 00:02:06.180 --> 00:02:09.510 let's avoid it or minimize the chances of that happening, 00:02:09.510 --> 00:02:11.760 but then also create a nest egg. 00:02:11.760 --> 00:02:12.780 There's other forms of risk 00:02:12.780 --> 00:02:15.090 that we've talked about like liability. 00:02:15.090 --> 00:02:16.966 What happens if someone sues you 00:02:16.966 --> 00:02:20.670 because you know there's a car accident and you're at fault, 00:02:20.670 --> 00:02:23.460 or at least the judge decides that you're at fault 00:02:23.460 --> 00:02:26.550 and then you owe them a lot of money in a lawsuit? 00:02:26.550 --> 00:02:28.770 Well, once again, the best thing to do 00:02:28.770 --> 00:02:30.150 is to avoid or reduce. 00:02:30.150 --> 00:02:31.920 Now you can't avoid that risk completely 00:02:31.920 --> 00:02:33.780 unless you're willing to just not travel 00:02:33.780 --> 00:02:35.520 or not drive or anything like that. 00:02:35.520 --> 00:02:39.450 But you can reduce it by driving safely, conscientiously, 00:02:39.450 --> 00:02:41.760 not texting while you're in the car 00:02:41.760 --> 00:02:44.340 so that you're very unlikely to be at fault 00:02:44.340 --> 00:02:45.690 if there's any type of accident. 00:02:45.690 --> 00:02:46.920 You are a defensive driver. 00:02:46.920 --> 00:02:49.773 That's always should be the first line of attack. 00:02:50.640 --> 00:02:51.990 But then on top of that, 00:02:51.990 --> 00:02:55.380 if you could retain some of that risk, obviously, 00:02:55.380 --> 00:02:59.160 and the best way to manage that is save money, et cetera, 00:02:59.160 --> 00:03:00.720 so that if something were happen, 00:03:00.720 --> 00:03:03.780 it's not gonna be the end of the world for you financially. 00:03:03.780 --> 00:03:06.600 And what many folks do for that type of risk, 00:03:06.600 --> 00:03:07.530 and sometimes by law, 00:03:07.530 --> 00:03:08.730 in fact, in many states you have 00:03:08.730 --> 00:03:10.950 to have liability insurance. 00:03:10.950 --> 00:03:13.770 And so then you are paying an insurance company 00:03:13.770 --> 00:03:17.490 to transfer some or a lot of that risk of liability, 00:03:17.490 --> 00:03:21.930 it's usually capped to some amount, to an insurance company. 00:03:21.930 --> 00:03:23.430 And I recommend that as well, 00:03:23.430 --> 00:03:26.460 especially for things like liability. 00:03:26.460 --> 00:03:28.710 So once again, just always have that in front. 00:03:28.710 --> 00:03:30.660 Okay, what are my risks? 00:03:30.660 --> 00:03:32.820 Where can I completely avoid them? 00:03:32.820 --> 00:03:34.440 Usually you can't completely avoid them, 00:03:34.440 --> 00:03:36.690 but you can at least minimize them a little bit 00:03:36.690 --> 00:03:37.620 or reduce them. 00:03:37.620 --> 00:03:40.110 And then above and beyond that, 00:03:40.110 --> 00:03:42.330 since those risks are hopefully just going to be reduced, 00:03:42.330 --> 00:03:43.350 but they're still there, 00:03:43.350 --> 00:03:44.880 how much do you take it on yourself? 00:03:44.880 --> 00:03:47.580 And to manage that, you probably need to have some savings 00:03:47.580 --> 00:03:49.080 or how much do you transfer to others? 00:03:49.080 --> 00:03:51.637 And that's probably paying someone to ensure that, 00:03:51.637 --> 00:03:52.950 "Hey, if that thing happened 00:03:52.950 --> 00:03:55.947 that insurance company's got my back to a certain degree."

Types of financial risk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJQrJuiVK60

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.080 --> 00:00:02.670 - So let's talk about what I would consider 00:00:02.670 --> 00:00:04.500 a little bit of a downer topic, 00:00:04.500 --> 00:00:06.780 and then that's a financial risk. 00:00:06.780 --> 00:00:08.310 And I'll just tell you about the things 00:00:08.310 --> 00:00:10.260 that I worry about. 00:00:10.260 --> 00:00:11.430 First and foremost, 00:00:11.430 --> 00:00:14.040 what happens if I lose my job? 00:00:14.040 --> 00:00:15.750 And maybe it's a bad economy, 00:00:15.750 --> 00:00:17.100 and I have trouble getting a job, 00:00:17.100 --> 00:00:18.600 or I have trouble getting a job 00:00:18.600 --> 00:00:20.820 that's at the same level of income. 00:00:20.820 --> 00:00:22.290 What will I and my family 00:00:22.290 --> 00:00:23.730 then do to support ourselves? 00:00:23.730 --> 00:00:25.020 How will we pay our mortgage? 00:00:25.020 --> 00:00:27.330 How will we pay down other things that we need? 00:00:27.330 --> 00:00:30.240 How will we pay for food, et cetera. 00:00:30.240 --> 00:00:32.550 And in general, that type of risk. 00:00:32.550 --> 00:00:34.830 I think the best way to mitigate it 00:00:34.830 --> 00:00:37.530 if it happens is to have a nest egg 00:00:37.530 --> 00:00:40.170 to start saving money so that you can have 00:00:40.170 --> 00:00:43.350 several months to live off of it ideally, 00:00:43.350 --> 00:00:45.180 so that you have time to find a job, 00:00:45.180 --> 00:00:46.830 and you have a little bit of a cushion. 00:00:46.830 --> 00:00:48.060 If you need to downsize, 00:00:48.060 --> 00:00:50.910 it allows you to transition there. 00:00:50.910 --> 00:00:53.190 Another thing that I worry about is, 00:00:53.190 --> 00:00:55.830 well, what if something not losing my job, 00:00:55.830 --> 00:00:58.110 but what if I get injured in some way? 00:00:58.110 --> 00:00:59.730 What if I fall sick 00:00:59.730 --> 00:01:02.070 or what if someone I care about falls sick, 00:01:02.070 --> 00:01:05.670 and they need help with their medical bills? 00:01:05.670 --> 00:01:07.140 That could be a very, very, 00:01:07.140 --> 00:01:09.270 very significant expense. 00:01:09.270 --> 00:01:11.400 Now, things like illness 00:01:11.400 --> 00:01:13.710 or if I were to somehow get disabled somehow, 00:01:13.710 --> 00:01:14.940 so I can't work, 00:01:14.940 --> 00:01:16.980 there are sometimes insurances for that, 00:01:16.980 --> 00:01:19.620 especially things like disability insurance, 00:01:19.620 --> 00:01:22.380 but once again, probably the the best option. 00:01:22.380 --> 00:01:24.000 You might be able to get some insurance, 00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:25.890 but also to have a nest egg 00:01:25.890 --> 00:01:27.660 to save some money so that 00:01:27.660 --> 00:01:29.490 in case something were to happen, 00:01:29.490 --> 00:01:30.840 where the income gets interrupted 00:01:30.840 --> 00:01:33.540 either for yourself or your partner or others, 00:01:33.540 --> 00:01:37.830 that you have a cushion to support you in that. 00:01:37.830 --> 00:01:40.170 But there are many, many other types of risks. 00:01:40.170 --> 00:01:41.003 As I said, 00:01:41.003 --> 00:01:43.050 this is going to be a downer conversation. 00:01:43.050 --> 00:01:44.100 There's the risk of death. 00:01:44.100 --> 00:01:45.390 And I know what some of y'all are thinking. 00:01:45.390 --> 00:01:47.160 I thought this a little bit when I was young. 00:01:47.160 --> 00:01:48.024 Well, once I die, 00:01:48.024 --> 00:01:51.990 you know, why would I worry about finances 00:01:51.990 --> 00:01:53.280 at that that point? 00:01:53.280 --> 00:01:54.630 Well, there might be people 00:01:54.630 --> 00:01:57.060 who are dependent on you that you care about, 00:01:57.060 --> 00:01:59.100 that you want to still be in a good situation. 00:01:59.100 --> 00:02:01.020 And you know, I for example, 00:02:01.020 --> 00:02:01.950 once I had kids, 00:02:01.950 --> 00:02:03.420 I completely understood 00:02:03.420 --> 00:02:04.860 the point of life insurance. 00:02:04.860 --> 00:02:08.070 And so one, you can once again save money. 00:02:08.070 --> 00:02:09.750 Saving money is usually a good solution 00:02:09.750 --> 00:02:11.640 for many, many, many, many things. 00:02:11.640 --> 00:02:12.780 But on top of that, you know, 00:02:12.780 --> 00:02:15.930 I just recently extended my life insurance policy 00:02:15.930 --> 00:02:17.400 so that if anything were to happen to me, 00:02:17.400 --> 00:02:19.680 obviously our income would go away. 00:02:19.680 --> 00:02:21.870 My wife might need more help, 00:02:21.870 --> 00:02:24.480 help being able to raise the family. 00:02:24.480 --> 00:02:26.130 So I have a life insurance policy 00:02:26.130 --> 00:02:27.660 to help in that situation. 00:02:27.660 --> 00:02:28.830 So if I were to pass, 00:02:28.830 --> 00:02:30.630 the insurance company would pay 00:02:30.630 --> 00:02:33.510 my family money to help them out. 00:02:33.510 --> 00:02:35.400 And I will say that even savings, 00:02:35.400 --> 00:02:39.090 and investment come with some financial risk. 00:02:39.090 --> 00:02:40.800 You can lose money on your savings 00:02:40.800 --> 00:02:43.890 or especially on your investment. 00:02:43.890 --> 00:02:45.930 The stock market can go down. 00:02:45.930 --> 00:02:47.490 You might have a lot of your savings. 00:02:47.490 --> 00:02:48.570 In fact, most people do 00:02:48.570 --> 00:02:51.420 have a lot of their wealth in their house, 00:02:51.420 --> 00:02:55.200 and housing prices can sometimes go down. 00:02:55.200 --> 00:02:57.090 So that is a real risk. 00:02:57.090 --> 00:02:58.140 And even with savings, 00:02:58.140 --> 00:02:59.520 if there's a lot of inflation, 00:02:59.520 --> 00:03:01.080 and your money's just sitting in the bank 00:03:01.080 --> 00:03:02.130 getting less interest 00:03:02.130 --> 00:03:03.540 than the amount of inflation 00:03:03.540 --> 00:03:06.120 that there's there, then in actual ability 00:03:06.120 --> 00:03:07.380 to buy things with that money, 00:03:07.380 --> 00:03:08.760 it could be going down. 00:03:08.760 --> 00:03:11.280 So there's even a risk there. 00:03:11.280 --> 00:03:14.100 So generally speaking, it you know, 00:03:14.100 --> 00:03:15.240 I don't want you to get too anxious 00:03:15.240 --> 00:03:17.490 or paranoid about financial risk, 00:03:17.490 --> 00:03:20.280 but it's healthy to be aware of all of the risks 00:03:20.280 --> 00:03:21.240 that might be out there. 00:03:21.240 --> 00:03:22.830 I didn't list all of them. 00:03:22.830 --> 00:03:24.480 And the general mechanisms 00:03:24.480 --> 00:03:27.570 you're going to have to make sure that 00:03:27.570 --> 00:03:28.860 that you have some cushion in life 00:03:28.860 --> 00:03:32.010 is ideally saving and then you might be able 00:03:32.010 --> 00:03:33.780 to get insurance for certain things. 00:03:33.780 --> 00:03:34.980 And there's other types of risk. 00:03:34.980 --> 00:03:35.910 I mean the more I think about it, 00:03:35.910 --> 00:03:37.290 unfortunately, it's easy to think of other words. 00:03:37.290 --> 00:03:38.370 There's liability. 00:03:38.370 --> 00:03:39.900 If you got into a car accident 00:03:39.900 --> 00:03:41.100 and and you're in the wrong, 00:03:41.100 --> 00:03:42.810 and someone sues you, 00:03:42.810 --> 00:03:45.180 you could owe a lot of money to them. 00:03:45.180 --> 00:03:47.100 And once again, there's insurances for that. 00:03:47.100 --> 00:03:48.540 Liability insurance. 00:03:48.540 --> 00:03:50.820 But if it goes above and beyond 00:03:50.820 --> 00:03:51.900 the insurance cap, 00:03:51.900 --> 00:03:54.616 or if you didn't have insurance, 00:03:54.616 --> 00:03:57.660 people could go bankrupt over a liability 00:03:57.660 --> 00:03:58.620 or owing someone. 00:03:58.620 --> 00:03:59.760 You could have property damage. 00:03:59.760 --> 00:04:01.320 Let's say your house gets struck by lightning 00:04:01.320 --> 00:04:02.580 or burns down and you didn't have 00:04:02.580 --> 00:04:03.660 insurance on it, 00:04:03.660 --> 00:04:06.240 well that can really hurt you financially. 00:04:06.240 --> 00:04:09.240 So once again, think about the risks. 00:04:09.240 --> 00:04:11.640 Don't, don't have too many sleepless nights 00:04:11.640 --> 00:04:12.473 about them. 00:04:12.473 --> 00:04:14.010 I try not to. 00:04:14.010 --> 00:04:15.930 But best thing is to just think about 00:04:15.930 --> 00:04:19.110 where you can be insured and it's reasonable. 00:04:19.110 --> 00:04:20.610 Think about where you can save money, 00:04:20.610 --> 00:04:22.800 and then also be very careful 00:04:22.800 --> 00:04:24.210 so that some of these risks 00:04:24.210 --> 00:04:25.380 don't hap happen to you. 00:04:25.380 --> 00:04:27.630 Like you know, take precautions 00:04:27.630 --> 00:04:29.700 so that hopefully you don't have liability 00:04:29.700 --> 00:04:31.230 or take precautions so that 00:04:31.230 --> 00:04:32.910 someone can't steal your identity 00:04:32.910 --> 00:04:33.960 or steal your credit card, 00:04:33.960 --> 00:04:34.793 and take money from you. 00:04:34.793 --> 00:04:35.820 That's another financial risk. 00:04:35.820 --> 00:04:37.350 And that one is, well, 00:04:37.350 --> 00:04:39.060 there is some identity theft insurance, 00:04:39.060 --> 00:04:39.960 and things like that, 00:04:39.960 --> 00:04:40.793 but that you know, 00:04:40.793 --> 00:04:42.660 the best thing to do is just to be careful. 00:04:42.660 --> 00:04:43.920 So be careful out there. 00:04:43.920 --> 00:04:45.840 Save your money and you might wanna 00:04:45.840 --> 00:04:47.840 think about insurance where appropriate.

Insurance terminology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6R35yGrsgQ

vtt

https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=d6R35yGrsgQ&ei=n1WUZafwIpmjp-oP0LS14Aw&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=4D8DF55A17BCFB5C68149D8B8F934D0E8CE14F6E.B22B321B120C7E86A9428DDD68977E1F2EBED128&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.282 --> 00:00:02.580 - Now let's talk about some of the words 00:00:02.580 --> 00:00:05.700 you're likely to hear if you're dealing with insurance. 00:00:05.700 --> 00:00:09.900 So the first one is a premium or an insurance premium, 00:00:09.900 --> 00:00:11.670 and that's really just what you're paying 00:00:11.670 --> 00:00:13.560 in order to get the insurance. 00:00:13.560 --> 00:00:18.560 So if you pay, let's say $200 a month for health insurance, 00:00:18.960 --> 00:00:21.870 that $200 a month is your premium. 00:00:21.870 --> 00:00:23.190 Now the other number 00:00:23.190 --> 00:00:26.370 or the other word you'll hear a lot is deductible. 00:00:26.370 --> 00:00:28.020 Now this is an amount of money 00:00:28.020 --> 00:00:30.090 that you're going to have to pay 00:00:30.090 --> 00:00:31.950 and then only when you get above that amount, 00:00:31.950 --> 00:00:33.690 then the insurance kicks in. 00:00:33.690 --> 00:00:38.190 So let's say your health insurance has a $5,000 deductible, 00:00:38.190 --> 00:00:40.530 and let's say you have to go through some type of, 00:00:40.530 --> 00:00:41.790 and let's say it's the beginning of the year. 00:00:41.790 --> 00:00:43.650 Usually it's based on a calendar year, 00:00:43.650 --> 00:00:46.650 and you have to get some type of healthcare done, 00:00:46.650 --> 00:00:48.630 and it costs $2,000. 00:00:48.630 --> 00:00:51.900 Well, you're going to pay that $2,000 out of pocket. 00:00:51.900 --> 00:00:54.110 You're going to pay that yourself, 00:00:54.110 --> 00:00:56.490 because you haven't hit the deductible yet. 00:00:56.490 --> 00:00:58.260 Let's say you have to go in that same year, 00:00:58.260 --> 00:01:01.230 do another thing that costs $3,000. 00:01:01.230 --> 00:01:04.050 Once again, you're going to pay that out of pocket, 00:01:04.050 --> 00:01:05.070 which is just another way of saying 00:01:05.070 --> 00:01:06.570 you're gonna pay that yourself. 00:01:06.570 --> 00:01:07.740 It's not gonna come through insurance, 00:01:07.740 --> 00:01:10.754 but so far you have paid $5,000, 00:01:10.754 --> 00:01:13.950 $2,000 for the first thing, $3,000 for the second thing. 00:01:13.950 --> 00:01:15.990 And now if you were to go 00:01:15.990 --> 00:01:19.560 and let's say have to get a another $5,000 procedure done 00:01:19.560 --> 00:01:20.670 in that same year, 00:01:20.670 --> 00:01:22.740 now the insurance will kick in 00:01:22.740 --> 00:01:24.540 because you used up your deductible. 00:01:24.540 --> 00:01:27.060 So if there's a $5,000 deductible, 00:01:27.060 --> 00:01:28.560 and you'll see it on health insurance, 00:01:28.560 --> 00:01:29.880 you'll see it on car insurance. 00:01:29.880 --> 00:01:31.320 You pay that first amount, 00:01:31.320 --> 00:01:33.960 and then the insurance kicks in above and beyond that. 00:01:33.960 --> 00:01:34.793 Now you might say, 00:01:34.793 --> 00:01:36.690 "Well, why would I ever have or want a deductible?" 00:01:36.690 --> 00:01:39.240 Well, usually the higher the deductible, 00:01:39.240 --> 00:01:40.980 the lower your premium. 00:01:40.980 --> 00:01:42.000 You usually have to pay less 00:01:42.000 --> 00:01:44.400 for insurance that has a high deductible. 00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:46.140 From an insurance company's point of view, 00:01:46.140 --> 00:01:48.630 they say, "Okay, the deductible is kind of an incentive 00:01:48.630 --> 00:01:51.630 for you to not necessarily use this service, 00:01:51.630 --> 00:01:53.730 you know, get your car in a wreck all the time, 00:01:53.730 --> 00:01:56.490 or necessarily have to go to healthcare all the time." 00:01:56.490 --> 00:01:57.570 And from your point of view, 00:01:57.570 --> 00:01:59.130 you might say, "Hey, you know what? 00:01:59.130 --> 00:02:01.590 I really, I'm willing to take a deductible, 00:02:01.590 --> 00:02:02.850 because at the end of the day, 00:02:02.850 --> 00:02:04.560 insurance is really for 00:02:04.560 --> 00:02:07.860 if the bills become really, really, really large." 00:02:07.860 --> 00:02:08.880 So just another example. 00:02:08.880 --> 00:02:12.600 Let's say your car insurance has a $5,000 deductible. 00:02:12.600 --> 00:02:14.268 Well, I'll use a different number. 00:02:14.268 --> 00:02:17.940 Let's say your car insurance has a $1,000 deductible, 00:02:17.940 --> 00:02:21.060 and then you were to get into some type of a fender bender, 00:02:21.060 --> 00:02:22.357 and the mechanic says, 00:02:22.357 --> 00:02:25.470 "It's gonna cost $3,000 to repair this car." 00:02:25.470 --> 00:02:28.290 Well, then you would file a claim 00:02:28.290 --> 00:02:29.250 with your insurance company, 00:02:29.250 --> 00:02:30.570 that's saying, "Hey, something happened. 00:02:30.570 --> 00:02:32.040 I'm gonna need to get paid out a little bit, 00:02:32.040 --> 00:02:33.870 'cause I've been paying this premium all this time." 00:02:33.870 --> 00:02:35.850 And the insurance company says, "Okay, we'll pay it, 00:02:35.850 --> 00:02:37.650 but you have a $1,000 deductible. 00:02:37.650 --> 00:02:40.440 So you pay that $1,000 out of pocket, 00:02:40.440 --> 00:02:43.320 and then we are going to pay the remaining $2,000 00:02:43.320 --> 00:02:46.980 for that total of $3,000 for the repair." 00:02:46.980 --> 00:02:49.590 Now, the last thing I'll talk about is, 00:02:49.590 --> 00:02:51.780 there's oftentimes some type of limit 00:02:51.780 --> 00:02:54.540 to the insurance policy, 00:02:54.540 --> 00:02:57.120 or sometimes they'll call it a policy limit, 00:02:57.120 --> 00:02:58.590 and that's this idea 00:02:58.590 --> 00:03:01.650 that the insurance might cover you up to a certain amount. 00:03:01.650 --> 00:03:03.270 So let's say you have liability insurance. 00:03:03.270 --> 00:03:04.290 That's really just insurance 00:03:04.290 --> 00:03:07.500 in case someone sues you for doing something wrong. 00:03:07.500 --> 00:03:08.880 Usually that has a limit to it, 00:03:08.880 --> 00:03:11.010 so it might have a $100,000 limit 00:03:11.010 --> 00:03:13.050 or $500,000, whatever it means. 00:03:13.050 --> 00:03:15.540 And what that means is, let's say someone sues you, 00:03:15.540 --> 00:03:17.490 and if the court decides 00:03:17.490 --> 00:03:19.650 that you have to pay them $100,000, 00:03:19.650 --> 00:03:21.240 let's say your limit is $100,000, 00:03:21.240 --> 00:03:24.210 then the insurance company will pay the $100,000. 00:03:24.210 --> 00:03:25.290 But let's say the court decides 00:03:25.290 --> 00:03:27.780 that you owe that other person who just sued you 00:03:27.780 --> 00:03:29.910 for some type of liability. 00:03:29.910 --> 00:03:32.460 Let's say you have to owe them $125,000. 00:03:32.460 --> 00:03:34.950 Well, then the insurance company will go up to the 100,000 00:03:34.950 --> 00:03:36.360 and then you're gonna have to pay 00:03:36.360 --> 00:03:39.420 that other $25,000 out of pocket. 00:03:39.420 --> 00:03:41.620 One last word now that I really think about, 00:03:42.480 --> 00:03:44.940 is the notion of a copay, 00:03:44.940 --> 00:03:46.980 and you're gonna see a copay a lot 00:03:46.980 --> 00:03:48.570 when you're thinking about health insurance, 00:03:48.570 --> 00:03:50.910 whether it's health insurance or dental insurance. 00:03:50.910 --> 00:03:52.500 And that's this idea that 00:03:52.500 --> 00:03:54.240 let's say you go for your regular checkups, 00:03:54.240 --> 00:03:56.340 either your dental checkups or your healthcare checkups. 00:03:56.340 --> 00:03:58.800 You might see copays at other places. 00:03:58.800 --> 00:04:02.820 The actual cost of that checkup might be three or $400, 00:04:02.820 --> 00:04:04.560 and the insurance company says, "You know what? 00:04:04.560 --> 00:04:06.450 We will cover some of this, 00:04:06.450 --> 00:04:07.620 what we'll call preventative care," 00:04:07.620 --> 00:04:09.180 which is care that, you know, checkups, 00:04:09.180 --> 00:04:10.140 make sure you don't get sicker. 00:04:10.140 --> 00:04:12.240 And it makes sense for insurance companies to do that, 00:04:12.240 --> 00:04:13.440 because the sicker you get, 00:04:13.440 --> 00:04:16.050 the more expensive your health bills could get. 00:04:16.050 --> 00:04:17.077 But they say, 00:04:17.077 --> 00:04:20.190 "There is some amount that you have to pay alongside us," 00:04:20.190 --> 00:04:21.600 so that's what the copay is. 00:04:21.600 --> 00:04:24.420 So for example, with my health insurance, 00:04:24.420 --> 00:04:28.320 I go, I get a checkup, I have to pay a $20 copay. 00:04:28.320 --> 00:04:29.700 It might cost a few hundred dollars 00:04:29.700 --> 00:04:30.900 of what the insurance company's paying, 00:04:30.900 --> 00:04:33.720 but I pay $20 alongside that. 00:04:33.720 --> 00:04:36.600 So hopefully you're a little bit more knowledgeable 00:04:36.600 --> 00:04:37.830 about some of the words of insurance. 00:04:37.830 --> 00:04:39.930 I obviously, I didn't know all of these words 00:04:39.930 --> 00:04:41.550 until, honestly, I had left college 00:04:41.550 --> 00:04:43.650 and I had to get insurance myself. 00:04:43.650 --> 00:04:44.670 So if you already know these, 00:04:44.670 --> 00:04:45.780 and especially if you haven't got, 00:04:45.780 --> 00:04:47.400 you know, if you're younger, 00:04:47.400 --> 00:04:49.200 you're very much ahead of the curve.

Car insurance basics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWEiafGi4QE

vtt

https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=cWEiafGi4QE&ei=n1WUZZ_ZGpGMvdIP1KuSwAU&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=649A24891C41F87037858C0D48A3F7A1770EB48B.B4BFA4AA976E29C308B58D4A1E3FA69A86546F32&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.230 --> 00:00:04.740 - So cars are something that usually involves 00:00:04.740 --> 00:00:06.000 some type of insurance. 00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:10.320 One cars are a pretty expensive asset that many of us own. 00:00:10.320 --> 00:00:13.050 The other issue is cars are driving around pretty fast 00:00:13.050 --> 00:00:16.440 and they can actually cause a lot of damage to property 00:00:16.440 --> 00:00:18.150 or to people. 00:00:18.150 --> 00:00:19.740 And so the first thing to think about 00:00:19.740 --> 00:00:22.170 of any type of insurance is what's the premium? 00:00:22.170 --> 00:00:23.430 What do you pay for that insurance? 00:00:23.430 --> 00:00:25.950 And then what's the deductible? 00:00:25.950 --> 00:00:28.260 Remember, in other videos we talk about that deductible. 00:00:28.260 --> 00:00:30.060 If you have a $5,000 deductible 00:00:30.060 --> 00:00:32.580 that means you have to spend the first $5,000 yourself. 00:00:32.580 --> 00:00:34.320 People will often say that's out of pocket 00:00:34.320 --> 00:00:36.270 and then the insurance kicks in. 00:00:36.270 --> 00:00:38.760 Usually the higher the deductible 00:00:38.760 --> 00:00:40.440 for a given amount of coverage 00:00:40.440 --> 00:00:42.780 or depending on the different dimensions of coverage, 00:00:42.780 --> 00:00:44.460 the lower the premium's going to be 00:00:44.460 --> 00:00:45.960 because the insurance company feels like, 00:00:45.960 --> 00:00:47.250 well, yeah it's gonna be less likely 00:00:47.250 --> 00:00:49.230 that we're going to have to pay for something. 00:00:49.230 --> 00:00:51.330 But then above and beyond premiums and deductibles 00:00:51.330 --> 00:00:53.010 there's a lot of different dimensions 00:00:53.010 --> 00:00:54.750 of automobile insurance. 00:00:54.750 --> 00:00:57.570 The first dimension is that of liability. 00:00:57.570 --> 00:00:59.160 And liability really matters 00:00:59.160 --> 00:01:02.850 because a car might cost tens of thousands of dollars 00:01:02.850 --> 00:01:05.850 but if heaven forbid you were to run into someone 00:01:05.850 --> 00:01:07.620 or cause damage to someone else, 00:01:07.620 --> 00:01:11.940 especially if they could get really hurt or worse 00:01:11.940 --> 00:01:16.590 you could be liable for hundreds of thousands of dollars. 00:01:16.590 --> 00:01:19.620 So it could be much more expensive than the car itself. 00:01:19.620 --> 00:01:21.720 And many states actually require you 00:01:21.720 --> 00:01:24.060 to actually have liability insurance, 00:01:24.060 --> 00:01:25.620 even if you aren't required, 00:01:25.620 --> 00:01:29.040 I highly recommend that you have liability insurance 00:01:29.040 --> 00:01:30.630 and no matter how carefully you drive 00:01:30.630 --> 00:01:33.930 and I do recommend you drive carefully, accidents do happen. 00:01:33.930 --> 00:01:35.670 People clearly get hurt on the road, 00:01:35.670 --> 00:01:37.380 and if someone were to sue you 00:01:37.380 --> 00:01:38.970 and you were to lose a lawsuit 00:01:38.970 --> 00:01:40.230 that would cost a lot of money. 00:01:40.230 --> 00:01:41.850 And even if you don't lose the lawsuit 00:01:41.850 --> 00:01:43.800 the legal expenses can be a lot. 00:01:43.800 --> 00:01:47.010 So having liability insurance can help out there. 00:01:47.010 --> 00:01:49.380 Now, beyond liability, obviously, 00:01:49.380 --> 00:01:51.480 what most people think of when they think of car insurance 00:01:51.480 --> 00:01:53.250 is your car gets into an accident, 00:01:53.250 --> 00:01:55.170 there is some damage involved, 00:01:55.170 --> 00:01:57.030 how do you repair that damage? 00:01:57.030 --> 00:01:59.280 So that is collision insurance 00:01:59.280 --> 00:02:00.577 and many car insurances, they'll say, 00:02:00.577 --> 00:02:02.430 "Okay, we're gonna cover liability for this much. 00:02:02.430 --> 00:02:04.110 We're gonna cover collision for this much. 00:02:04.110 --> 00:02:06.360 And that's pure if you get in an accident, 00:02:06.360 --> 00:02:07.920 you are covered for that." 00:02:07.920 --> 00:02:09.840 Now, sometimes there's another little piece 00:02:09.840 --> 00:02:11.850 called uninsured insurance, 00:02:11.850 --> 00:02:15.240 or if someone is underinsured or uninsured 00:02:15.240 --> 00:02:18.030 and your car gets damaged, well then, 00:02:18.030 --> 00:02:19.470 and really they were at fault. 00:02:19.470 --> 00:02:21.540 Some states don't try to say who is at fault 00:02:21.540 --> 00:02:23.730 and different people's insurance just covered 00:02:23.730 --> 00:02:24.660 their own stuff. 00:02:24.660 --> 00:02:26.850 But in other states they say, "Okay, who is at fault?" 00:02:26.850 --> 00:02:29.490 If let's say I get into a car accident with you, 00:02:29.490 --> 00:02:34.320 and if I was at fault, if they decide that I was at fault, 00:02:34.320 --> 00:02:35.760 then my insurance would have to cover 00:02:35.760 --> 00:02:39.210 not just the damage to my car, but to your car as well. 00:02:39.210 --> 00:02:41.640 But then if I wasn't insured, 00:02:41.640 --> 00:02:43.440 then you would have a situation 00:02:43.440 --> 00:02:47.010 where you have the underinsured or uninsured policy 00:02:47.010 --> 00:02:48.420 where if you get into an accident with someone 00:02:48.420 --> 00:02:51.720 who's not insured, even if they were in fault 00:02:51.720 --> 00:02:53.490 that it will still cover it. 00:02:53.490 --> 00:02:55.740 So you have the liability, you have the collision. 00:02:55.740 --> 00:02:57.300 If you actually get into an accident 00:02:57.300 --> 00:02:58.860 and there's damage, we could talk about 00:02:58.860 --> 00:03:03.000 if it covers the uninsured or underinsured side of things. 00:03:03.000 --> 00:03:04.170 But then what if a situation 00:03:04.170 --> 00:03:05.700 where you didn't get into a car accident, 00:03:05.700 --> 00:03:08.760 a tree falls on your car or hail damages your car, 00:03:08.760 --> 00:03:10.650 or someone steals your car? 00:03:10.650 --> 00:03:13.020 Well, that's comprehensive coverage. 00:03:13.020 --> 00:03:14.250 So collision is an accident. 00:03:14.250 --> 00:03:16.800 Comprehensive covers all of these other things. 00:03:16.800 --> 00:03:18.570 It is literally comprehensive. 00:03:18.570 --> 00:03:21.510 And then the last dimension is medical expenses. 00:03:21.510 --> 00:03:22.343 Obviously, 00:03:22.343 --> 00:03:24.450 none of us want to fall into one of these situations, 00:03:24.450 --> 00:03:26.430 but if you get into a car accident, 00:03:26.430 --> 00:03:28.680 it's not just your car that might get damaged, 00:03:28.680 --> 00:03:30.780 you or other occupants in your car 00:03:30.780 --> 00:03:33.870 or someone else's car might get hurt as well. 00:03:33.870 --> 00:03:36.720 And as you know, medical expenses, or maybe you don't know, 00:03:36.720 --> 00:03:38.700 medical expenses could easily be 00:03:38.700 --> 00:03:40.080 tens of thousands of dollars. 00:03:40.080 --> 00:03:44.340 It could be more costly than the value of the car itself. 00:03:44.340 --> 00:03:47.190 So once again, that's another piece of insurance. 00:03:47.190 --> 00:03:49.650 So when you get into a policy look at what you're paying, 00:03:49.650 --> 00:03:52.830 look at the premium and look at the deductible, 00:03:52.830 --> 00:03:54.750 but not all insurances are equivalent. 00:03:54.750 --> 00:03:56.490 Obviously, you have different deductibles 00:03:56.490 --> 00:03:58.830 but they all have different amounts. 00:03:58.830 --> 00:04:01.980 Some you should see whether your policy even covers, 00:04:01.980 --> 00:04:03.930 liability versus collision versus comprehensive 00:04:03.930 --> 00:04:05.280 versus medical expenses. 00:04:05.280 --> 00:04:06.810 What are the different deductibles? 00:04:06.810 --> 00:04:08.220 Do they have limits under those? 00:04:08.220 --> 00:04:10.890 Do they have certain restrictions where it might not apply? 00:04:10.890 --> 00:04:13.020 Does it apply if only you're the driver 00:04:13.020 --> 00:04:14.460 or someone else is the driver? 00:04:14.460 --> 00:04:15.720 So these are all the details 00:04:15.720 --> 00:04:17.940 that it's really good for you to know about 00:04:17.940 --> 00:04:21.693 when you're making insurance purchasing decisions.

Consumer protection

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7I6MTgRxg00

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.380 --> 00:00:03.660 - So one thing to think about as you think about 00:00:03.660 --> 00:00:07.290 your own financial literacy is what do you do in a situation 00:00:07.290 --> 00:00:10.290 where you try to interact with some type of a business 00:00:10.290 --> 00:00:13.620 or a financial institution and they either are 00:00:13.620 --> 00:00:16.530 misinforming you in some way or they're not doing 00:00:16.530 --> 00:00:17.760 what they said they would do? 00:00:17.760 --> 00:00:22.230 For example, let's say that you buy something online 00:00:22.230 --> 00:00:25.620 and you give the payment, you give the credit card, 00:00:25.620 --> 00:00:26.850 and they take the money from you 00:00:26.850 --> 00:00:28.620 but they don't send you what you thought 00:00:28.620 --> 00:00:29.820 they were going to send you. 00:00:29.820 --> 00:00:33.090 Or let's say you buy a product and it breaks immediately 00:00:33.090 --> 00:00:34.800 and maybe it's still in warranty, 00:00:34.800 --> 00:00:36.540 but they don't really fix that. 00:00:36.540 --> 00:00:38.250 Who could you turn to? 00:00:38.250 --> 00:00:41.460 Well, the main entity in the United States for that 00:00:41.460 --> 00:00:43.170 is known as the Better Business Bureau, 00:00:43.170 --> 00:00:45.150 sometimes BBB for short. 00:00:45.150 --> 00:00:47.940 And it's actually an independent not-for-profit 00:00:47.940 --> 00:00:50.160 but it exists for this exact reason. 00:00:50.160 --> 00:00:53.370 If there's a business that you think is doing 00:00:53.370 --> 00:00:55.020 not so great business practices, 00:00:55.020 --> 00:00:58.380 you can file a complaint with the Better Business Bureau 00:00:58.380 --> 00:01:00.960 and they actually will log that complaint 00:01:00.960 --> 00:01:05.040 and they keep track the same way that businesses 00:01:05.040 --> 00:01:08.516 or financial institutions keep track of your credit score. 00:01:08.516 --> 00:01:11.040 The Better Business Bureau keeps scores or ratings 00:01:11.040 --> 00:01:14.490 for businesses on how good their business practices are. 00:01:14.490 --> 00:01:17.370 And it's somewhat measured by the complaints 00:01:17.370 --> 00:01:19.470 that people are putting in on that business 00:01:19.470 --> 00:01:23.910 and to what degree those complaints are actually legitimate. 00:01:23.910 --> 00:01:26.280 Now, it's not just about buying a product 00:01:26.280 --> 00:01:29.070 or whether someone fixes a product or warranty, 00:01:29.070 --> 00:01:31.800 there's also situations where people might use 00:01:31.800 --> 00:01:35.040 misinformation or maybe not complete information 00:01:35.040 --> 00:01:37.380 or not complete education to take advantage 00:01:37.380 --> 00:01:39.270 of you the consumer. 00:01:39.270 --> 00:01:42.240 There's a lot of situations if you go back into actually 00:01:42.240 --> 00:01:45.270 just world history where especially financial institutions 00:01:45.270 --> 00:01:47.280 say, hey, give us a little bit of this money 00:01:47.280 --> 00:01:49.080 and we'll invest it in really good ways 00:01:49.080 --> 00:01:50.940 and it's gonna come out really well, 00:01:50.940 --> 00:01:53.160 or we'll give you this loan 00:01:53.160 --> 00:01:55.140 and there's no strings attached, 00:01:55.140 --> 00:01:56.640 but maybe there are some strings attached. 00:01:56.640 --> 00:01:58.830 Or maybe it was a more of a loan than you realized 00:01:58.830 --> 00:01:59.663 you were getting into, 00:01:59.663 --> 00:02:01.440 or there's certain aspects of the loan 00:02:01.440 --> 00:02:03.600 that might get you in trouble. 00:02:03.600 --> 00:02:06.420 And to help prevent that there is a federal agency 00:02:06.420 --> 00:02:08.520 called the Consumer Financial Protection Board. 00:02:08.520 --> 00:02:11.460 It came out of the banking crisis of 2011, 00:02:11.460 --> 00:02:15.210 when there were a lot of folks who were kind of 00:02:15.210 --> 00:02:17.400 not given all the details or maybe didn't have all 00:02:17.400 --> 00:02:19.950 of the necessary information to make a decision 00:02:19.950 --> 00:02:21.270 about taking out a big loan 00:02:21.270 --> 00:02:24.150 or maybe the interest rate will change dramatically, go up. 00:02:24.150 --> 00:02:26.070 They didn't realize the risks that were involved 00:02:26.070 --> 00:02:28.950 of taking out a big loan for an asset 00:02:28.950 --> 00:02:30.570 that was very speculative. 00:02:30.570 --> 00:02:32.970 Maybe the price of that might go down like a house 00:02:32.970 --> 00:02:34.920 in an area where the housing prices 00:02:34.920 --> 00:02:35.970 have just gone up a lot. 00:02:35.970 --> 00:02:39.480 And more extreme examples there's things like payday loans 00:02:39.480 --> 00:02:42.180 where fairly vulnerable folks might go into these loans 00:02:42.180 --> 00:02:45.000 not understanding the interest involved 00:02:45.000 --> 00:02:49.200 which is ginormous, to use a technical word. 00:02:49.200 --> 00:02:51.540 So that's what the Consumer Financial Protection Board does 00:02:51.540 --> 00:02:53.850 is to make sure that folks are informed, 00:02:53.850 --> 00:02:55.710 that people aren't doing misinformation 00:02:55.710 --> 00:03:00.150 or taking advantage of people's lack of knowledge. 00:03:00.150 --> 00:03:02.550 Now, those are the two big ones on a federal level, 00:03:02.550 --> 00:03:04.740 but there's also going to be other groups. 00:03:04.740 --> 00:03:07.830 There's groups that help monitor the types of securities 00:03:07.830 --> 00:03:08.670 that might get issued. 00:03:08.670 --> 00:03:09.840 You might say, well, what's a security? 00:03:09.840 --> 00:03:12.030 Well, it's things like a stock or a bond. 00:03:12.030 --> 00:03:14.610 And as you can imagine, if there's some kind of 00:03:14.610 --> 00:03:17.100 shady company that really has nothing behind it 00:03:17.100 --> 00:03:18.540 but says, hey, here's some shares 00:03:18.540 --> 00:03:20.670 and these shares are in the newest hot thing 00:03:20.670 --> 00:03:23.370 like it's artificial intelligence, biotech, 00:03:23.370 --> 00:03:25.470 whatever, whatever, a lot of people might say, 00:03:25.470 --> 00:03:27.390 oh, I'm just gonna buy those shares without realizing 00:03:27.390 --> 00:03:28.710 there's no company behind it. 00:03:28.710 --> 00:03:31.650 And so you also have groups that regulate 00:03:31.650 --> 00:03:33.060 things like securities. 00:03:33.060 --> 00:03:35.640 You have groups that regulate especially at a state level, 00:03:35.640 --> 00:03:37.080 insurance. 00:03:37.080 --> 00:03:38.670 It's one thing for someone to say they're going 00:03:38.670 --> 00:03:40.740 to insure you and collect your premium, 00:03:40.740 --> 00:03:43.020 but when the bad thing actually happens 00:03:43.020 --> 00:03:45.390 and you need to get the the payout, 00:03:45.390 --> 00:03:47.040 are they going to be there for you? 00:03:47.040 --> 00:03:49.530 That's why insurance is pretty regulated to make sure 00:03:49.530 --> 00:03:51.450 that the people who say they're offering insurance 00:03:51.450 --> 00:03:53.280 are actually good for it. 00:03:53.280 --> 00:03:56.340 So you need to be wary, you need to be careful, 00:03:56.340 --> 00:03:57.870 but you should also be conscientious 00:03:57.870 --> 00:03:59.970 that there are entities out there 00:03:59.970 --> 00:04:03.063 that are there to help inform and protect you.

Area with partial grids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2MfAToi5WA

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.010 - [Teacher] We're told, "The following rectangle 00:00:02.010 --> 00:00:06.000 is partially split into unit squares. 00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:09.570 What is the area of the rectangle above?" 00:00:09.570 --> 00:00:12.930 So pause this video and see if you can figure that out. 00:00:12.930 --> 00:00:15.300 Alright, now let's do this together. 00:00:15.300 --> 00:00:18.030 So first it's good to just know what do they mean 00:00:18.030 --> 00:00:19.920 when they say area? 00:00:19.920 --> 00:00:22.800 Well, they say it's partially split into unit squares. 00:00:22.800 --> 00:00:24.060 When they're talking about a unit square 00:00:24.060 --> 00:00:26.730 they're talking about a square like this. 00:00:26.730 --> 00:00:28.920 And when we're talking about area, 00:00:28.920 --> 00:00:32.220 we're talking about how many of these unit squares 00:00:32.220 --> 00:00:35.400 would exactly cover this entire shape. 00:00:35.400 --> 00:00:38.400 That many unit squares would be the area 00:00:38.400 --> 00:00:40.860 of this entire rectangle. 00:00:40.860 --> 00:00:42.600 So how could we do that? 00:00:42.600 --> 00:00:45.930 Well, what we could do is we could keep drawing these lines 00:00:45.930 --> 00:00:47.790 that have already been partially drawn, 00:00:47.790 --> 00:00:51.720 and we can then see how many of these unit squares we have. 00:00:51.720 --> 00:00:54.930 So let's just finish drawing these lines here. 00:00:54.930 --> 00:00:57.420 I'll try to draw it as neatly as I can. 00:00:57.420 --> 00:01:02.250 So we have that. We have that like there. 00:01:02.250 --> 00:01:06.090 And then let me complete this one, 00:01:06.090 --> 00:01:09.210 and let me complete that one. I'm almost done. 00:01:09.210 --> 00:01:12.720 That one and then that one. 00:01:12.720 --> 00:01:14.580 And so what we have here, 00:01:14.580 --> 00:01:16.620 let's see how many rows do we have? 00:01:16.620 --> 00:01:21.620 We have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 rows. 00:01:22.470 --> 00:01:27.393 And in each of those rows, let me do it this way, five rows. 00:01:28.620 --> 00:01:31.290 And in each of those rows, how many squares do we have? 00:01:31.290 --> 00:01:35.850 Let's see, we have 1, 2, 3, 4. 00:01:35.850 --> 00:01:39.240 So you could view it as, we have five rows of four. 00:01:39.240 --> 00:01:42.540 So how many total of these unit squares exactly 00:01:42.540 --> 00:01:43.710 cover this rectangle? 00:01:43.710 --> 00:01:45.330 Well, we could just count them. 00:01:45.330 --> 00:01:47.310 We could see that that is going to be, 00:01:47.310 --> 00:01:48.840 well it's gonna be five rows of four. 00:01:48.840 --> 00:01:50.970 So it's gonna be one row, that's four. 00:01:50.970 --> 00:01:54.510 then another four, then another four, and then another four, 00:01:54.510 --> 00:01:55.770 and then another four. 00:01:55.770 --> 00:01:58.710 And let's see, yep, I have five fours here. 00:01:58.710 --> 00:02:01.920 I'm adding the five rows of four each there. 00:02:01.920 --> 00:02:04.110 And what is that going to be equal to? 00:02:04.110 --> 00:02:06.660 Well, this is going to be equal to four, plus four is eight, 00:02:06.660 --> 00:02:11.550 plus four is 12, plus four is 16, plus four is 20. 00:02:11.550 --> 00:02:14.220 So the area of the rectangle above is going to be 20. 00:02:14.220 --> 00:02:16.860 And it's important to say, "20 of what?" 00:02:16.860 --> 00:02:19.350 It's 20 square units. 00:02:19.350 --> 00:02:22.080 Or maybe I could say unit squares. Either way. 00:02:22.080 --> 00:02:24.300 But I'll call it square units. 00:02:24.300 --> 00:02:26.493 And we are done.

Decimal multiplication with grids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Phgu3ExLmY

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=3Phgu3ExLmY&ei=n1WUZaaYHcTXxN8PrqaM2AQ&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=ADBD7E45160FB1E67DF2A1C6829A7561EE4EB064.1963AA2663189CF04BA96DF3E969BE528D5B3FB6&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.480 --> 00:00:03.990 - [Instructor] So we're told the entire figure is one whole. 00:00:03.990 --> 00:00:07.470 So that is this entire square right over there. 00:00:07.470 --> 00:00:11.490 And then they ask us which multiplication equation 00:00:11.490 --> 00:00:13.590 best represents the figure. 00:00:13.590 --> 00:00:14.940 And so we're supposed to choose one 00:00:14.940 --> 00:00:16.050 of these four right over here. 00:00:16.050 --> 00:00:18.300 So pause this video, try it on your own 00:00:18.300 --> 00:00:20.103 before we work through it together. 00:00:21.060 --> 00:00:23.190 All right, now let's work through it together. 00:00:23.190 --> 00:00:27.300 So this whole square is a whole, and now let's first think 00:00:27.300 --> 00:00:30.660 about what's going on with this 3/10. 00:00:30.660 --> 00:00:32.640 So they've labeled the 3/10 00:00:32.640 --> 00:00:35.970 as three of these vertical bars right over here. 00:00:35.970 --> 00:00:40.970 We could view the 3/10 as these three vertical bars. 00:00:42.060 --> 00:00:45.690 And then they also have this 7/10, 00:00:45.690 --> 00:00:50.100 which are seven of these horizontal bars. 00:00:50.100 --> 00:00:54.530 And notice each of those bars are 1/10 of the whole. 00:00:54.530 --> 00:00:57.030 So we have seven of these horizontal bars. 00:00:57.030 --> 00:00:58.410 If that doesn't look like seven bars, 00:00:58.410 --> 00:00:59.700 let me just draw it this way. 00:00:59.700 --> 00:01:04.673 So that's one, two, three, four, 00:01:05.970 --> 00:01:08.820 five, six, and seven. 00:01:08.820 --> 00:01:10.680 And of course we see something similar 00:01:10.680 --> 00:01:12.120 with these vertical bars. 00:01:12.120 --> 00:01:16.560 That's one, two, and three. 00:01:16.560 --> 00:01:18.360 Now what's going on here is we're looking 00:01:18.360 --> 00:01:21.450 at where these bars overlap. 00:01:21.450 --> 00:01:23.760 And one way to think about that is 00:01:23.760 --> 00:01:28.020 the overlap is going to be 3/10 times 7/10. 00:01:28.020 --> 00:01:30.330 You could view this overlap... 00:01:30.330 --> 00:01:31.920 Let me do this in another color right over here. 00:01:31.920 --> 00:01:33.990 This overlap right over here. 00:01:33.990 --> 00:01:36.630 You could view that as 7/10 of the 3/10 00:01:36.630 --> 00:01:38.340 or 3/10 of the 7/10 00:01:38.340 --> 00:01:41.610 or 7/10 times 3/10. 00:01:41.610 --> 00:01:44.580 So we immediately know it's going to be either this choice 00:01:44.580 --> 00:01:47.149 that has 0.3 times 0.7 00:01:47.149 --> 00:01:51.270 or this choice that has 0.3 times 0.7. 00:01:51.270 --> 00:01:52.950 But let's see what this should be. 00:01:52.950 --> 00:01:54.960 Well, when we look at that overlap, 00:01:54.960 --> 00:01:57.810 we get 21 of these squares, 00:01:57.810 --> 00:02:00.690 because we have seven in this direction, 00:02:00.690 --> 00:02:01.523 three in this direction. 00:02:01.523 --> 00:02:04.110 I could count them, but we have 21 squares here. 00:02:04.110 --> 00:02:07.830 And each of those squares are what fraction of the whole? 00:02:07.830 --> 00:02:12.330 Well, each of those squares are now 1/100 of the whole 00:02:12.330 --> 00:02:14.220 because this is now a 10 by 10 grid, 00:02:14.220 --> 00:02:16.500 each of those is 1/100. 00:02:16.500 --> 00:02:19.140 So in the overlap we have 21 of these squares, 00:02:19.140 --> 00:02:21.570 that's 21/100. 00:02:21.570 --> 00:02:24.990 So 21/100 is 0.21. 00:02:24.990 --> 00:02:28.770 That's the same thing as 21/100, 00:02:28.770 --> 00:02:31.740 which is this choice right there. 00:02:31.740 --> 00:02:32.573 And we're done.

Electric forces

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQG83UvXn3w

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=OQG83UvXn3w&ei=n1WUZcCtGv6ImLAP5uapgAM&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=55B58A4E35B13BF19EA59A7852A64973F3CE56BF.4FE911DAA8CCBCA621AC3EEB30780F3A33923461&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.100 --> 00:00:03.290 - Have you ever taken a shirt out of a dryer 00:00:03.290 --> 00:00:05.490 and found a sock stuck to it? 00:00:05.490 --> 00:00:07.160 If you have, you might have noticed 00:00:07.160 --> 00:00:09.180 that once you pull the sock off 00:00:09.180 --> 00:00:10.950 it was still attracted to the shirt 00:00:10.950 --> 00:00:12.620 even when they weren't touching. 00:00:12.620 --> 00:00:14.550 What is even happening here? 00:00:14.550 --> 00:00:17.040 Well, it turns out there's an electric force 00:00:17.040 --> 00:00:18.760 between the shirt and the sock. 00:00:18.760 --> 00:00:22.750 Electric forces are a type of non-contact force, 00:00:22.750 --> 00:00:25.010 which means they can act on objects 00:00:25.010 --> 00:00:26.453 that aren't even touching. 00:00:27.440 --> 00:00:30.290 If you've ever noticed two balloons repelling each other, 00:00:30.290 --> 00:00:32.180 or if you've ever noticed your hair 00:00:32.180 --> 00:00:34.710 sticking to something like a balloon or a sweater, 00:00:34.710 --> 00:00:36.750 that's what I'm talking about. 00:00:36.750 --> 00:00:39.160 But why is there an electric force between 00:00:39.160 --> 00:00:42.570 the shirt and the sock after they're taken out of the dryer? 00:00:42.570 --> 00:00:45.920 Well, it turns out that electric forces are caused 00:00:45.920 --> 00:00:49.740 by a property of matter called electric charge. 00:00:49.740 --> 00:00:53.560 Matter is made up of tiny particles that can have positive, 00:00:53.560 --> 00:00:56.350 negative, or neutral charge. 00:00:56.350 --> 00:00:59.720 Neutral just means that the electric charge is zero, 00:00:59.720 --> 00:01:01.453 not positive or negative. 00:01:03.010 --> 00:01:05.970 When you add up all these charges most objects 00:01:05.970 --> 00:01:08.900 tend to have a net charge that is about neutral. 00:01:08.900 --> 00:01:12.070 Otherwise we'd be attracted to all sorts of things, 00:01:12.070 --> 00:01:13.770 just like that sock. 00:01:13.770 --> 00:01:17.250 However, an object's charge can change. 00:01:17.250 --> 00:01:20.370 So in the dryer all that heat and movement 00:01:20.370 --> 00:01:23.130 allowed some negative charges from the shirt 00:01:23.130 --> 00:01:25.150 to move to the sock. 00:01:25.150 --> 00:01:27.360 Now, when you try to separate the two, 00:01:27.360 --> 00:01:29.180 they're both electrically charged 00:01:29.180 --> 00:01:31.870 and there's an electric force between them. 00:01:31.870 --> 00:01:34.730 So now that we know what causes an electric force, 00:01:34.730 --> 00:01:38.040 let's look at what affects its direction and strength. 00:01:38.040 --> 00:01:42.410 An electric force can attract or repel an object. 00:01:42.410 --> 00:01:44.590 But how do you know if an electric force 00:01:44.590 --> 00:01:46.850 will be attractive or repulsive? 00:01:46.850 --> 00:01:50.010 Well, as the saying goes, opposites attract. 00:01:50.010 --> 00:01:52.240 An object with a negative electric charge 00:01:52.240 --> 00:01:55.700 will be attracted to a positively charged object. 00:01:55.700 --> 00:01:59.360 If the second object is also negatively charged, 00:01:59.360 --> 00:02:02.430 well, the two objects will experience a repulsive force 00:02:02.430 --> 00:02:04.333 and be repelled from each other. 00:02:05.170 --> 00:02:07.400 So in order to have the sock and the shirt 00:02:07.400 --> 00:02:11.170 attracted to each other they must have opposite net charges 00:02:11.170 --> 00:02:14.823 because they're experiencing an attractive electric force. 00:02:15.770 --> 00:02:18.660 What about the strength of that electric force? 00:02:18.660 --> 00:02:21.050 Strength will depend on a couple of factors. 00:02:21.050 --> 00:02:23.660 First, the charge of each object 00:02:23.660 --> 00:02:25.970 is proportional to the force. 00:02:25.970 --> 00:02:29.550 The stronger the charges, the stronger the electric force. 00:02:29.550 --> 00:02:32.000 So the greater the electric charge, 00:02:32.000 --> 00:02:34.000 the greater the electric force. 00:02:34.000 --> 00:02:36.310 Another factor, how far apart 00:02:36.310 --> 00:02:38.200 the objects are from each other. 00:02:38.200 --> 00:02:42.170 The electric force will weaken as the distance increases. 00:02:42.170 --> 00:02:47.033 So the force decreases as our distance increases. 00:02:48.700 --> 00:02:51.080 As you move the sock away from the shirt 00:02:51.080 --> 00:02:53.730 eventually the attraction between them is so weak 00:02:53.730 --> 00:02:55.413 that we don't even notice it. 00:02:56.410 --> 00:02:59.170 So the next time you find yourself doing laundry 00:02:59.170 --> 00:03:02.890 and having to pull a sock off of a shirt, 00:03:02.890 --> 00:03:06.153 just remember invisible electric forces are to blame.

Supplemental insurance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPE-s4Xbv4U

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=zPE-s4Xbv4U&ei=n1WUZfyaGtjnxN8PjM22kAE&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=0EE60B80249D90843EEE8FA06755D3AAF7F21074.4F34B832EC0F08EC8152F16EE5B8EF50F1E41824&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.050 --> 00:00:04.050 - So let's talk a little bit about supplemental insurance. 00:00:04.050 --> 00:00:06.840 Now, it is what the words describe it as, 00:00:06.840 --> 00:00:08.130 it is a supplement, 00:00:08.130 --> 00:00:10.260 to usually some other existing insurance. 00:00:10.260 --> 00:00:12.090 It's insurance above and beyond 00:00:12.090 --> 00:00:14.040 things that you might already have. 00:00:14.040 --> 00:00:16.860 So there's a lot of examples of supplemental insurance, 00:00:16.860 --> 00:00:21.270 but they they usually try to cover specific things 00:00:21.270 --> 00:00:22.740 that you might worry about. 00:00:22.740 --> 00:00:26.310 For example, there might be mortgage payoff life insurance. 00:00:26.310 --> 00:00:28.320 One of the main reasons why, for example, 00:00:28.320 --> 00:00:31.380 I have life insurance, is if something were to happen to me, 00:00:31.380 --> 00:00:33.780 I want my family to still be able to live in our house, 00:00:33.780 --> 00:00:35.610 and to be able to pay off our mortgage, 00:00:35.610 --> 00:00:37.410 and not worry about where that income's coming in, 00:00:37.410 --> 00:00:40.320 so I've gotten enough life insurance to do that. 00:00:40.320 --> 00:00:42.030 But the insurance companies know that sometimes 00:00:42.030 --> 00:00:45.630 people worry specifically about that situation. 00:00:45.630 --> 00:00:48.750 And so people might get that very specific type 00:00:48.750 --> 00:00:51.960 of life insurance, mortgage payoff life insurance, 00:00:51.960 --> 00:00:53.550 which you could view as a supplement 00:00:53.550 --> 00:00:55.320 to traditional life insurance. 00:00:55.320 --> 00:00:56.910 Now, if you've got enough life insurance, 00:00:56.910 --> 00:00:58.740 you should be able to pay your mortgage, 00:00:58.740 --> 00:01:00.480 and then, hopefully, do other things 00:01:00.480 --> 00:01:02.460 that your family needs to support them. 00:01:02.460 --> 00:01:04.470 But this might be a supplement that you look at. 00:01:04.470 --> 00:01:07.200 But whenever you look at any form of insurance, 00:01:07.200 --> 00:01:10.290 realize that the insurance company has done the statistics, 00:01:10.290 --> 00:01:12.090 and they're gonna make money off of it. 00:01:12.090 --> 00:01:13.680 Now that doesn't mean that you shouldn't do it. 00:01:13.680 --> 00:01:16.320 Oftentimes it will protect you in a lot of ways, 00:01:16.320 --> 00:01:18.510 so it is worth doing it, but you should think about 00:01:18.510 --> 00:01:20.820 whether you need to do it, or whether it's already covered 00:01:20.820 --> 00:01:22.590 by another insurance you have. 00:01:22.590 --> 00:01:25.680 Another example is car insurance. 00:01:25.680 --> 00:01:28.530 You might have comprehensive car insurance already, 00:01:28.530 --> 00:01:30.927 where if the car not only gets in an accident, 00:01:30.927 --> 00:01:34.200 but if it's stolen, if a tree falls on it, 00:01:34.200 --> 00:01:35.760 the insurance company will pay you 00:01:35.760 --> 00:01:38.220 the cash value of the car. 00:01:38.220 --> 00:01:40.590 And so if you wanted, you could go and get another used car 00:01:40.590 --> 00:01:41.880 just like that. 00:01:41.880 --> 00:01:44.700 Now some people, if you're not paying off your debt 00:01:44.700 --> 00:01:46.440 fast enough on your car loan, 00:01:46.440 --> 00:01:49.470 the cash value of your car might be less 00:01:49.470 --> 00:01:51.480 than the amount that you owe back on your car. 00:01:51.480 --> 00:01:53.400 Now that's, in general, not a good situation, 00:01:53.400 --> 00:01:55.380 if you're paying back your car loan 00:01:55.380 --> 00:01:58.110 slower than your car is actually losing value, 00:01:58.110 --> 00:02:00.300 not a great situation to be in. 00:02:00.300 --> 00:02:02.700 But a lot of folks wouldn't want to get money 00:02:02.700 --> 00:02:05.550 from an insurance company for, say, a car got totaled, 00:02:05.550 --> 00:02:08.460 and it still can't even pay back the total loan 00:02:08.460 --> 00:02:09.300 available on the car. 00:02:09.300 --> 00:02:13.290 So they have things like auto loan payoff car insurance, 00:02:13.290 --> 00:02:14.280 which you could view as a supplement 00:02:14.280 --> 00:02:15.720 to traditional insurance. 00:02:15.720 --> 00:02:18.480 But once again, it's not a great situation to be in, 00:02:18.480 --> 00:02:20.730 and in theory, even if the insurance company 00:02:20.730 --> 00:02:22.260 is paying you the cash value, 00:02:22.260 --> 00:02:24.210 you could go and get an equivalent used car. 00:02:24.210 --> 00:02:25.890 And even though you owe more money than that, 00:02:25.890 --> 00:02:28.020 you're kind of in the same situation you were 00:02:28.020 --> 00:02:31.110 before the accident, or whatever scenario you were in. 00:02:31.110 --> 00:02:34.020 But the general principle, supplemental is above and beyond. 00:02:34.020 --> 00:02:35.940 Maybe you have insurance, dental insurance, 00:02:35.940 --> 00:02:38.190 or life insurance, or some other type of insurance 00:02:38.190 --> 00:02:39.607 from your employer, and you just think, 00:02:39.607 --> 00:02:40.920 "Hey, I would like more insurance, 00:02:40.920 --> 00:02:42.060 they're not giving me enough." 00:02:42.060 --> 00:02:43.050 Well, that could be a good reason 00:02:43.050 --> 00:02:44.950 to get supplemental insurance as well.

Features of property insurance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GoKFRoalQNA

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en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.110 --> 00:00:05.579 - So let's talk a little bit more about property insurance, 00:00:05.579 --> 00:00:06.412 and in particular, 00:00:06.412 --> 00:00:07.245 what are scenarios 00:00:07.245 --> 00:00:10.260 in which it might come into effect or be relevant? 00:00:10.260 --> 00:00:13.350 And then also how you might be paid back 00:00:13.350 --> 00:00:15.600 for whatever losses you might have. 00:00:15.600 --> 00:00:17.790 So there's kind of two broad categories 00:00:17.790 --> 00:00:19.290 of bad things happening. 00:00:19.290 --> 00:00:22.380 One is something bad happens to your property itself. 00:00:22.380 --> 00:00:24.060 The house burns down, there's a flood, 00:00:24.060 --> 00:00:26.250 there's an earthquake, there's theft. 00:00:26.250 --> 00:00:28.590 Things are stolen, things are vandalized. 00:00:28.590 --> 00:00:31.230 The other category is something bad happened 00:00:31.230 --> 00:00:36.210 in the house and a court decides that it's your fault. 00:00:36.210 --> 00:00:37.410 So this could be a situation 00:00:37.410 --> 00:00:42.030 where maybe you rent the house out to someone 00:00:42.030 --> 00:00:44.250 and you knew that there was some structural damage, 00:00:44.250 --> 00:00:46.080 but a ceiling fan still falls on that person 00:00:46.080 --> 00:00:47.340 even though you were warned. 00:00:47.340 --> 00:00:48.900 Well then you are, 00:00:48.900 --> 00:00:51.330 then that's probably some liability that you have there. 00:00:51.330 --> 00:00:53.130 And they might have a legitimate lawsuit. 00:00:53.130 --> 00:00:56.340 Or let's say your sidewalk has a huge tripping hazard 00:00:56.340 --> 00:00:57.270 that you knew about 00:00:57.270 --> 00:00:58.770 and you just decided not to fix it. 00:00:58.770 --> 00:01:01.770 Someone comes and trips on your walkway 00:01:01.770 --> 00:01:05.160 or your driveway and they hurt themselves in a serious way. 00:01:05.160 --> 00:01:08.010 Maybe they could sue you, maybe they could win. 00:01:08.010 --> 00:01:10.680 You have liability there, and that could be a lot of money. 00:01:10.680 --> 00:01:11.820 It could be tens of thousands 00:01:11.820 --> 00:01:13.860 or even hundreds of thousands of dollars 00:01:13.860 --> 00:01:15.720 depending on what goes on. 00:01:15.720 --> 00:01:16.800 So these are all situations 00:01:16.800 --> 00:01:18.720 that you want to insure yourself against. 00:01:18.720 --> 00:01:20.370 Obviously, if your house burns down, 00:01:20.370 --> 00:01:21.540 that could cost a lot of money. 00:01:21.540 --> 00:01:23.280 If someone trips and falls and hurts themselves 00:01:23.280 --> 00:01:25.650 on your property and they sue you and they win, 00:01:25.650 --> 00:01:26.790 that could also cost a lot of money. 00:01:26.790 --> 00:01:27.690 Even if they lose, 00:01:27.690 --> 00:01:31.170 just the legal expenses could cost a lot of money. 00:01:31.170 --> 00:01:33.390 Now the other situation is 00:01:33.390 --> 00:01:36.840 what will the actual insurance companies pay for? 00:01:36.840 --> 00:01:38.310 So if you're thinking about 00:01:38.310 --> 00:01:40.320 the property actually getting destroyed, 00:01:40.320 --> 00:01:41.550 there's two ways to think about it. 00:01:41.550 --> 00:01:42.933 They could say, 00:01:42.933 --> 00:01:44.700 "Hey, we're just gonna pay to replace the property." 00:01:44.700 --> 00:01:47.370 And so there you're talking about replacement cost. 00:01:47.370 --> 00:01:50.310 So what would it cost and say to rebuild the house 00:01:50.310 --> 00:01:52.440 and then to buy the different things that you had 00:01:52.440 --> 00:01:53.273 in the house, 00:01:53.273 --> 00:01:55.560 the personal property if it's insured 00:01:55.560 --> 00:01:56.850 that you had in your house. 00:01:56.850 --> 00:01:59.040 Another version would be cash value. 00:01:59.040 --> 00:02:02.220 What was the the value of of the house? 00:02:02.220 --> 00:02:04.290 And maybe they pay that. 00:02:04.290 --> 00:02:06.510 Now, the value for a house, 00:02:06.510 --> 00:02:10.020 it's very seldom that the actual land gets destroyed. 00:02:10.020 --> 00:02:12.600 And oftentimes the land is a big part 00:02:12.600 --> 00:02:14.040 of the value of the house. 00:02:14.040 --> 00:02:15.630 So even if your house burns down, 00:02:15.630 --> 00:02:18.720 and if your house will say worth $200,000 00:02:18.720 --> 00:02:20.730 they're unlikely to just give you the cash value 00:02:20.730 --> 00:02:22.740 of that house of $200,000 00:02:22.740 --> 00:02:25.620 because the land still has value. 00:02:25.620 --> 00:02:28.830 More likely you're gonna be dealing with replacement costs. 00:02:28.830 --> 00:02:31.500 Now another thing that usually an insurance policy 00:02:31.500 --> 00:02:35.460 will cover is if heaven forbid your house burns down 00:02:35.460 --> 00:02:37.260 or any of these bad things happen, 00:02:37.260 --> 00:02:39.360 you're going to need another place to live. 00:02:39.360 --> 00:02:40.800 And so there's this notion 00:02:40.800 --> 00:02:42.697 of additional living expenses of, 00:02:42.697 --> 00:02:45.330 "Hey, if you need six months someplace else to live 00:02:45.330 --> 00:02:46.320 while your house gets repaired, 00:02:46.320 --> 00:02:47.790 or a year someplace else to live 00:02:47.790 --> 00:02:49.170 while your house gets repaired, 00:02:49.170 --> 00:02:51.390 then that might be covered as well." 00:02:51.390 --> 00:02:53.460 So these are all things to look into 00:02:53.460 --> 00:02:55.653 when you get property insurance.

Property insurance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rkw5Pz57bI

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https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=5rkw5Pz57bI&ei=n1WUZaLiGqCIhcIP6Iex0AI&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=89C5350E6664256ED95C2BE9F55A7F5D919262BC.455B2E44FFB47B5E9CC049C11D9C7BCB80934FCD&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt

en

WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.080 --> 00:00:03.900 - Let's talk a little bit about property insurance. 00:00:03.900 --> 00:00:04.733 The first question is, 00:00:04.733 --> 00:00:06.660 why would you want to insure property? 00:00:06.660 --> 00:00:08.400 Well, for a lot of folks, 00:00:08.400 --> 00:00:12.630 their property is the most expensive things they have 00:00:12.630 --> 00:00:14.160 that would be very hard to replace 00:00:14.160 --> 00:00:16.380 if something bad happened to it. 00:00:16.380 --> 00:00:19.470 And there's two big categories of property insurance. 00:00:19.470 --> 00:00:21.000 You have renters insurance, 00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:23.280 and you have homeowners insurance. 00:00:23.280 --> 00:00:25.470 Now, as you can imagine, 00:00:25.470 --> 00:00:28.470 renters insurance is good for renters. 00:00:28.470 --> 00:00:29.820 And what would it cover? 00:00:29.820 --> 00:00:31.980 Well, let's say you are renting an apartment, 00:00:31.980 --> 00:00:33.870 but you own the furniture, 00:00:33.870 --> 00:00:36.030 you own maybe some of the appliances, 00:00:36.030 --> 00:00:38.280 your laptop is in the apartment, 00:00:38.280 --> 00:00:40.710 you have a big screen TV, you have a stereo. 00:00:40.710 --> 00:00:43.860 Whatever else you have, it could have a lot of value to it. 00:00:43.860 --> 00:00:47.550 And now let's say something bad happened, 00:00:47.550 --> 00:00:49.473 maybe the building, 00:00:50.490 --> 00:00:54.120 maybe there was an earthquake or a fire or a flood, 00:00:54.120 --> 00:00:55.620 and a lot of that stuff got damaged. 00:00:55.620 --> 00:00:58.020 And it would be hard for you out of pocket 00:00:58.020 --> 00:01:00.180 and just with your own money 00:01:00.180 --> 00:01:01.620 to buy all of that stuff back. 00:01:01.620 --> 00:01:02.760 It would take a big hit, 00:01:02.760 --> 00:01:05.400 and so that's what renters insurance would cover. 00:01:05.400 --> 00:01:07.650 You would pay a certain amount on a regular basis, 00:01:07.650 --> 00:01:08.910 on an annual basis. 00:01:08.910 --> 00:01:09.960 That is your premium. 00:01:11.130 --> 00:01:13.440 And they usually list the scenarios. 00:01:13.440 --> 00:01:15.660 Maybe there's theft, maybe you got burglarized, 00:01:15.660 --> 00:01:18.060 maybe the place burned down. 00:01:18.060 --> 00:01:19.650 Whatever the scenarios that they list, 00:01:19.650 --> 00:01:20.880 in those scenarios, 00:01:20.880 --> 00:01:24.660 if your property got lost or damaged or destroyed or stolen, 00:01:24.660 --> 00:01:28.380 then they will pay you back for that. 00:01:28.380 --> 00:01:30.630 Now, homeowners insurance is an extension of it, 00:01:30.630 --> 00:01:31.830 but when you're a homeowner, 00:01:31.830 --> 00:01:33.630 you don't just own the furniture 00:01:33.630 --> 00:01:35.700 and the electronics inside the house. 00:01:35.700 --> 00:01:37.230 You own the entire house. 00:01:37.230 --> 00:01:38.640 And as you can imagine, 00:01:38.640 --> 00:01:41.940 a house itself can be a lot more expensive 00:01:41.940 --> 00:01:44.910 than, let's say, the furniture inside of the house. 00:01:44.910 --> 00:01:48.360 And so homeowners insurance will cover the entire property. 00:01:48.360 --> 00:01:51.120 Let's say if your house were to get destroyed in a fire, 00:01:51.120 --> 00:01:52.080 it will cover that. 00:01:52.080 --> 00:01:55.050 Now, there could very well be certain deductibles 00:01:55.050 --> 00:01:56.340 or certain limits to it, 00:01:56.340 --> 00:01:58.860 but it's a really important asset for a lot of folks 00:01:58.860 --> 00:02:01.080 to insure pretty well. 00:02:01.080 --> 00:02:01.920 It can obviously cost 00:02:01.920 --> 00:02:04.320 hundreds of thousands of dollars or more. 00:02:04.320 --> 00:02:06.780 And you oftentimes borrowed money against it, 00:02:06.780 --> 00:02:08.400 and so you don't wanna be in a situation 00:02:08.400 --> 00:02:10.470 where you borrowed money, 00:02:10.470 --> 00:02:13.290 you put hundreds of thousands of dollars down payment, 00:02:13.290 --> 00:02:15.570 you borrowed extra money, you bought a house, 00:02:15.570 --> 00:02:18.210 and then a flood, a earthquake, a fire, 00:02:18.210 --> 00:02:20.010 something destroys the house. 00:02:20.010 --> 00:02:23.340 You still owe that money, but you no longer have a house. 00:02:23.340 --> 00:02:25.110 So you can imagine homeowners insurance 00:02:25.110 --> 00:02:27.870 can be not only valuable, 00:02:27.870 --> 00:02:30.270 and many times, the bank that gave a loan 00:02:30.270 --> 00:02:32.280 would say you have to have homeowners insurance 00:02:32.280 --> 00:02:34.560 'cause we don't want you to be in that situation. 00:02:34.560 --> 00:02:35.730 But even if you don't have, 00:02:35.730 --> 00:02:36.563 if you're a homeowner, 00:02:36.563 --> 00:02:38.100 and even if someone isn't forcing you 00:02:38.100 --> 00:02:39.480 to get homeowners insurance, 00:02:39.480 --> 00:02:40.860 it's a pretty good idea 00:02:40.860 --> 00:02:43.980 because a home is a pretty valuable asset. 00:02:43.980 --> 00:02:45.120 And there's going to be different types 00:02:45.120 --> 00:02:46.350 of homeowners insurance. 00:02:46.350 --> 00:02:48.240 Some will cover everything I just mentioned. 00:02:48.240 --> 00:02:51.000 Some will cover, if you live in a high flood risk zone, 00:02:51.000 --> 00:02:52.740 some will cover everything but flood, 00:02:52.740 --> 00:02:54.900 and then you have to get a separate flood insurance. 00:02:54.900 --> 00:02:56.460 I live out here in California. 00:02:56.460 --> 00:02:59.100 Sometimes a policy will cover everything but earthquakes, 00:02:59.100 --> 00:02:59.933 and then you have to get 00:02:59.933 --> 00:03:02.730 a separate earthquake insurance for that. 00:03:02.730 --> 00:03:03.960 But it's the same idea. 00:03:03.960 --> 00:03:07.200 If one of these really bad things happen, 00:03:07.200 --> 00:03:08.490 and you were to lose the house 00:03:08.490 --> 00:03:10.380 or lose the property inside the house, 00:03:10.380 --> 00:03:12.483 this insurance would have you covered.

Disability and long term care insurance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ULlocLanC8

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.320 --> 00:00:03.660 - Talking about insurance is never a lot of fun, 00:00:03.660 --> 00:00:06.330 because you're talking about, or you're thinking about 00:00:06.330 --> 00:00:07.560 things that most of us don't want to 00:00:07.560 --> 00:00:08.670 have to deal with in life. 00:00:08.670 --> 00:00:10.440 And I'm going to continue that trend 00:00:10.440 --> 00:00:13.290 by talking about two new scenarios of insurance, 00:00:13.290 --> 00:00:15.030 and that's disability insurance, 00:00:15.030 --> 00:00:16.860 and that's long-term care insurance. 00:00:16.860 --> 00:00:19.560 And sometimes those two get confused. 00:00:19.560 --> 00:00:23.250 Disability is a situation where, if for whatever reason, 00:00:23.250 --> 00:00:28.250 you become disabled, and you're not able to work anymore, 00:00:28.260 --> 00:00:30.240 how are you going to support yourself, 00:00:30.240 --> 00:00:31.530 and support your family? 00:00:31.530 --> 00:00:33.840 You are going to need some form of income. 00:00:33.840 --> 00:00:36.630 And so that's what disability insurance is all about. 00:00:36.630 --> 00:00:39.240 You pay the premium, and if, for whatever reason, 00:00:39.240 --> 00:00:40.530 you are not able to work, 00:00:40.530 --> 00:00:42.750 because you've lost your ability to work, 00:00:42.750 --> 00:00:44.640 it can't just be I don't feel like working. 00:00:44.640 --> 00:00:48.060 But if the insurers say, "Okay, that's what was covered, 00:00:48.060 --> 00:00:49.590 that was one of the scenarios, 00:00:49.590 --> 00:00:51.780 you are no longer in a position to do that job." 00:00:51.780 --> 00:00:55.260 Then that will cover your income, up to some amount, 00:00:55.260 --> 00:00:58.230 depending on what the actual policy said. 00:00:58.230 --> 00:01:00.540 Now long-term care could be related to it, 00:01:00.540 --> 00:01:02.160 or it might not be. 00:01:02.160 --> 00:01:03.870 Above and beyond lost income, 00:01:03.870 --> 00:01:06.090 if you have some type of an accident or disease 00:01:06.090 --> 00:01:09.570 that makes you not be able to work anymore, 00:01:09.570 --> 00:01:12.510 you might have significant medical expenses. 00:01:12.510 --> 00:01:15.930 You might have to, I mean, these are situations 00:01:15.930 --> 00:01:17.970 that none of us want to see happen, 00:01:17.970 --> 00:01:20.100 but you might have a extended stay in a hospital, 00:01:20.100 --> 00:01:22.860 which can be very, very, very expensive. 00:01:22.860 --> 00:01:25.530 Even if you are able to maintain your income, 00:01:25.530 --> 00:01:27.390 because of some kind of disability insurance, 00:01:27.390 --> 00:01:30.480 or have some income, it might not be your full income, 00:01:30.480 --> 00:01:31.680 because of the disability insurance, 00:01:31.680 --> 00:01:33.120 you now have a much bigger expense, 00:01:33.120 --> 00:01:35.430 because of all these hospital expenses. 00:01:35.430 --> 00:01:38.910 And that's what that long-term care insurance is all about. 00:01:38.910 --> 00:01:40.650 And it's not just for older people. 00:01:40.650 --> 00:01:42.960 It could be, and I keep saying, this is a situation 00:01:42.960 --> 00:01:44.400 none of us want to be in, 00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:45.660 Where you get into an accident 00:01:45.660 --> 00:01:47.850 and you have an extended stay in the hospital, 00:01:47.850 --> 00:01:49.500 it can cover that. 00:01:49.500 --> 00:01:52.350 So in some cases, employers will provide 00:01:52.350 --> 00:01:53.640 these types of insurances, 00:01:53.640 --> 00:01:56.880 but they're oftentimes not enough coverage 00:01:56.880 --> 00:01:58.680 to fully protect you. 00:01:58.680 --> 00:02:00.060 So if you're worried about these, 00:02:00.060 --> 00:02:02.400 and if you don't have savings that can provide 00:02:02.400 --> 00:02:04.590 you and your family a cushion, if one of these 00:02:04.590 --> 00:02:06.330 pretty horrible things happen to you, 00:02:06.330 --> 00:02:09.150 you might want to think about disability insurance, 00:02:09.150 --> 00:02:12.033 and/or long-term care insurance.

Types of health insurance plans

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2m-18YW7yf4

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.990 --> 00:00:03.060 - So there are three ways that you might be able 00:00:03.060 --> 00:00:04.470 to get yourself health insurance. 00:00:04.470 --> 00:00:06.480 The first way is that you just get it directly, 00:00:06.480 --> 00:00:08.333 and that would be an individual plan. 00:00:08.333 --> 00:00:11.520 You pay the premium, you get the insurance. 00:00:11.520 --> 00:00:14.610 The second way is many employers will provide insurance. 00:00:14.610 --> 00:00:16.830 They will pay all of the premium, 00:00:16.830 --> 00:00:18.390 or a large chunk of the premium, 00:00:18.390 --> 00:00:20.850 in certain cases, they might even pay a large chunk, 00:00:20.850 --> 00:00:23.160 or the full premium for family members, 00:00:23.160 --> 00:00:25.200 and then the third way is the government. 00:00:25.200 --> 00:00:26.910 You have programs like Medicare 00:00:26.910 --> 00:00:28.440 for primarily senior citizens, 00:00:28.440 --> 00:00:30.990 some other cases where other folks might qualify as well. 00:00:30.990 --> 00:00:33.630 You have Medicaid for low income folks. 00:00:33.630 --> 00:00:37.410 You have also government programs for say, veterans. 00:00:37.410 --> 00:00:39.630 Now, as I just alluded to, 00:00:39.630 --> 00:00:40.830 probably the biggest difference 00:00:40.830 --> 00:00:43.050 is who actually makes the payment. 00:00:43.050 --> 00:00:44.040 The government programs, 00:00:44.040 --> 00:00:47.010 it's the government who's making the premium payment. 00:00:47.010 --> 00:00:49.380 In the employer case, it's the employer, 00:00:49.380 --> 00:00:53.070 and they're doing that with pre-tax money, which matters. 00:00:53.070 --> 00:00:54.810 They're giving this to you as a benefit 00:00:54.810 --> 00:00:56.850 and you do not pay taxes 00:00:56.850 --> 00:01:00.150 on the money that they are paying for your insurance. 00:01:00.150 --> 00:01:03.098 Well, with an individual plan, you pay that out of pocket. 00:01:03.098 --> 00:01:05.430 You pay that yourself. 00:01:05.430 --> 00:01:08.640 Now, if you meet certain income guidelines, 00:01:08.640 --> 00:01:10.800 and if you pay enough of a premium 00:01:10.800 --> 00:01:12.330 above a certain percentage of your income, 00:01:12.330 --> 00:01:14.610 some of that might be tax-deductible, 00:01:14.610 --> 00:01:17.310 but it is not fully tax-deductible 00:01:17.310 --> 00:01:19.830 the same way that when your employer pays for it, 00:01:19.830 --> 00:01:21.150 you don't have to pay any taxes 00:01:21.150 --> 00:01:25.530 on that premium that they're providing you at all. 00:01:25.530 --> 00:01:27.630 Now, on the individual side, 00:01:27.630 --> 00:01:31.140 because you are essentially deciding what type 00:01:31.140 --> 00:01:32.490 of insurance you want, 00:01:32.490 --> 00:01:35.160 it would give you the maximum choice. 00:01:35.160 --> 00:01:37.380 Now, in certain cases, that choice is limited, 00:01:37.380 --> 00:01:39.210 because when you're getting an individual plan, 00:01:39.210 --> 00:01:41.040 they're deciding what the premium is or 00:01:41.040 --> 00:01:46.040 whether to even insure you based on your situation, 00:01:46.290 --> 00:01:48.090 whether you have pre-existing conditions, 00:01:48.090 --> 00:01:50.730 your risk factor, et cetera, 00:01:50.730 --> 00:01:54.330 while with a government or with an employer plan, 00:01:54.330 --> 00:01:56.520 they're not looking at your individual circumstances. 00:01:56.520 --> 00:01:58.650 With an employer, the insurance company will say, okay, 00:01:58.650 --> 00:02:01.080 what's the average risk of all of the employees? 00:02:01.080 --> 00:02:02.880 And if you're a higher risk employee, 00:02:02.880 --> 00:02:04.770 the employer's going to pay the same premium 00:02:04.770 --> 00:02:06.780 for you as they're paying for everyone else, 00:02:06.780 --> 00:02:08.970 and so you get that same coverage. 00:02:08.970 --> 00:02:11.520 One potential negative of an employer plan is 00:02:11.520 --> 00:02:13.860 that it might be a little bit more limited in terms 00:02:13.860 --> 00:02:14.940 of the coverage options, 00:02:14.940 --> 00:02:17.340 but that's not always the case. 00:02:17.340 --> 00:02:20.190 Finally, government, you are going to have 00:02:20.190 --> 00:02:23.460 probably more limits on what type 00:02:23.460 --> 00:02:26.070 of healthcare you might get, but once again, 00:02:26.070 --> 00:02:29.070 they are fully paying the premium there. 00:02:29.070 --> 00:02:31.260 Last but not least, we could talk about deductibles. 00:02:31.260 --> 00:02:33.420 Generally speaking, the government plans 00:02:33.420 --> 00:02:34.920 are going to have the lowest deductibles. 00:02:34.920 --> 00:02:37.500 In some cases, they will have no deductibles. 00:02:37.500 --> 00:02:40.050 In the case of an employer-sponsored plan 00:02:40.050 --> 00:02:41.190 or an individual plan, 00:02:41.190 --> 00:02:44.910 it really depends on which plan you actually get. 00:02:44.910 --> 00:02:46.920 So for a lot of folks, 00:02:46.920 --> 00:02:51.270 if you're not retired, if you're not low income, 00:02:51.270 --> 00:02:54.690 employer-sponsored plans are probably where you wanna go, 00:02:54.690 --> 00:02:57.540 but if your employer doesn't offer those plans 00:02:57.540 --> 00:02:59.010 or you're self-employed 00:02:59.010 --> 00:03:00.390 and you need get that insurance yourself, 00:03:00.390 --> 00:03:03.190 then of course, individual plans is what you need to do.

Estate planning introduction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcDCRPWgnbM

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.110 --> 00:00:02.700 - So let's talk a little bit about something 00:00:02.700 --> 00:00:04.860 that frankly I do not like to talk about 00:00:04.860 --> 00:00:06.630 and I don't think most people like to talk about, 00:00:06.630 --> 00:00:11.580 and that's the notion of becoming very ill and dying, 00:00:11.580 --> 00:00:15.240 and then what happens to everyone that you leave behind? 00:00:15.240 --> 00:00:18.000 And to understand why this is an important scenario, 00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:20.820 let's imagine, and I'll just put myself in this scenario, 00:00:20.820 --> 00:00:22.350 hopefully this does not happen. 00:00:22.350 --> 00:00:24.000 Let's imagine a scenario where something 00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:27.270 like that happened to me and/or my wife 00:00:27.270 --> 00:00:29.730 without us doing any type of planning, 00:00:29.730 --> 00:00:31.380 any type of end of life planning, 00:00:31.380 --> 00:00:33.390 any type of estate planning. 00:00:33.390 --> 00:00:36.810 You'd have a situation where let's say heaven forbid 00:00:36.810 --> 00:00:38.190 we got into a car accident 00:00:38.190 --> 00:00:40.830 and we are not in a position to make decisions 00:00:40.830 --> 00:00:43.530 on should we be put on life support forever? 00:00:43.530 --> 00:00:46.770 Should some experimental procedure be done? 00:00:46.770 --> 00:00:49.590 If we haven't given a healthcare proxy, 00:00:49.590 --> 00:00:51.720 and that's someone that you put in writing, 00:00:51.720 --> 00:00:54.930 usually someone like a partner or a family member or a child 00:00:54.930 --> 00:00:57.540 that can make a decision for you in the event 00:00:57.540 --> 00:00:59.370 that you can't make the decision for yourself, 00:00:59.370 --> 00:01:00.690 if we have not done that, 00:01:00.690 --> 00:01:03.660 if we have not given a healthcare proxy, 00:01:03.660 --> 00:01:05.400 then it's going to be somewhat arbitrary 00:01:05.400 --> 00:01:07.320 what's going to happen to us in that situation, 00:01:07.320 --> 00:01:09.660 and it might not happen in a way that's good for us 00:01:09.660 --> 00:01:11.970 or in line with our wishes 00:01:11.970 --> 00:01:14.910 or in line with our family's wishes. 00:01:14.910 --> 00:01:19.110 But let's say that that plays out and then we die. 00:01:19.110 --> 00:01:21.510 Let's say I die and let's say my wife isn't there. 00:01:21.510 --> 00:01:24.030 This is really a morbid situation. 00:01:24.030 --> 00:01:26.880 But if I do no estate planning, 00:01:26.880 --> 00:01:29.820 then all of the things that I own 00:01:29.820 --> 00:01:34.290 are then going to go into a court process known as probate. 00:01:34.290 --> 00:01:37.530 And probate is where the court tries to figure out, 00:01:37.530 --> 00:01:39.210 well, okay, Sal had all of this stuff. 00:01:39.210 --> 00:01:41.970 This is his estate, and his estate is both the things 00:01:41.970 --> 00:01:44.220 that he has but also the things that he owes. 00:01:44.220 --> 00:01:47.160 I might have assets, but I might owe money on a mortgage. 00:01:47.160 --> 00:01:49.620 I might have a car loan, I might have credit card debt. 00:01:49.620 --> 00:01:51.900 So the court in the probate process 00:01:51.900 --> 00:01:54.660 tries to figure out, okay, who's going to get the assets 00:01:54.660 --> 00:01:56.340 and who's going to be able to cover 00:01:56.340 --> 00:01:58.590 all of these liabilities, 00:01:58.590 --> 00:02:00.720 all of this debt that might be owned? 00:02:00.720 --> 00:02:05.070 And it can be a long process in the interim 00:02:05.070 --> 00:02:08.940 in which my children or other folks that I care about 00:02:08.940 --> 00:02:11.940 that ideally I would've liked to have access to those assets 00:02:11.940 --> 00:02:13.530 don't have access to it. 00:02:13.530 --> 00:02:15.450 And sometimes it can be a little bit arbitrary 00:02:15.450 --> 00:02:17.340 'cause it's gonna be decided by a court 00:02:17.340 --> 00:02:20.280 instead of me deciding ahead of time. 00:02:20.280 --> 00:02:22.920 And then just adding to that, 00:02:22.920 --> 00:02:24.750 if I haven't or my wife hasn't, 00:02:24.750 --> 00:02:26.760 whoever has passed away hasn't specified, 00:02:26.760 --> 00:02:27.720 what happens to your children? 00:02:27.720 --> 00:02:30.510 If you have children who are still children, 00:02:30.510 --> 00:02:32.100 who's going to take care of them? 00:02:32.100 --> 00:02:34.680 If you haven't thought about that and specified it, 00:02:34.680 --> 00:02:37.590 then a court might decide just the nearest relative 00:02:37.590 --> 00:02:40.710 who may or may not want to take care of your kids, 00:02:40.710 --> 00:02:44.700 and that might be, again, a suboptimal situation. 00:02:44.700 --> 00:02:46.980 So in general, it's a good idea, 00:02:46.980 --> 00:02:49.950 especially once I would say you have real people 00:02:49.950 --> 00:02:53.040 depending on you, probably once you start to have a family, 00:02:53.040 --> 00:02:57.390 for someone to do end of life planning, estate planning. 00:02:57.390 --> 00:02:58.837 Now some of you might think, "Ah, I'm a kid. 00:02:58.837 --> 00:02:59.670 "I don't need to do this." 00:02:59.670 --> 00:03:02.610 Well, you can also talk to your parents about doing this 00:03:02.610 --> 00:03:04.290 so that that type of scenario 00:03:04.290 --> 00:03:07.620 does not play out in your own life. 00:03:07.620 --> 00:03:10.440 And so it's important to set a healthcare proxy, 00:03:10.440 --> 00:03:13.560 someone that you think understands what you want to happen 00:03:13.560 --> 00:03:16.410 or has values similar to yours to be your proxy 00:03:16.410 --> 00:03:19.860 in a situation that you can't decide for yourself. 00:03:19.860 --> 00:03:22.680 It's important at minimum to have a will. 00:03:22.680 --> 00:03:25.717 A will will tell probate, "Hey, these are my wishes. 00:03:25.717 --> 00:03:30.287 "I would like my children to get my stocks equally," 00:03:31.500 --> 00:03:33.280 or that one kid who 00:03:36.030 --> 00:03:37.770 has been rebellious, maybe they get a little bit less. 00:03:37.770 --> 00:03:39.330 I don't advocate that type of thing, 00:03:39.330 --> 00:03:41.730 but at least it becomes clearer 00:03:41.730 --> 00:03:43.560 so that when it goes through probate, 00:03:43.560 --> 00:03:44.910 it's going to happen. 00:03:44.910 --> 00:03:47.100 Now, there's ways that you can actually really 00:03:47.100 --> 00:03:48.570 make things happen much quicker 00:03:48.570 --> 00:03:50.460 than even going through that probate process, 00:03:50.460 --> 00:03:54.540 and that's putting assets into something called a trust. 00:03:54.540 --> 00:03:56.970 A trust is an entity that assets can be put into, 00:03:56.970 --> 00:04:01.470 and essentially it's an entity that uses those assets, 00:04:01.470 --> 00:04:03.750 especially once you're gone or if you're not in a position 00:04:03.750 --> 00:04:05.280 to manage them yourself 00:04:05.280 --> 00:04:07.440 to then divvy it up amongst other folks. 00:04:07.440 --> 00:04:10.830 So I can tell you that my family, we have created, 00:04:10.830 --> 00:04:13.320 we have put our assets, or not all of them, 00:04:13.320 --> 00:04:14.153 but a lot of them, 00:04:14.153 --> 00:04:16.830 the ones are that the most important ones into a trust 00:04:16.830 --> 00:04:21.830 so that if worst case myself and my wife die, 00:04:22.020 --> 00:04:25.500 immediately our children will have access to the assets 00:04:25.500 --> 00:04:29.850 and be able to manage the estate, so to speak. 00:04:29.850 --> 00:04:32.460 And so generally speaking, 00:04:32.460 --> 00:04:35.730 it's very important to do this planning ahead of time. 00:04:35.730 --> 00:04:37.530 There's other words that you're going to hear 00:04:37.530 --> 00:04:38.880 when you hear about estate planning. 00:04:38.880 --> 00:04:41.250 Beneficiary. Well, that's the people who will benefit. 00:04:41.250 --> 00:04:43.590 Those are the people who are likely to, 00:04:43.590 --> 00:04:46.170 these are the people who are going to get the assets. 00:04:46.170 --> 00:04:47.310 You're going to hear words 00:04:47.310 --> 00:04:50.910 like guardianship of minor children, guardian. 00:04:50.910 --> 00:04:53.640 A guardian is the person who takes care of children 00:04:53.640 --> 00:04:55.380 who are not adults yet. 00:04:55.380 --> 00:04:57.690 But the very important thing to consider 00:04:57.690 --> 00:04:58.920 if you are an adult now, 00:04:58.920 --> 00:05:00.330 especially with people depending on you, 00:05:00.330 --> 00:05:01.350 is to do this planning. 00:05:01.350 --> 00:05:02.850 And if you are not an adult, 00:05:02.850 --> 00:05:05.220 maybe you are in the care of other people, 00:05:05.220 --> 00:05:07.290 they might view it as a little bit self-serving 00:05:07.290 --> 00:05:08.880 but it really is just prudent, 00:05:08.880 --> 00:05:10.620 encourage them to think about these things. 00:05:10.620 --> 00:05:13.080 Because I don't think anyone wants their loved ones 00:05:13.080 --> 00:05:15.090 to have to struggle in these situations 00:05:15.090 --> 00:05:17.310 or just because of a little lack of planning 00:05:17.310 --> 00:05:20.370 have to end up in a very, very suboptimal situation, 00:05:20.370 --> 00:05:21.810 especially at a time where they're already 00:05:21.810 --> 00:05:23.190 probably going to be dealing with things. 00:05:23.190 --> 00:05:25.680 Because you are an amazing person and if you are gone, 00:05:25.680 --> 00:05:27.300 they're going to be very sad about that 00:05:27.300 --> 00:05:28.740 and you don't want them to also have to deal 00:05:28.740 --> 00:05:31.920 with the stress of dealing with probate, 00:05:31.920 --> 00:05:34.230 not having access to financial resources, 00:05:34.230 --> 00:05:35.790 having to live with family members 00:05:35.790 --> 00:05:38.340 that neither you nor they wanna live with. 00:05:38.340 --> 00:05:41.040 That can all be avoided with a little bit of planning.

What are tax forms? (Part 2)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1562KoBExA

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.200 - [Instructor] In this video, 00:00:01.200 --> 00:00:03.510 we're gonna go into some forms that are very useful 00:00:03.510 --> 00:00:06.300 when you are filling out your income taxes. 00:00:06.300 --> 00:00:10.110 If you work for someone as an employee, first and foremost, 00:00:10.110 --> 00:00:12.300 you're going to get a W-2 form. 00:00:12.300 --> 00:00:14.400 And I always find the W-2 form interesting. 00:00:14.400 --> 00:00:17.370 You typically get it at the beginning of a calendar year 00:00:17.370 --> 00:00:20.430 so that you have it in time to file for your taxes. 00:00:20.430 --> 00:00:23.490 But it's a nice summary of what you were paid, 00:00:23.490 --> 00:00:27.471 and what was withheld, either at a federal level, 00:00:27.471 --> 00:00:30.270 for federal income tax, for social security, 00:00:30.270 --> 00:00:31.350 but you also see things, 00:00:31.350 --> 00:00:34.470 like state taxes withheld on top of that. 00:00:34.470 --> 00:00:36.210 And so this is just a nice summary, 00:00:36.210 --> 00:00:37.500 and for a lot of folks, 00:00:37.500 --> 00:00:39.360 this is all the information that you're going to need, 00:00:39.360 --> 00:00:41.850 if you don't have really complicated things in your life, 00:00:41.850 --> 00:00:44.670 if you don't have a mortgage, if you're not a landlord. 00:00:44.670 --> 00:00:46.740 if you're not an independent contractor, 00:00:46.740 --> 00:00:48.960 you're gonna be able to fill out most of your taxes 00:00:48.960 --> 00:00:52.950 usually using just this form right over here. 00:00:52.950 --> 00:00:55.050 Now, a lot of folks have income 00:00:55.050 --> 00:00:58.200 above and beyond the wages, tips and other compensation 00:00:58.200 --> 00:01:00.030 that you get from your W-2 00:01:00.030 --> 00:01:01.830 or that you get from your employer, 00:01:01.830 --> 00:01:06.000 and that will show up in some form of a 1099. 00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:08.880 So this is an example of a 1099 00:01:08.880 --> 00:01:10.440 for miscellaneous information, 00:01:10.440 --> 00:01:13.710 M-I-S-C, MISC, 1099 MISC, right over here. 00:01:13.710 --> 00:01:16.380 But there are 1099s for, say, interest you get 00:01:16.380 --> 00:01:17.340 on your bank account, 00:01:17.340 --> 00:01:19.980 there are 1099s for dividends. 00:01:19.980 --> 00:01:21.750 A 1099 can be useful, 00:01:21.750 --> 00:01:23.460 let's say if you're an independent contractor, 00:01:23.460 --> 00:01:26.160 So you're getting income, it's not coming from an employer, 00:01:26.160 --> 00:01:28.410 it's coming from some type of a company 00:01:28.410 --> 00:01:30.030 that hired you to do something, 00:01:30.030 --> 00:01:32.190 but they're not giving you benefits, et cetera. 00:01:32.190 --> 00:01:36.330 So a lot of folks might have a 1099 of some form 00:01:36.330 --> 00:01:37.470 for that other income, 00:01:37.470 --> 00:01:39.390 that income that you're not getting from your employer, 00:01:39.390 --> 00:01:40.950 and you'll get one 1099. 00:01:40.950 --> 00:01:42.480 Let's say you have two bank accounts, 00:01:42.480 --> 00:01:43.800 they're each giving you interest, 00:01:43.800 --> 00:01:46.590 you'll get one 1099 from each of those. 00:01:46.590 --> 00:01:50.130 Once again, very useful when you're filling out your taxes. 00:01:50.130 --> 00:01:52.440 Now, the last form I'm going to show you 00:01:52.440 --> 00:01:53.910 is most relevant, 00:01:53.910 --> 00:01:56.433 well, especially this version right over here, 00:01:57.684 --> 00:02:02.400 a 1098 is actually to document interest 00:02:02.400 --> 00:02:04.830 that you have paid to other parties, 00:02:04.830 --> 00:02:08.370 or other types of money outflows, I should say, 00:02:08.370 --> 00:02:09.990 that might be tax deductible. 00:02:09.990 --> 00:02:12.480 So this one right over here, this 1098, 00:02:12.480 --> 00:02:14.880 is a mortgage interest statement, 00:02:14.880 --> 00:02:18.570 in many cases, the interest that you pay on the mortgage 00:02:18.570 --> 00:02:21.930 on your actual house, so not a rental property, 00:02:21.930 --> 00:02:22.770 not a second house, 00:02:22.770 --> 00:02:24.510 but on your actual house, 00:02:24.510 --> 00:02:28.837 that is oftentimes interest deductible. 00:02:28.837 --> 00:02:29.850 And there might be even cases 00:02:29.850 --> 00:02:31.410 where some of those other examples 00:02:31.410 --> 00:02:35.010 where the mortgage interest is actually deductible as well. 00:02:35.010 --> 00:02:36.480 But this one, 00:02:36.480 --> 00:02:38.130 when you get this statement from 00:02:38.130 --> 00:02:41.370 whoever you're paying your mortgage payments to, 00:02:41.370 --> 00:02:43.440 whoever you're borrowing from, 00:02:43.440 --> 00:02:44.730 this will also be useful 00:02:44.730 --> 00:02:46.630 when you are filling out your taxes 00:02:47.880 --> 00:02:49.770 to even see if you qualify 00:02:49.770 --> 00:02:53.160 for that mortgage interest deduction. 00:02:53.160 --> 00:02:54.270 So I'll stop there. 00:02:54.270 --> 00:02:55.950 There's many other tax forms, 00:02:55.950 --> 00:02:56.910 but these are the ones 00:02:56.910 --> 00:02:59.103 that most people are going to encounter.

What are tax forms? (Part 1)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boklbFhF8l8

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.540 --> 00:00:02.700 - [Instructor] What we're gonna do in this video is 00:00:02.700 --> 00:00:06.120 at least get you a little bit familiar with a bunch of forms 00:00:06.120 --> 00:00:08.940 that you're likely to see when you get a job. 00:00:08.940 --> 00:00:09.773 And I'm not gonna go 00:00:09.773 --> 00:00:12.690 into deep detail on each of these forms, 00:00:12.690 --> 00:00:14.640 but just to give you some basic familiarity 00:00:14.640 --> 00:00:18.540 so that you aren't caught unaware when you actually 00:00:18.540 --> 00:00:20.550 have to fill these out yourself. 00:00:20.550 --> 00:00:22.320 So the first form that you're going to see 00:00:22.320 --> 00:00:24.930 when you get a job as an employee, 00:00:24.930 --> 00:00:25.763 and I'll talk a little bit 00:00:25.763 --> 00:00:27.990 about being an employee versus being a contractor, 00:00:27.990 --> 00:00:29.820 but if you're going to go work for wages 00:00:29.820 --> 00:00:33.930 and you're going to get benefits, then you are an employee. 00:00:33.930 --> 00:00:37.230 And this right over here is a Form I9, 00:00:37.230 --> 00:00:40.470 employment eligibility verification. 00:00:40.470 --> 00:00:42.090 And this is just to make sure 00:00:42.090 --> 00:00:44.580 that you are qualified to work in this country. 00:00:44.580 --> 00:00:48.120 So you have some just basic personal information up here. 00:00:48.120 --> 00:00:50.550 And then you say whether you're a citizen, 00:00:50.550 --> 00:00:52.980 a non-citizen national of the United States, 00:00:52.980 --> 00:00:54.834 a lawful permanent resident, 00:00:54.834 --> 00:00:59.310 or an alien authorized to work, et cetera, et cetera. 00:00:59.310 --> 00:01:03.030 So that's the whole reason for this form. 00:01:03.030 --> 00:01:05.820 Now, another form that you are going to fill out 00:01:05.820 --> 00:01:10.820 if you are starting a job as an employee is a W4, 00:01:11.640 --> 00:01:14.310 employee's withholding certificate. 00:01:14.310 --> 00:01:17.580 And this is to let the employer know 00:01:17.580 --> 00:01:21.030 on every paycheck you get, how much should be withheld 00:01:21.030 --> 00:01:23.850 and sent to the IRS? 00:01:23.850 --> 00:01:25.560 So we talk about this in other videos, 00:01:25.560 --> 00:01:27.630 but every time you get paid 00:01:27.630 --> 00:01:29.520 your employer is gonna set aside some money 00:01:29.520 --> 00:01:30.939 and essentially pay your taxes. 00:01:30.939 --> 00:01:33.560 And at the end of the year, when you do your taxes 00:01:33.560 --> 00:01:36.420 you're going to make sure that the right amount was paid. 00:01:36.420 --> 00:01:39.540 If your employer withheld more than they needed to, 00:01:39.540 --> 00:01:41.580 you'll get a refund, you'll get some money back. 00:01:41.580 --> 00:01:45.330 And if the employer did not withhold enough, 00:01:45.330 --> 00:01:49.000 then you are going to have to pay some extra taxes. 00:01:49.000 --> 00:01:50.220 So once again, 00:01:50.220 --> 00:01:52.620 you just have your personal information up here. 00:01:52.620 --> 00:01:57.480 And then they ask some things about dependence 00:01:57.480 --> 00:01:58.470 and other things. 00:01:58.470 --> 00:01:59.370 And at the bottom of this, 00:01:59.370 --> 00:02:01.560 let me actually just go down so that you can see it, 00:02:01.560 --> 00:02:04.080 you just sign that this is valid. 00:02:04.080 --> 00:02:06.300 So it shouldn't take you too much time to fill it out 00:02:06.300 --> 00:02:11.300 but it can impact how much is actually withheld 00:02:11.610 --> 00:02:12.990 on each pay cycle. 00:02:12.990 --> 00:02:16.590 Now, as you go into a new calendar year, 00:02:16.590 --> 00:02:20.310 so let's say we're going from 2023 to 2024, 00:02:20.310 --> 00:02:22.470 usually in the beginning of the new calendar year 00:02:22.470 --> 00:02:24.570 you'll get a W2. 00:02:24.570 --> 00:02:26.066 And this is very important 00:02:26.066 --> 00:02:29.730 for actually filling out your taxes. 00:02:29.730 --> 00:02:32.100 So this is essentially a summary that you get 00:02:32.100 --> 00:02:33.120 from your employer. 00:02:33.120 --> 00:02:34.590 So the previous two I just showed, 00:02:34.590 --> 00:02:37.530 you fill it out when you start a job. 00:02:37.530 --> 00:02:39.150 But then in the new calendar year 00:02:39.150 --> 00:02:40.890 you get this from the employer. 00:02:40.890 --> 00:02:44.040 And it's really important for filling out your taxes. 00:02:44.040 --> 00:02:45.390 Because when you fill out your taxes, 00:02:45.390 --> 00:02:47.190 you can put in these numbers of, well, 00:02:47.190 --> 00:02:50.970 what were your total wages, tips and other compensation? 00:02:50.970 --> 00:02:52.320 How much was withheld? 00:02:52.320 --> 00:02:56.430 And remember that how much was withheld could be influenced 00:02:56.430 --> 00:03:00.990 by that W4, how much of this right over here 00:03:00.990 --> 00:03:02.400 is the social security wages. 00:03:02.400 --> 00:03:05.760 So the wages that could be used to calculate 00:03:05.760 --> 00:03:09.030 how much social security tax is withheld. 00:03:09.030 --> 00:03:10.290 And it goes on and on and on. 00:03:10.290 --> 00:03:12.030 Trust me, you want this form. 00:03:12.030 --> 00:03:14.025 In fact, you need this form, in most cases, around 00:03:14.025 --> 00:03:16.284 when you are actually filling your taxes. 00:03:16.284 --> 00:03:17.850 And it's interesting to look at 00:03:17.850 --> 00:03:19.800 because it's an interesting summary 00:03:19.800 --> 00:03:22.800 for what happened in that previous year. 00:03:22.800 --> 00:03:24.090 Now, everything I just talked about 00:03:24.090 --> 00:03:26.130 is if you are an employee. 00:03:26.130 --> 00:03:29.310 There might be situations where you are a contractor. 00:03:29.310 --> 00:03:32.700 A contractor is also someone who does something 00:03:32.700 --> 00:03:35.610 for a company, but an employee is someone where 00:03:35.610 --> 00:03:38.100 you're getting wages, you're getting regular wages 00:03:38.100 --> 00:03:40.050 for certain expectations, 00:03:40.050 --> 00:03:41.340 that you're maybe you're going to show up 00:03:41.340 --> 00:03:42.660 for a certain number of hours 00:03:42.660 --> 00:03:45.180 or do certain types of regular work. 00:03:45.180 --> 00:03:47.820 You typically will get benefits for that. 00:03:47.820 --> 00:03:50.532 While a contractor is in some ways operating 00:03:50.532 --> 00:03:52.470 at a higher level, hey, you're gonna build this 00:03:52.470 --> 00:03:54.600 for me and I'm gonna pay you, but you're not an employee. 00:03:54.600 --> 00:03:56.760 You might do it only for a certain amount of time. 00:03:56.760 --> 00:04:01.320 Or we, the company, can't decide when 00:04:01.320 --> 00:04:03.900 and how you do your work as long as you get it done 00:04:03.900 --> 00:04:05.580 by a certain date. 00:04:05.580 --> 00:04:10.560 And so for contractors, you might see a form like this. 00:04:10.560 --> 00:04:13.500 And this is really so that the company 00:04:13.500 --> 00:04:15.510 that is hiring the contractor 00:04:15.510 --> 00:04:18.240 can get a taxpayer identification number. 00:04:18.240 --> 00:04:19.073 Now you might be wondering, 00:04:19.073 --> 00:04:21.270 what is a taxpayer identification number? 00:04:21.270 --> 00:04:24.750 Well, in many cases if you're just an individual contractor 00:04:24.750 --> 00:04:26.970 it might be your social security number. 00:04:26.970 --> 00:04:28.260 But there's other situations, 00:04:28.260 --> 00:04:30.453 I won't go into all of the details there. 00:04:30.453 --> 00:04:32.670 So the big takeaway, 00:04:32.670 --> 00:04:34.710 especially when you're starting to engage with the company, 00:04:34.710 --> 00:04:35.970 especially as an employee 00:04:35.970 --> 00:04:38.070 and we just talked a little bit about, as a contractor, 00:04:38.070 --> 00:04:40.200 you're gonna have to fill out all these forms. 00:04:40.200 --> 00:04:42.390 Don't be intimidated by it. 00:04:42.390 --> 00:04:43.440 Most of 'em just require you 00:04:43.440 --> 00:04:45.360 to fill out some personal information. 00:04:45.360 --> 00:04:46.980 It's good to know what that form is for. 00:04:46.980 --> 00:04:48.855 And then you typically sign at the bottom. 00:04:48.855 --> 00:04:50.820 But hopefully now you're going to go in 00:04:50.820 --> 00:04:52.293 a little bit more prepared.

Key tax terms

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDPM2Py7ALw

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WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.600 --> 00:00:01.680 - [Instructor] What we're going to do here 00:00:01.680 --> 00:00:04.740 is a little bit of a case study in doing taxes. 00:00:04.740 --> 00:00:06.810 So we have a situation where someone 00:00:06.810 --> 00:00:11.190 is bringing in $50,000 in this current tax year 00:00:11.190 --> 00:00:12.023 in gross income. 00:00:12.023 --> 00:00:14.520 So this is everything from their salaries, 00:00:14.520 --> 00:00:15.930 tips they might make, 00:00:15.930 --> 00:00:18.210 if they act as a contractor, payments for that. 00:00:18.210 --> 00:00:21.000 It could be dividend income if they own stocks. 00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:25.230 It could be interest on bank accounts or CDs 00:00:25.230 --> 00:00:26.063 that they might have. 00:00:26.063 --> 00:00:30.330 And so when you add up all of that, we get to $50,000. 00:00:30.330 --> 00:00:35.330 Now you aren't taxed on your gross income just as is. 00:00:35.490 --> 00:00:38.040 Typically, you're going to adjust it 00:00:38.040 --> 00:00:40.410 to figure out what your taxable income is 00:00:40.410 --> 00:00:43.200 and then you'll go and look at the various tax brackets 00:00:43.200 --> 00:00:44.820 and calculate your taxes. 00:00:44.820 --> 00:00:45.750 And just so you know, 00:00:45.750 --> 00:00:48.330 these are not the real tax brackets in the United States. 00:00:48.330 --> 00:00:50.280 These have never been the real tax brackets 00:00:50.280 --> 00:00:51.330 in the United States. 00:00:51.330 --> 00:00:54.420 I simplified it, one, to make the numbers easy 00:00:54.420 --> 00:00:57.300 so I can do it with back-of-the-envelope math, 00:00:57.300 --> 00:01:00.660 but also these are constantly changing in the real world 00:01:00.660 --> 00:01:02.970 and I don't wanna have to keep redoing this video 00:01:02.970 --> 00:01:04.620 every time they change the tax brackets. 00:01:04.620 --> 00:01:07.680 But it's gonna give you the general idea of what's going on. 00:01:07.680 --> 00:01:10.140 So these are made up tax brackets and tax rates 00:01:10.140 --> 00:01:12.930 and this is also a made up standard deduction. 00:01:12.930 --> 00:01:13.920 We're gonna talk in a little bit 00:01:13.920 --> 00:01:16.170 about what a standard deduction is. 00:01:16.170 --> 00:01:18.450 So going back to the case study of this person 00:01:18.450 --> 00:01:21.450 in this taxable year, gross income $50,000. 00:01:21.450 --> 00:01:24.240 And then they have what we're calling 00:01:24.240 --> 00:01:26.460 above-the-line deductions. 00:01:26.460 --> 00:01:27.900 And above-the-line deductions, 00:01:27.900 --> 00:01:30.630 you can view these as deductions to your gross income 00:01:30.630 --> 00:01:32.373 that you can make no matter what. 00:01:33.600 --> 00:01:35.250 The history of why it's called above-the-line, 00:01:35.250 --> 00:01:37.680 it's the first form of the typical tax form, 00:01:37.680 --> 00:01:40.080 so let me say above the line. 00:01:40.080 --> 00:01:43.050 Above the line. 00:01:43.050 --> 00:01:45.060 You can make these types of deductions no matter what. 00:01:45.060 --> 00:01:46.590 This isn't an exhaustive list 00:01:46.590 --> 00:01:49.110 but these are ones that are actually reasonably typical, 00:01:49.110 --> 00:01:51.570 things like a 401K contribution. 00:01:51.570 --> 00:01:56.190 This is a pre-tax contribution to a retirement account, 00:01:56.190 --> 00:02:00.720 to a defined contribution retirement account so to speak, 00:02:00.720 --> 00:02:02.580 where you put a certain amount of money every year 00:02:02.580 --> 00:02:04.020 and that money is pre-tax. 00:02:04.020 --> 00:02:06.630 So it gets taken down from your gross income 00:02:06.630 --> 00:02:08.910 to figure out what your actual taxable income 00:02:08.910 --> 00:02:09.990 is going to be. 00:02:09.990 --> 00:02:13.170 Student loan interest is also typically deductible 00:02:13.170 --> 00:02:14.910 from your gross income. 00:02:14.910 --> 00:02:16.620 And when we deduct those, 00:02:16.620 --> 00:02:20.430 we are left with our adjusted gross income. 00:02:20.430 --> 00:02:25.430 Let me write here, add adjusted, I lost a T there, 00:02:25.500 --> 00:02:30.500 adjusted gross income, which in this case 00:02:31.260 --> 00:02:34.230 is going to be, well it's gonna be $50,000 00:02:34.230 --> 00:02:36.600 minus 2,000, minus 3,000, 00:02:36.600 --> 00:02:41.490 so that gets us to $45,000. 00:02:41.490 --> 00:02:44.250 Now we're not ready to just take this $45,000 00:02:44.250 --> 00:02:46.110 and figure out how that will be taxed 00:02:46.110 --> 00:02:47.670 based on this schedule here, 00:02:47.670 --> 00:02:49.260 this chart right over here. 00:02:49.260 --> 00:02:51.120 We're not ready to make more deductions, 00:02:51.120 --> 00:02:53.490 and we can view these as below-the-line deductions. 00:02:53.490 --> 00:02:55.470 And this is where it gets interesting. 00:02:55.470 --> 00:02:59.010 You could go the path of itemized deductions. 00:02:59.010 --> 00:03:00.540 So that's looking at things like, 00:03:00.540 --> 00:03:03.030 okay, did you make any donations to charity? 00:03:03.030 --> 00:03:07.200 Or do you have any mortgage interest on your home mortgage? 00:03:07.200 --> 00:03:08.550 And so let me write these, 00:03:08.550 --> 00:03:09.873 these are itemized. 00:03:11.220 --> 00:03:12.420 Itemized. 00:03:12.420 --> 00:03:14.730 So if you itemized your deductions 00:03:14.730 --> 00:03:16.950 you'd say, "Okay, I have a total of $9,000 00:03:16.950 --> 00:03:19.170 of itemized deductions right over here." 00:03:19.170 --> 00:03:23.160 I would take that from the $45,000, 00:03:23.160 --> 00:03:27.180 and I could have a situation where my taxable, 00:03:27.180 --> 00:03:32.180 taxable income would be 45,000 minus nine 00:03:33.960 --> 00:03:37.740 which is going to be, lemme draw a little line over here. 00:03:37.740 --> 00:03:42.570 This is going to be $36,000 of taxable income. 00:03:42.570 --> 00:03:44.160 Now you could just take that and figure out 00:03:44.160 --> 00:03:45.660 what you're now going to have to pay. 00:03:45.660 --> 00:03:48.750 But there's another interesting alternative path 00:03:48.750 --> 00:03:50.430 that you should know about. 00:03:50.430 --> 00:03:53.250 As opposed to itemizing your deductions, 00:03:53.250 --> 00:03:55.650 your below-the-line deductions, so to speak, 00:03:55.650 --> 00:03:57.540 where you have to list them all out, 00:03:57.540 --> 00:04:02.540 your other option is to just take the standard deduction. 00:04:02.880 --> 00:04:06.780 Now in this situation, the standard deduction is $10,000. 00:04:06.780 --> 00:04:08.340 So let's see what happens if instead 00:04:08.340 --> 00:04:10.200 of itemizing our deductions, 00:04:10.200 --> 00:04:15.200 we were to just take out the $10,000 standard deduction. 00:04:15.420 --> 00:04:18.150 Well, in that situation, our taxable income 00:04:18.150 --> 00:04:21.750 is going to be 45,000 minus 10,000, 00:04:21.750 --> 00:04:25.620 which is going to be $35,000. 00:04:25.620 --> 00:04:27.930 Now, generally speaking, unless you just like 00:04:27.930 --> 00:04:29.580 giving money to the government, 00:04:29.580 --> 00:04:31.590 you wanna minimize your taxable income. 00:04:31.590 --> 00:04:33.060 You wanna do that legally. 00:04:33.060 --> 00:04:34.380 And in this situation 00:04:34.380 --> 00:04:37.140 when we pick the standard deduction route, 00:04:37.140 --> 00:04:39.780 we actually have a lower taxable income. 00:04:39.780 --> 00:04:42.630 So this is the path that you are going to want to take. 00:04:42.630 --> 00:04:45.150 And now that we've calculated this taxable income, 00:04:45.150 --> 00:04:49.500 this $35,000, we are ready to now actually calculate 00:04:49.500 --> 00:04:52.800 based on this schedule of the actual tax brackets. 00:04:52.800 --> 00:04:55.500 So one way to think about it is the first 10,000 00:04:55.500 --> 00:04:58.080 right over here, we are going to have no tax. 00:04:58.080 --> 00:04:59.130 So let me put that here. 00:04:59.130 --> 00:05:04.130 So we have 10K, no tax, no tax. 00:05:05.070 --> 00:05:08.250 Now the next $10,000 right over here 00:05:08.250 --> 00:05:10.590 is going to be taxed at 10%. 00:05:10.590 --> 00:05:15.590 So the next 10K is going to be taxed at 10%. 00:05:16.710 --> 00:05:18.900 So now, sorry, my dog barked. 00:05:18.900 --> 00:05:23.900 So now we've accounted for 20K, we have $15,000 left, 00:05:24.420 --> 00:05:25.620 so we go into the next bracket. 00:05:25.620 --> 00:05:28.170 The next bracket actually accounts for the next 20,000. 00:05:28.170 --> 00:05:29.760 We don't have that much, 00:05:29.760 --> 00:05:32.940 but if I just write over here, say okay, 00:05:32.940 --> 00:05:36.570 my next 15K, which is all I have, falls over here, 00:05:36.570 --> 00:05:39.780 so I'm going to say the next 15K 00:05:39.780 --> 00:05:43.200 is going to be taxed at 20%. 00:05:43.200 --> 00:05:45.660 And this is federal taxes that we are talking about here. 00:05:45.660 --> 00:05:47.400 You're gonna have to do it another time 00:05:47.400 --> 00:05:49.200 for your state taxes. 00:05:49.200 --> 00:05:51.570 But now let's calculate our total tax. 00:05:51.570 --> 00:05:54.330 First $10,000, no tax. 00:05:54.330 --> 00:05:55.800 So we don't have to worry about that. 00:05:55.800 --> 00:05:59.040 Now, $10,000 being taxed at 10%, 00:05:59.040 --> 00:06:02.670 10% of 10,000 is $1,000. 00:06:02.670 --> 00:06:06.960 And then $15,000 being taxed at 20%, 00:06:06.960 --> 00:06:09.960 that's going to be $3,000. 00:06:09.960 --> 00:06:12.000 And so you add these up 00:06:12.000 --> 00:06:15.180 and you get a total federal tax in this situation 00:06:15.180 --> 00:06:17.970 in this made up tax brackets that I just did, 00:06:17.970 --> 00:06:21.660 in this made up example of $4,000. 00:06:21.660 --> 00:06:23.550 But hopefully that gives you an idea 00:06:23.550 --> 00:06:26.310 of how taxes are actually calculated 00:06:26.310 --> 00:06:28.173 and a little bit of the terminology.