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82 | ããŒã«ãŒãã»ãã»ã¹ãã㶠| æ¹å€ | ã«ãŒã«ã»ãããŒã¯ã¹ããã¶ã®å²åŠãæ¬è³ªäž»çŸ©ãšããŠæ¹å€ããŠããããããŒã¯ãã¹ããã¶ã®èäœããšãã«ããããã«ã«ãã®å²åŠåçãã¯ãããããæ¬è³ªäž»çŸ©çãªå®çŸ©ã«ã¿ã¡ããµãããããããããã®å®çŸ©ã¯æååæã§çå€ãã®ãããã«ãªãããã®åé¡ããããã£ããããã§ã¯åé¡åé¿çãªãã®ã ããšæ¹å€ããããŸããã¹ããã¶ã®å¹ŸäœåŠçæ¹æ³(ã¢ã¬ã»ã²ãªã¡ããªã³)ãšã幟äœåŠã®æ¹æ³ãšã®é¡äŒŒæ§ã¯ãããŸã£ããããã¹ã ãã®ãã®ããšããŠããããããŒã¯ã¹ããã¶ãšç°ãªããã«ã³ãã¯æ¬åœã®åé¡ãšåãçµãã§ãããšè©äŸ¡ããŠããã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | null | æèèªç±ææ³(ã¶ãã¿ãããããã¶ããœããContext-free GrammarãCFG)ã¯ã圢åŒèšèªã®çè«(ç¹ã«ãçæææ³)ã«ãããŠå
šçæèŠåã以äžã®ããã§ãã圢åŒææ³ã§ããã
V â w
ãã㧠V ã¯éçµç«¯èšå·ã§ãããw ã¯çµç«¯èšå·ãšéçµç«¯èšå·ã®(0åãå«ã)ä»»æåã®äžŠã³ã§ããããæèèªç±ããšããçšèªã¯ååŸé¢ä¿ã«äŸåããã«éçµç«¯èšå· V ã w ã«çœ®æã§ããããšããæããæ¥ãŠãã(ãæèç¡çšããšããèš³ã®ææ¡ããã)ãæèèªç±ææ³ã«ãã£ãŠçæããã圢åŒèšèªãæèèªç±èšèªãšããã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | èæ¯ | æèèªç±ææ³ã¯ããŒã ã»ãã§ã ã¹ããŒã«ããå¥æ§é ææ³ã®ç 究ã®äžããã圢åŒèšèªã®é¡å¥(圢åŒèšèªã®éå±€ããã§ã ã¹ããŒéå±€ã®èšäºãåç
§)ã®ã²ãšã€ãšããŠèŠåºããããã®ã§ããã
æèèªç±ææ³ã®åœ¢åŒæ§ã¯ãèšèªåŠãäŒçµ±çã«èªç¶èšèªã®ææ³ã圢åŒçã«èšè¿°ããŠããæ¢åã®æ¹æ³(äŸãã°ããŒãã)ã«å£ã£ãŠãããããšãã°ãå
¥ãå(nesting)ãèªç¶ã«æããŠããããšãã圢åŒçã§ããããšãã圢åŒçãªææ³ã䜿ãããšããå©ç¹ããããäžæ¹ã§åé¡ããããããšãã°èªç¶èšèªã®ææ³ã®éèŠãªæ©èœã§ããäžèŽãåç
§ãšãã£ãå±æ§ã¯ç¶ºéºã«è¡šãããšãã§ããªã(èªç¶èšèªã«éãããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ããã°ãã°æèèªç±ææ³ãããã¯ã¿åºããŠãããä»æ§ããã)ã
æèèªç±ææ³ã¯ã(ãã§ã ã¹ããŒãã«ãã£ãŠèšèªåŠã§)æå±ãããŠããã«ã(圢åŒèšèªãšå¯æ¥ãªé¢ä¿ã«ãããªãŒãããã³çè«ã®ãããªçè«èšç®æ©ç§åŠã®åéã«ãšã©ãŸãã)ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª ALGOLã®ä»æ§çå®ã«ãããŠãæ§æã®ä»æ§ã瀺ãããã«ã¹ã»ããŠã¢èšæ³ãšãã圢ã§ãšãå
¥ãããããã®åŸã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ç§åŠäžè¬ã«ããããã¯ãã£ãšåºãå®åã«ãå¿çšãããŠããã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | èæ¯ | ãæèèªç±ææ³ã¯ã»ãšãã©ã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ãèšè¿°ã§ããã»ã©åŒ·åã§ãããå®éãå€ãã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã¯æèèªç±ææ³ã§æ§æä»æ§ãå®çŸ©ããŠãããããšãã£ãèšèª¬ããã°ãã°èŠãããã(ããšãã°æ¥æ¬èªçãŠã£ãããã£ã¢ã®ãã®éšåã«ã¯ãã£ãšããæžãããŠãã)誀ãã§ãããæ¬åœã«å®éã®æã¯ãyaccã§å®çŸ©ãããŠããŠããçŽç²ã«æ§æã§ã¯å®çŸ©ããããªãéšåããããããšæå³èŠåã§è£ã£ãŠããã®ãæ®éã§ããã
æèèªç±ææ³ã¯å¹ççãªæ§æ解æã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãé©çšã§ããçšåºŠã«åçŽã§ãããã€ãŸããããæååãç¹å®ã®ææ³ã«ããèšèªã«å±ããŠãããã©ãããå€æããããšãã§ãã(äŸãã°ã¢ãŒãªãŒæ³)ãåæã®æ§æ解æææ³ã§ããLRæ³ãLLæ³ã¯æèèªç±ææ³ã®ãµãã»ãããæ±ããã®ã§ãã£ãã
å
šãŠã®åœ¢åŒèšèªãæèèªç±ã§ããããã§ã¯ãªããæèèªç±ã§ãªãäŸãšã㊠{ a n b n c n : n ⥠0 } {\displaystyle \{a^{n}b^{n}c^{n}:n\geq 0\}} ãããããã®èšèªã¯ Parsing Expression Grammar (PEG) ã§ã¯çæã§ãããPEG ã¯æèèªç±ææ³ãšæ±ããç¯å²ã®ææ³ãç°ãªãæèèªç±ææ³ãå
šãŠæ±ããããã§ã¯ãªããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã«é©ããæ°ããªå®åŒåã®ã²ãšã€ã§ããã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | 圢åŒçå®çŸ© | æèèªç±ææ³ G ã¯æ¬¡ã® 4-ã¿ãã« ã§è¡šãããã
G = ( V , Σ , R , S ) {\displaystyle G=(V\,,\Sigma \,,R\,,S\,)} ããã§
R {\displaystyle R\,} ã®ã¡ã³ããŒãææ³ã®èŠåãšåŒã¶ã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | 圢åŒçå®çŸ© | ä»»æã® ( α , β ) â R {\displaystyle (\alpha ,\beta )\in R} ã«ã€ã㊠P α β ( u , v ) = ( u α v , u β v ) {\displaystyle P_{\alpha \beta }(u,\,v)=(u\alpha v,\,u\beta v)} ãšãªããããªçæåå P α β : ( V ⪠Σ ) â à ( V ⪠Σ ) â ⶠ( V ⪠Σ ) â à ( V ⪠Σ ) â {\displaystyle P_{\alpha \beta }:(V\cup \Sigma )^{*}\times (V\cup \Sigma )^{*}\longrightarrow (V\cup \Sigma )^{*}\times (V\cup \Sigma )^{*}} ãååšããã
é åºå¯Ÿ ( u α v , u β v ) {\displaystyle (u\alpha v,\,u\beta v)} ã G {\displaystyle G\,} ã®ãããã¯ã·ã§ã³(çæèŠå)ãšåŒã³ãäžè¬ã« u α v â u β v {\displaystyle u\alpha v\rightarrow u\beta v} ã®ããã«è¡šèšããã
ä»»æã® u , v â ( V ⪠Σ ) â {\displaystyle u,v\in (V\cup \Sigma )^{*}} ã«ã€ããŠã u {\displaystyle u\,} ã v {\displaystyle v\,} ãçæããããšã u â v {\displaystyle u\Rightarrow v} ã§è¡šãããã ãã u = u 1 α u 2 {\displaystyle u\,=u_{1}\alpha u_{2}} ã〠v = u 1 β u 2 {\displaystyle v\,=u_{1}\beta u_{2}} 㧠â ( α , β ) â R , u 1 , u 2 â ( V ⪠Σ ) â {\displaystyle \exists (\alpha ,\beta )\in R,u_{1},u_{2}\in (V\cup \Sigma )^{*}} ãæãç«ããã°ãªããªãã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | 圢åŒçå®çŸ© | ä»»æã® u , v â ( V ⪠Σ ) â {\displaystyle u,v\in (V\cup \Sigma )^{*}} ã«ã€ããŠã u â â v {\displaystyle u{\stackrel {*}{\Rightarrow }}v} (ããã㯠u ââ v {\displaystyle u\Rightarrow \Rightarrow v} )ã§ãããšã¯ã u â u 1 â u 2 ⯠â u k â v {\displaystyle u\Rightarrow u_{1}\Rightarrow u_{2}\cdots \Rightarrow u_{k}\Rightarrow v} ãšãªããã㪠â u 1 , u 2 , ⯠u k â ( V ⪠Σ ) â , k ⥠0 {\displaystyle \exists u_{1},u_{2},\cdots u_{k}\in (V\cup \Sigma )^{*},k\geq 0} ãæãç«ã€å Žåã§ããã
ææ³ G = ( V , Σ , R , S ) {\displaystyle G=(V\,,\Sigma \,,R\,,S\,)} ã®èšèªã¯æ¬¡ã®éåã§è¡šãããã
L ( G ) = { w â Σ â : S â â w } {\displaystyle L(G)=\{w\in \Sigma ^{*}:S{\stackrel {*}{\Rightarrow }}w\}} |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | 圢åŒçå®çŸ© | èšèª L {\displaystyle L\,} ã¯ã L = L ( G ) {\displaystyle L\,=\,L(G)} ãšãªããããªæèèªç±ææ³ G {\displaystyle G\,} ãååšãããšããæèèªç±èšèª(CFL)ã§ãããšããã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | äŸ | æåã®äŸã瀺ãã
S â aSb | ε
ããã§ã | ã¯ãéžæããæå³ããε ã¯ç©ºã®æååãæå³ããããã®ææ³ã«ãã£ãŠçæãããèšèªã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«ãªãã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | äŸ | { a n b n : n ⥠0 } {\displaystyle \{a^{n}b^{n}:n\geq 0\}}
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é ã§ã¯ãªãã次ã®2ã€ã®èŠåã§ããäžã®äŸãšåæ§ã®èšèªãå®çŸ©ããŠããã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | äŸ | S â aSb
S â ε
次ã¯äžçš®é¡ã®å€æ° x, y, z ã䜿ã£ãææ³çã«æ£ããååæŒç®ã®æ°åŒãçæããæèèªç±ææ³ã§ãããããã§æŒç®åã¯äžçœ®ãšããŠããã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | äŸ | S â x | y | z | S + S | S - S | S * S | S/S | (S)
ãã®ææ³ã«åŸããšãäŸãã° "( x + y ) * x - z * y / ( x + x )" ãšãã£ãåŒãçæå¯èœã§ããã
ãã®ææ³ã¯ãæ§é ãç°ãªãæ§ææšããåãæååãçæãããããšããæå³ã§ææ§ã§ããã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | äŸ | æåã»ãã {a,b} ã«ã€ããŠãç°ãªãåæ°ã® a ãš b ããæ§æãããå
šãŠã®æååãçæããæèèªç±ææ³ã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«ãªãã
S â U | V U â TaU | TaT V â TbV | TbT T â aTbT | bTaT | ε
ããã§ãT ã«é¢ããçæèŠå㯠a ãš b ãåæ°ã®æååãçæããããU 㯠a ã®æ¹ãå¿
ãå€ããªãæååãçæããV 㯠b ã®æ¹ãå¿
ãå€ããªãæååãçæããã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | äŸ | 次ã®äŸã¯ { a n b m c m + n : n ⥠0 , m ⥠0 } {\displaystyle \{a^{n}b^{m}c^{m+n}:n\geq 0,m\geq 0\}} ã§ãããããã¯æ£èŠèšèªã§ã¯ãªãæèèªç±èšèªã§ããã以äžã®çæèŠåã§çæããã(ãã®çæèŠåã¯æèèªç±ææ³ã«ãããã£ãŠãã)ã
S â aSc | B B â bBc | ε
æèèªç±ææ³ã¯æ°åŠçãªã圢åŒçãèšèªã ãã§å©çšãããããã§ã¯ãªããäŸãã°ãã¿ãã«èªã®è©©ã§ãã Venpa ã¯æèèªç±ææ³ã§å®åŒåã§ããããšãææãããŠããã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | å°åºãšæ§ææš | ããææ³ã«ãããŠãéå§èšå·ããããæååãå°åºãããéçšãèšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ã¯äºçš®é¡ååšãããåçŽãªæ¹æ³ã¯å°åºéçšã®éäžã®æååãå
šãŠæžãåºããŠããæ¹æ³ã§ãããã€ãŸãéå§èšå·ããå§ããŠãçæèŠåãäžåé©çšãã床ã«æååãæžãåºããŠãæåŸã«ç®çã®æååã«ãªããŸã§åæããã®ã§ãããäŸãã°ã巊端ã«æãè¿ãéçµç«¯èšå·ãæåã«æžãæããããšããèŠåãé©çšãããšããã°ãæèèªç±ææ³ã§ã¯é©çšããçæèŠåãåæããã ãã§ååã§ããããããæååã®ã巊端å°åºã(Leftmost Derivation)ãšåŒã¶ãäŸãã°ã以äžã®ææ³ããããšããã
(1) S â S + S (2) S â 1 (3) S â a
æååã1 + 1 + aããå°åºããéçšã¯ [ (1), (1), (2), (2), (3) ] ãšãããªã¹ãã«ãªããåæ§ã«ãå³ç«¯å°åºããå®çŸ©ã§ããããã®äŸã®å Žåãå³ç«¯å°åºã§ã®å°åºéçšã¯ [ (1), (3), (1), (2), (2)] ãšãããªã¹ãã«ãªãã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | å°åºãšæ§ææš | 巊端å°åºãšå³ç«¯å°åºã®ãªã¹ããç°ãªãã®ã¯éèŠãªãã€ã³ãã§ãããæ§æ解æã§ã¯ãææ³èŠåæ¯ã«ãããå
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å°åºéçšã¯å°åºãããæååäžã«ããçš®ã®éå±€æ§é ãæãããšã§ãè¡šããããäŸãšããŠå·Šç«¯å°åºã«ããã1 + 1 + 1ãã«å¯Ÿããéå±€æ§é ãèŠãŠã¿ãããå°åºéçšã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«ãªãã
SâS+S (1) SâS+S+S (1) Sâ1+S+S (2) Sâ1+1+S (2) Sâ1+1+1 (2) |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | å°åºãšæ§ææš | { { { 1 }S + { 1 }S }S + { 1 }S }S
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89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | å°åºãšæ§ææš | Sâ S + S (1) Sâ 1 + S (2) Sâ 1 + S + S (1) Sâ 1 + 1 + S (2) Sâ 1 + 1 + 1 (2)
ããã«ãã£ãŠå®çŸ©ãããæ§ææšã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«ãªãã
ãã®ææ³ã®ããã«ãããæååãå°åºããæ§ææšãè€æ°èããããææ³ããææ§ãªææ³ã(Ambiguous Grammar)ãšåŒã¶ããã®ãããªææ³ã®æ§æ解æã¯ãçæèŠåã®é©çšé åºãæ¯å決å®ããªããã°ãªããªãããé£ããã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | æšæºåœ¢ | 空ã®æååãçæããªãæèèªç±ææ³ã¯ç䟡ãªãã§ã ã¹ããŒæšæºåœ¢ãã°ã©ã€ãããæšæºåœ¢ã«å€æã§ãããããã§ãããç䟡ããšã¯åãèšèªãçæãããšããæå³ã§ããã
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89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | é決å®æ§ | æèèªç±ææ³ã¯èœåãå¶éãããŠããããããã®æäœã®äžéšã¯æ±ºå®å¯èœã§ããããåæã«æ±ºå®äžèœãªåé¡ããããæãåçŽã§åããæã決å®äžèœåé¡ã®1ã€ãšããŠãCFG ãèšèªã®å
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89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | æ¡åŒµ | å¥ã®æ¡åŒµãšããŠãèŠåã®å·ŠèŸºã«è¿œå ã®èšå·ãæžããããã«ããææ³ããããããã¯æèäŸåææ³ã«ä»ãªããªãã |
89 | æèèªç±ææ³ | èšèªåŠçå¿çš | ããŒã ã»ãã§ã ã¹ããŒèªèº«ã¯ãçæææ³ãè¿œå ããããšã§æèèªç±ææ³ã®å¶éãå
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