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64317735

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking%20Out%20movement

Speaking Out movement

The Speaking Out movement is a social movement against emotional, physical and sexual abuse in the professional wrestling industry, where people publicize their allegations of misconduct committed by powerful and/or prominent individuals. Similar to other empowerment movements based upon breaking silence such as #MeToo, the purpose of #SpeakingOut (a hashtag that began to spread on Twitter in June 2020) is to empower wrestling-related people to tell their stories of abuse they have experienced. History On June 17, 2020, independent wrestler David Starr was accused of sexual assault by a former girlfriend of his, which Starr denied. After the allegation came out, several wrestling promotions stripped Starr of his titles and fired him. The following day, numerous people in and out of the pro wrestling industry accused several wrestlers, promoters, personalities, and journalists of sexual misconduct. The hashtag "Speaking Out" began to spread on social media when people told their stories. #SpeakingOut was a trending topic on Twitter. Soon after, one of the victims making the accusations stated that Yorkshire Police were investigating the accusations and that she and another victim had a list of 70 wrestlers with 100 incidents documented. Response Many wrestlers, personalities, and journalists overwhelmingly supported those that spoke out on their experiences. All Elite Wrestling All Elite Wrestling wrestler Jimmy Havoc was accused of emotional and verbal abuse by former partner, Rebecca Crow. On June 19, 2020, AEW announced in a statement that Havoc would be attending therapy for a number of issues and they would come to a decision about his employment at a later date. Havoc would be released by AEW on August 13. On June 22, audio from a podcast went viral where Sammy Guevara joked that he wanted to rape WWE women's wrestler Sasha Banks. AEW subsequently suspended Guevara without pay, with Guevara agreeing to undergo extensive sensitivity training. It was also announced that Guevara's salary would be donated to the Women's Center of Jacksonville. Later that day, Banks stated that she and Guevara had been in contact with each other, that he had apologized to her, and that they had engaged in an "open discussion" to help him understand the severity of his comments. Guevara would complete his training and return on July 22. On June 23, Darby Allin was accused of emotional, mental, and sexual abuse by Hawlee Cromwell, an independent wrestler with whom he allegedly had a relationship. Chikara On June 19, Chikara removed Kobald from their roster following allegations made against him. Chikara owner Mike Quackenbush was also accused of knowingly overseeing a company that enabled abuse and neglect, which led to many wrestlers on the Chikara roster such as Hallowicked, Kimber Lee, Jacob Hammermeier, Frightmare and Green Ant resigning from the promotion. On June 24, Chikara announced they had shut down completely. Impact Wrestling Wrestlers Joey Ryan, Michael Elgin, and Dave Crist were accused of misconduct. Impact Wrestling's parent company, Anthem Sports & Entertainment, released a statement saying they were reviewing the allegations. Ryan, who had seventeen different allegations against him, would release a statement without addressing specific allegations. It was later revealed that Ryan and Crist's contracts were terminated, while Elgin was suspended. On June 26, Impact Wrestling announced Elgin would be removed from all future programing. On July 2, Elgin released a video denying the allegations made against him. On July 18, Ryan also released a video denying almost all the allegations made against him. He filed lawsuits against some of his accusers as well as a lawsuit against Impact. On March 8, 2021, Ryan issued a statement saying he would drop several lawsuits. Two days later, he issued a second statement saying he would drop another lawsuit. TJP came out with allegations of being taken advantage of by older female wrestlers when he was fifteen. Major League Wrestling On June 20, Major League Wrestling ring announcer Mark Adam Haggerty was accused of sending inappropriate text messages to a minor. An hour later, MLW and two other promotions announced that they would no longer be working with Haggerty. National Wrestling Alliance On June 18, National Wrestling Alliance Vice President Dave Lagana was accused of sexual misconduct. The following day, Lagana resigned from his position. New Japan Pro-Wrestling New Japan Pro-Wrestling star Will Ospreay was accused by a former female wrestler, Pollyanna, of having her blacklisted after she made allegations towards another wrestler, Scott Wainwright, who is a friend of Ospreay's. While Ospreay denied the accusation, International Wrestling League would release a statement that contradicted his denial. In October 2020, IWL clarified their statement. Ring of Honor On June 22, Marty Scurll was accused of taking advantage of a 16-year-old girl who was inebriated. Scurll would release two statements in which he did not deny the allegations, but claimed the encounter was consensual while both participants were intoxicated. On June 25, Ring of Honor announced that they launched an investigation concerning the allegations. On January 4, 2021, it was announced that Scurll had left ROH. On July 6, former ROH Women's Champion Kelly Klein alleged that Jay Lethal sexually harassed women and ROH covered it up. He had been previously accused by Taeler Hendrix of sexually harassing her in 2018. Lethal released a statement denying the allegations. WWE Joe Coffey was accused of harassing a woman, sending unsolicited naked photos, sending voice messages, and unsolicited stalking. On June 30, he was suspended by WWE. Jack Gallagher was accused of sexual assault. On June 19, he was released by WWE. His profile was later deleted from WWE.com. On October 4, Gallagher issued a statement concerning the circumstances that led to his release. Jordan Devlin was accused of physical abuse by a former partner. He would be suspended indefinitely by Progress Wrestling following the allegations. Matt Riddle was accused of sexual misconduct by a female wrestler. Riddle denied the allegation through his attorney. It was later reported that WWE was aware of the allegation against Riddle when he was signed in 2018 and had investigated it at the time. On July 8, Riddle admitted to having an affair with his accuser, but reiterated his denial of the accusations against him. On September 16, Riddle dropped his petition for a restraining order against his accuser. The following day, Riddle filed a civil lawsuit against his accuser. On October 8, it was reported that Riddle's accuser filed a countersuit against Riddle, WWE, Gabe Sapolsky, and Evolve Wrestling. On March 24, 2021, a judge ruled to terminate WWE and Gabe Sapolsky as defendants in the lawsuit. Riddle's request for termination of the lawsuit was denied. On July 13, 2021, it was reported Riddle's accuser dropped her lawsuit against him. Travis Banks was accused of emotional abuse by former student Millie McKenzie, who had a relationship with Banks while aged 17. McKenzie also stated that Banks has had similar relationships with other trainees. Banks responded to the allegations via a statement. McKenzie proceeded to tweet screenshots of a text conversation between the two where Banks, who seemed to be intoxicated by the nature of his messages, had stalked McKenzie and was harassing her in a hotel room. Banks would be released by Progress Wrestling and WWE following the allegations and his profile was also deleted from WWE.com. Ligero was accused of indecent assault, sending inappropriate messages, and engaging in inappropriate conduct. While he denied the indecent assault allegation, he admitted that he did send inappropriate messages and engaged in inappropriate conduct. Ligero would be released by Progress Wrestling and WWE following the allegations and his profile was also deleted from WWE.com. Velveteen Dream was accused of having inappropriate communications with minors as well as attempting to groom them. He had previously been accused of sending inappropriate photos to minors several months earlier, which at that time he denied. Following Velveteen Dream's return on the August 12, 2020 episode of NXT, which was met with heavy criticism from fans, Triple H stated that WWE had investigated the allegations and they "didn't find anything". Following his release, Velveteen Dream issued a statement denying the allegations on May 24, 2021, and his profile was deleted from WWE.com. NXT UK referees Joel Allen and Chris Roberts were released by WWE on June 30 following allegations against them. WWE released a statement concerning Devlin and Riddle saying they took the matters seriously and were looking into it. WWE would later issue a second statement saying that they would take action upon those who were arrested or convicted. Various independent promotions In March 2020, three months prior to the Speaking Out movement taking place, 3-2-1 Battle! cut ties with head booker/trainer Steve West following allegations made against him. The entire management team was forced to step down as well. An attempt to revive the promotion with a new management team was quickly abandoned. Black Label Pro released wrestler Johnathan Wolf on June 19, following allegations of sexual assault and mental abuse. Game Changer Wrestling subsequently removed Wolf from their The Wrld on GCW Part 2 show on June 20. Mikey Whiplash was accused of sexual harassment and physical abuse. Fierce Wrestling would cut ties with him following the allegations. Inspire Pro Wrestling ended their relationship with wrestler Andy Dalton on June 20 following allegations that Dalton had sent inappropriate messages to a minor. Following a string of sexual misconduct allegations made towards Singaporean wrestler Alex Cuevas, Singapore Pro Wrestling and Philippine Wrestling Revolution cut all ties with him. On June 20, independent wrestler Kyle Boone tweeted about being assaulted and bullied by Kongo Kong at an independent wrestling event. Boone stated that he was forced to show his penis in front of the entire locker room and give him the money he made from the show and selling merch. Kong responded by saying when he started in the business, it was not uncommon to rib rookies. He continued his statement by saying if he had known sooner, he would have tried to hash it out like adults. He was not given any indication that something was wrong as it was all "hugs and smiles". He also stated he would only pick on people he liked and saw something in. On June 21, Bar Wrestling was shut down following several multiple sexual assault allegations against owner Joey Ryan. Progress Wrestling announced that the promotion underwent structural changes after several wrestlers were either suspended or fired due to the numerous allegations made against them. The promotion also announced that they would shut down until they were satisfied with the changes. Former NWA/WCW and WWE manager Jim Cornette and his wife faced allegations from independent wrestler Phil Earley that he forced trainees to engage in sexual intercourse with her and would watch while he was in charge of Ohio Valley Wrestling. Saraya Knight retired on June 23 following allegations that she had abused both trainees and fellow colleagues. Revolution Pro Wrestling fired trainer Andy Simmonz and one training student on June 24 following allegations against both. Rockstar Pro Wrestling announced a new code of conduct in response to the Speaking Out movement. Jeff Duncan (aka The Natural) was removed as one of the co-owners of Elite Canadian Championship Wrestling amid sexual harassment and bullying allegations. Duncan would later issue a statement regarding the allegations. Over the Top Wrestling announced that the promotion underwent staff and policy changes in response to the Speaking Out movement. Westside Xtreme Wrestling cut ties with wrestlers Julian Pace and Jay Skillet after allegations were made against them. Wrestling journalism Michael Brandon Stroud, professional wrestling editor for Uproxx, had his "With Spandex" vertical suspended after he was accused of sexual assault. Uproxx later announced on July 2 that Stroud was fired from the publication and "With Spandex" would be shut down, with future pro wrestling coverage to appear on Uproxx Sports. British Parliament inquiry On September 24, 2020, the an All-Party Parliamentary Group, an informal cross-party group of MPs which has no official status within Parliament, launched an inquiry into the UK wrestling scene after the numerous allegations that came out of the Speaking Out movement. Progress and Trust Wrestling announced they would be working with the APPG. The inquiry is headed by Alex Davies-Jones.

56260378

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liceu%20Ludgero%20Lima

Liceu Ludgero Lima

Liceu Ludgero Lima is a secondary school in Mindelo, Cape Verde. The school is named after Ludgero Lima, a former employee and fighter for Cape Verdean independence, who died in an aviation accident in March 1975. Since 1968 it is housed in a building on Rua Jonas Wanon, in the neighbourhood Cha de Cemiterio, southeast of the city centre, designed by the Portuguese architect Eurico Pinto Lopes. History The history of Liceu Ludgero Lima began in the 19th century, at a time when there was only one secondary school outside Portugal, the Liceu de Goa, in Goa, in Portuguese India. Foundation Traditionally, the institution that gave rise to secondary education in Cape Verde is considered to have been the Sao Nicolau Seminary of Cape Verde, created by law on August 12, 1856, in Ribeira Brava. 701, of June 13, 1917, the Ministry of Colonies extinguishes Seminary-High School, then creating the National High School of Cape Verde. On October 8, 1917, by decree no. 3: 435, the Liceu Nacional settled on the island of Sao Vicente, in Mindelo. At first it was installed in the house of Senator Cruz, the current Centro Nacional de Artesanato e Design. In 1921 it was moved to the former military barracks in the city centre, the Liceu Velho. Later, on January 15, 1926, the institution was named as Liceu Central Infante D. Henrique, after publication of the colonial legislative diploma 92. The school was closed in 1937, and reopened the same year as Liceu Gil Eanes. The Liceu Gil Eanes moved to its current building in 1967. In 1955, following the visit of the President of the Republic Francisco Craveiro Lopes, the "Seccao do Liceu Gil Eanes" was created in Praia. Until 1968, the institution was located in the Casa Senador Vera Cruz building, in Praca Nova, in Mindelo. The current building was designed by Eurico Pinto Lopes, an architect used to design for tropical regions. Post-independence Through the order of May 19, 1975, of the Ministry of Education, the Liceu Gil Eanes becomes Liceu Ludgero Lima, in honor of Ludgero Lima, a former Liceu employee, who, in 1969, joined the liberation struggle for the independence of Cape Verde. He died on March 23, 1975, victim of a plane crash. Close to the institution completing one hundred and sixty years, in 2014, the high school headquarters building (building already almost fifty years old) was in a very degraded structure.

22894039

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Lapidus

Frank Lapidus

Frank J. Lapidus is a fictional character on the ABC television series Lost played by Jeff Fahey. Frank is introduced in the second episode of season four as a pilot hired on a mission to the island where Oceanic Flight 815 crashed. He aids the survivors of the crash against mercenary Martin Keamy (Kevin Durand) and helps to rescue a group who become known as the Oceanic Six. Three years later, Frank encounters the group again while working as a commercial airline pilot. His plane lands back on the island, and he is forcibly taken in by a group of his passengers headed by Ilana (Zuleikha Robinson) and Bram (Brad William Henke), who are working for the island's highest authority figure Jacob (Mark Pellegrino). In the series finale, he ultimately escapes the island with a few of his fellow inhabitants. Frank's name was created by co-executive producer Edward Kitsis, who had been pitching the name "Lapidus" for years and had also used it for an unseen character in the episode "Expose". Fahey was the producers' first choice for the role, which was developed to suit his personality. As a result of the 2007-2008 Writers Guild of America strike, Frank's role in the first half of season four was diminished, and some planned storylines were carried over into the fifth season. Frank's introduction, along with the three other new characters from the freighter introduced in season four, was well received, as was his return in season five. Lost executive producer Damon Lindelof confirmed in an interview that Lapidus would be a series regular for the show's sixth and final season. Arc Originally from The Bronx, New York, Frank was the intended pilot of Oceanic Airlines Flight 815, which crashed on an island in the South Pacific. He is first encountered in The Bahamas, ringing the NTSB to state that the body of the pilot of Flight 815 shown on the sea bed, on the Television news, is not who it is claimed to be. Frank is later recruited as a pilot on behalf of Charles Widmore (Alan Dale), who is chartering a freighter destined for the island upon which Flight 815 crashed. Frank reveals himself to be a conspiracy theorist who believes there are still survivors of Flight 815. He goes on to pilot a helicopter from the freighter to the island, which malfunctions on approach. His team--consisting of Daniel Faraday (Jeremy Davies), Charlotte Lewis (Rebecca Mader) and Miles Straume (Ken Leung)--parachute to safety, and Frank is able to land the helicopter without incurring significant damage. Lapidus identifies Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell) as a "local" and in response to the return of Charlotte, who was being held hostage by John Locke (Terry O'Quinn), flies Desmond Hume (Henry Ian Cusick) and Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews) to the freighter. Later, Frank disagrees with the actions of fellow freighter passenger Martin Keamy (Kevin Durand), a mercenary hired to capture island inhabitant Benjamin Linus (Michael Emerson). He helps a group of survivors avoid Keamy's team, and later attempts to resist Keamy's command. When Keamy murders the freighter's captain (Grant Bowler) in a display of power, he is forced to comply, but is able to secretly transfer a satellite phone to the survivors as a warning. When a group of survivors overpower Keamy's mercenaries, Frank attempts to fly them to safety. Due to a lack of fuel, the group--consisting of Lapidus, Sayid, Desmond, Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox), Hugo Reyes (Jorge Garcia), Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly), Sun-Hwa Kwon (Yunjin Kim) and Aaron Littleton--crash into the ocean, where they take to a lifeboat and are later rescued by the Searcher, a ship belonging to Desmond's girlfriend Penelope Widmore (Sonya Walger). Following their rescue, Frank begins working for Ajira Airways. He encounters the survivors again three years later, while piloting Flight 316 to Guam. Frank realizes the Oceanic Six intend to return to the island, and minutes later, the flight experiences extreme turbulence. Frank and his co-pilot are able to land the plane on the adjacent Hydra Island, although the co-pilot is killed. After gathering the survivors of Flight 316 together, Frank accompanies Sun and Ben to the main island. They meet Christian Shephard (John Terry), who reveals that the remaining survivors have travelled through time to 1977. Christian instructs them to await the arrival of John Locke, which they do. Sun is determined to remain with Locke and find her husband Jin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim), so Frank parts from her, returning to Hydra Island intent on repairing the jet radio to call for help. Upon his return, Frank finds that passenger Ilana (Zuleikha Robinson) has found guns on the island and claimed leadership of the group. After he is unable to answer her cryptic question "What lies in the shadow of the statue?" she attacks him and knocks him out. Frank later regains consciousness in an outrigger, being transported back to the main island by Ilana, Bram (Brad William Henke) and three other Flight 316 survivors. He overhears them discussing whether or not he may be a potential "candidate", though when he asks what he may be a candidate for, they refuse to elaborate. Frank accompanies the group through the jungle to meet up with the island's native inhabitants The Others, at the foot of the aforementioned statue. In the season six premiere "LA X", Frank tells Sun that he does not trust Ilana and her men. He then witnesses The Man in Black (also O'Quinn), who was posing as Locke all along, knock out Richard Alpert, the Others' ageless advisor. He then participates in the burial of the real Locke. Frank then accompanies Ben, Sun and Ilana to rescue any inhabitant of the attacked Temple. They eventually decide to head for the beach. Frank overhears Miles saying that Ben killed Jacob (Mark Pellegrino). He then tells Ben that he was the original pilot of Oceanic Airlines Flight 815. He is at the beach when Jack, Hurley and Richard arrive. In order to stop the Man in Black from leaving the island, Richard suggests that they destroy the Ajira plane. After Ilana is killed while holding dynamites, Frank goes to the Black Rock with the group in order to get more dynamite. However, Hurley blows up the ship in order to prevent anymore risks; destroying all the dynamite supplies. After Hurley tells of his plan to talk to the Man in Black and Richard goes with his plan to destroy the plane, Frank joins Hurley, along with Jack, and Sun. Their group then merge with the Man in Black's camp. Later, Charles Widmore's second in command, Zoe, arrives at the camp and threatens to destroy the camp with artillery shells if the Man in Black does not give back Desmond. Frank, Jack, Hurley, Sun, and Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin) go with Sawyer's plan of betraying the Man in Black by joining Widmore, and they escape from the Man in Black's group. After Jack leaves the group, due to his reluctance to leave the island, the remaining group reach Hydra Island. However, Widmore betrays them, and has them locked in the animal cages at Hydra Station. The Man in Black attacks Widmore's camp as the Smoke Monster; allowing Jack, who has joined the Man in Black, to free Frank and the rest of the group. They then head to the Ajira plane to leave the island. But when they get to the plane, the Man in Black reveals the plane is rigged with C4. He then suggests they leave the island by Widmore's submarine. Frank and the group reach the sub, and they take control of it. After betraying the Man in Black, Widmore's men attack, but they manage to submerge. Jack then discovers the Man in Black planted the C4 in Jack's bag. Sayid sacrifices himself and runs off with the C4 as far away from the others as he could until it explodes. The explosion causes the submarine to sink, and Frank is knocked out after a door hits him. Frank revives and makes it to the surface of the water. He is found by Richard and Miles as they head for Hydra Island to blow up the Ajira plane. Frank convinces them to steal the plane and let him fly it. After much repair work and picking up Kate, Claire, and Sawyer, the plane takes off and heads for home. Development After Naomi Dorrit (Marsha Thomason) landed on the island in season three, the producers began to plan who else would be on the boat she came from. They wanted these new characters to be interested in finding the island for their own personal reasons. The team created consisted of Frank, Daniel Faraday, Charlotte Lewis and Miles Straume, referred to as the "freighter folk". Their relationship with the survivors of Flight 815 formed the crux of the fourth season. Co-executive producer/writer Edward Kitsis had been pitching the name "Lapidus" for years, finally naming an unseen character in the fourteenth episode of the third season Rick Lapidus. Unsatisfied, Kitsis developed the character "Frank Lapidus, Helicopter Pilot". According to producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse, Jeff Fahey "was the first and only choice for the role". Cuse had enjoyed Fahey's roles in The Lawnmower Man and The Marshal, and he and Lindelof commended his "intense eyes", stating that "he has exactly the right sensibilities" for the part. Fahey was offered the part without having to audition. At the time the producers began to consider him for the role, he had taken a break from acting and was living in Afghanistan, doing charity work and running an orphanage in Kabul. When Cuse contacted him about appearing in the show, Fahey was on the top of a mountain in Caracas, Venezuela during a rainstorm, having just opened an orphanage. He had never seen the series before, but the producers talked him through the first three seasons in an attempt to convince him to return to acting and accept the role. When he was cast, Fahey was unaware of whether he would be a guest star, or would develop into a regular. Focus on the character was diminished by the 2007-2008 Writers Guild of America strike, which resulted in the fourth season being cut short. The latter half of the season did feature the character more predominately, however some stories planned for Frank and his fellow freighter folk had to be deferred to the fifth season. Frank was not originally envisioned with a beard, however at the time of his casting, Fahey himself had one. Lindelof and Cuse felt that the beard worked with Lapidus' character, and allowed Fahey to keep it for the role, with the requirement he shave it back to a more manageable length. The character remained bearded until his return in fifth season episode "316", set three years on from his original introduction. Fahey praised the way the character was developed to suit him, explaining that upon meeting with Lindelof and Cuse, rather than discussing the show with him, they were more interested in him personally and his experiences, going on to incorporate elements of himself into Lapidus. He expanded: "The beauty of this is they'll feed you a concept based on an idea of who you are. The actor and the characters are not suits off the rack, they tailor-make them to you. What's very exciting is it is a very positive give and take. It's a nice dance, as it were." Fahey was not given an overarching overview of his character, nor were any of the other new freighter folk, which he found exciting, creating a level of intrigue amongst the cast and crew as well as fans. Prior to arrival on the island, Lapidus was described by Naomi as a drunk. Entertainment Weekly's Kristin Dos Santos deemed Lapidus the most laid back of the four new characters, though Fahey commented that "It might be because he's just rolled around a few more places a little longer than the others", agreeing with Dos Santos' assessment that Lapidus was "a little nomadic". Lindelof and Cuse have said that Frank "never takes anything at face value [and is] a true conspiracy nut [who] has probably seen every episode of The X-Files, [which will] pay off for him". Reception Producers Lindelof and Cuse were initially worried about how the freighter folk characters would be received by fans, after the unhappy reaction to new characters Nikki (Kiele Sanchez) and Paulo (Rodrigo Santoro), introduced in season three. However, following their introduction in "Confirmed Dead", the four characters were well received, with Paige Albiniak of the New York Post citing them as a reason behind the show's improved ratings. Erin Martell of AOL's TV Squad wrote that within one episode Fahey had already won her over, and called Frank her favorite new Lost character. IGN's Chris Carabott described Frank, as well as the other new characters from the freighter, as "great" and "exciting", writing that: "Fahey's Lapidus has exceptional screen presence that even overshadows the regular cast members to an extent." TV Guide's Bruce Fretts praised the casting of the freighter folk, noting that Fahey had been a personal favourite of his since his appearance in The Marshall. He deemed the group all stronger actors than former Lost stars Michelle Rodriguez, Rodrigo Santoro, Maggie Grace and Ian Somerhalder, and expressed hope that they would remain on the show longer. Jeff Jensen from Entertainment Weekly called the new characters "fascinating" and wrote that they "totally worked for me, while their intriguing backstories left me jonesing for more." Peter Mucha of The Philadelphia Inquirer deemed Frank's flashback "mind-bending", and Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV called "Confirmed Dead" the "perfect introduction" to the new characters, writing that he could not wait to find out more about them. Michael Ausiello of TV Guide also enjoyed their introduction, and praised the actors' performances. Casey Gillis for The News & Advance highlighted the introduction of the freighter folk as one of the highlights of the season, opining that they "fit seamlessly into the ensemble", while Digital Spy's Ben Rawson-Jones praised the season for introducing Frank, who he deemed "a real cult figure." In contrast, James Poniewozik of Time was critical of Lapidus. He wrote that he was amazed by the economy and precision with which the new characters were introduced because "Each got just one flashback and a little time on the island, and yet by the end of the episode, I felt I had a true handle on what they were like as individuals." He appended, however, that this was: "with the possible exception of Frank, who seems a bit too generic-drunk-hippie-guy for now." Following the episode "Something Nice Back Home", TV Guide's Trish Wethman noted that she was intrigued by Lapidus' "seemingly heroic antics" in saving a group of the survivors from Keamy and his men, though overall was confused by the motivations of the freighter folk. Carabott wrote that Frank's return in the fifth season episode "316" was shocking, but seemed as though it was meant to be. He opined that: "The chances of Frank being on that plane are astronomical and the fact that he was supposed to be the pilot of Flight 815 just makes the situation all the more unusual. His appearance in this episode is absurd but after four and a half seasons of Lost it makes perfect sense." James Yates of the Staten Island Advance wrote that it was "great" to see Frank again, as he had missed the character's presence, and hoped he would play a major part upon returning to the island.

3739567

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophis%20caerulescens

Hydrophis caerulescens

Hydrophis caerulescens, commonly known as the dwarf sea snake, is a species of venomous sea snake in the family Elapidae. Geographic range Indian Ocean (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, W Indonesia, Malaysia), Coasts of Shandong and Guangdong (China), South China Sea, Australia (Queensland), New Caledonia/Loyalty Islands. Description The dwarf sea snake is bluish or grayish blue dorsally, merging to yellowish ventrally, with 35-58 deep bluish-black crossbands. The crossbands are as wide or wider than the interspaces, well defined in younger specimens, but obscure in older specimens. The head is black, and in juveniles may also have a yellowish horseshoe-shaped mark. Adults may attain a total length of 74 cm (2 ft 5 in). The dorsal scales are arranged in 38-54 rows at midbody (31-43 rows on the neck). Each hollow poison fang is followed by a series of 14-18 solid maxillary teeth. The dorsal scales on the thickest part of the body are quadrangular or hexagonal in shape, feebly imbricate (overlapping) or juxtaposed. The ventrals are almost twice as large as the adjacent body scales. Anterior part of body very slender, its diameter about one third the diameter of the posterior part. Frontal longer than broad, shorter than its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals. One preocular, and one post ocular. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering the eye. Chin shields very small, the posterior pair separated by scales. Ventrals distinct throughout the entire body length. References Further reading Kharin, V.E. 2004 On the taxonomic status of the sea snake Hydrophis caerulescens (Shaw, 1802) (Serpentes: Hydrophiidae). Biologiya Morya (Vladivostok) 30 (3): 227-229 Shaw, G. 1802. General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. G. Kearsley (Thomas Davison, printer).

28438697

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromyrmex%20versicolor

Acromyrmex versicolor

Acromyrmex versicolor is known as the desert leafcutter ant. A. versicolor is found during the summer months in the Colorado and Sonoran deserts when there is precipitation. They form large, distinctive nest craters that are covered with leaf fragments. Living and dead leaves are collected by workers and used to cultivate fungus gardens. Each colony can have multiple queens, if they do this is a practice called polygyny, and each queen has her own batch of "starter" fungus. This species does not sting. Identification The average worker is 2-6 mm long. Individuals of A. versicolor are a variety of sizes due to the division of labour seen within their colony. They are reddish brown and have a narrow waist. They are also covered in spines; at least 4 spines on the rear of their thorax, distinct spines on the rear corners of their head, and small bumps on their abdomen. Mating A. versicolor mate from late July through October. All major mating flights are preceded by a day of rain. Mating flights begin in the early morning when individuals of both sexes emerge from the colony. Males will leave for the mating sites first, followed by the females who likely follow male pheromones. Males will grapple the female in mid-air then fall to the ground to copulate. Polyandrous mating has the potential to reduce genetic relatedness of individuals within a colony, which may have a profound effect on the colony's stability and social structure . Up to nine males have been reported surrounding a single female. Females have also been known to mate with multiple males. Females will often mate with up to three or four different males even though one mating is sufficient to fill the spermatheca. Genetic analysis of paternity of offspring of females who mated with multiple males showed that each male had relatively equal amounts of offspring. This shows that the sperm is mixed within the spermatheca and that females have little to no control over which sperm fertilize her eggs. Effects of Temperature The foraging habits of A . versicolor are strongly influenced by temperature. During the cooler spring and fall months, A. versicolor have diurnal foraging activity. During the hotter summer months, they tend to forage more at night when the soil temperatures are cooler. When temperatures are their hottest and individuals find themselves stranded away from the nest, they will find a cooler surface such as a rock and press their body against it to try and lose heat. The ideal foraging temperatures of A. versicolor vary from 12 degC to 42 degC. Temperature also plays a role in how deep a queen will make her nest. Nests have to be made at a depth below where lethal temperatures occur (below 5 cm). Building nests under trees allows colonies to remain below lethal temperatures and also does not require them to be so deep (2-3 cm). Having a nest under a tree also allows colonies to be closer to food sources such as leaves. Foraging A. versicolor use trails to forage in groups like most higher attines, but also forage alone which is a characteristic of more primitive leafcutter ants. They forage for both green vegetation and dry grasses, but dry grasses make up the bulk of their forage. A. versicolor will increase the amount of fresh vegetation they collect after significant amounts of rainfall, but will collect dry grasses during drier periods. The amount an individual ant forages or the efficiency to which each ant forages may be due to each ones genetics and may vary significantly between matrilines. Younger ants most often spend their time tending to the nest while older ants will go out and forage. The age at which a young ant will switch to foraging also seems to be genetically predisposed.

21585549

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar%27s%20tusk%20helmet

Boar's tusk helmet

Helmets using ivory from boars' tusks were known in the Mycenaean world from the 17th century BC (Shaft Graves, Mycenae) to the 10th century BC (Elateia, Central Greece). The helmet was made through the use of slivers of boar tusks which were attached to a leather base, padded with felt, in rows. A description of a boar's tusk helmet appears in book ten of Homer's Iliad, as Odysseus is armed for a night raid to be conducted against the Trojans. Fragments of ivory which might have come from helmets of this kind have been discovered on Mycenaean sites (at Dendra, for instance, fragments were found alongside the bronze panoply excavated in 1960) and an ivory plaque, also from a Mycenaean site, represents a helmet of this kind. Although they would not provide protection as good as that of a metal helmet, they may have been worn by some leaders as a status symbol, or a means of identification. Homer specifies that the helmet given by Meriones to Odysseus was an heirloom, passed down through the generations, a detail which perhaps suggests its value. Although the number of plates required to make an entire helmet varies - anything from 40 to 140 can be required - it has been estimated that forty to fifty boars would have to be killed to make just one helmet.

16879087

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking%20of%20Research

Speaking of Research

Speaking of Research (SR) is an international group which "aims to provide accurate information about the importance of animal research in medical and veterinary science". It was founded in March 2008 by Tom Holder, an "energetic young British activist who played an active role in the Pro-Test movement at the University of Oxford," who moved to the US for the purpose of setting up such a group. Holder had previously been a spokesman for Pro-Test, as well as acting as emcee for their three demonstrations. Speaking of Research state their aims are to "change the tide of the controversial animal rights debate by encouraging students and scientists to speak out in favor of the lifesaving research developed with animals." Their launch came during a period of increased direct action in the US. Since 2007, a number of researchers from the University of California system have had their homes attacked by animal rights activists, including one University of California, Santa Cruz(UCSC) researcher whose residence was invaded by six masked activists on February 24, 2008. According to the journal Science, the group also aims to "[work] with public schools to counter information from groups such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals." Speaking of Research's launch was jointly supported by both Pro-Test in the UK, and Americans for Medical Progress in the US. In 2014/15, its running costs were approximately $150 and paid by small donations from supporters. Its committee is made up primarily of researchers and veterinary technicians, including members of UCLA Pro-Test such as Dr. David Jentsch. During "World Week for Animals in Laboratories (2008)," Holder traveled to West Coast universities including UCLA, Berkeley, Oregon Health & Sciences University, and the University of Washington to speak about the role of animals in biomedical research. Speaking of Research have supported pro-animal research movements around the world including "Pro-Test for Science" (in the US) and "Pro-Test Italia" (in Italy). Their committee includes individuals from the US, Canada, UK, Portugal and Italy. Speaking of Research have long been a proponent of greater transparency and openness in animal research. In February 2016 they analyzed the position statements of over 200 research institutions in Europe and North America, concluding that most did not meet the highest standards of openness. To be included on the list, an organization must "at minimum maintain a public web page with a position statement on animal research". As of April 2018, the organization had analyzed 378 position statements, awarding only 27 of them with full marks. Speaking of Research were among the first organisations to criticise the USDA for removing animal welfare reports and documents from the website in February 2017. The USDA has subsequently begun to return many of these documents to the website. In 2018, Speaking of Research launched a Rapid Response Network with the aim to "engage scientists by prompting them to send letters or sign petitions in support of animal research". The first action was a letter to USA Today signed by almost 600 scientists, veterinarians, animal technicians and other members of the American scientific community, including four Nobel Prize Winners, calling on the "country's research institutions -- large and small -- to embrace openness [and] proudly explain how animals are used for the advancement of science and medicine, in the interest of the wellbeing of humans and animals." In August 2018, Holder stood down as Director and from the committee; currently all committee members are now active researchers. Pro-Test for Science Speaking of Research offered its support to the UCLA Pro-Test movement (later renamed Pro-Test for Science), which was founded in March 2009, on the UCLA campus, with Holder playing a leadership role on the organizing committee. On 22 April 2009 more than 700 staff, students and Los Angeles residents, led by the neuroscientist David Jentsch, held a rally to launch the UCLA chapter of Pro-Test, and to stand up to the animal rights activists who had targeted Prof. Jentsch and other scientists in a campaign of harassment and arson. At the event, Tom Holder announced the launch of the Pro-Test Petition, which aimed to give people in the US the "opportunity to show [their] support for the scientists and [their] opposition to the use of threats and violence. The Pro-Test Petition accumulated 11,600 signatures over 12 months, after gaining backing from a number of science organizations including the Society for Neuroscience. The petition was signed by every chancellor in the University of California system and several Nobel Prize winners. At a second UCLA Pro-Test rally - by then, renamed Pro-Test for Science - the petition was handed to representatives from the National Institutes of Health. In February 2012, two members of Speaking of Research and Pro-Test for Science, Prof. David Jentsch and Prof. Dario Ringach, won the 2011 AAAS Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award for "their rare courage, their strong defense of the importance of the use of animals in research, and their refusal to remain silent in the face of intimidation by animal rights extremists."

33227010

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil%20Andrews%20College

Cecil Andrews College

Cecil Andrews College is a public co-educational high day school, located on Seville Drive in the suburb of Seville Grove near Armadale, part of the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia. Formerly known as West Armadale High School and Cecil Andrews Senior High School, it was established in 1980 and caters to students from Year 7 to Year 12. Overview The school is named after Cecil Rollo Payton Andrews, an Inspector General of Schools in Western Australia from 1903 to 1912 and Director of Education of the WA Department of Education from 1912 to 1930. The school was renamed in Andrews' honour through the efforts of its foundation principal, Howard Rintoul. Richard Hunter was the principal until 2013 when Stella (Ballae) Jinman became principal. The school changed its name from Cecil Andrews Senior High School to Cecil Andrews College in 2017.

821324

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMule

XMule

xMule (short for "X11 Mule") is a discontinued free client for the eDonkey peer-to-peer file sharing network intended to bring it to virtually all the major Unix platforms, with a particular emphasis on Linux. xMule was coded in C++ using wxWidgets and released under GNU General Public License v2. xMule is a fork of lMule, itself a port of eMule. aMule is a fork of xMule. History lMule lMule (short for "Linux Mule") was an early attempt to bring an eMule-like client to Linux started in January 2003 by Timo Kujala, who ported all eMule code to Linux by himself. Alternative applications were at the time command line applications whilst lMule was very similar to eMule in look and feel. The development team grew during the short lifespan of the project, but in June 2003, due to differences between the developers and the hijacking of the website by one contributor, the fork xMule was born, where the initial "x" was supposed to mean the multiplatform goals of the project (this claim was much later changed by xMule maintainer to "X11 mule"). Timo Kujala and the other lMule developers not part of xMule project abandoned all development after this event. xMule In June 2003, due to differences between the developers and the hijacking of lMule's official website by one contributor, lMule's fork, xMule, was created. Unlike eMule, which uses MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes), xMule used wxWidgets for the graphical user interface, therefore could run on many platforms. It fully supported Linux and *BSD, and was intended to support Windows and MacOS. On 17 August 2003, Ted R. Smith, xMule's only maintainer who lived in the United States at the time, became involved in a legal battle due to his role in the development of xMule. His personal Internet connection was shut down. He appeared to be subpoenaed by the government on behalf of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) related issue. xMule's final release was 1.13.7 RC1 in September 2006. Since 18 January 2009, a note on the official website of xMule, written by its developer, Avi Vahl, officially announced the discontinuation of xMule's development. To justify the decision, Avi Vahl claimed that eMule was dead and the future of peer-to-peer was the BitTorrent protocol. The official xMule website encouraged users to move to the BitTorrent network or use aMule. aMule On 18 August 2003, shortly after the incident involving Ted R. Smith, aMule (meaning "another Mule" and later "All-platform Mule") was forked from the xMule source code due to major disagreements. aMule's official website stated that "relations between the two projects are sadly in a rather sorry state", whereas xMule's stated that "aMule is geared more towards the present end-user, while xMule is more about long-term extensibility and viability", and drew comparisons to the different coding philosophies behind Internet Explorer and Mozilla. aMule has added the support for Windows and MacOS.

2394022

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest

Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest

Bosnia and Herzegovina has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 19 times since making its debut in 1993, after coming second in the qualification round "Kvalifikacija za Millstreet". Prior to 1993, Bosnia and Herzegovina participated in the Eurovision Song Contest as part of Yugoslavia. Bosnia and Herzegovina's best result was in , when Hari Mata Hari finished third with the song "Lejla". This remains the country's only top five result in the contest. The country also achieved five other top ten results: with Dino Merlin (seventh), with Deen (ninth), with Laka (tenth), with Regina (ninth), and , again with Dino Merlin (sixth). Bosnia and Herzegovina returned to the contest for the first time since 2012 at the contest, where it failed to advance from the semi-finals for the first time. The country then withdrew once again from the contest and has yet to return. Non-participations Low average scores meant Bosnia and Herzegovina did not qualify for the contests in and , and the country did not participate in the for financial reasons. BHRT had stated that it hoped to return to the contest in 2014, and on 18 November 2013, it submitted a preliminary application to compete in the . However, on 18 December 2013, it was announced that Bosnia and Herzegovina would not be returning for 2014. On 9 September 2014, BHRT announced that it had submitted an application to compete in the . On 30 October 2014, BHRT stated that participation was still in jeopardy due to financial difficulties. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) granted it a deadline extension until 14 November 2014 to make a final decision regarding its participation. On 17 November 2014, BHRT announced that it would not be competing in the 2015 contest, having not secured the necessary funds to finance its participation. On 29 September 2016, BHRT again announced its withdrawal from the competition in 2017, due to the difficult financial situation that the national broadcaster is currently facing. The Bosnian head of delegation, Lejla Babovic, confirmed on 29 December 2018 that BHRT's current primary goal is to return to Eurovision, but its current financial situation and mounting debts with the EBU make a return in the near future highly unlikely. Participation overview Prior to 's dissolution, artists from the Bosnian federal unit represented Yugoslavia in , , , , and . Conductors Awards Marcel Bezencon Awards Commentators and spokespersons From until , Bosnia and Herzegovina competed as part of .

21177239

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo%20Barbosa

Marcelo Barbosa

Marcelo Silva Barbosa (born April 7, 1975) is a Brazilian guitarist and music teacher. He is a founder or member of other Brazilian bands like progressive metal act Khallice and former Angra vocalist Edu Falaschi's band Almah. He also is the founder and owner of GTR music school in his home city Brasilia, and columnist of Cover Guitarra, Guitar Class and Guitar Player magazines. Since September 2015, he also joined Angra, replacing Kiko Loureiro, who is now a member of Megadeth. Biography Barbosa began playing electric guitar when he was 11 years old. He was studying with several teachers, mainly with Allan Marshall. At 17 years old he already was a professional musician and a musical teacher in two musical schools in his home city Brasilia. He then decided to establish his own one, focused on the electric guitar. Besides organizing work and managing other teachers, Barbosa established his own entire approach instead of copying or adapting any already existed one and he wrote all the didactic material. Barbosa also attended classes and workshops of musicians like Greg Howe, Lula Galvao, Helio Delmiro, Toninho Horta, Guinga, Ian Guest among others. In 2002 he finished summer courses in the famous Berklee College of Music. As a result he was chosen with other 11 students to receive a scholarship for the college's regular course. However, it was not possible to continue due to GTR and his other responsibilities. Some time before that Barbosa became a member of Brasilia pop rock band Zero10. They released an EP and a full-length album Novo Dia and they play almost every week at different venues of the capital of Brazil. Later on, he would restart the band Khallice, which played the progressive metal he always liked. In September 2007, Barbosa was invited to join the band Almah formed by some members of Angra and he went into a national tour with the band. By spring 2008 the line-up of Almah was finally established. In the end of April 2008 the recording of new Almah album Fragile Equality started at Norcal studios (Sao Paulo) and finished in July 2008. Barbosa writes articles for important guitar magazines in Brazil like Guitar Class, Cover Guitarra and Guitar Player. Some time ago Barbosa wrote a book about technique to the "Toque de Mestre" series, published by HMP. Barbosa is endorsed by Ibanez, Elixir Strings, Nig pedals and Ibox. On Expomusic 2006 (a big musical exhibition in Sao Paulo) one of the most important guitar brands in Brazilian market TAGIMA released new MB-1, the guitar designed with Barbosa's specifications, which belongs to the select team of "Signature Series" of the company. GTR Nowadays his institute GTR is one of the biggest guitar schools in Latin America. GTR have already graduated over 4.000 students, with more than 600 people studying in two different units of GTR (Asa Norte and Asa Sul). Besides electric guitar, there are the courses of vocals, acoustic guitar, production, musical business and others. A number of events are frequently organized by GTR like festivals and workshops with musicians like Sidney Carvalho, Kiko Loureiro, Edu Ardanuy among others. To its 10th anniversary, GTR released a special 14 tracks CD recorded by some of the most prominent teachers. Marcelo Barbosa (guitars): GTR is a project I've worked already for twelve years at. It began like a guitar Institute but now we have classes for bassists, vocalists and acoustic guitar players too. I'm responsible for all the didactic material of the guitar course and we have more than six hundred students in three schools. Four years ago I decided to franchise GTR and some people got interested and now we have three schools in Brasilia. (...) It is relatively big. We have many students and it's growing up year by year. We try to teach music, not only one specific style or genre. Rock, Metal, Jazz, Country and Brazilian music is some of the approaches here.

136603

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Rose%2C%20Texas

Glen Rose, Texas

Glen Rose is a city in and the county seat of Somervell County, Texas, United States. As of the 2012 census estimate, the city population was 2,502. History 19th century The area was first settled in 1849 by Charles Barnard, who opened a trading post near Comanche Peak. After the region became a federal Indian Reservation in 1855, Barnard moved his business to Fort Belknap. Circa 1859 when the reservation was abolished, he returned to the area and built the first store on what is now the site of Glen Rose. A three-story stone gristmill was constructed along the Paluxy River and the town that grew up around it became known as Barnard's Mill. The mill was sold to Tyler Calhoun Jordan of Dallas in 1871 for $65,000. Tradition states that Jordan's wife, a native of Scotland, decided to rename the town Rose Glen to reflect the area's natural surroundings, although census records show that she was a native of Alabama. The citizens later voted to call the community Glen Rose. A post office opened in 1874. When Somervell County was formed on March 15, 1875, Glen Rose was designated as its county seat. A Baptist college was organized in 1879 and was later sold to the Paluxy Baptist Association. In 1889, the northern Presbyterians opened Glen Rose Collegiate Institute (also known as Glen Rose College), which remained in operation for the next 15 to 20 years. A courthouse around Glen Rose's town square was completed around 1892, but burned down a year later. A newly built Romanesque Revival style courthouse was constructed soon after with locally quarried limestone. That building sustained damage in a 1902 tornado that also damaged part of the town square. 20th century Throughout the period from the 1900s to the 1920s, Glen Rose was home to approximately 1,000 people. The area's mineral springs attracted numerous doctors and self-styled healers to the community. During Prohibition, the area was a center of moonshining and Glen Rose became known as the "whiskey woods capital of the state." The population remained steady during the Great Depression, although unemployment rates in both Glen Rose and Somervell County increased. As part of the New Deal, Glen Rose borrowed $80,000 under the Public Works Administration (PWA) to construct a new water and sewage system. Three low-water dams on the Paluxy River, several local school buildings, and a canning plant were built with Works Projects Administration (WPA) money. During the post-war years, the population of Somervell County declined from 3,071 in 1940 to 2,542 in 1950 as many residents moved in search of greater employment opportunities. At the same time, Glen Rose grew from 1,050 residents in 1940 to 1,248 in 1950. The construction of the Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant in the mid-1970s brought financial advantages and new residents to the Glen Rose area. The city experienced a 34 percent increase in population between 1970 and 1980. The nuclear plant came to dominate the local economy. Other chief industries include farming, ranching, and tourism. 111 rated businesses were located in Glen Rose as of 1991. By 2000, the population of the city had grown to 2,122 and the total number of rated businesses rose to 224. Geography Glen Rose is located around the junction of U.S. Highway 67 and State Highway 144 in central Somervell County. The city is situated nearly 17 miles (27 km) south of Granbury and 52 miles (84 km) southwest of Fort Worth. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.7 square miles (7.1 km), all land. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Koppen Climate Classification system, Glen Rose has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Demographics 2020 census As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,659 people, 996 households, and 693 families residing in the city. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 2,122 people, 801 households, and 543 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 903 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 91.09% White, 0.28% African American, 0.94% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 5.51% from other races, and 1.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.32% of the population. There were 801 households, out of which 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.13. In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $29,837, and the median income for a family was $37,545. Males had a median income of $30,238 versus $19,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,940. About 12.2% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.2% of those under age 18 and 16.2% of those age 65 or over. Glen Rose is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area. Parks and recreation Local parks include the Big Rocks Park on the banks of the Paluxy River, and the Paluxy Heritage Park. Arts and culture Creation Evidence Museum, displaying purported evidence for creationism. The Texas Amphitheatre is located to the north of the town, with the Christian play, The Promise in Glen Rose, being shown on a regular basis throughout the year. Education Glen Rose is served by the Glen Rose Independent School District. Media Two newspapers have offices located in Glen Rose, the Glen Rose Reporter and the Glen Rose Newspaper. Local television stations that provide coverage for the area are from the Dallas-Fort Worth and the Waco/Temple/Killeen (Central Texas) metropolitan areas. Glen Rose is also served by Tarleton State University's National Public Radio affiliate KTRL 90.5 FM. The Somervell County Salon is a local blog that has historical audio and video of public meetings.

49681

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology%20%28information%20science%29

Ontology (information science)

In information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definition of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, and entities that substantiate one, many, or all domains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and how they are related, by defining a set of concepts and categories that represent the subject. Every academic discipline or field creates ontologies to limit complexity and organize data into information and knowledge. Each uses ontological assumptions to frame explicit theories, research and applications. New ontologies may improve problem solving within that domain. Translating research papers within every field is a problem made easier when experts from different countries maintain a controlled vocabulary of jargon between each of their languages. For instance, the definition and ontology of economics is a primary concern in Marxist economics, but also in other subfields of economics. An example of economics relying on information science occurs in cases where a simulation or model is intended to enable economic decisions, such as determining what capital assets are at risk and by how much (see risk management). What ontologies in both information science and philosophy have in common is the attempt to represent entities, ideas and events, with all their interdependent properties and relations, according to a system of categories. In both fields, there is considerable work on problems of ontology engineering (e.g., Quine and Kripke in philosophy, Sowa and Guarino), and debates concerning to what extent normative ontology is possible (e.g., foundationalism and coherentism in philosophy, BFO and Cyc in artificial intelligence). Applied ontology is considered a successor to prior work in philosophy, however many current efforts are more concerned with establishing controlled vocabularies of narrow domains than first principles, the existence of fixed essences or whether enduring objects (e.g., perdurantism and endurantism) may be ontologically more primary than processes. Artificial intelligence has retained the most attention regarding applied ontology in subfields like natural language processing within machine translation and knowledge representation, but ontology editors are being used often in a range of fields like education without the intent to contribute to AI. Ontology in Philosophy Ontology is a branch of philosophy and intersects areas such as metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of language, as it considers how knowledge, language, and perception relate to the nature of reality. Metaphysics deals with questions like "what exists?" and "what is the nature of reality?". One of five traditional branches of philosophy, metaphysics is concerned with exploring existence through properties, entities and relations such as those between particulars and universals, intrinsic and extrinsic properties, or essence and existence. Metaphysics has been an ongoing topic of discussion since recorded history. Etymology The compound word ontology combines onto-, from the Greek on, on (gen. ontos, ontos), i.e. "being; that which is", which is the present participle of the verb eimi, eimi, i.e. "to be, I am", and -logia, -logia, i.e. "logical discourse", see classical compounds for this type of word formation. While the etymology is Greek, the oldest extant record of the word itself, the Neo-Latin form ontologia, appeared in 1606 in the work Ogdoas Scholastica by Jacob Lorhard (Lorhardus) and in 1613 in the Lexicon philosophicum by Rudolf Gockel (Goclenius). The first occurrence in English of ontology as recorded by the OED (Oxford English Dictionary, online edition, 2008) came in Archeologia Philosophica Nova or New Principles of Philosophy by Gideon Harvey. Formal Ontology Since the mid-1970s, researchers in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) have recognized that knowledge engineering is the key to building large and powerful AI systems. AI researchers argued that they could create new ontologies as computational models that enable certain kinds of automated reasoning, which was only marginally successful. In the 1980s, the AI community began to use the term ontology to refer to both a theory of a modeled world and a component of knowledge-based systems. In particular, David Powers introduced the word ontology to AI to refer to real world or robotic grounding, publishing in 1990 literature reviews emphasizing grounded ontology in association with the call for papers for a AAAI Summer Symposium Machine Learning of Natural Language and Ontology, with an expanded version published in SIGART Bulletin and included as a preface to the proceedings. Some researchers, drawing inspiration from philosophical ontologies, viewed computational ontology as a kind of applied philosophy. In 1993, the widely cited web page and paper "Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing" by Tom Gruber used ontology as a technical term in computer science closely related to earlier idea of semantic networks and taxonomies. Gruber introduced the term as a specification of a conceptualization: An ontology is a description (like a formal specification of a program) of the concepts and relationships that can formally exist for an agent or a community of agents. This definition is consistent with the usage of ontology as set of concept definitions, but more general. And it is a different sense of the word than its use in philosophy. Attempting to distance ontologies from taxonomies and similar efforts in knowledge modeling that rely on classes and inheritance, Gruber stated (1993): Ontologies are often equated with taxonomic hierarchies of classes, class definitions, and the subsumption relation, but ontologies need not be limited to these forms. Ontologies are also not limited to conservative definitions -- that is, definitions in the traditional logic sense that only introduce terminology and do not add any knowledge about the world. To specify a conceptualization, one needs to state axioms that do constrain the possible interpretations for the defined terms. As refinement of Gruber's definition Feilmayr and Woss (2016) stated: "An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization that is characterized by high semantic expressiveness required for increased complexity." Formal Ontology Components Contemporary ontologies share many structural similarities, regardless of the language in which they are expressed. Most ontologies describe individuals (instances), classes (concepts), attributes and relations. Types Domain ontology A domain ontology (or domain-specific ontology) represents concepts which belong to a realm of the world, such as biology or politics. Each domain ontology typically models domain-specific definitions of terms. For example, the word card has many different meanings. An ontology about the domain of poker would model the "playing card" meaning of the word, while an ontology about the domain of computer hardware would model the "punched card" and "video card" meanings. Since domain ontologies are written by different people, they represent concepts in very specific and unique ways, and are often incompatible within the same project. As systems that rely on domain ontologies expand, they often need to merge domain ontologies by hand-tuning each entity or using a combination of software merging and hand-tuning. This presents a challenge to the ontology designer. Different ontologies in the same domain arise due to different languages, different intended usage of the ontologies, and different perceptions of the domain (based on cultural background, education, ideology, etc.). At present, merging ontologies that are not developed from a common upper ontology is a largely manual process and therefore time-consuming and expensive. Domain ontologies that use the same upper ontology to provide a set of basic elements with which to specify the meanings of the domain ontology entities can be merged with less effort. There are studies on generalized techniques for merging ontologies, but this area of research is still ongoing, and it is a recent event to see the issue sidestepped by having multiple domain ontologies using the same upper ontology like the OBO Foundry. Upper ontology An upper ontology (or foundation ontology) is a model of the commonly shared relations and objects that are generally applicable across a wide range of domain ontologies. It usually employs a core glossary that overarches the terms and associated object descriptions as they are used in various relevant domain ontologies. Standardized upper ontologies available for use include BFO, BORO method, Dublin Core, GFO, Cyc, SUMO, UMBEL, the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO), and DOLCE. WordNet has been considered an upper ontology by some and has been used as a linguistic tool for learning domain ontologies. Hybrid ontology The Gellish ontology is an example of a combination of an upper and a domain ontology. Visualization A survey of ontology visualization methods is presented by Katifori et al. An updated survey of ontology visualization methods and tools was published by Dudas et al. The most established ontology visualization methods, namely indented tree and graph visualization are evaluated by Fu et al. A visual language for ontologies represented in OWL is specified by the Visual Notation for OWL Ontologies (VOWL). Engineering Ontology engineering (also called ontology building) is a set of tasks related to the development of ontologies for a particular domain. It is a subfield of knowledge engineering that studies the ontology development process, the ontology life cycle, the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, and the tools and languages that support them. Ontology engineering aims to make explicit the knowledge contained in software applications, and organizational procedures for a particular domain. Ontology engineering offers a direction for overcoming semantic obstacles, such as those related to the definitions of business terms and software classes. Known challenges with ontology engineering include: Ensuring the ontology is current with domain knowledge and term use Providing sufficient specificity and concept coverage for the domain of interest, thus minimizing the content completeness problem Ensuring the ontology can support its use cases Editors Ontology editors are applications designed to assist in the creation or manipulation of ontologies. It is common for ontology editors to use one or more ontology languages. Aspects of ontology editors include: visual navigation possibilities within the knowledge model, inference engines and information extraction; support for modules; the import and export of foreign knowledge representation languages for ontology matching; and the support of meta-ontologies such as OWL-S, Dublin Core, etc. Learning Ontology learning is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies, including extracting a domain's terms from natural language text. As building ontologies manually is extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming, there is great motivation to automate the process. Information extraction and text mining have been explored to automatically link ontologies to documents, for example in the context of the BioCreative challenges. Research Epistemological assumptions, which in research asks "What do you know? or "How do you know it? ", creates the foundation researchers use when approaching a certain topic or area for potential research. As epistemology is directly linked to knowledge and how we come about accepting certain truths, individuals conducting academic research must understand what allows them to begin theory building. Simply, epistemological assumptions force researchers to question how they arrive at the knowledge they have. Languages An ontology language is a formal language used to encode an ontology. There are a number of such languages for ontologies, both proprietary and standards-based: Common Algebraic Specification Language is a general logic-based specification language developed within the IFIP working group 1.3 "Foundations of System Specifications" and is a de facto standard language for software specifications. It is now being applied to ontology specifications in order to provide modularity and structuring mechanisms. Common logic is ISO standard 24707, a specification of a family of ontology languages that can be accurately translated into each other. The Cyc project has its own ontology language called CycL, based on first-order predicate calculus with some higher-order extensions. DOGMA (Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications) adopts the fact-oriented modeling approach to provide a higher level of semantic stability. The Gellish language includes rules for its own extension and thus integrates an ontology with an ontology language. IDEF5 is a software engineering method to develop and maintain usable, accurate, domain ontologies. KIF is a syntax for first-order logic that is based on S-expressions. SUO-KIF is a derivative version supporting the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology. MOF and UML are standards of the OMG Olog is a category theoretic approach to ontologies, emphasizing translations between ontologies using functors. OBO, a language used for biological and biomedical ontologies. OntoUML is an ontologically well-founded profile of UML for conceptual modeling of domain ontologies. OWL is a language for making ontological statements, developed as a follow-on from RDF and RDFS, as well as earlier ontology language projects including OIL, DAML, and DAML+OIL. OWL is intended to be used over the World Wide Web, and all its elements (classes, properties and individuals) are defined as RDF resources, and identified by URIs. Rule Interchange Format (RIF) and F-Logic combine ontologies and rules. Semantic Application Design Language (SADL) captures a subset of the expressiveness of OWL, using an English-like language entered via an Eclipse Plug-in. SBVR (Semantics of Business Vocabularies and Rules) is an OMG standard adopted in industry to build ontologies. TOVE Project, TOronto Virtual Enterprise project Published examples Arabic Ontology, a linguistic ontology for Arabic, which can be used as an Arabic Wordnet but with ontologically-clean content. AURUM - Information Security Ontology, An ontology for information security knowledge sharing, enabling users to collaboratively understand and extend the domain knowledge body. It may serve as a basis for automated information security risk and compliance management. BabelNet, a very large multilingual semantic network and ontology, lexicalized in many languages Basic Formal Ontology, a formal upper ontology designed to support scientific research BioPAX, an ontology for the exchange and interoperability of biological pathway (cellular processes) data BMO, an e-Business Model Ontology based on a review of enterprise ontologies and business model literature SSBMO, a Strongly Sustainable Business Model Ontology based on a review of the systems based natural and social science literature (including business). Includes critique of and significant extensions to the Business Model Ontology (BMO). CCO and GexKB, Application Ontologies (APO) that integrate diverse types of knowledge with the Cell Cycle Ontology (CCO) and the Gene Expression Knowledge Base (GexKB) CContology (Customer Complaint Ontology), an e-business ontology to support online customer complaint management CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, an ontology for cultural heritage COSMO, a Foundation Ontology (current version in OWL) that is designed to contain representations of all of the primitive concepts needed to logically specify the meanings of any domain entity. It is intended to serve as a basic ontology that can be used to translate among the representations in other ontologies or databases. It started as a merger of the basic elements of the OpenCyc and SUMO ontologies, and has been supplemented with other ontology elements (types, relations) so as to include representations of all of the words in the Longman dictionary defining vocabulary. Computer Science Ontology, an automatically generated ontology of research topics in the field of computer science Cyc, a large Foundation Ontology for formal representation of the universe of discourse Disease Ontology, designed to facilitate the mapping of diseases and associated conditions to particular medical codes DOLCE, a Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering Drammar, ontology of drama Dublin Core, a simple ontology for documents and publishing Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO), a business conceptual ontology for the financial industry Foundational, Core and Linguistic Ontologies Foundational Model of Anatomy, an ontology for human anatomy Friend of a Friend, an ontology for describing persons, their activities and their relations to other people and objects Gene Ontology for genomics Gellish English dictionary, an ontology that includes a dictionary and taxonomy that includes an upper ontology and a lower ontology that focusses on industrial and business applications in engineering, technology and procurement. Geopolitical ontology, an ontology describing geopolitical information created by Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO). The geopolitical ontology includes names in multiple languages (English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Italian); maps standard coding systems (UN, ISO, FAOSTAT, AGROVOC, etc. ); provides relations among territories (land borders, group membership, etc. ); and tracks historical changes. In addition, FAO provides web services of geopolitical ontology and a module maker to download modules of the geopolitical ontology into different formats (RDF, XML, and EXCEL). See more information at FAO Country Profiles. GAO (General Automotive Ontology) - an ontology for the automotive industry that includes 'car' extensions GOLD, General Ontology for Linguistic Description GUM (Generalized Upper Model), a linguistically motivated ontology for mediating between clients systems and natural language technology IDEAS Group, a formal ontology for enterprise architecture being developed by the Australian, Canadian, UK and U.S. Defence Depts. Linkbase, a formal representation of the biomedical domain, founded upon Basic Formal Ontology. LPL, Landmark Pattern Language NCBO Bioportal, biological and biomedical ontologies and associated tools to search, browse and visualise NIFSTD Ontologies from the Neuroscience Information Framework: a modular set of ontologies for the neuroscience domain. OBO-Edit, an ontology browser for most of the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies OBO Foundry, a suite of interoperable reference ontologies in biology and biomedicine OMNIBUS Ontology, an ontology of learning, instruction, and instructional design Ontology for Biomedical Investigations, an open-access, integrated ontology of biological and clinical investigations ONSTR, Ontology for Newborn Screening Follow-up and Translational Research, Newborn Screening Follow-up Data Integration Collaborative, Emory University, Atlanta. Plant Ontology for plant structures and growth/development stages, etc. POPE, Purdue Ontology for Pharmaceutical Engineering PRO, the Protein Ontology of the Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University ProbOnto, knowledge base and ontology of probability distributions. Program abstraction taxonomy Protein Ontology for proteomics RXNO Ontology, for name reactions in chemistry SCDO, the Sickle Cell Disease Ontology, facilitates data sharing and collaborations within the SDC community, amongst other applications (see list on SCDO website). Sequence Ontology, for representing genomic feature types found on biological sequences SNOMED CT (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine--Clinical Terms) Suggested Upper Merged Ontology, a formal upper ontology Systems Biology Ontology (SBO), for computational models in biology SWEET, Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology SSN/SOSA, The Semantic Sensor Network Ontology (SSN) and Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator Ontology (SOSA) are W3C Recommendation and OGC Standards for describing sensors and their observations. ThoughtTreasure ontology TIME-ITEM, Topics for Indexing Medical Education Uberon, representing animal anatomical structures UMBEL, a lightweight reference structure of 20,000 subject concept classes and their relationships derived from OpenCyc WordNet, a lexical reference system YAMATO, Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology The W3C Linking Open Data community project coordinates attempts to converge different ontologies into worldwide Semantic Web. Libraries The development of ontologies has led to the emergence of services providing lists or directories of ontologies called ontology libraries. The following are libraries of human-selected ontologies. COLORE is an open repository of first-order ontologies in Common Logic with formal links between ontologies in the repository. DAML Ontology Library maintains a legacy of ontologies in DAML. Ontology Design Patterns portal is a wiki repository of reusable components and practices for ontology design, and also maintains a list of exemplary ontologies. Protege Ontology Library contains a set of OWL, Frame-based and other format ontologies. SchemaWeb is a directory of RDF schemata expressed in RDFS, OWL and DAML+OIL. The following are both directories and search engines. OBO Foundry is a suite of interoperable reference ontologies in biology and biomedicine. Bioportal (ontology repository of NCBO) OntoSelect Ontology Library offers similar services for RDF/S, DAML and OWL ontologies. Ontaria is a "searchable and browsable directory of semantic web data" with a focus on RDF vocabularies with OWL ontologies. (NB Project "on hold" since 2004). Swoogle is a directory and search engine for all RDF resources available on the Web, including ontologies. Open Ontology Repository initiative ROMULUS is a foundational ontology repository aimed at improving semantic interoperability. Currently there are three foundational ontologies in the repository: DOLCE, BFO and GFO. Examples of applications In general, ontologies can be used beneficially in several fields. A more concrete example is SAPPHIRE (Health care) or Situational Awareness and Preparedness for Public Health Incidences and Reasoning Engines which is a semantics-based health information system capable of tracking and evaluating situations and occurrences that may affect public health. Geographic information systems bring together data from different sources and benefit therefore from ontological metadata which helps to connect the semantics of the data. Domain-specific ontologies are extremely important in biomedical research, which requires named entity disambiguation of various biomedical terms and abbreviations that have the same string of characters but represent different biomedical concepts. For example, CSF can represent Colony Stimulating Factor or Cerebral Spinal Fluid, both of which are represented by the same term, CSF, in biomedical literature. This is why a large number of public ontologies are related to the life sciences. Life science data science tools that fail to implement these types of biomedical ontologies will not be able to accurately determine causal relationships between concepts. See also Commonsense knowledge bases Concept map Controlled vocabulary Classification scheme (information science) Folksonomy Formal concept analysis Formal ontology Knowledge graph Lattice Ontology Ontology alignment Ontology chart Open Semantic Framework Semantic technology Soft ontology Terminology extraction Weak ontology Web Ontology Language Related philosophical concepts Alphabet of human thought Characteristica universalis Interoperability Level of measurement Metalanguage Natural semantic metalanguage References Further reading External links Knowledge Representation at Open Directory Project Library of ontologies GoPubMed using Ontologies for searching ONTOLOG (a.k.a. "Ontolog Forum") - an Open, International, Virtual Community of Practice on Ontology, Ontological Engineering and Semantic Technology Use of Ontologies in Natural Language Processing Ontology Summit - an annual series of events (first started in 2006) that involves the ontology community and communities related to each year's theme chosen for the summit.

6474211

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinto%20Sol

Kinto Sol

Kinto Sol is a Latin hip hop group based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The group consists of three brothers: DJ Payback Garcia (Javier Garcia), El Chivo (Eduardo Garcia) and Skribe (Manuel Garcia); originally from Iramuco, Guanajuato, Mexico, they moved to the US at a very young age due to financial struggle. They rap mainly in Spanish, blending traditional Mexican music with hip hop style beats, giving them their unique sound. They own their own independent record label, Virus Enterprises LLC, which specializes in Latin hip hop. The group's name is a phonetic spelling of "quinto sol" (fifth sun), and is taken from an Aztec legend in which the Fifth Sun will be the last one to set in this lifetime. Los Hijos Del Maiz was awarded the best Latin Hip Hop album of the year for its content and best sales history. El Chivo has also released two independent solo albums. His latest album, Cicatrices reached number 5 on the Latin Billboard charts "Latin Rhythm Album" and it was an independent release with no backing of a major record label. El Ultimo Suspiro [The Last Breath] is the sixth studio album by Kinto Sol released on October 19, 2010 on Machete Music. The album debuted #1 in the Latin Billboard Charts Latin Rhythm. Beginnings Kinto Sol began when three brothers, "Skribe", "DJ Payback Garcia" and "El Chivo," set out to pursue their passion in music. Skribe, the executive producerus Enterprises, moved from Mexico to Chicago then to Milwaukee. DJ Payback Garcia & El Chivo moved from Mexico to Milwaukee, DJ Payback at age 14 and El Chivo at 7. Skribe began his musical career as a DJ in 1990. Discography Albums Kinto Sol (2000, Virus Enterprises LLC) Del Norte Al Sur (2001, Disa) Hecho En Mexico (2003, Disa) La Sangre Nunca Muere (2005, Disa) Los Hijos del Maiz (2007, Univision) 15 Rayos (2007, Univision) Carcel de Suenos (2009, Machete Music) El Ultimo Suspiro (2010, Machete Music) Familia, Fe y Patria (2012, Sony Music Latin) La Tumba del Alma (2013, Virus Enterprises LLC) Protegiendo el Penacho (2015, Virus Enterprises LLC) Lo Ke No Se Olvida (2016) Somos Once (2017) Lengua Universal (2018) Oxlajuj (2020 Virus Enterprises LLC Compilation appearances The Shield: Music from the Streets (2005, Lakeshore) (song: "No Muerdas la Mano") Charts External links Kinto Sol at Yahoo!

49292973

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guindon%20v%20Canada

Guindon v Canada

is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the distinction between criminal and regulatory penalties, for the purposes of s.11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It also provides guidance on when the Court will consider constitutional issues when such had not been argued in the lower courts. Background Guindon, a lawyer who specialized in family and wills and estates law, was approached in 2001 by promoters of a leveraged donation program which was said to operate in the following manner: Each participant in the program would acquire timeshare units of a resort in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The participants would donate these units to a charity at a fair market value greater than their cash payment for the timeshares. Guindon agreed, for a fee, to provide an opinion letter on the tax consequences of this program on the basis of a precedent provided by the promoters. Although recommending that a tax lawyer and an accountant review her letter for accuracy, she proceeded to provide the letter to the promoters, knowing it would form part of their information package. The letter stated that the transactions would be implemented based on supporting documents that she had been provided with and had reviewed. However, she had not reviewed the supporting documents. A charity with which Guindon was connected agreed to become the recipient of the promoted timeshares. In reality, no timeshare units were created and no transfers from the donors to the charity occurred. The Minister of National Revenue later disallowed the charitable donation tax credits claimed by the donors, and Guindon was assessed an administrative monetary penalty in 2008 for each of the tax receipts disallowed, amounting in total to almost $600,000. Guindon appealed the assessment to the Tax Court of Canada, submitting that s. 163.2 of the Income Tax Act created a criminal offence, and thus was subject to the Charter protection afforded under s.11. The courts below The TCC held that s. 163.2 was "by its very nature a criminal proceeding" and "involve[d] a sanction that is a true penal consequence," and in consequence vacated the assessment. Protests by the Crown that the constitutional issue was raised without proper notice were overruled by the trial judge Bedard J. The Federal Court of Appeal allowed the appeal, set aside the TCC's judgment, and restored the assessment against Guindon. In his ruling, Stratas JA held that: Guindon's failure to serve notice of a constitutional question was fatal to the Tax Court's jurisdiction; the TCC and the FCA, if asked to do so, could have exercised their discretion to adjourn the appeal to allow a notice to be served to address that matter, but Guindon did not make that request in either of the courts below; and s. 163.2 of the ITA is not a criminal offence and therefore does not engage s. 11 of the Charter. Leave to appeal to the SCC was granted in June 2013. At the SCC By a unanimous decision, the appeal was dismissed. However, the Justices split 4:3 as to whether the constitutional issue should have been considered without prior notice, and only the majority addressed the constitutional issue. Discretion of the Court While the minority considered the Court's prior ruling in Eaton v Brant County Board of Education as requiring a mandatory notice of a constitutional question, as it "gives governments an opportunity to present evidence justifying the constitutionality of the law and permits all parties to challenge that evidence," and "allowing a party unilaterally to make an end-run around notice requirements by claiming that demonstrably constitutional arguments are not in fact constitutional arguments, rewards linguistic tactics at the expense of the public interest." The majority held that Eaton was not conclusive, as Sopinka J's judgment did not express a final opinion on the point. In addition, there have been numerous instances both before and after Eaton where the Court has addressed constitutional questions de novo without prior notice. Engagement of s. 11 S. 11 protection is available to those charged with criminal offences, not those subject to administrative sanctions, according to the test the Court has devised in R v Wigglesworth, which declares that a matter falls under s. 11 where; by its very nature it is a criminal proceeding, or a conviction in respect of the offence may lead to a true penal consequence. In addition, Martineau v MNR declares that, in general, "proceedings of an administrativeprivate, internal or disciplinarynature instituted for the protection of the public in accordance with the policy of a statute are not penal in nature." To determine whether a proceeding is criminal or administrative in nature, the Court must examine "(1) the objectives of the [Act]; (2) the purpose of the sanction; and (3) the process leading to imposition of the sanction." In the present case, the Court declared that criticisms that the Wigglesworth/Martineau tests were unclear, circular in nature or not properly accounting for the modern context of administrative monetary penalties were unfounded, as: the "criminal in nature test" identifies provisions that are criminal because Parliament or the legislature has provided for proceedings whose attributes and purpose show that the penalty is to be imposed via criminal proceedings; and the "true penal consequence test" looks at whether an ostensibly administrative or regulatory provision nonetheless engages s. 11 of the Charter because it may result in punitive consequences. In the case at bar, s. 163.2(4) of the ITA was held: not to be a criminal proceeding in nature, as "the purpose of this proceeding is to promote honesty and deter gross negligence, or worse, on the part of preparers, qualities that are essential to the self-reporting system of income taxation assessment" and "[w]hile some regulatory penalties are imposed without consideration of the person's state of mind, in other cases it is rational that the state would only wish to impose a penalty on those who engage in misconduct knowingly, recklessly, or with a particular intention." not to attract a true penal consequence, as "high administrative monetary penalties [are] required to encourage compliance with the administrative regime. The relevant question is not the amount of the penalty in absolute terms, it is whether the amount serves regulatory rather than penal purposes." Impact Several practical consequences were immediately apparent in Guindon: If constitutional litigation is to be conducted, procedural requirements as to notice must be followed. The integrity and honesty of advisors, planners and tax preparers is equally important to the integrity of the self- reporting system. The objectives of the Income Tax Act are such that, at least in general terms, very significant penalties will not be prohibited by constitutional principles. Commentators generally agree that Guindon is only a first step in the development of the case law concerning administrative proceedings: It does not discuss the defences available against the imposition of AMPs nor the issue of the burden of proof, but the matter has already been explored in a 2015 case in Quebec. The Charter is not the only source of judicial protection in administrative proceedings, as procedural and substantive challenges on judicial review can ensure that the administration stays within the boundaries of legality. The absence of s. 11 protection of the presumption of innocence is of great concern, although it is conceded that the legal system may grind to a halt if every allegation of misconduct could be tested in a full criminal proceeding. It will be difficult to challenge other AMPs imposed in the absence of procedural safeguards. The FCA provided more guidance in its judgment as to when an administrative penalty would be considered disproportionate, and it would have been helpful if the SCC had expanded on the point. However, in 2012 the Ontario Court of Appeal gave a reasoned evaluation for a monetary penalty that arose from a securities proceeding, which could be useful in future jurisprudence.

32621414

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnagar%20II

Ramnagar II

Ramnagar II is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Contai subdivision of Purba Medinipur district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Geography Purba Medinipur district is part of the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain and Eastern coastal plains. Topographically, the district can be divided into two parts - (a) almost entirely flat plains on the west, east and north, (b) the coastal plains on the south. The vast expanse of land is formed of alluvium and is composed of younger and coastal alluvial. The elevation of the district is within 10 metres above mean sea level. The district has a long coastline of 65.5 km along its southern and south eastern boundary. Five coastal CD Blocks, namely, Khejuri II, Contai II (Deshapran), Contai I, Ramnagar I and II, are occasionally affected by cyclones and tornadoes. Tidal floods are quite regular in these five CD Blocks. Normally floods occur in 21 of the 25 CD Blocks in the district. The major rivers are Haldi, Rupnarayan, Rasulpur, Bagui and Keleghai, flowing in north to south or south-east direction. River water is an important source of irrigation. The district has a low 899 hectare forest cover, which is 0.02% of its geographical area. Depal, a constituent panchayat of Ramnagar II block, is located at . Ramnagar II CD Block is bounded by Egra II and Contai I CD Blocks in the north, Contai I CD Block in the east, Bay of Bengal in the south and Ramnagar I CD Block in the west. It is located 89 km from Tamluk, the district headquarters. Ramnagar II CD Block has an area of 163.27 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 8 gram panchayats, 119 gram sansads (village councils), 137 mouzas and 134 inhabited villages. Ramnagar (part) police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Bara Bankuya. Gram panchayats of Ramnagar II block/ panchayat samiti are: Badalpur, Balisai, Depal, Kadua, Kalindi, Maithana, Paldhui and Satilapur. Demographics Population As per 2011 Census of India Ramnagar II CD Block had a total population of 156,054, all of which were rural. There were 80,370 (52%) males and 75,681 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 16,314. Scheduled Castes numbered 21,787 (13.96%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 299 (0.19%). As per 2001 census, Ramnagar II block had a total population of 137,358, out of which 70,072 were males and 67,286 were females. Ramnagar II block registered a population growth of 11.29 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent. Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Ramnagar II CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Kanpur (4,523), Satilapur (4,570), Karonji (4,329), Bara Bankuya (6,169) and Kalindi (4,893). Other villages in Ramnagar II CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Paldhui (3,813), Kadua (2,615), Depal (3,359), Badalpur (1,096). Literacy As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Ramnagar II CD Block was 124,901 (89.38% of the population over 6 years) out of which 65,543 (55%) were males and 56,358 (45%) were females. As per 2011 census, literacy in Purba Medinipur district was 87.02%. Purba Medinipur had the highest literacy amongst all the districts of West Bengal in 2011. See also - List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate Language and religion In 2011 census Hindus numbered 143,362 and formed 91.86% of the population in Ramnagar II CD Block. Muslims numbered 12,542 and formed 8.04% of the population. Others numbered 150 and formed 0.10% of the population. In 2001, Hindus made up 92.42% and Muslims 7.53% of the population respectively. Bengali is the predominant language, spoken by 99.05% of the population. Rural poverty The District Human Development Report for Purba Medinipur has provided a CD Block-wise data table for Modified Human Poverty Index of the district. Ramnagar II CD Block registered 22.80 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHPI was estimated at 24.78. Eleven out of twentyfive CD Blocks were found to be severely deprived in respect of grand CD Block average value of MHPI (CD Blocks with lower amount of poverty are better): All the CD Blocks of Haldia and Contai subdivisions appeared backward, except Ramnagar I & II, of all the blocks of Egra subdivision only Bhagabanpur I appeared backward and in Tamluk subdivision none appeared backward. Economy Livelihood In Ramnagar II CD Block in 2011, total workers formed 36.37% of the total population and amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 20.04%, agricultural labourers 45.44%, household industry workers 2.05% and other workers 32.47.%. Infrastructure There are 134 inhabited villages in Ramnagar II CD block. All 134 villages (100%) have power supply. All 127 villages (94.78%) have drinking water supply. 27 villages (20.15%) have post offices. 106 villages (79.1%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 33 villages (24.63%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 18 villages (13.43%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 25 villages (18.66%) have agricultural credit societies. 9 villages (6.72%) have banks. In 2007-08, around 40% of rural households in the district had electricity. In 2013-14, there were 90 fertiliser depots, 5 seed stores and 32 fair price shops in the CD Block. Agriculture According to the District Human Development Report of Purba Medinipur: The agricultural sector is the lifeline of a predominantly rural economy. It is largely dependent on the Low Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 50%) or High Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 27%) for irrigation, as the district does not have a good network of canals, compared to some of the neighbouring districts. In many cases the canals are drainage canals which get the backflow of river water at times of high tide or the rainy season. The average size of land holding in Purba Medinipur, in 2005-06, was 0.73 hectares against 1.01 hectares in West Bengal. In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Ramnagar II CD Block was 4,635 hectares, out of which 150 hectares were irrigated by tank water, 40 hectares by deep tube well and 4,445 hectares by shallow tube well. Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Ramnagar II CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 5.78%, patta (document) holders 11.43%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2.87%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 35.15% and agricultural labourers 44.76%. In 2013-14, Ramnagar II CD Block produced 11,648 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 9,622 hectares and 29,171 tonnes of Boro paddy, the spring crop, from 7,919 hectares. Betelvine is a major source of livelihood in Purba Medinipur district, particularly in Tamluk and Contai subdivisions. Betelvine production in 2008-09 was the highest amongst all the districts and was around a third of the total state production. In 2008-09, Purba Mednipur produced 2,789 tonnes of cashew nuts from 3,340 hectares of land. Pisciculture Purba Medinipur's net district domestic product derives one fifth of its earnings from fisheries, the highest amongst all the districts of West Bengal. The nett area available for effective pisciculture in Ramnagar II CD Block in 2013-14 was 735.56 hectares. 3,300 persons were engaged in the profession and approximate annual production was 28,025 quintals. Banking In 2013-14, Ramnagar II CD Block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 2 gramin banks. Backward Regions Grant Fund Medinipur East district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal. Transport Ramnagar II CD Block has 7 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 8 km from the CD Block headquarters. Ashapurna Devi and Badalpur are stations on the Tamluk-Digha line, constructed in 2003-04. SH 4 connecting Jhalda (in Purulia district) and Digha (in Purba Medinipur district) passes through this block. Education In 2013-14, Ramnagar II CD Block had 100 primary schools with 5,266 students, 17 middle schools with 1,309 students, 11 high schools with 5,151 students and 10 higher secondary schools with 12,272 students. Ramnagar II CD Block had 1 general college with 2,544 students and 258 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,461 students. As per the 2011 census, in Ramnagar II CD block, amongst the 134 inhabited villages, 20 villages did not have a school, 36 villages had two or more primary schools, 39 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 20 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. Ramnagar College at Depal was established in 1972. In addition to courses in arts, science and commerce, it offers courses in hospitality and tourism, and fishery and farm management. Ramnagar B.Ed College at Depal offers B.Ed. Healthcare In 2014, Ramnagar II CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 primary health centres with total 30 beds and 11 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 25 family welfare sub centres. 2,692 patients were treated indoor and 117,826 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block. Bararankura Rural Hospital, at Bararankura, PO Balisai (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Ramnagar II CD block. There are primary health centres at Nijmaithula, PO Batatala (with 10 seats) and Hamirpur, PO Depal (with 2 seats).

14920721

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina%20Obrowo

Gmina Obrowo

Gmina Obrowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Torun County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Obrowo, which lies approximately east of Torun. The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 10,010. Villages Gmina Obrowo contains the villages and settlements of Bartoszewo, Brzozowka, Dobrzejewice, Dzikowo, Glogowo, Kaweczyn, Kazimierzewo, Kuzniki, Lazyn, Lazynek, Lek-Osiek, Obory, Obrowo, Osiek, Sasieczno, Silno, Skrzypkowo, Smogorzewiec, Stajenczynki, Szembekowo, Zawaly, Zebowiec and Zebowo. Neighbouring gminas Gmina Obrowo is bordered by the town of Ciechocinek and by the gminas of Aleksandrow Kujawski, Ciechocin, Czernikowo, Lubicz and Wielka Nieszawka.

28784195

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong%20Ao

Gong Ao

Gong Ao (; died 204 BC) was a ruler of the Kingdom of Linjiang of the Eighteen Kingdoms during the Chu-Han Contention, an interregnum between the Qin dynasty and the Han dynasty. Gong Ao descended from a noble family of the Chu state in the Warring States period. He served King Huai II of the insurgent Chu kingdom that was established in the final years of the Qin dynasty. After the fall of Qin in 206 BC, Xiang Yu divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms, and granted Gong Ao the title of "King of Linjiang" (Lin Jiang Guo ). Gong Ao's fief was located in Nan Commandery (Nan Jun ; covering most of present-day northern Hubei) of the former Qin Empire, with Jiangling (Jiang Ling ; present-day Jiangling County, Jingzhou, Hubei) as his capital. In late 206 BC, Gong Ao, along with Wu Rui and Ying Bu, received a secret order from Xiang Yu to kill Emperor Yi of Chu (the former King Huai II) while the emperor was on his journey to Chen County (Chen Xian ; present-day Chenzhou, Hunan). During the Chu-Han Contention, although Gong Ao was on Xiang Yu's side, he did not participate in the conflict. Gong Ao died in 204 BC and was succeeded by his son Gong Wei. Records of the Grand Historian. Book of Han, volumes 1, 13, 31.

28235055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida%20Foster%20Theatre%20School

Aida Foster Theatre School

The Aida Foster Theatre School for drama, dance and education was founded by Aida Foster in 1929 as a hobby to teach dancing. It expanded over the years to become one of Britain's foremost stage schools. Many stage and film personalities of the 20th century received their professional education and arranged their first employment through the school. Run by Aida, and later by her daughter Anita Foster, it catered for three different groups of students: those that undertook dance training only, younger pupils that had full education plus both dancing and drama training, and older students taking drama training only. The Aida Foster School supplied many of the pantomime "babes" (children's choruses and parts) for the West End Christmas shows of the 1950s. They also obtained modelling contracts for many of the juveniles. Foster had started a theatrical agency associated with the school in 1944. Following the death of her husband she closed the school in 1970 to concentrate on the agency with her daughter Anita. The school was situated on Finchley Road in Golders Green, north London, just north of the junction with Golders Green Road.

60121062

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudbeckia%20texana

Rudbeckia texana

Rudbeckia texana, commonly known at Texas coneflower or shiny coneflower, is a perennial plant in the family Asteraceae native to the Western Gulf coastal grasslands of Texas and Louisiana. Description Rudbeckia texana is a robust perennial growing up to 150 cm (59 in) tall by 30 cm (12 in) wide. It has alternate, mostly basal leaves 9-20 cm long. The leaves have a leathery texture and are elliptic in shape. Flowering stems appear in the spring, each stem terminating with between 1 and 4 composite flower heads. Flowers have a conical shape and are about 2.0-4.5 cm tall, 1-1.5 cm wide with yellow ray florets circling a conspicuous dark brown dome-shaped cone of many small disc florets. Taxonomy Because of its morphological differences from Rudbeckia nitida, R. texana was elevated from varietal to species level in 1989. Distribution and habitat Rudbeckia texana can be found in western Louisiana and eastern Texas, primarily in remnant wet prairies and along railroads and highways. Ecology Like other members of the genus Rudbeckia, R. texana is likely an important source of pollen for native bees, especially Adrena rudbeckiae. Rudbeckia texana blooms between May and November. Conservation The Texas coneflower is sensitive to overgrazing, plowing, and other forms of degradation. It is easily grown from seeds collected in the fall and seeds germinate in 1-2 weeks with no treatment.

20116302

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Morrell

Leslie Morrell

Leslie Morrell (born 26 December 1931) is a former unionist politician in Northern Ireland. Morrell was a farmer from near Coleraine, and was active in the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP). He was elected to Coleraine Rural District Council in 1962, then Londonderry County Council in 1969. He was on several committees, on Coleraine Harbour Board and Coleraine Hospital Management Board as well as Tourism and Water until the 1973 Reorganisation. In 1973, he was elected to Coleraine District Council and during his service on the Council was successful in expanding housing in Articlave and getting a swimming pool, seafront promenade, bowling green and community hall for Castlerock. He was elected on first preference to the Northern Ireland Assembly from the Londonderry constituency. Although he was a supporter of UUP leader Brian Faulkner, Morrell refused to sign a pledge to support a relevant White Paper, as asked., but became Deputy-leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, under Brian Faulkner, his wife becoming Vice President of Ulster Women's Unionist Association under Lucy Faulkner. He was a member of the team that met SDLP and Alliance for talks that led to the NI Executive and he was at the Sunningdale Conference where he negotiated the Council of Ireland with Garret Fitzgerald. He introduced the Shannon-Erne Waterway as a cross-border initiative, giving it further encouragement when on the NI Water Council! Faulkner appointed Morrell as Minister of Agriculture when the Northern Ireland Executive was created. After Sunningdale when Faulkner resigned after losing a vote on the Agreement in the Unionist Council, and Morrell was expelled from the UUP by the North Londonderry Constituency Association, he joined Faulkner's new Unionist Party of Northern Ireland, becoming deputy leader of the party. The Executive fell as a result of the Ulster Workers' Strike in May 1974. However, Morrell lost his seat in Londonderry in the 1975 elections to the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention. Morrell did not defend his seat in the 1977 Northern Ireland local elections, and resigned as deputy leader of the party in 1978, to focus on farming and developing the Voluntary Housing Movement in Northern Ireland He had attended the Corrymeela Conference on Housing in December 1974 and was elected as a member of the Steering Group to develop Voluntary ( Social ) Housing. When the Federation of Housing associations was set up in 1976 he represented Ulster Provident Housing and was founder-chair of James Butcher Housing NI in February 1976. He was the second Chair of NIFHA in 1981/2 and vacated Chair of James Butcher in 1982 to become Honorary Secretary instead. He retained this office after James Butcher and NIH merged to form Oaklee Housing Association and later when Choice Housing Ireland Ltd. was formed by the merger of Oaklee, Trinity and Ulidia HA's. He retired on 31 March 2016 but was elected as the first Honorary President of Choice Housing. In 2015 the UK Institute of Housing recognised his contribution to the development of Social housing in Northern Ireland with a Lifetime Achievement Award He helped launch Oaklee Housing Trust, now re-named Oaklee Housing, in the Republic of Ireland with funds from Oaklee, later being elected to its Board where he served until 2018 when tenure ended under the Rules. He founded and chaired the Virus-tested Seed Potato Growers Association, formed from those who produced the basic healthy seed for the industry in NI., and was a founder member of the NI Institute of Agricultural Science. Before his election to the Assembly, he was an active member of the Ulster Farmers Union, became Chair of its Potato Committee, on the Executive, and was appointed to the NI Agricultural Council, which elected him as Chairman for several years until it was superseded/ by the NI Assembly in 1973. In 1982, during Direct Rule, he was invited to Chair the NI Water Council, a post he held for 10 years, receiving the OBE in 1986 for his services to Water.

36464825

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Klep%C3%A1%C4%8Dov%C3%A1

Eva Klepáčová

Eva Klepacova (2 May 1933 - 18 June 2012) was a Czech actress, voice actor and presenter. One of her best known film roles is the character Kate from Czech Fairy tale Playing with the Devil (1956) directed by Josef Mach. She was also well known as a dubbing actress. In 2007, The Presidium of the Actors Union presented her with the Award for Lifetime Achievement in dubbing. She appeared in 19 films and television shows between 1955 and 1996. Early life Eva Klepacova was born Eva Beatrix Klepacova on 2 May 1933 in Prague, former Czechoslovakia. He father, Antonin Klepac, was a dancer at the National Theatre, her mother Kamila Klepacova (nee Vlaskova) was a freelance dancer and actress (she danced in the Vest Pocket Revue at the Liberated Theatre of Jiri Voskovec and Jan Werich). Klepacova later married actor and singer Josef Zima. Career As many other actors from Prague, Eva Klepacova began her acting career in Disman's Children Art Radio Ensemble. After graduating from high school she studied at the Prague Academy of Performing Arts and she spent her first theatre season in the North Theatre in Liberec. Then she took permanent position in the Realistic Theatre of Zdenek Nejedly at Smichov (now the Svandovo divadlo at Smichov). Thanks to her nice voice and cultivated speech, Eva Klepacova worked as an occasional presenter in Czechoslovak Television, practically from the very beginning of its existence. She applied her excellent voice disposition also in radio work and dubbing. Together with her husband, Josef Zima, she successfully dubbed, among many others, the main character of Nastenka, from the Russian Fairy tale Jack Frost (1964). Zima narrated her suitor Ivan.

70312649

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo%20Colonna%20di%20Cesar%C3%B2

Palazzo Colonna di Cesarò

The Palazzo Cesaro Colonna, sometimes called only Palazzo Cesaro, is a former aristocratic palace located on via Cassaro #417, now called Via Vittorio Emanuele, facing the church of SS Salvatore in the quarter of Seralcadi, in the historic center of Palermo, region of Sicily, Italy. The palace much altered from its origins, and the portal is dilapidated. It houses business establishments and apartments. History The site once was known as the Palazzo Cesaro, and built under the patronage of the Tetano and Giusino family, by the mid-eighteenth century. It was embellished by frescoes by Olivio Sozzi, but it is unclear if these remain. In the second half of the 18th-century, Teodato Colonna, the brother of Marcantonio Colonna, Marquess of Stigliano, and viceroy of Sicily. The palace became both a boarding house, and was celebrated for salons, but also as a gambling parlor for the aristocracy. In the 19th-century, the Palazzo Cesaro was bought by doctor Stefano Tedeschi Oddo, a physician who earned a medal from Garibaldi for his service at the Battle of Calatafimi.

36184863

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juri%20Tamburini

Juri Tamburini

Juri Tamburini (born 7 July 1977) is an Italian footballer who played for many years in Serie B. Biography Born in Cattolica, the Province of Rimini, Romagna, Tamburini started his career at Romagna team Cesena. He played for Cesena in 1995-96 Anglo-Italian Cup. He left for Chieti and played 29 games in 1996-97 Serie C2. In 1999 Tamburini left for Vicenza. He left for Salernitana in temporary deal after Vicenza promoted back to 2000-01 Serie A. Despite Vicenza relegated for just 1 season, his loan was renewed. In 2004 Tamburini left for Modena. Tamburini played for the club for 7 seasons. In 2011 Tamburini was signed by Ascoli Calcio 1898. In January 2012 Tamburini was transferred to Pergocrema. Italian football scandal In May 2012, Modena received two penalty points as several players, including Tamburini, had been accused of match fixing. On 31 May 2012 he was banned 10 months due to involvement in 2011-12 Italian football scandal (formal announcement on 18 June). Gianni Rosati, sports director of Reggina, had asked Tamburini to make contact with Antonio Narciso (by then Grosseto player, former Modena team-mate) in order to alter the match Reggina-Grosseto. The round 40 match Reggina 1-0 won and ultimately Reggina qualified to promotion playoffs as the 6th place (last berth).

1170505

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Albert%20Vachon

Louis-Albert Vachon

Louis-Albert Vachon, (February 4, 1912 - September 29, 2006) was a Canadian educator, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, and Archbishop of Quebec. He became a cardinal on May 25, 1985. History Vachon was born and raised in Saint-Frederic, Quebec, one of a family of six. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Minor Seminary of Quebec in 1934 and studied theology at the Major Seminary of Quebec before being ordained by Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Cardinal Villeneuve on June 11, 1938. He then attended Universite Laval, graduating in 1941 with a PhD in philosophy. He taught philosophy at Universite Laval from 1941 to 1947, then began studies at the Pontifical Athenaeum Angelicum in Rome, Italy, where he was awarded a doctorate degree in theology in 1949 with a dissertation entitled "La vertu d'esperance et le peche de presomption : leur nature et leur opposition mutuelle." Father Vachon returned to Quebec in 1949 to take up the position of Professor of Theology, a position he held from 1949 to 1955. In that year he was nominated as Rector of the Grand Seminary of Quebec and vice-rector of the Universite Laval. In 1958 he was appointed Domestic Prelate of His Holiness under Pope John XXIII, a title that gave Vachon the rank and style of monsignor. In 1960 Vachon was asked to assume the position of rector of the University of Laval; he held this position until 1972. He served in various positions with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec until he was elected Titular Bishop of Mesarfelta and appointed Auxiliary of Quebec on April 4, 1977. He was consecrated on May 14 of that year in Quebec. Vachon was elected Archbishop of Quebec on March 20, 1981, on the retirement of the previous archbishop, Maurice Cardinal Roy, and created Cardinal-Priest by Pope John Paul II in the consistory of May 25, 1985. He received the red biretta and the title of San Paolo della Croce a Corviale on that day. Vachon resigned the pastoral government of the Archdiocese and became Archbishop Emeritus of Quebec on March 17, 1990. Following his retirement, he lived in Quebec City and later in Beauport, Quebec. He died on September 29, 2006, in Quebec City. He was made a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1969, and an Officer of the National Order of Quebec in 1985. References Cardinal Vachon on catholic-pages.com.

7019873

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate%20Blackjack%20Tour

Ultimate Blackjack Tour

The Ultimate Blackjack Tour was a televised series of Elimination Blackjack tournaments that aired in syndication. It debuted on September 16, 2006. The show consists of a series of televised Elimination Blackjack tournaments. The winner of each weekly tournament returns for the final Tournament of Champions. Along with professional blackjack players and Internet qualifiers, the producers included a number of professional poker players not normally known for playing blackjack to draw attention to the poker elements inherent in the unique format of Elimination Blackjack tournaments. The show was executive produced by Houston Curtis and his production company with additional EP's, Jon Moonves and Sam Korkis. UBT was hosted by Max Rubin and Mati Moralejo, with Nikki Ziering and Shandi Finnessey serving as sideline reporters. Nikki Ziering did not return for the second season. Anthony Curtis conducted the analysis of all hands shown and wrote the commentary. Featured players of the Ultimate Blackjack Tour are members of Team UBT, which is made up of poker stars like Johnny Chan, Robert Williamson III, and Phil Laak and professional blackjack players like world champions Ken Einiger and Anthony Curtis, Mike Aponte, James Grosjean, "Hollywood" Dave Stann and Monica Reeves. Season 1 The first season consisted of ten televised tournaments. The winner of each of seven preliminary tournaments returned for the final Tournament of Champions. Players competed for a share of over $1 million. Two of the episodes, "Ladies' Night" and the "UBT Legends Tournament," were not qualifiers for the Tournament of Champions.

5971907

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norazia

Norazia

Norazia is an Indonesian musician with an unusual fusion of traditional Indonesian music and IDM. She incorporates various instruments in her songs, including Balinese gamelan instruments and tablas. Her debut album, Cinnamon Cassia was released October 2003. She has collaborated with Talvin Singh in one song in the album, "Wau Bule". She received 4 nominations at the Anugerah Planet Muzik 2005. She released a new album entitled CORE in April 2008.

63880533

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20S.%20McLester

James S. McLester

James Somerville McLester (January 25, 1877 - February 8, 1954) was an American physician, nutritionist and writer. McLester was born at Tuscaloosa, Alabama. He was educated at the University of Alabama and graduated M.D. from the University of Virginia in 1899. McLester studied medicine at Gottingen, Freiburg, Berlin and Munich. In 1902, he was appointed professor of pathology at Birmingham Medical College. He became professor of medicine, a post he held until 1912. He was appointed professor of medicine at the University of Alabama School of Medicine. He became professor emeritus in 1949. During World War I, McLester was commissioned as First Lieutenant in the Medical Reserve Corps. He was promoted in 1918 to Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel in 1919. degree from the University of Alabama in 1929. McLester was president of the Alabama Medical Association in 1920. He was Chairman of the Council on Food and Nutrition of the American Medical Association and was president in 1935. He married Ada Bowron in 1903, they had four children. McLester was described as "one of the nation's outstanding nutritionists". In 1953, he was awarded the Joseph Goldberger Gold Medal for outstanding work in clinical nutrition by trustees of the American Medical Association. McLester died from coronary thrombosis in Birmingham, Alabama. A portrait of McLester was unveiled in January, 2018 in the main lobby of the UAB Community Health Services Building at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

1865142

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmelia%20%28barque%29

Parmelia (barque)

Parmelia was a barque built in Quebec, Canada, in 1825. Originally registered on 31 May in Quebec, she sailed to Great Britain and assumed British registry. She made one voyage for the British East India Company (EIC), in 1827-1828. In 1829 she transported the first civilian officials and settlers of the Swan River Colony to Western Australia. She then made two voyages transporting convicts to New South Wales, Australia. A fire damaged her irreparably in May 1839. Career Parmelia "was more of a plain working girl than the great and beautiful lady of the sea". Parmelia sailed to London and on 17 November she was transferred from the Quebec to the London register. In 1826 she was used as a troop carrier. EIC voyage Some time in the first half of 1827, Parmelia was sold to Joseph Somes, who was also a director of the EIC. For the next year, she operated under charter to the British East India Company, carrying goods and passengers between London and Bengal. Captain John Wimble sailed from the Downs on 19 June 1827, bound for Bengal and Madras. Parmelia arrived at Calcutta on 3 December. Homeward bound, she was at Fultahm, on the Hooghly River, on 18 January 1828. She was at Vizagapatam on 30 January, and Madras on 9 February. She reached Saint Helena on 30 April and arrived at the Downs on 3 July. Settlers to Western Australia In 1828 the British government, at the urging of Captain James Stirling, decided to establish a colony at the Swan River in Western Australia. was despatched under Charles Fremantle to annex the colony, and it was arranged that a contingent of soldiers, officials and settlers would follow on . Stirling, whom the government had appointed the civil superintendent of the colony, however argued that the passengers and goods to be carried exceeded the capacity of Sulphur, and asked that an additional ship to be chartered. The government reluctantly agreed to the extra cost, chartering Parmelia in December 1828. It was then arranged that Sulphur would carry a detachment of the 63rd Regiment, with Parmelia carrying the civilian officials and settlers. Sulphur and Parmelia sailed from Spithead off Portsmouth, England on 3 or 6 February 1829, sighting their destination on 1 June. Contrary to popular belief, Stirling did not captain Parmelia (J. H. Luscombe did); on arrival, however, he assumed the duties of pilot. He initially tried to enter Cockburn Sound through a passage that he had discovered in 1827, but was prevented by strong winds and a heavy swell. Instead he chose to remain off Rottnest Island for the night. The following day, he tried to bring Parmelia into the Sound from the north, against the advice of Fremantle, and ran aground on a sand bank, later to be named Parmelia Bank. Despite the best efforts of the crews to dislodge her, Parmelia remained on the bank for over 18 hours, finally coming off the bank by herself early the following morning. By that time, she had lost her foreyard, rudder, windlass, spare spars, longboat and skiff, and was leaking at a rate of per hour. Parmelia then rode out a storm at anchor for three days before finally being brought to a safe anchorage. The passengers were able to disembark on 8 June. Challenger was due to depart once Sulphur and Parmelia had arrived, but Parmelia needed repairs that it could not get without access to the skilled labour amongst Challenger crew. Fremantle therefore took the decision to remain and assist with the repairs, which were completed many weeks later. Later that year, Stirling chartered Parmelia to bring food supplies from Java. In 1830, she returned to England via Singapore. She carried to Singapore members of the crew of , which had wrecked on 4 March. Convict voyage #1 (1832) Captain James Gilbert sailed from Sheerness on 28 July 1832. Parmelia arrived at Sydney on 16 November. She had embarked 200 male convicts and she landed 196, four having died en route. Parmelia sailed from Sydney late in December 1832 and arrived in Batavia on 29 January 1833. She left Batavia on 5 March, reached Saint Helena on 17 May, and arrived back at Portsmouth on 8 August. Convict voyage #2 (1833-1834) Captain James Gilbert sailed from Cork on 27 October 1833. Parmelia arrived at Sydney on 2 March 1834. She embarked 220 male convicts and she landed 218, two convicts having died en route. On 12 April Parmelia sailed for Manila. Troop transport In 1837 Parmelia and transported troops for the British government. On 19 January they carried the 82 Regiment of Foot from Dublin to Gibraltar. They then carried the 59th regiment of Foot from Gibraltar to Malta. On 14 March they carried the 5th Regiment of Foot from Malta to the Ionian Islands. Once they had completed the task, the British government hired the two vessels for PS1,281 7s 9d to carry the remnants of the British Auxiliary Legion back from Spain to England. Fate Parmelia then continued to sail as a London-based transport. She was last listed in 1838 with J. Spence, master, J. Somes, owner, and trade London-transport. In 1839 Parmelia was refitted to carry migrants to the Americas. She was intended to run between Britain and Quebec, but on 1 May 1839, as her refit was almost complete, a fire in Bank's Yard, at Frank's Queery, Cremyll, destroyed her. Eight days later she was surveyed and declared a constructive total loss. She was then sold for breaking up. The Kwinana suburb of Parmelia is named in honour of Parmelia, as is Parmelia Bank. Passengers on Parmelia, 1829 The following people embarked Parmelia when she left Portsmouth in February 1829.

59755926

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awitin%20Mo%20at%20Isasayaw%20Ko

Awitin Mo at Isasayaw Ko

"Awitin Mo at Isasayaw Ko" ("You Sing and I'll Dance") is a disco song by the Filipino group VST & Company. Although released only as a B-side of the ballad "Ikaw ang Aking Mahal" ("You Are My Love"), it is one of group's biggest hits in the country. The lyrics were penned by Joey de Leon and its melody by Vic Sotto and arranged by Lorrie Illustre. Recorded at Cinema Audio in 1978. De Leon revealed in an interview with Lourd de Veyra on the show WASAK that Sotto sang the melody to him via telephone and he quickly wrote the lyrics. Librettist and Filipina actress Bibeth Orteza recalls that she was present during the recording of this song and said that she told Vic Sotto about the material, Sotto said to her that there is no way she can present it as a contemporary. In December 2016, Ballet Philippines' new dance musical of the same name featured VST & Company songs. Notable cover versions Vic Sotto released an English version of the song titled "I'll Sing, C'mon Dance" on his 1979 debut album Marvic. Fernando Poe, Jr and Judy Ann Santos covered the song as a duet in the film Isusumbong Kita Sa Tatay Ko (1999) Singer and actress Jolina Magdangal covered the song for the soundtrack to the film Annie B in 2003 released on Viva Records. The SexBomb Girls covered the song for their 2005 album. Anne Curtis, Billy Crawford and Darren Espanto performed this song as a medley with "Rock Baby Rock" in 2016.

68865375

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Heitkemper

Margaret Heitkemper

Margaret Eunice McLean Heitkemper is an American nurse. She is the Elizabeth Sterling Soule Endowed Chair in Nursing at the University of Washington. Early life and education Heitkemper was born to nurse Jennie McLean, who was a servicewoman during World War II, and Gordon McLean in Longview, Washington. During high school, Heitkemper worked as a nurse's aide and started her professional career at PeaceHealth St. John Medical Center. Heitkemper earned her Bachelor of Science in nursing from Seattle University, her Master's degree in gerontologic nursing from the University of Washington (UW), and her PhD in physiology and biophysics from the University of Illinois. Career Following her PhD, Heitkemper returned to UW in 1981 and served with their physiological nursing faculty before becoming a full professor in 1990. In 1994, Heitkemper was one of the winners of the University of Washington Distinguished Teaching Award. By 2001, Heitkemper served as chair of the Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health System, Corbally Professor in public service and Director of the Center for Women's Health Research in the School of Nursing. As a result, she was one of 20 nurses in the United States selected for a three-year Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Executive Nurse Fellowship program. During this time, she also received the Distinguished Nutrition Support Nurse Award from the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the American Gastroenterological Association and Janssen Award for Clinical Research in Gastroenterology. In the fall of 2006, Heitkemper was appointed the Elizabeth Sterling Soule Endowed Chair in Nursing and received the American Academy of Nursing Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science Outstanding Nurse Scientist Award. While serving in this role, Heitkemper was also appointed to the National Institute of Health's National Commission on Digestive Diseases and received the 2010 Friends of the National Institute of Nursing Research Pathfinder award. She received the Pathfinder Award for being a nurse researcher whose research has made a difference in the lives of people with health care needs, and has been sustained by multiple research grants from the National Institute of Nursing Research." In 2013, Heitkemper and Monica Jarrett oversaw a research team to identify factors that trigger Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) symptoms such as sleep quality, inflammation and stress, and developing treatment approaches. They began an NIH-funded clinical trial to treat IBS without the use of medications. Following this, she was named to Washington State Academy of Sciences. Following the IBS study, Heitkemper was elected to the National Academy of Medicine (then referred to as the Institute of Medicine) in 2015. She was later named the co-director of the UW's Center for Innovation in Sleep Self-Management. The aim of the center is to work towards developing interventions to help adults and children with chronic illnesses sleep better. Personal life Heitkemper married David Heitkemper in 1973.

55848600

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman%20the%20Magnificent%27s%20Venetian%20Helmet

Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet

Suleyman the Magnificent's Venetian helmet was an elaborate headpiece designed to project the sultan's power in the context of the Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry. It was acquired by the sultan in 1532. The rivalry with the Habsburg monarchy was one of the most significant political and military relationships addressed by the sultan during his reign. In addition to military campaigns, Suleyman also took political and diplomatic steps in order to advance the Ottoman position, promoting trade with European powers and purchasing expensive jewels such as the helmet. The key figures behind the purchase of the helmet were Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha and his chief advisors, Iskender Celebi, the chief treasurer, and Alvise Gritti, a powerful jewellery merchant based in the Ottoman capital Konstantinyye, or Istanbul, as it was renamed in 1930. After the 16th century, the helmet was long known only from the closely similar prints by Agostino Veneziano and others (it is not entirely clear which of these first created the image). These appear to combine the features of Suleyman lifted from other portraits available in Venice, while the helmet itself was recorded when it was exhibited in Venice, before it reached the sultan. The helmet was widely thought to be a fanciful invention of the printmakers, until 20th-century scholars rediscovered the records of the real object. Design and iconography The helmet-crown consisted of four crowns set inside an Austrian-style helmet, and was topped by "a plumed aigrette with a crescent-shaped mount". The crown was made of gold, and studded with "enormous twelve-carat pearls, a head band with pointed diamonds, forty-seven rubies, twenty-seven emeralds, forty-nine pearls, and a large turquoise". The total value of the piece was estimated at 115,000 Venetian ducats. Later sources greatly inflated the value of the piece, with some claiming it was worth upwards of 500,000 ducats. Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha, famous for his taste for finery, likely commissioned the crown in 1532 from Venetian goldsmith Luigi Caorlini and his partners. Ibrahim Pasha's advisors, the Venetian-born Alvise Gritti, and the defterdar (treasury secretary) Iskender, were instrumental in organising the commission and purchase. Gritti in particular made a fortune supplying Suleyman with gold and fine jewels from Europe. The helmet was probably conceived as a response to the coronation of the Habsburg ruler Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor two years previously by Pope Clement VII. The helmet's design suggests it was a direct rebuke to both Charles's crown and the three-tiered tiara worn by the Pope. The four tiers of the helmet trumped the Pope and advertised Sultan Suleyman's claim to world domination. The helmet was delivered on May 12, 1532, to Ibrahim Pasha from Venice. Use The helmet may never have been worn by Suleyman, but is recorded as being used as part of a display of extravagant objects set out beside him to impress Western envoys. The helmet played a role during Suleyman's campaign against the Habsburg capital, Vienna, in 1532. As part of a larger set of objects, including a bejeweled saddle and throne, the helmet was meant to advertise to a European audience not only the Ottoman sultan's vast wealth, but also his claims to the title of Emperor and universal sovereignty. Contemporary accounts state "an enormous fortune was spent to exhibit the sultan's magnificence" as the helmet and other regalia were paraded from Istanbul towards Vienna. In Belgrade, streets were decorated with triumphal arches in the style of the Roman Empire as Suleyman marched through along with a retinue of pages dressed in finery, including one that likely wore the helmet. In the city of Nish, Habsburg envoys were made to watch a similar procession from the top of a minaret. Later, those same envoys appeared before the sultan. The carefully choreographed audience left the envoys "speechless corpses" as they gazed on the helmet, together with an associated collection of gold and jeweled items laid out in the Sultan's reception tent. The impact of this parade lasted long after the campaign of 1532. Woodcuts of the crown were partly responsible for Suleyman's title of "Magnificent" in the West. The image of the crown also seeped into European plays and operas of the time. Destruction and loss Despite its enormous cost, the helmet had little meaning in an Ottoman context, as sultans did not traditionally wear crowns. It is likely that the four crowns topping the helmet were melted down for reuse at a later date, while the helmet itself, which formed the lowest level of the piece, was possibly presented as a gift to Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor as a similar crown appears in contemporary woodcuts. References Sources Keating, Jessica, "Otto Kurz's Global Vision", in The Globalization of Renaissance Art: A Critical Review, ed.

66781475

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-Lau-Tau

Pas-Lau-Tau

Pas-Lau-Tau (died March 1890), also known as "Pash-ten-tah" and "Bach-e-on-nal", was a 19th-century Apache army scout. Background Pas-Lau-Tau's date and place of birth are unknown, though he was likely from the San Carlos Reservation. He had one full brother, who later came to be known as "Paul Patton". It is unknown at what time Pas-Lau-Tau became associated with or enlisted in the United States Army. Biography San Carlos firefight Pas-Lau-Tau was an comrade of Haskay-bay-nay-ntayl, an Apache scout in the US Army better known as the "Apache Kid" or simply "Kid". In 1887, Kid had been left in charge of Fort Apache when his father was murdered by another scout, Gon-zizzie. To exact revenge on the killer, he and some comrades deserted their posts for five days to track down and kill Gon-zizzie as well as his brother, Rip, who had murdered Kid's grandfather six months earlier. At around 17:00 on 1 June 1887, Pas-Lau-Tau joined Kid and four or five others at the San Carlos Reservation, where they would attempt to turn themselves in for the murders of the two scouts. Captain Francis C. Pierce offered a one-word reply: "calaboose", meaning he wanted them to turn themselves in at the San Carlos guardhouse. Antonio Diaz, another scout, embellished the captain's orders and threatened that the entire group would be sent to Florida as prisoners. Rather than surrender, one of Kid's comrades fired one or two shots with his rifle and kicked off a brief firefight which ended in them fleeing the reservation as two cavalry companies pursued them until nightfall. Al Sieber, a white scout, was shot in the left ankle amid the fighting. Although some accounts alleged that Kid shot Sieber, Sieber himself disputed this as both of them had been unarmed. In an interview with biographer Dan Williamson on 22 February 1939, Pas-Lau-Tau was accused of being the one who fired on Sieber by Paul Patton, his own brother. Pas-Lau-Tau and the rest of Kid's group followed the San Pedro River until they were just barely north of the US-Mexico border, but abandoned their retreat and five of them surrendered to US forces on 22 June to be tried by court martial. All were convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad for mutiny and desertion, but this was reduced to ten years in prison by General Nelson A. They were transported to Fort Alcatraz where they served sixteen months before their sentences were remitted by Secretary of War William Crowninshield Endicott on 29 October 1888 due to the prejudices of the jury, the severity of the sentences, and the likelihood that it was Diaz who had instigated the conflict. Four of the five convicts - including Pas-Lau-Tau - were returned to San Carlos, where they were welcomed back by the 10th Cavalry Regiment band. Kelvin Grade massacre Infuriated that Pas-Lau-Tau and the other convicts had been freed, friends of Al Sieber stoked outrage in the community and demanded they be tried by a civilian court. An 1888 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States determined that the territorial courts in Arizona had the right to convict Apache persons for capital crimes, and had released prisoners convicted of such offences under federal courts. Regardless of whether or not this ruling actually put Pas-Lau-Tau, the Apache Kid, and their fellow defendants under the jurisdiction of a civil court, petitioners campaigned to have the men retried. Pas-Lau-Tau and Say-es were arrested on 14 October 1889 by Captain John Bullis and Sieber; Kid was arrested several days later by a deputy who had disguised himself as a cowboy. During the trial, Pas-Lau-Tau identified himself as "Bach-e-on-al", but was tried under the name "Pash-ten-tah". They were retried for the attack on Sieber's life and sentenced on 23 October to seven years in the Yuma Territorial Prison. At this time, the only known photographs of Pas-Lau-Tau and his accomplices were taken. Following their convictions, the four men were to be transported to Yuma aboard a stagecoach driven by Eugene Middleton and escorted by Sheriff Glenn Reynolds. "Hunkydory" Holmes to assist him on the trip, as his more regular deputy Tom Horn was in Phoenix for the weekend. Sieber asked that either he or a company of his scouts be allowed to accompany the procession but was refused by Reynolds, who was later said to have told Sieber: "I don't need your scouts, I can take those Indians alone with a corn-cob and a lightning bug". Jesus Avott, another prisoner, was also to be taken to Yuma to serve one year for horse theft. After leaving Globe for Casa Grande on 1 November 1889, the stagecoach stopped overnight at Riverside Station in Kelvin before the final day of travel to the Casa Grande train station, where they would catch the 16:00 train to the prison. On the journey, Holmes read the prisoners some of his original poetry. Around dawn on 2 November, they reached a sandy ascent in the Tortilla Mountains known as the "Kelvin Grade". Seven passengers - including Pas-Lau-Tau, Avott, three other prisoners, and the two guards - were forced to disembark so that the wagon could overcome the hill, while two prisoners - including Kid - remained on board. Handcuffed two-and-two, the prisoners were forced to march behind the rest of their caravan, eventually losing sight of it. In what would come to be called the "Kelvin Grade massacre", Pas-Lau-Tau and another prisoner overpowered Holmes while the other two prisoners behind them did the same to Reynolds. Seizing his captor's weapon, Pas-Lau-Tau shot and killed Reynolds; the trauma of the incident caused Holmes to suffer a fatal heart attack. Middleton, who had stopped up ahead to rest the horses and wait for the others to catch up, heard the shot but remained in place, unconcerned because he had heard Reynolds target shooting earlier. No longer guarded, Pas-Lau-Tau took the keys from Reynolds's pocket and freed the other prisoners. Avott, who had no affiliation with the crew, ran ahead to warn Middleton that the guards were dead, prompting the driver to draw his pistol and aim it at Kid. Pas-Lau-Tau caught up with the wagon before Middleton could fire and drew up on the other side of the vehicle. When the rifle was cocked, Middleton looked to see the rifle and was shot through the mouth and neck, missing his teeth and spinal cord. Middleton fell to the ground, alive and conscious but unmoving. The group stole his overcoat, loosed the horses, and fled eastward, armed with the rifles and revolvers they'd taken from the guards. Avott brought news of the jailbreak to Florence and requested aid for Middleton, an act that would see him pardoned for his earlier crime. However, Middleton began walking down the road before Avott returned and was met by Shorty Saylor, a fellow coach driver who rode on to Globe using Reynolds's horse. From there, Saylor telegraphed Sieber to notify him of the escape. Sieber organized a twenty-person team led by Lieutenant James Waterman Watson to search for the convicts, and soldiers from every army outpost in Arizona joined in the search. However, a snowstorm occurred at Kelvin Grade shortly after the incident, burying the escapees' tracks and preventing authorities from pursuing them. Pas-Lau-Tau was spotted on the San Carlos River with Kid on 5 November, but could not be captured. The same day, it was discovered that both men's wives had gone missing, and reward of $500 was offered to anyone who could apprehend one or more of the escapees. Bronco Apache The gang carried out raids against frontier settlements to survive. A $6,000 bounty was placed on their leader demanding he be brought in dead or alive, and multiple military officers were ordered to patrol the region in order to kill or capture the outlaws, but these efforts failed. At the time, the area was home to the bronco Apache, a displaced group of Chiricahua people who had come into being when they fled south of the US-Mexico border to avoid persecution by the United States. A group of Chiricahua warriors broke from the army led by Geronimo in 1886, refusing to make peace with the United States Army, and joined the bronco Apache. The bronco Apache remained in the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains for decades, raiding on both sides of the border and never surrendering. Pas-Lau-Tau and the other escapees were among those who joined the bronco Apache at this time. Death As the group of outlaws continued to raid the countryside, an army detachment led by Lieutenant James Waterman Watson and a number of Apache scouts tracked Pas-Lau-Tau and the others to a camp on the Salt River. The group fled to the Gila River and fought with the pursuing military on 7 or 11 March 1890. Hale and two others were killed in the battle. Although Pas-Lau-Tau survived the fighting, he was mortally wounded when shot by a bullet fired by Sergeant of Scouts Rowdy, who would be awarded the Medal of Honor for his service in this battle. Pas-Lau-Tau died as a result of his injuries sometime after the fighting ended. Josh, one of the Apache scouts instrumental in tracking down the outlaws, decapitated Pas-Lau-Tau and exhibited his head on a spike at the San Carlos Reservation. The Apache Kid was present at the firefight, but escaped; sightings of him would continue until 1899, and he was never captured. Contemporary accounts suggest that Captain Carter Johnson also took credit for killing Pas-Lau-Tau, alleging that he did so in a July 1890 battle against five Apache soldiers, including Say-es, "some thirty-five miles northeast of San Carlos near Gila Peak and Ash Creek"; later versions of this story suggest it was another Kelvin Grade escapee, El-cahn, who was killed. 20th-century historian Jess G. Hayes suggested the date of the Gila River battle actually occurred in May 1890.

64488598

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf%20Muuss

Rolf Muuss

Rolf Eduard Helmut Muuss (September 26, 1924 - July 3, 2020) was a German-American psychologist and academic. His work in psychology focused primarily on adolescent psychology and development. Muuss' academic career was spent primarily at Goucher College, where he taught from 1959 to 1995. Muuss enlisted and fought in the Luftwaffe during WWII. Early life Muuss was born in Tating, a village in the North West of Germany on September 26, 1924. His parents were Rudolf A. Muuss and Else Osterwald, and he had two older siblings. In 1929, when Muuss was 4 years old, his mother died from breast cancer. His father remarried in 1931, and his new wife had three children, making Muuss one of 6. World War II Hitler Youth Muuss joined a junior branch of Hitler Youth at a young age, before officially joining Hitler Youth at the age of 14. Membership was compulsory for Muuss and many others. Over 90 percent of German children were members of Hitler Youth in 1939, a year after Muuss joined. German Air Force When Muuss was 17, he enlisted in the German Air Force, where he trained for two years in Ghent. After completing his training Muuss was stationed at several German air bases, including those in northern France and Romania. Prisoner of War After the fall of Germany in 1945, Muuss was taken as an American prisoner of war. He was held in the Rhine meadow camps for 4 months. Muuss very quickly "denazified" following the end of the war, as he was "too young to be a real Nazi". Education Germany During his childhood in Germany, Muuss completed education up to 10th grade. After working as a farmhand after the end of WWII, Muuss received an offer to work as a lay-teacher in Sylt, an island in the North Sea. After teaching for a year, Muuss returned to high school to further his own education and received his Abitur at the age of 23. Muuss then went on to receive his teaching diploma from the Teacher's College Flensburg-Murwik, from which he graduated with honors. America Once he had obtained his teaching diploma, Muuss received an offer to undertake a 9-month Teacher Training Program with the Office of Education in Washington, DC. Muuss spent part of 1951 and 1952 in Warrensburg, Missouri at Central Missouri State College. Continuing his education in America, Muuss attended Columbia University where he studied adolescent and social psychology and mental health. After returning to Germany for a brief period, Muuss decided to move to America permanently in 1953. He was able to further his education at Western Maryland College in the master's program, from which he graduated in 1954. Muuss then attended the University of Illinois, where he majored in Educational Psychology and minored in Clinical Psychology. He graduated with his doctorate in 1957. Career Psychology Muuss' work in psychology was focused on adolescent psychology and development. He thought that understanding human development was a valuable tool that could provide insight into raising and managing children and adolescents, and education and learning. Muuss believed development was influenced by external interacting conditions and factors, and could only be understood when all these contributors were considered. Muuss' work in psychology has been recognised by the American Psychological Society, in which he was elected Fellow. He has also been acknowledged by the American Psychological Association. Existentialism Muuss drew his knowledge and understanding of existentialism from a wide variety of sources and perspectives. He examined it right from its roots, in the work of Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, and Pascal. He also drew from works by Soren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, and Jean-Paul Sartre. Muuss claimed that existentialism and philosophy provided a way to understand humans and their existence that could not be achieved via science. He believed existentialism was the counter movement to systematics and rationalism. Muuss stated that existentialism is not concerned with external values, morals, or laws, and that these laws are in fact broken down and challenged in the process of understanding and accepting existentialism. He believed that rather than being influenced by these external values individuals create their own ideals. He drew this notion from the work of Sartre, particularly his book L 'Existentialisme est un hunznnisme. Muuss believed that existentialism was directly related to autonomy and freedom, and much more concerned with the individual than the society in which they exist. He stated that existentialism is a way to gain knowledge of ones self. Muuss also believed existentialism to be inherently pessimistic, as it brought the "meaningfulness and the absurdity of existence" to light. Muuss condensed these thoughts and beliefs about existentialism into the following ten characteristics: Existentialism is the philosophy of freedom Existentialism is a type of humanism Existentialism is irrationalism Existentialism is a radical subjectivism Existentialism is pessimism Existentialism is individualism Existence is transcendence Existentialism is self knowledge The method of existentialism is dialectic Existentialism is not only a philosophical but also a literary school Studies Muuss conducted a study investigating the relationship between causal orientation, anxiety and insecurity. The study identified and defined causality as knowledge and understanding of human behaviour and the influencing factors behind it. Muuss emphasised the aspect of seeing situations through other people's eyes, and recognising possible problems that could arise. The target age group for the study was children in fifth and sixth grade. Muuss hypothesised that students with a high degree of causal orientation would display lower levels of anxiety and insecurity than those with lower causal orientation. For the study, Muuss tested 179 fifth-grade students and 280 sixth-grade students. He administered a variety of tests, including the Social Causal Test, Physical Causal Test, Kooker Security-Insecurity Scale, Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the 11-item L scale. These tests allowed Muuss to identify the level of causal orientation in each student, as well as their levels of anxiety and insecurity. The results of the study proved Muuss' hypothesis to be correct. The students with higher causal orientation showed lower levels of insecurity and anxiety, while those who were highly causally oriented displayed more insecurity and anxiety. Following from this, Muuss conducted another study based on causality, this time investigating the results of a causal-learning program. The study was based on an experimental learning program designed by the University of Iowa's Preventative Psychiatry Program. The program's aim was to foster and aid in the development of a causal orientation and understanding. Muuss' study focused primarily on the effects this learning program had on the mental health of those who participated. Muuss' hypothesis for the study was that subjects who had undertaken the learning program would develop and demonstrate a stronger, more informed understanding of causality. He also believed that these subjects would have more positive mental health indices than the control group who did not participate in the program. The test subjects of this study were the aforementioned 280 sixth-grade students from Muuss' former causality study. Approximately half of these students had participated in the experimental learning program with the Preventative Psychiatry Program, and the other half acted as the controls in the study. Those students who had participated were split into two groups, one of which undertook the program for two years, the other for one year. The study included several different tests which aimed to measure causal understanding and indices of mental health. The results of the study showed that students who participated in the experimental learning program demonstrated higher causal understanding and more positive mental health indices than those who did not. These findings supported Muuss' hypothesis for the study. Examination of Theories One aspect of Muuss' work in psychology is his examination of developmental theories, with a particular focus on adolescence. Among others, Muuss reviewed the theories and work of Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Carol Gilligan. Muuss believed that theories of development could be categorised into "families", based on the different original ideas from which the theories developed. For example, Muuss stated that Erikson's work had a basis in the work of Freud, and that therefore their theories belong to the same family. Muss also believed that the theories of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan were related. Muuss credits Sigmund Freud with founding the psychoanalytic movement, and changing the foundation of psychiatry and psychology. He recognises Freud's influence in areas including literature, advertising, art, philosophy, sociology, medication, and education. For example, as Muuss has stated, Freud's assumption that "frustration of normal satisfaction may lead to the development of neurosis" implies that educators should not frustrate their students. Muuss believed that this was proof that educators should create environments that include leniency, approval, and attention. In regards to the work of Erikson, in particular his theory of identity development, Muuss recognised not only the similarities to Freud, but also the increased acknowledgement of societal influence on development. Muuss believed Erikson's theory to be the base of contemporary identity research. Muuss reviewed Piaget's cognitive theory of adolescence. While Muss recognised that Piaget's theory has been criticised and suffered a loss of popularity, he believed that Piaget was responsible for completely changing the approach to and knowledge of children's learning in the Western world. Muuss stated "Piaget's influence will remain an intellectual, philosophical, and theoretical force to reckon with during much of the twenty-first century". Muuss took interest in and reviewed Gilligan's theory of sex differences, particularly in regard to the development of moral reasoning during adolescence. He was interested in the contradiction Gilligan's theory posed to work by Lawrence Kohlberg that claimed to demonstrate a higher level of moral judgement and maturity in males than females. Gilligan stated that Kohlberg's research was impacted by a gender bias held by Kohlberg. Muuss, while intrigued by this theory, acknowledged that the factual foundation on which it was formed was weak, and had inadequate backing from other studies and research. As well as theories, Muuss also reviewed the Laurel School Study (1986-1990), which was conducted by Gilligan along with Lyn Mikel Brown. Muuss discussed the difficulty adolescent girls have with relationships and free self-expression. He proposed that authentic relationships are hard for adolescent girls to achieve and maintain, as they are afraid that being open about their thoughts and feelings will pose a threat to the relationships they have with others. Muuss stated that this forms the "unauthentic voice of adolescence". Muuss' reflection on the study also discusses the risk of adolescent girls losing their identities as a result of trying to fit in and please others. Academics In 1957, Muuss began his academic career at the University of Iowa as a Research Assistant Professor, working in the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Muuss then commenced teaching at Goucher College, Maryland in 1959. Here he focused on Child and Adolescent Development, Educational Psychology, Learning Theory, Test and Measurement, Diagnosis of Children, Counselling, and Case Study. Muuss worked at Goucher College for 36 years. During this time he assumed the positions of Chairman of the Education Program, Chairman of Sociology and Anthropology, Director of the Special Education Program, and Professor Emeritus of Education. Muuss retired from Goucher College in 1995, upon which the college created the Rolf Muuss Prize in Special Education. As well as Goucher College, Muuss also taught at The Johns Hopkins University, Padagogische Hochschule Kiel, University of British Columbia, University of Delaware, University of Illinois, Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital Training Program for Psychiatrists, and Towson State University. Personal life Family Muuss had two weddings with Gertrude Kremser. The pair were legally wed on 22 December 1953 in California, but had a church wedding in Flensburg in 1954. The second ceremony was officiated by Muuss' father. Following their wedding in 1954, Muuss and his wife honeymooned in Europe, after which Muuss continued his education in America. Muuss and Gertrude remained married up until Gertrude died in 1999 after being diagnosed with cancer. Together with Gertrude, Muuss had two children. His son Michael was born in 1958, and his daughter Gretchen was born in 1961. Michael was killed in a car accident in late 2000, a year after his mother's death. Prior to his death, Michael was an accomplished computer scientist. Gretchen attended Goucher College as a senior from 1982 to 1983, where her father Muuss taught. She went on to become a computer accounting specialist. Death Muuss died of heart failure on 3 July 2020 at the age of 95. He died in Towson, Maryland at the University of Maryland St. Joseph Medical Centre.

18546338

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda%20Stadium

Drogheda Stadium

The Drogheda Stadium (tentative name) was a proposed football stadium which was projected to be built in Drogheda, County Louth, Republic of Ireland. It was intended to replace United Park as the home stadium of Drogheda United F.C. The project had a proposed opening date of 2010, however planning was not secured. Plans were resurrected in 2012 and an agreement for a new stadium was concluded, between the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) and Louth County Council, in 2018. Original plan Plans for a new stadium for Drogheda United came about in 2008 after they qualified for the UEFA Champions League. In 2009, they made plans for a new EUR35 million, 10,000 capacity stadium in Bryanstown, County Meath. Meath County Council approved the plans. However, due to controversy over the plans as they were on an area set-aside from redevelopment, the Irish government's Department of the Environment investigated the county for their decision and audited their planning rules. Later proposals In 2012, updated proposals were made for a new Drogheda Stadium. This proposal expected a 3,500 capacity stadium that would be expandable to 8,000. United Park would be demolished and become a local care facility. The plans involved the new stadium being a community stadium with hopes it would be able to host Republic of Ireland youth internationals. In 2018, an agreement was made between the Football Association of Ireland and Louth County Council to construct a new Drogheda Stadium. Development was delayed due to the FAI struggling to find a buyer for United Park which they had priced at EUR2.5 million. The Government of the Republic of Ireland offered no funding for the new stadium, which Drogheda United had been hoping for as they felt they could not proceed with the project without public funds. As of late 2020, an article in Extra.ie described the plans as "[apparently] mothballing".

47130477

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%20Thomas

Noah Thomas

Sir Noah Thomas FRS FRCP (1720 - 17 May 1792) was a Welsh physician who was physician-in-ordinary to King George III. He was a fellow of the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians, and a Gulstonian lecturer. Thomas was born in Neath, Glamorganshire, the son of Hophni Thomas, master of a merchant vessel. He was educated in Oakham, Rutland, and St John's College, Cambridge. Thomas was the occupant, in 1780, of Cannon Hall, Hampstead. He was knighted in 1775. He died in Bath, Somerset in 1792.

17293437

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airija

Airija

Airija is a folk-rock band formed in Alytus, Lithuania in September 1992. Irish art and culture have had a great influence on the creation of this group. Name of the group Airija means Ireland in the Lithuanian language. Biography In 1994 Airija released first album "Yra" (There is), that reached the top 10 of Lithuanian rock. 1995-1996 Airija recorded three more albums: "Cia" (Here), "Yra cia" a live unplugged recording, and "Pasaka" which has kept the band on the top for the five years. In 1996 the group participated in a joint project with Kaunas Little Theater, called "Photos from the Old Album". The project created a unique mix of acoustic music and theatrical pantomime, which was recognized as the best musical project of the year in Lithuania. In year 2000 the band suspended activity and members pursued other musical projects. Group was briefly revived in 2002 to celebrate 10th anniversary of the band. Members Darius Mileris Nojus - vocals, guitars, music, lyrics; Koka - bass guitar; Eima - violin, reed-pipe, clarinet, backing vocals, music; Asta Mileriene - drums, tambourine. Discography Yra (Is) (1994) Cia (Here) (1995) Yra cia (Is here) (1996) Pasaka (Fairytale) (1996) Naujas (New) (1998) Awards Bravo music awards Discovery of the Year winner, 1993. The Rock Group of the Year in Lithuania, 1995 Third place in France MCM for the Best Small Budget Music Video ( song I save per save).

18784334

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupesh%20Amin

Rupesh Amin

Rupesh Mahesh Amin (born 20 August 1977) is an English first-class cricketer and List A cricketer who played First-class games for Surrey County Cricket Club and Leicestershire County Cricket Club. He played all his List A games for Surrey. His highest score in First-class cricket of 12 came when playing for Surrey in the match against Leicestershire. His best bowling of 4/87 came when playing for Surrey in the match against Somerset County Cricket Club. His Highest score in List A cricket of 0* came when playing for Surrey against Northamptonshire County Cricket Club. He also played a total of 63 games for Surrey and Leicestershire second XI. and 39 Second XI cup games for surrey and Leicestershire second XI.