id
stringlengths 1
4
| tokens
sequence | ner_tags
sequence |
---|---|---|
2200 | [
"We",
"aim",
"to",
"achieve",
"two",
"goals:",
"(1)",
"Selecting",
"the",
"most",
"likely",
"label",
"mapping",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"training",
"set."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2201 | [
"Finally,",
"for",
"each",
"class,",
"we",
"choose",
"the",
"top-k",
"tokens",
"as",
"label",
"words."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
3,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2202 | [
"Then",
"each",
"token",
"in",
"is",
"assigned",
"to",
"the",
"class",
"with",
"the",
"highest",
"probability",
"(e.g.,",
"the",
"token",
"terrible",
"is",
"assigned",
"to",
"the",
"class",
"negative,",
"the",
"token",
"great",
"is",
"assigned",
"to",
"the",
"class",
"positive)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2203 | [
"All",
"the",
"obtained",
"probability",
"distributions",
"are",
"summed",
"by",
"class",
"and",
"probability",
"distribution",
"over",
"the",
"vocabulary",
"normalized",
"to",
"get",
"the",
"probability",
"distribution",
"of",
"each",
"class."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2204 | [
"Each",
"training",
"sample",
"with",
"the",
"task-specific",
"template",
"(the",
"underlined",
"text)",
"is",
"fed",
"into",
"a",
"pretrained",
"language",
"model",
"to",
"get",
"its",
"own",
"."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2205 | [
"5486"
] | [
0
] |
2206 | [
"We",
"them",
"and",
"selecting",
"the",
"best",
"one",
"with",
"introduce",
"a",
"new",
"selection",
"algorithm",
"for",
"label",
"mapping",
"that",
"achieves",
"competitive",
"results",
"compared",
"to",
"previous",
"efforts."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2207 | [
"(Gao",
"et",
"al.,",
"2021)",
"exploits",
"a",
"large",
"pretrained",
"masked",
"language",
"model",
"(RoBERTa,",
"Liu",
"et",
"al.,",
"2019)",
"to",
"construct",
"a",
"pruned",
"set",
"of",
"label",
"words",
"and",
"then",
"determine",
"the",
"final",
"mapping",
"by",
"fine-tuning",
"on",
"all",
"of",
"Ddev",
"."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2208 | [
"(2020)",
"explores",
"automatic",
"label",
"mapping",
"searching",
"but",
"it",
"still",
"requires",
"manual",
"pre-filtering",
"and",
"significantly",
"underperforms",
"the",
"manual",
"mapping."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2209 | [
"Previously,",
"Schick",
"and",
"Schütze",
"(2021a,b)",
"both",
"use",
"hand-crafted",
"label",
"mappings",
"while",
"Schick",
"et",
"al."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2210 | [
"Selecting",
"a",
"good",
"label",
"mapping",
"often",
"requires",
"significant",
"human",
"effort,",
"including",
"domain",
"knowledge",
"and",
"trial-and-error."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2211 | [
"Finding",
"a",
"good",
"label",
"mapping",
"is",
"non-trivial,",
"esM",
"pecially",
"when",
"M′",
"maps",
"an",
"original",
"label",
"to",
"a",
"set",
"of",
"label",
"words",
"instead",
"of",
"one."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2212 | [
"4.2",
"Automatic",
"Label",
"Selection"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2213 | [
"l",
"="
] | [
0,
0
] |
2214 | [
"Then,",
"we",
"can",
"simply",
"make",
"predictions",
"by",
"selecting",
"the",
"label",
"with",
"the",
"largest",
"likelihood."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2215 | [
"We",
"denote",
"the",
"k.",
"For",
"class",
",",
"the",
"predicted",
"probability",
"is",
"calculated",
"as:"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2216 | [
"Instead",
"of",
"a",
"one-to-one",
"mapping",
"from",
"the",
"origto",
"to",
"(y)",
"of",
"k",
"words."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2217 | [
"This",
"design",
"has",
"a",
"similar",
"advantage",
"of",
"exploiting",
"multiple",
"labels",
"without",
"training",
"and",
"ensembling",
"multiple",
"models."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2218 | [
"We",
"instead",
"use",
"a",
"straightforward",
"sum",
"to",
"consider",
"multiple",
"label",
"words",
"when",
"making",
"predictions."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2219 | [
"Schick",
"et",
"al.",
"(2020)",
"use",
"multiple",
"label",
"combinations",
"for",
"PET",
"(Schick",
"and",
"Schütze,",
"2021a)",
"and",
"ensemble",
"them",
"afterwards."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2220 | [
"This",
"can",
"be",
"resolved",
"by",
"introducing",
"multiple",
"label",
"words."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2221 | [
"We",
"also",
"argue",
"that",
"selecting",
"only",
"one",
"label",
"(especially",
"automatically)",
"may",
"bring",
"noise."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2222 | [
"Selecting",
"one",
"label",
"word",
"can",
"be",
"insufficient",
"for",
"some",
"complicated",
"tasks,",
"as",
"mentioned",
"in",
"Schick",
"et",
"al.",
"(2020)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2223 | [
"4.1",
"Exploiting",
"Multiple",
"Labels"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2224 | [
"4",
"Automatic",
"Multi-Label",
"Prompting"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2225 | [
"|",
"Alternately,",
"one",
"can",
"further",
"fine-tune",
"pervised",
"pairs",
"performance."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2226 | [
"The",
"templates",
"used",
"for",
"prompting",
"are",
"from",
"Gao",
"et",
"al.",
"(2021)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2227 | [
"and"
] | [
0
] |
2228 | [
"Since",
"complete",
"the",
"[MASK]",
"token",
"in",
"an",
"input",
"sequence,",
"we",
"can",
"directly",
"make",
"zero-shot",
"prediction",
"of",
"the",
"probability",
"of",
"class",
"y",
"by",
"the",
"masked",
"language"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2229 | [
"Note",
"that",
"since",
"we",
"T",
"focus",
"on",
"automatically",
"finding",
"the",
"label",
"mapping",
"from",
"Gao",
"et",
"al.",
",",
"we",
"use",
"the",
"manual",
"templates",
"M",
"T",
"is",
"trained",
"to",
"(2021)",
"throughout",
"this",
"paper."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2230 | [
"We",
"then",
"map",
"the",
"original",
"label",
"space",
"to",
"a",
"set",
"of",
"selected",
"words",
"from",
"the",
"vocabuY",
"→",
"V",
"′.",
"Some",
"examples",
"of",
"lary,",
"denoted",
"as",
"are",
"shown",
"in",
"Table",
"1."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2231 | [
"For",
"an",
"input",
"example",
"x",
"(a",
"single",
"sentence",
"or",
"a",
"sentence",
"pair),",
"we",
"first",
"use",
"a",
"task-specific",
"temto",
"convert",
"it",
"to",
"x′,",
"a",
"token",
"sequence",
"with",
"plate",
"a",
"[MASK]",
"token."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2232 | [
"Thus,",
"we",
"use",
"a",
"few-shot",
"development",
"set",
"with",
"the",
"same",
"size",
"as",
"the",
"training",
"set",
"(i.e.,",
"),",
"to",
"be",
"consistent",
"with",
"Gao",
"et",
"al.",
"(2021)",
"and",
"constitute",
"a",
"“true",
"few-shot”",
"setting",
"(Perez",
"et",
"al.,",
"2021)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2233 | [
"As",
"pointed",
"out",
"in",
"Perez",
"et",
"al.",
"(2021),",
"using",
"the",
"full",
"development",
"set",
"may",
"be",
"misleading",
"to",
"claim",
"a",
"few-shot",
"setting."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2234 | [
"Given",
"a",
"pretrained",
"and",
"its",
"defined",
"label",
"language",
"model",
",",
"we",
"have",
"n",
"training",
"examples",
"per",
"class",
"space",
"for",
"the",
"training",
"set",
"Dtrain",
"."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2235 | [
"We",
"follow",
"the",
"setup",
"in",
"LM-BFF",
"(Gao",
"et",
"al.,",
"2021)",
"for",
"few-shot",
"text",
"classification."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
11,
12,
12
] |
2236 | [
"3",
"Prompting",
"for",
"Few-Shot",
"Classification"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
11,
12
] |
2237 | [
"Different",
"from",
"these",
"works,",
"AMuLaP",
"is",
"a",
"discrete",
"prompting",
"method",
"that",
"has",
"better",
"interpretability",
"and",
"works",
"well",
"in",
"the",
"few-shot",
"setting."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2238 | [
"Notably,",
"different",
"from",
"discrete",
"prompting,",
"these",
"works",
"often",
"use",
"all",
"training",
"data",
"to",
"update",
"model",
"weights."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2239 | [
"Guo",
"et",
"al.",
"(2021)",
"introduces",
"Q-Learning",
"to",
"optimize",
"the",
"soft",
"prompt."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2240 | [
"Lester",
"et",
"al.",
"(2021)",
"reveals",
"that",
"prompt",
"tuning",
"is",
"more",
"competitive",
"when",
"scaled",
"up",
"and",
"can",
"achieve",
"identical",
"performance",
"to",
"conventional",
"fine-tuning",
"when",
"the",
"model",
"is",
"large",
"enough."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2241 | [
"Li",
"and",
"Liang",
"(2021)",
"applies",
"a",
"similar",
"method",
"for",
"natural",
"language",
"generation",
"and",
"achieves",
"comparable",
"performance",
"to",
"fine-tuning",
"while",
"updating",
"only",
"0.1%",
"of",
"model",
"parameters."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2242 | [
"Zhong",
"et",
"al.",
"(2021)",
"and",
"Qin",
"and",
"Eisner",
"(2021)",
"propose",
"continuous",
"prompts",
"for",
"knowledge",
"probing",
"by",
"tuning",
"some",
"trainable",
"vectors",
"in",
"the",
"input",
"sequence",
"while",
"fixing",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"input."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2243 | [
"In",
"parallel",
"with",
"text-based",
"Continuous",
"Prompts",
"discrete",
"prompts,",
"there",
"is",
"also",
"a",
"line",
"of",
"work",
"focused",
"on",
"tuning",
"only",
"a",
"fraction",
"of",
"parameters",
"of",
"an",
"LM",
"with",
"the",
"help",
"of",
"continuous",
"prompts",
"(i.e.,",
"soft",
"prompts)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2244 | [
"by",
"manually",
"writing",
"prompt",
"templates",
"and",
"shows",
"that",
"a",
"large",
"language",
"model",
"with",
"multitask",
"training",
"can",
"generalize",
"to",
"unseen",
"tasks."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2245 | [
"T0",
"(Sanh",
"et",
"al.,",
"2022;",
"Bach",
"et",
"al.,",
"2022)",
"constructs",
"a",
"dataset",
"of",
"different",
"NLP",
"tasks"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2246 | [
"Concurrently",
"to",
"our",
"work,",
"Hu",
"et",
"al.",
"(2021)",
"propose",
"a",
"method",
"that",
"exploits",
"an",
"external",
"knowledge",
"base",
"to",
"find",
"label",
"mapping."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2247 | [
"Different",
"from",
"these",
"prior",
"studies,",
"our",
"proposed",
"AMuLaP",
"is",
"a",
"simple",
"and",
"interpretable",
"method",
"for",
"few-shot",
"prompting",
"that",
"can",
"work",
"well",
"with",
"and",
"without",
"access",
"to",
"model",
"weights."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2248 | [
"These",
"searched",
"prompts",
"and",
"labels",
"are",
"often",
"uninterpretable",
"by",
"humans."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2249 | [
"AutoPrompt",
"uses",
"discretization",
"techniques",
"to",
"approximately",
"map",
"a",
"continuous",
"vector",
"back",
"to",
"tokens",
"in",
"the",
"vocabulary",
"(i.e.,",
"“vocablization”)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2250 | [
"PET",
"and",
"its",
"variants",
"also",
"require",
"a",
"large",
"unlabeled",
"set",
"and",
"need",
"to",
"be",
"fine-tuned",
"multiple",
"times."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2251 | [
"However,",
"these",
"methods",
"require",
"parameter",
"updates",
"with",
"gradient",
"descent,",
"which",
"is",
"infeasible",
"without",
"access",
"to",
"the",
"model",
"weights",
"(e.g.,",
"GPT-3)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2252 | [
"PETAL",
"(Schick",
"et",
"al.,",
"2020)",
"augments",
"Pattern",
"Exploiting",
"Training",
"(PET,",
"Schick",
"and",
"Schütze,",
"2021a,b)",
"with",
"automatically",
"identified",
"label",
"words;",
"Gao",
"et",
"al.",
"(2021)",
"uses",
"re-ranking",
"to",
"find",
"the",
"best",
"label",
"words",
"by",
"fine-tuning",
"a",
"RoBERTa",
"model",
"on",
"the",
"candidates",
"searched",
"by",
"RoBERTa,",
"and",
"using",
"an",
"external",
"generation",
"model",
"for",
"data",
"augmentation",
"of",
"prompt",
"templates;",
"AutoPrompt",
"(Shin",
"et",
"al.,",
"2020)",
"uses",
"a",
"gradient-based",
"search",
"to",
"determine",
"both",
"prompts",
"and",
"label",
"words."
] | [
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2253 | [
"Le",
"Scao",
"and",
"Rush",
"(2021)",
"analyzes",
"the",
"effect",
"of",
"prompting",
"and",
"concludes",
"that",
"a",
"single",
"prompt",
"may",
"be",
"worth",
"100",
"training",
"examples",
"in",
"fine-tuning."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2254 | [
"Recent",
"works",
"(Schick",
"and",
"Schütze,",
"2021a,b;",
"Gao",
"et",
"al.,",
"2021)",
"demonstrate",
"that",
"even",
"smaller",
"PLMs",
"have",
"similar",
"few-shot",
"learning",
"capacity."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2255 | [
"Recent",
"works",
"(Petroni",
"et",
"al.,",
"2019;",
"Davison",
"et",
"al.,",
"2019;",
"Jiang",
"et",
"al.,",
"2020)",
"design",
"prompts",
"to",
"probe",
"the",
"factual",
"and",
"commonsense",
"knowledge",
"encoded",
"within",
"a",
"PLM."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2256 | [
"Brown",
"et",
"al.",
"(2020)",
"proposes",
"an",
"intuitive",
"in-context",
"learning",
"paradigm",
"by",
"concatenating",
"a",
"few",
"input",
"and",
"output",
"examples",
"and",
"feeding",
"them",
"to",
"the",
"language",
"model",
"and",
"let",
"the",
"model",
"autoregressively",
"generate",
"answers",
"for",
"new",
"examples."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2257 | [
"The",
"release",
"of",
"GPT-3",
"(Brown",
"et",
"al.,",
"2020)",
"has",
"led",
"to",
"interest",
"in",
"prompting,",
"a",
"new",
"way",
"to",
"leverage",
"pretrained",
"language",
"models",
"(PLM)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2258 | [
"Discrete",
"Prompts"
] | [
0,
0
] |
2259 | [
"2",
"Related",
"Work"
] | [
0,
0,
0
] |
2260 | [
"why",
"does",
"AMuLaP",
"work",
"and",
"discuss",
"the",
"pros",
"and",
"cons",
"of",
"prompting",
"as",
"a",
"new",
"paradigm."
] | [
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2261 | [
"Moreover,",
"we",
"attempt",
"to",
"scale",
"AMuLaP",
"with",
"different",
"sizes",
"of",
"the",
"training",
"set",
"and",
"find",
"AMuLaP",
"to",
"work",
"surprisingly",
"well",
"even",
"with",
"one",
"or",
"two",
"shots."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2262 | [
"We",
"conduct",
"extensive",
"experiments",
"and",
"demonstrate",
"the",
"effectiveness",
"of",
"our",
"method",
"under",
"multiple",
"settings."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2263 | [
"Compared",
"with",
"a",
"hand-crafted",
"label",
"mapping",
"and",
"previous",
"works",
"on",
"automatic",
"label",
"mapping",
"(Schick",
"et",
"al.,",
"2020;",
"Gao",
"et",
"al.,",
"2021),",
"AMuLaP",
"achieves",
"competitive",
"performance",
"despite",
"being",
"simpler",
"and",
"does",
"not",
"require",
"access",
"to",
"the",
"weights",
"of",
"the",
"backbone",
"model,",
"or",
"finetune",
"an",
"external",
"pretrained",
"language",
"model",
"for",
"searching",
"label",
"mapping."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2264 | [
"AMuLaP",
"exploits",
"multiple",
"labels",
"to",
"suppress",
"the",
"noise",
"and",
"inherently",
"extend",
"the",
"training",
"set",
"for",
"prompt-based",
"fine-tuning."
] | [
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2265 | [
"AMuLaP",
"is",
"a",
"parameter-free",
"statistical",
"technique",
"that",
"can",
"identify",
"the",
"label",
"patterns",
"from",
"a",
"few-shot",
"training",
"set",
"given",
"a",
"prompt",
"template."
] | [
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2266 | [
"We",
"propose",
"Automatic",
"Multi-Label",
"Prompting",
"(AMuLaP),",
"a",
"simple",
"yet",
"effective",
"method",
"to",
"tackle",
"the",
"label",
"selection",
"problem",
"for",
"few-shot",
"classification."
] | [
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
11,
12
] |
2267 | [
"In",
"this",
"paper,",
"we",
"aim",
"to",
"design",
"a",
"method",
"that",
"can",
"automatically",
"find",
"a",
"good",
"label",
"mapping",
"to",
"save",
"human",
"effort",
"from",
"label",
"engineering."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2268 | [
"Thus,",
"an",
"efficient",
"automatic",
"label",
"mapping",
"method",
"is",
"desirable."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2269 | [
"One",
"may",
"argue",
"that",
"the",
"same",
"effort",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"label",
"more",
"supervised",
"data",
"for",
"a",
"conventional",
"deep",
"learning",
"pipeline."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2270 | [
"However,",
"manually",
"assigning",
"the",
"label",
"mapping",
"requires",
"human",
"expertise",
"with",
"trial",
"and",
"error."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2271 | [
"Meanwhile,",
"finding",
"a",
"good",
"mapping",
"from",
"the",
"original",
"task",
"labels",
"to",
"tokens",
"(i.e.,",
"label",
"engineering)",
"is",
"also",
"critical",
"to",
"few-shot",
"performance,",
"as",
"found",
"in",
"Schick",
"et",
"al.",
"(2020);",
"Gao",
"et",
"al.",
"(2021)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2272 | [
"Many",
"attempts",
"have",
"been",
"made",
"in",
"this",
"emerging",
"direction",
"of",
"prompt",
"engineering",
"(Shin",
"et",
"al.,",
"2020;",
"Gao",
"et",
"al.,",
"2021)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2273 | [
"In",
"prompting,",
"the",
"design",
"of",
"prompts",
"often",
"plays",
"an",
"important",
"role."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2274 | [
"Prompt-based",
"learning",
"(i.e.,",
"prompting)",
"aims",
"to",
"use",
"a",
"template",
"to",
"convert",
"the",
"original",
"input",
"into",
"a",
"prompt-based",
"input",
"with",
"some",
"unfilled",
"masked"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2275 | [
"Furthermore,",
"recent",
"works",
"(Schick",
"and",
"Schütze,",
"2021a,b;",
"Gao",
"et",
"al.,",
"2021)",
"show",
"that",
"prompts",
"can",
"also",
"help",
"the",
"model",
"generalize",
"better",
"in",
"fine-tuning."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2276 | [
"The",
"use",
"of",
"prompts",
"can",
"strengthen",
"the",
"explicit",
"connection",
"between",
"input",
"and",
"output,",
"helping",
"the",
"model",
"exploit",
"the",
"knowledge",
"learned",
"from",
"pretraining",
"in",
"a",
"better",
"way."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2277 | [
"This",
"setting",
"of",
"few-shot",
"learning",
"is",
"closer",
"to",
"how",
"humans",
"learn",
"to",
"solve",
"a",
"task,",
"often",
"without",
"many",
"examples",
"as",
"in",
"a",
"traditional",
"deep",
"learning",
"paradigm."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2278 | [
"These",
"works",
"demonstrate",
"the",
"potential",
"of",
"using",
"natural",
"language",
"prompts",
"to",
"encourage",
"the",
"model",
"to",
"recall",
"similar",
"patterns",
"in",
"its",
"training",
"corpus",
"and",
"thus",
"make",
"accurate",
"predictions."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2279 | [
"Since",
"the",
"release",
"of",
"GPT-3",
"(Brown",
"et",
"al.,",
"2020),",
"several",
"studies",
"have",
"focused",
"on",
"exploiting",
"pretrained",
"language",
"models",
"with",
"only",
"a",
"few",
"training",
"examples",
"(Brown",
"et",
"al.,",
"2020;",
"Gao",
"et",
"al.,",
"2021;",
"Shin",
"et",
"al.,",
"2020)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2280 | [
"Introduction"
] | [
0
] |
2281 | [
"Our",
"experiments",
"demonstrate",
"that",
"AMuLaP",
"achieves",
"competitive",
"performance",
"on",
"the",
"GLUE",
"benchmark",
"without",
"human",
"effort",
"or",
"external",
"resources.1"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
13,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2282 | [
"Our",
"method",
"exploits",
"one-to-many",
"label",
"mappings",
"and",
"a",
"statistics-based",
"algorithm",
"to",
"select",
"label",
"mappings",
"given",
"a",
"prompt",
"template."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2283 | [
"In",
"this",
"paper,",
"we",
"propose",
"Automatic",
"Multi-Label",
"Prompting",
"(AMuLaP),",
"a",
"simple",
"yet",
"effective",
"method",
"to",
"automatically",
"select",
"label",
"mappings",
"for",
"few-shot",
"text",
"classification",
"with",
"prompting."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
11,
12,
12,
0,
0
] |
2284 | [
"Prompt-based",
"learning",
"(i.e.,",
"prompting)",
"is",
"an",
"emerging",
"paradigm",
"for",
"exploiting",
"knowledge",
"learned",
"by",
"a",
"pretrained",
"language",
"model."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2285 | [
"Abstract"
] | [
0
] |
2286 | [
"Simple",
"and",
"Interpretable",
"Few-Shot",
"Classification"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
11,
12
] |
2287 | [
"Automatic",
"Multi-Label",
"Prompting:"
] | [
1,
2,
2
] |
2288 | [
"One",
"should",
"be",
"careful",
"to",
"apply",
"our",
"proposed",
"model",
"and",
"all",
"other",
"prompt",
"tuning",
"methods",
"in",
"high-stakes",
"areas",
"without",
"a",
"comprehensive",
"test."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2289 | [
"However,",
"if",
"the",
"backbone",
"model",
"stored",
"online",
"is",
"attacked,",
"whether",
"IDPG",
"could",
"still",
"work",
"well",
"remains",
"unknown."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2290 | [
"It",
"tunes",
"small",
"portion",
"parameters",
"while",
"directly",
"employs",
"backbone",
"model",
"parameters",
"without",
"any",
"changing."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2291 | [
"Our",
"proposed",
"model",
"IDPG",
"is",
"a",
"novel",
"efficient",
"transfer",
"learning",
"method."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2292 | [
"A.8",
"Potential",
"Risks"
] | [
0,
0,
0
] |
2293 | [
"IDPG",
"shows",
"its",
"stability",
"when",
"scaling",
"to",
"larger",
"models",
"with",
"longer",
"prompts."
] | [
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2294 | [
"We",
"present",
"the",
"impact",
"of",
"prompt",
"length",
"among",
"several",
"prompt",
"tuning",
"methods",
"in",
"Figure",
"9."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
3,
4,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2295 | [
"A.7",
"Ablation",
"Study",
"on",
"Prompt",
"Length"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
3,
4
] |
2296 | [
"We",
"present",
"the",
"cosine",
"similarity",
"distributions",
"when",
"k",
"=",
"100",
"and",
"k",
"=",
"300",
"in",
"Figure",
"8a",
"and",
"in",
"Figure",
"8b,",
"respectively."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
3,
0,
5,
0,
3,
0,
5,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2297 | [
"A.6",
"Cosine",
"Similarity",
"Distributions",
"in",
"STS-B"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
13
] |
2298 | [
"It",
"is",
"interesting",
"that",
"IDPG",
"achieves",
"best",
"results",
"in",
"position",
"0",
"while",
"the",
"standard",
"prompt-tuning",
"achieves",
"the",
"best",
"results",
"in",
"position",
"4",
"for",
"both",
"single-sentence",
"and",
"sentence-pair",
"tasks."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
2299 | [
"Figure",
"7(b)",
"illustrates",
"the",
"effect",
"of",
"prompt",
"position",
"on",
"the",
"supplementary",
"training",
"phase."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |