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eli5_category

like 9

{ "a_id": [ "dc76hmc" ], "text": [ "I built flight simulators for several military aircraft. The models are based on the physics of the situation. The shape of the aircraft is modeled, and the actual flight control computer is often used. One dangerous thing is carrier landing. Essentially you're trying to crash a plane into the top of a big ship at a glancing angle so that none of the metal parts breaks. From testing, the parts the failure limit is known, but the \"passing score\" for a pilot is much lower. The simulator models the flight of the plane and the motion of the ship and calculates the force of impact. If it's too high, you get a red message. IRL, too high could kill you. The situation is very dangerous, but the simulator chooses not to apply a force to hurt you, preferring the red message." ], "score": [ 11 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7623c" ], "text": [ "It stands for High Dynamic range and basically takes a photo on a series of exposure settings then patches the best parts together to create a final outcome which tends to have improved shadowing and highlights" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc769ok", "dc77zxq", "dc76idl" ], "text": [ "Given the scale of the impact theorized there wouldn't really be a crater. We're talking about an object the size of Mars hitting the Earth. Had it not happened so long ago that gravity had once again smoothed out the Earth's surface, we'd notice a hell of a lot more than something like a crater. This theory is all about what we see on the moon and (mostly) not about what we see on Earth. The moon is made of almost the exact same type of stuff the Earth's crust is made out of in all the same proportions that the Earth has. However, the moon has almost none of the stuff found in the lower layers of the Earth. As such, it looks like the moon is made out of material from the Earth's crust. The most promising theory about how a bunch of the Earth's crust got 300,000 km away is that an impact blasted it out into space where its gravity caused it to collect and condense into the moon we see today.", "[Look at Mars's entire northern hemisphere]( URL_0 ). Notice how it's much lower than the southern one? It's probably a crater. Ours would be even bigger. Given that Earth is much more geologically active than Mars and it was likely mostly liquid at the time of the impact, there won't be a structure to go around looking for.", "The presummed impact that created the moon would have been very massive and intense. It would have generated so much heat that the crust of the earth would have liquidfied into molten rock. Leaving no crater Venus is a great example of this. due to a massive resurfacing event there are much fewer craters on Venus than the earth despite being of similar size and position in the solar system." ], "score": [ 9, 6, 5 ], "text_urls": [ [], [ "http://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/treiman/greatdesert/workshop/marsmaps1/marsmaps1_imgs/mola_color_4.jpg" ], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc76rcr", "dc77fa6" ], "text": [ "When you move your body, you're creating more heat. Plus, moving around gets your heart rate going, and that gives you more blood flow, which keeps you warm. If you've ever worked out really hard in cold weather, you'll notice steam starts to come off of you. That doesn't happen when you're sitting still.", "When you move your body, you are using energy. Your body is not 100% efficient Some of the energy you are using is converted to heat rather than moving energy." ], "score": [ 8, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc77276", "dc7awel" ], "text": [ "For an average height man standing on the ground with no hills etc. in the way, the horizon is about 3 miles away. So yes, past that you're looking on a low slope up into the sky even further away.", "The horizon is the edge of the part of the earth that is visible to you due to your height. Below it you see the Earth, above it you see the sky. This article has a very detailed explanation with calculations of the distance of the horizon, but most importantly a nice big diagram that should make it easy to understand: URL_0" ], "score": [ 6, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [ "http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/01/15/how-far-away-is-the-horizon/" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7apr7", "dc77zw6" ], "text": [ "To understand this it's important to understand some fundamental truths: - Ownership, the idea that a person can legally own assets, money, etc., will likely always exist in our society - It's unlikely that artificial intelligence will ever be given the right to ownership - People who have capital will almost always be at an advantage to those who don't. In that they will be able to invest in ways to make their wealth grow - While democracy gives the concept of 1 vote per person, no matter their wealth, in reality, those above a certain wealth level will always have more influence in government What I'm saying is, the rich will get richer and will make money off the slightly less rich. The poor will be mostly screwed and will only live at the whim of the rich to keep the peace. Living standards will improve for everyone, to the point that basic food, accommodation, transport and entertainment will be available to all. Living standards for the rich will improve astronomically in comparison to the poor - this will lead to resentment and tensions which will ultimately balance society. TL;DR: it will work the same as it does now, just more extreme", "A few things, one, to some extent it does move jobs, that is manufacturing goes away, and robot repair tech appears. I don't think that applies in the long run, those jobs too get lots to robots. Going back to what you said though: > Basic Income is only going to cover living expenses at best, so any sales from that group are gone. What makes you think that? In the far future where only robots are employable, and humans can't get a job, you end up with a world where robot run businesses exist, they have no labor costs, and take in income. These businesses can be invested in (and will pay out profits to their investors) and can be taxed. With that in mind, it's not at all unreasonable to expect business tax to just skyrocket and basic income to become just income, and everyone gets paid a full salary for doing nothing, and you can still become rich by deciding to invest your money in something. Anyways, the change will require a complete redo of how we think of income, replacing all your workers with robots would mean there is still an economy, but you need to figure out a new way to distribute it." ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc787cj" ], "text": [ "All of the processes that a cell does require energy and that energy comes from oxygen. After you've had a cardiac arrest blood is no longer flowing around your body. And blood is what carries oxygen. So no oxygen means no energy. Cells at lower temperatures use energy more slowly. So by cooling down the body, you increase the amount of time cells can survive before they need more oxygen delivered to them. I don't think putting ice on someone would necessarily be harmful, but in general the initial cooling is done by injecting somebody with cool saline. After the body temperature has been brought down by cooling the blood directly, then other methods like ice packs or cooling blankets can be used to keep the temperature low. I'm not aware of any studies that have been done regarding immediate application of ice post-stroke, so I can't be sure if it would have any effect, but if I had to guess I'd say it wouldn't help." ], "score": [ 9 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7ahw4", "dc77vgn", "dc78ko1" ], "text": [ "For one, many of the antibiotics used are the same (or similar) to the antibiotics used for humans. Agricultural antibiotic use isn't just used to treat acute infections. Long ago we discovered that if animals were fed antibiotics they would grow faster and put on more weight, even if they weren't sick. That (and the conditions animals are raised in) created an incredible growth in the amount of antibiotics used in animal husbandry (no, I'm not talking about bestiality). By constantly exposing bacteria to antibiotics, farmers and ranchers are causing selection for bacteria that could resist those antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance can be transferred to other bacteria, including ones responsible for human disease. So we are basically forcing the bacteria to undergo evolution for antibiotic resistance at a faster rate than what would happen if farmers were just treating acute injuries and infections.", "When we use lots of antibiotics, bacteria become resistant to those antibiotics. The fear is the overuse of antibiotics in agriculture will lead to the creation of drug-resistant bacteria that could end up infecting humans and it will be very difficult or impossible to treat.", "The same reason people are concerned about the use of antibiotics in people: When they are used too much they eventually lead to antibiotic resistant bacteria. Imagine you use antibiotics on some disease, and it kills 99.9% of bacteria. The remaining .1% survived because they have a mutation that makes them resistant. Well, now they are going to reproduce very quickly because they have no competition for space or resources, and their offspring will be more likely to be resistant than the previous generation. Every time we use antibiotics we make more and more resistant bacteria. As such, many people believe they should only be used in life threatening situations." ], "score": [ 25, 14, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc79sq7" ], "text": [ "Kodi shouldn't be held responsible because they simply provide a media player which supports addons. It's not their fault that other people make addons that provide access to pirated material. Amazon can't be held responsible because they just provide hardware intended for use with legal media. It's not their fault that people bypass their official store and install software which enables piracy. The ISP is not directly responsible, because they just provide Internet access, not specifically to piracy sites. Although they may be ordered to block access to piracy sites (at least they can be in some countries). The end user is responsible because they were the ones that actually committed copyright infringement. The seller of piracy enables firesticks would probably also be held responsible, because they are providing a product that is clearly intended for piracy. The seller is most likely to get in trouble for it. Taking down one seller will prevent multiple users from pirating, so they would be a higher priority target. Individual users usually aren't worth going after unless you want to make an example of someone." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7c74l" ], "text": [ "I don't have any reference materials, so I can't to much detail, but nobody else answered yet, so I'll do a summary. Saliva is a combo of mostly water and proteins with a little bit of dissolved salts. It comes from salivary glands that are placed in several places around your mouth. Mostly under the tongue. A gland is basically a pocket. The cells that make up the pocket are specialized to make the proteins and release them through their cell walls into the pocket. They also have gates that let them bleed a little bit of water that comes from the cells who absorbed it from your blood. The salts mostly just followed the water. Hopefully a more detailed answer will come along for you later if you're still interested." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc79psa" ], "text": [ "Oof. This is gonna be some weird Google searches, eh? Development of male genitalia is dependent upon the production of the testosterone enzyme dihydrotestosterone, which is produced by the testes. As the various types of genital tubing is elongating and growing to form the penis, the penis organ system (both the reproductive and unitary system) should contain folds. The folds lie on either side of the membrane that will begin to form the organ system, and move towards each other while they form a groove, this is known as the urethral groove. The urogenital folds fuse together on the ventral side of the developing penis, enclosing what will now become the urethra. With a boy, the genital tuber will form the penis gland (the head). The body of the penis will be formed by the fusion of the urogenital folds, this fusion is not yet completely finished. The scrotum is formed by the fusion of the labioscrotal folds, the midpoint of which corresponds to the zone of fusion of the labioscrotal folds. Female development is pretty much the same, however at the point where the penis would form, a vagina forms instead since the folds on a female fetus will not fuse as well. Because of this, the tubes that would form the penis shaft will now form the labia. The genital tuber will form the clitoris. So yes, more-or-less, where a clitoris would be is where the base of a penis would be, and vice versa." ], "score": [ 7 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7kaey", "dc7jsn4", "dc7id8d", "dc7jyqb" ], "text": [ "The growling is called borborygmi and it's caused by fluids and gasses moving through the intestine, not the stomach. The stomach sits left orientated, partially in the ribcage, wedged just below the diaphragm and part of the liver. The stomach itself is pretty thick and relatively deep in comparison to the coils of intestine found in the soft, superficial portion of your gut. You shouldn't be hearing much of anything from there when it is empty. Usually borborygmi is more specifically sounds in the large intestine. If you put your ear to someone's stomach area you're more likely to hear the exact stomach noises. So why noises when your stomach feels empty? Food sits in your stomach for about 2 hours on average, getting churned around and broken down into a more fluid state called chyme. Then it passes to your small intestine, emptying the stomach. This is where things have the potential to become noisy! Everything moves down the line at this point- chyme from stomach to small intestine, undigested remains from small intestine to large. As well, both stages of intestine spend several hours digesting- peristalsis (more churning) of the food mass in the small intestine where additional digestive enzymes are mixed in and the majority of nutrient absorbtion takes place, then mostly reabsorbtion of water (not churning) in the large intestine as the leftovers are slowly made into poop that go into the rectum for storage and expulsion. Once all the food moves down, stomach is ready for a new job and feels left out from all the action the intestine gets to have! Also realize your stomach contracts a lot for its digestive process and you don't feel it so much then, but you might feel it as it expells food to the small intestine. The body isn't particularly good at identifying where the stomach is. Most of your guts don't cause pain directly at their site, the body doesn't quite know where they are, this is why we feel heart attacks down the left arm with some chest tightness and not stabbing heart pains.", "You always have gas moving through your body. This makes sound. When there is food there, it muffles the sound. When it's empty, you hear it louder. Try putting your ear to someone's stomach (with permission.) You can still hear it growling even if they ate.", "I was just wondering this yesterday. I always have immense pain and nausea when I'm hungry in the morning and I was wondering too.", "I want to know why you get hungry and then if you wait and don't eat later on you feel full." ], "score": [ 171, 21, 9, 7 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7cf2d", "dc7c1zs" ], "text": [ "I read your title twice and then once again just to make sure that you hadn't typed one of the the words twice as a trick!", "because because you stop to think about what to write next and repeat the last word by mistake. I do it all the time." ], "score": [ 15, 5 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7egku", "dc7oe3t", "dc7kgob" ], "text": [ "Technically, we have to say \"it depends\", as all actual FDA-approved medicine was once herbal medicine that was studied for active ingredients, and we now know exactly what to extract that produces desired results. Eg; Your grandma's secret poppyseed bread may always remove pain because it's loaded with \"milk of the poppy\", aka Opium. Or that jar of mold she spreads on a cracker to cure your food poisoning is incindentally a raw version of penicillin. More than likely though, it's just placebo, or at least giving you vitamins and nutrients you haven't been eating because you hate your grandmother and don't eat your vegetables like a good boy.", "It's an old joke at this point: \"What do you call alternative medicine that works? Medicine.\" There are lots of 'natural' and herbal remedies that absolutely work. Boiling willow bark and drinking the tea from it will cure a headache because willow bark contains acetylsalicylic acid, the main active ingredient in asprin...although personally, I'd just rather take an asprin. Basically, 'traditional' medicine looks at all these herbs and plants, works out scientifically what works and what doesn't, refines what works and discards what doesn't. So, chinese medicine can work, but it's not regulated. To expand on my example above, there are a lot of reasons why some people shouldn't take asprin. Your Doctor will know this and will tell you whether it's safe or not based on your medical history. Taking any medication given to you by some guy in a shop who takes your pulse, who doesn't understand what's actually in the stuff he's giving you probably isn't a good idea. Even the idea of 'all natural herbs' being universally good is false. Hemlock and Nightshade are also 'all natural'.", "Probably not for anything big, but some herbs are pretty potent and contain chemicals used in medicine. A good example of this is Ephedrine, which you can get from taking ma-huang. Ephedrine works the way it is claimed to work...so there's one thing that's legit. The other side of that is ephedrine is easy to make and cheap as hell, and despite what a lot of herbalists say, there's no reason to take the plant instead of the cheap manufactured version." ], "score": [ 21, 13, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7k24t" ], "text": [ "PEMEX is wholly owned by the Mexican government and controls all oil/gas production and distribution in Mexico. By law only it can distribute gasoline and prior to 2015 only it could carry out oil exploration. PEMEX also subsidizes the gas sold in Mexico, but this hasn't been a traditional subsidy where PEMEX runs at a loss and the government offsets its losses to allow it to function. Rather, PEMEX would sell gasoline domestically either at or below its cost of production. But despite that, PEMEX was still exporting enough oil and gas to still turn a profit. This profit historically made up a decent percentage of the Mexican government's budget. This changed starting in 2012. Since that time PEMEX has lost around $70 billion. The government has directly subsidized about $23.5 billion of those losses, with the remainder of the losses being financed. This is an unsustainable position for PEMEX to be in because the Mexican government depends upon PEMEX's profits to function, and now the government has to pay to keep PEMEX in existence. PEMEX's losses are blamed on two things: chronic mismanagement and its domestic fuel subsidy. To help return PEMEX to profitability the Mexican government is taking steps to address both of those problems. The first is that although PEMEX still officially controls oil production in Mexico, the government has opened oil exploration up to foreign investors if they bring PEMEX into the deal as a minority \"shareholder\" (and I put shareholder in quotes because the idea behind these deals is that the only thing PEMEX will bring to the deal is the oil exploration rights it gives up; ie, PEMEX puts in no money or work but gets some percentage of the profits for simply allowing the exploration to proceed). The idea here is that PEMEX would have nothing to do with the actual management of these new oil development projects, therefore bypassing PEMEX's bloated and incompetent management. The ultimate problem that the government is trying to solve here is that a large percentage of PEMEX's workforce are managers who do nothing but manage other managers. This is both costly, because you're paying a lot of people to do essentially nothing, and also inefficient because all of those people are needed to sign off on anything the company does, and there are now so many people who need to sign off on everything that its hard for the company to actually do anything. Then to add another layer of bad onto this structure, a lot of these managers got their jobs because they were someone's family or friend - most of the people working at PEMEX have no qualifications and no idea what they're doing. The Mexican government is trying to bypass PEMEX's management while keeping it in place, rather than internally reforming PEMEX because doing so would result in the firing of large numbers of middle class workers which could cause possible social unrest. Officially the government opened PEMEX up to foreign investment in 2015, but thus far there has been very little interest in it due to a combination of low oil prices and the absolutely horrible terms that PEMEX has been offering foreign investors. Not only has this first attempt to revitalize PEMEX been a failure, but the collapse of oil prices in 2015 has accelerated the rate at which PEMEX is losing money. This led to the Mexican government deciding to abandon PEMEX's domestic fuel subsidy as of the start of this year, hence the increase in domestic gas prices. The Mexican government wants to bring PEMEX back to profitability, and based on the slow rate of reform thus far appears to be taking a wait and see approach - it only went ahead with the fuel subsidy abandonment because allowing foreign investment didn't work. So now if oil prices rise and the abandonment of the domestic fuel subsidy allow PEMEX to become profitable again then there probably won't be any more reform. However, if PEMEX continues to bleed money then you'll probably see the Mexican government do something else in another year or so, but what that is is anyone's guess." ], "score": [ 16 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7ki2b" ], "text": [ "The little piece of cardboard is lined with a metallic material called a \"susceptor\". Normally, microwave ovens shoot the food with microwave radiation, exciting the molecules in the food and making it hot. What a susceptor does is absorb some of the microwave radiation and convert it to direct heat. This makes the small pocket of air between the susceptor and the food very hot, and browns the food in much the same fashion as putting it under a broiler." ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7eko0" ], "text": [ "Sneezing is a reaction to clear out your nasal passage when there is an irritation in the nose. Sometimes that irritation is not gone by the first sneeze, so your brain will continue to tell your body to sneeze." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7hxko", "dc7mpbg" ], "text": [ "I watched it and figured it out. At 50 second mark he fans through the deck, he's looking at the top cards. He even slows down so he can see the top 3 cards. He then does a few semi false shuffles. The top of the deck is never mixed with the rest and always remains on top. When he splits the deck into 3 piles, the top is put in the middle and that is where he directs the other guy to take his card from. He already knows he is picking the Ace of hearts, the rest is just showmanship and entertainment. Shuffling doesn't change anything. After Chris looks through the deck to find the Ace, he moves it to the near bottom of the deck. Probably an even position such as 6th from the bottom. Take note of the card burning. He reveals a card, it's not correct do he deals it to the table and burns a card. The burning is to hind the fact that the card dealt to the table at least once didn't come from the bottom of the deck so the A is now on the table. The showing of the 4 cards on the table, he shows a card, the 3 of clubs, false deals the Ace onto the table again, and burns the 3 back to the top of the deck. He shows another card. Then the last 2 cards at the same time to help hide that we already saw that 3 earlier. The last bit is him placing the bottom card firmly in his hand with the top 3 cards loose on top. Slap away the 3 cards and look cool.", "This is basically the only trick I know :) He knows by looking through the deck that the ace is Will's card (3rd from top). Where he places it doesn't matter. By fanning though the deck he places the ace at position 3 from bottom Show bottom card. Deposit shown card to new pile. Burn card to top of deck. Now ace is position 2. Show card Using slight of hand slide back position 1 to pull from position 2. Deposit ace from position 2 to the pile (now position 2 on pile) Burn shown card. Repeat the sleight of hand on the smaller pile to move ace from position 2 to 1. Place in hand and hold bottom card (ace). And slap! Sorry if formatting is messy. Mobile." ], "score": [ 68, 7 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7fgf7", "dc7fdyw" ], "text": [ "when something looks like it has some colour, it is because it reflects visible light of that respective wavelength - and ABSORBS all the rest. It only reflects what it cant \"eat\". When you mix the different pigments, they just eat and eat and eat and dont end up reflecting anything, because everything was absorbed by something. Its like if you had a dog and fed it hay and meat, the hay wouldnt disappear. If you had a cow and fed it hay and meat, the meat wouldnt disappear. Dog \"reflects\" hay and cow \"reflects\" meat. But if you had a dog and a cow together and would feed them hay and meat, both would disappear. By combining them, you combine their \"absorption\", because thats what actually allows the \"reflection\" to occour, which is the result - lack of food or colour.", "Black is not the absence of color. Black is the way we perceive the absence of light. If you saturate the paper with lots of different pigments that each absorb a certain range of light, then very little light will be reflected from that spot and we perceive it as black." ], "score": [ 32, 7 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7o0xi", "dc7muop", "dc7hi48", "dc86p20", "dc7hgat", "dc7tkfe", "dc7mriu", "dc7pfao", "dc7jpej", "dc7oqg2", "dc7oao6", "dc7rfro", "dc7n00z", "dc7paxn", "dc7t186", "dc7wb2v", "dc7ltzm", "dc7sk1f", "dc8a7mf", "dc7r778", "dc86yyp", "dc7r4xj", "dc8goi3" ], "text": [ "As a guy who has worked professionally as a sound engineer, I'll tell you, your hearing acuity goes just as soon, if not sooner. The difference is that most people don't rely on the detail-oriented parts of their hearing as much, at least not consciously, so you notice your eyes first. Have you ever noticed that when you're tired it's easier for someone to walk up next to you or behind you and you to not hear them? Or that you don't really hear what is being said to you? In a studio environment, the first way I notice that I'm getting tired and it's time to call it a day is that I can't discern details as easily. It's all about input, sensory stress, and what you are focused on.", "If you feel your eyes (or body) starting to shut off, you'll notice your arms will weigh a metric ton. Your head is more an Easter Island head. Everything becomes foggy. It's sneaky and you might not even notice i happening. This is (from what I understand) your body releasing natural melatonin and trying to get you to crash. It's actually easy to get rid of, short term at least. Just stand up. Shake your head like a dog. Do jumping jacks. Walk around the room. Do push-ups. Just moving your blood a little will do wonders. Source : locomotive engineer. Staying awake for 30+ hours just comes natural anymore.", "We just tend to notice eyes first even when other senses are losing focus, as numbness in your limbs, or when people have to repeat what they said because you weren't listening. Also eyes have mechanical shutters that make quite obvious the loss of focus.", "Ophthalmologist here.I don't see anyone touch on the right answer so I'll chime in. Our neutral eye position is actually not looking straight ahead, but actually directed outward towards your ears (this is known as exotropia). In fact, if you look at a picture of our bony orbits, they actually point away from each other. Our eyes overcome this by constantly converging, or turning both of your eyes toward each other. We are very good at this, as demonstrated by how easy it is to cross our eyes, but nearly impossible to move our eyes in separate directions in any other fashion. Whenever the fusion of our two eyes is broken, most people tend to have their eyes drift towards their ears (this is called exophoria). When we get tired, this exophoria happens more as the drive to fuse our two eyes diminishes. This causes a slight double vision and describes what you are referring to. Fun fact, as you can imagine, our eyes drift towards our ears when we fall asleep for the reason I described above. Babies are generally born with their eyes drifted outwards. And our eyes drift outwards when we pass away.", "Throughout the day, I would argue it is the most strained of our 5 senses. Especially in our culture today, from a young age, you're required to focus on computer screens, smart phones, and do not give your focused sight enough rest. When you think about it, our vision has to meet very high demands throughout the day: driving, reading, computer usage, phone usage, etc, but we don't give it proper breaks, we work in poor lighting conditions, we subject our eyes to high contrasts, the list goes on. I don't know if this helps, but it's my attempt. Edit: grammar Someone said that I didn't have any basis for what I was saying, so I pulled some references (first is the best, from 1875): URL_0 URL_1 URL_2", "The primary thing keeping your eyes focused are these small, thin, muscles attached to your lens. When you're tired, these muscle relax and the tension is released, causing the lens of change shape and therefore your vision gets blurry. Your other senses are a bit more passive in that you can't really turn then off. There's no muscles that govern taste or smell as they are chemical senses, so when odorant molecules enter your nose, it stimulates those receptors. Same with your tongue. Hearing is governed by a small membrane in your inner ear that converts sound waves in the air to ripples in a fluid filled organ. When the fluid vibrates, it also vibrates tiny hair cells that convert that into a an electric impulse that your brain perceives as hearing a\"sound\". In order for your eyes to receive light, your lens needs to focus it onto your retina through your pupil. But if the muscles holding the lens are slack from fatigue, it doesn't bend to focus the light and your vision becomes blurry. In that regard, vision is the first \"sense\" to deteriorate when tired/sleepy, as it's the only sense that requires musculature assistance (in this case, for focalization of light through the flexion of the ocular lens)", "Why do we talk jibberish when we are falling asleep trying g to stay up. I remember trying to talk to my girlfriend in the phone when I was dead tired and she said I was switching topics out of the blue", "Your eyes have tiny muscles used to focus so when you are tired they are one of the first things to \"relax\". This is why you lose focus. loss of focus and impression of seeing double are actually early signs of muscular diseases like myasthenia. (Pleese keep in mind that not everyone who experiences double vision has myasthenia...) Edit : spelling", "The eyes are noticed first as they are how we see the world, but I bet that smell goes first, just as it does when drinking alcohol.", "Seeing is hard as shit, man! Brains don't have it easy. Hearing is just some waves. Smell, touch, and taste are just little doodads being tickled by different stuff. All those things are just kinda there. Seeing takes all sorts of work, and your brain is fuck when you're tired. Source: am scientist in lab", "Yeah, sight is the most intensive, but that's not really why your eyes begin to lose focus. When you're tired/relaxed, your parasympathetic nervous system takes over and your sympathetic system gets weaker. They're counteracting forces that balance each other throughout the day. Your lens (and pupil) is like a camera lens aperture, and they're regulated by these systems. There's three muscle groups important in focusing: a radial group for enlargement of the pupil (dilator pupillae), a circular group set to decrease pupil size on contraction (sphincter pupillae) and cilliary muscles. The dilator pupillae is stimulated through noradrenergic receptors by the sympathetic nervous system. The sphincter pupillae is stimulated through muscarinic receptors by the parasympathetic nervous system. These constrict to prevent too much light from hitting the periphery of your retina, which will blur images. The third is the cilliary muscles, which functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a sharp real image of the object of interest to be formed on the retina. It's also why when you overdose on opiates, your eyes are ~~wide~~ pinpoints. When you get scared, your pupils get ~~constricted~~ wide.", "Your eyes actually use muscles to focus and change direction etc. Your other senses don't actually use much energy to work. Obviously moving your limbs becomes more difficult as well and that is where you will feel it. But hearing, smell, taste and touch are senses that you can easily use even if you are seriously exhausted.", "I actually notice my hearing going a bit wonky when I'm drowsy/exhausted. Things seem to be muffled until something loud or abrupt happens and then it's as if i'm startled back awake.", "Narcoleptic here. I am curious what it feels like to get tired like a \"normal\" person. It goes slowly, sense by sense, or?", "They don't. Musicians get worse at recognizing intervals and rhythmic patterns. I'm sure smell and taste and feel gets worse as well. Try some fine motor skills when you're tired. You just rely more on sight.", "They don't, that's just what you notice first. The problem is that when the brain shuts down parts or stops processing senses, there's nothing to tell you that it isn't working. The brain is a machine produced by survival. The ability to keep working with as much damage or impairment as possible, is a survival trait.", "Our eyes require muscles to use right? Smell, hearing, touch, and taste don't require muscles to use.", "Just signed up far a hypnotherapy session and was told to read this URL_0 Doesn't tell you the chemical reason, but you're basically going into hypnotic state. I do this all the time so I'll be using his help to control myself hypnotizing my self haha!", "Not seeing a good answer here. It has to do with the Reticular Activating System (RAS) in the brainstem. There are fibers that course from there to the cortex and other nuclei related to vision, motor function, balance, and auditory sensation. In times of wakefulness the RAS is responsible for maintaining signals that keep you focused and awake (histamine is one of these signals - that's why histamine-blockers such as Benadryl make you sleepy). In a nutshell, there are wires that meet in the brainstem from all the major senses, including motor function, so all it takes is a little decrease in the RAS to promote slower frequency of firing within these fibers creating what we call \"drowsiness\".", "Extending on this, what are the eebie jeebies sensation in your legs, where you cannot keep still?", "Seeing needs more brain power than touching smelling hearing and tasting so when your eyes do a lot of stuff they get sleepy. Just like you", "I went to a house party and drank until 8 am, I started work at noon so tired I couldn't see anything because it was all so blurry! This makes sense to me.", "We live and breathe in one simulation. When we get tierd our player is logging out giving us access to be free under an illusion. Vampires for example have players that never turn off their screen" ], "score": [ 8526, 1973, 1249, 809, 149, 149, 106, 27, 23, 22, 12, 10, 8, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [], [ "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=UyRAAQAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=the+five+senses&ots=rahFaIVO3C&sig=PvxkyFWD77Ee_v2pnlkTLXWjc08#v=onepage&q=the%20five%20senses&f=false", "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hfm.10008/abstract", "http://www.fr.twosides.info/download/Students-who-read-print-books-have-a-better-reading-comprehension-of-the-text-perform-better-on-quizzes-about-the-content-of-the-material-and-suffer-less-eye-fatigue.pdf" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.edinburghhypnotherapy.co.uk/hypnotherapy.htm" ], [], [], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7ktv8", "dc7loi5" ], "text": [ "Anything that can cause you to change your focus allows you to change your train of thought. The act of shaking your head gives you something else to think about for a second to allow your brain to stop what it was working on previously and then move on to something else.", "Your brain is like an etch-a-sketch. When you shake it all the magnetic dust falls back into the bin so you can draw new stuff nobody wants to see." ], "score": [ 8, 7 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7i5yn" ], "text": [ "I think it had to do with the fact that although we can store more information than we actually do, it would cause an overload of information. This would result in a lot of pressure and stress. The information we don't remember is simply not deemed important enough and therefore you won't remember it in order to keep your brain \"tidy\", efficient, and sane." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7isgw" ], "text": [ "LCD screens use a chemical \"shutter\" effect to do their thing. When a current is run through them, the material crystalizes. When the electricity is turned back off, it returns to it's uncrystalley form. In low temperatures, the material gets slower and \"goopier\" similar t a lot of substances that act thicker in low temperatures." ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7o8c1" ], "text": [ "Lower frequencies travel further and pass through obstacles better. Meaning a slightly deeper voice like a low baritone or bass will be carried more. I know your pain, my whispers can be heard from a fair distance." ], "score": [ 8 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7lgi2", "dc7lk8a" ], "text": [ "This is actually a popular way for some athletes to improve their performance. Im not familiar with all the details, but from what I understand it gives more energy and slightly enhanced physical abilities for a short time as the body works to break down the extra blood.", "It wouldn't be enough to be noticed in that regard. Veins and arteries can stretch quite a bit and the volume of liquids flowing through them varies. Blood cells are only a portion of what flows through there. It would be the same as getting a saline IV." ], "score": [ 13, 5 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7muhm", "dc7n2qe", "dc7mx8r" ], "text": [ "Iron Age Scandinavians (a.k.a. the Vikings) huddled in their long houses during the winter months along with their serfs and animals. Their idea of an apocalypse was a never-ending winter, so that gives you an idea what they thought of that.", "Short answer... they sorta hibernated. Winters were miserable. They were just as bad as they are now. The difference is that we have heating, access to super fast travel, and electricity and stuff... So we pretty much just power through it like it's just a chilly few days that happen together. For the most part, they'd prepare all year for the winter, get as much heavy clothing and reinforce/make as many structures as they could and they'd pretty much chill. Then when the spring and summer showed up, they'd go back out on the water. Native Americans would roam across north america during the spring/summer/fall and then all bunker down during the winter with all their stored jerky and hides etc. It's pretty much the same with sea faring cultures, but with the sea instead of the plains.", "Generally people avoided taking sea-voyages in winter - the Vikings generally went out during the summer to raid or trade at sea and would stick to the land for the colder months. The Vikings also covered their boats with their sails creating a sort of tent to protect them during rough weather." ], "score": [ 13, 13, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7pfbu", "dc85g03" ], "text": [ "What's left the umbilicus cord. It connects to the liver and it's mostly just remnant, but there are still some small veins in there, which can expand if you have certain blood pressure issues. If you are up for a less ELI5 explanation, check out [this]( URL_0 ) post from r/askscience.", "The umbilical cord provides oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta (and mother) to the developing fetus (see [this illustration]( URL_0 )) Once the baby is born, these blood vessels contract and cut off bloodflow through this route. These vessels which are no longer needed become ligaments, highlighted in [this illustration]( URL_1 ). So from the inside of the abdominal cavity, the umbilicus looks like a shallow depression in the abdominal wall." ], "score": [ 26, 5 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4iwfqv/whats_on_the_other_side_of_a_belly_button/" ], [ "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-content/uploads/sites/403/2015/04/21032015/2916_Fetal_Circulatory_System-02.jpg", "http://image.slidesharecdn.com/antabdwall-150921114448-lva1-app6891/95/surgical-anatomy-of-anterior-abdominal-wall-48-638.jpg?cb=1442835996" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7ol6e", "dc7np1n" ], "text": [ "First, it's important to understand what heritability means in genetics. It does not mean what people think it means, similar to how \"theory\" means guess in the everyday vernacular, but means \"overarching explanation of how things happen based on all the facts we know\" in science. \"Heritability\" in genetics is what proportion of the variation between individuals in one population is attributable to genetic differences. Notable limitations are that this is population-specific, and does not tell you how much the trait itself is caused by genes or environment. An example one of my professors gave is that wearing pants would be just about 100% heritable. Now that that's over with, according to twin studies, IQ [has a pretty good heritability]( URL_2 ) compared to many other behavioural traits. How good IQ approximates actual intelligence is an ongoing matter of debate. IQ scores for populations in developed countries [continually creep upward]( URL_1 ), much faster than evolution could possibly go, so obviously genetics is not a complete explanation. And sometimes this increase goes at different speeds for different groups. [Women used to score much lower]( URL_0 ) than men, but over the last century that gap has closed. This may be because women are increasingly pursuing education compared to the past. Research such as this has often been used to prop up white supremacy and other abhorrent beliefs. In the late 1800s to mid 1900s, it was even used as justification for forcibly sterilizing people deemed too dumb. Be very cautious of anyone telling you this justifies treating other people in certain ways; it doesn't.", "Your entire conscious \"self\" is housed within a physical organ, your brain, and like any other organ how effectively it works is subject to genetic traits and markers inherited from your parents, in the same way that two tall parents will presumably have a tall child. That's not to say intelligence is a function of genetics *only*, but it plays a part." ], "score": [ 5, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beautiful-minds/201207/men-women-and-iq-setting-the-record-straight?page=1&quicktabs_5=0", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn_effect", "http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v20/n1/full/mp2014105a.html" ], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7toq0" ], "text": [ "There are a few studies suggesting that lowered appetite in initial stages of infections could be an evolutionary adaption as reduced food intake improves survival outcomes E.g. URL_1 (Note these studies are normally compared to force fed control groups) This is one example - google scholar would show more if you're interested Again, a few studies show inflammatory mediators (I.e. Interleukin-1 (IL1) in this study - URL_0 ) playing SOME sort of a role in appetite regulation / reduction While there is some CORRELATION (no real mechanism / reason has been agreed upon to why reduced appetite has this initial benefit) it must be stressed that restricted food intake THROUGHOUT the course of an illness is not the best course of action The body expends more energy then usual fighting off an infection (maintaining a fever as it is is energy intensive) Also reduced food intake does tend to correlate with reduced intake in nutrients etc. Tl:dr there is some proof showing a correlation between reduced food intake initially leading to better survival rates INDICATING an evolutionary benefit. However the mechanism / reason why is vague and debatable. It is not encouraged to eat less throughout the course of the illness as this is bad" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [ "http://m.ajcn.nutrition.org/content/42/6/1179.short", "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666397901161" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7qnuw", "dc7qd0d" ], "text": [ "That's a broad generalization. More accurately, glass and sand are made of the same substance (silicon dioxide). Sand is the solid form, glass is made by melting it to change it chemical properties. However, glass has additives in it to prevent it dissolving and for other purposes. There are many other substances which are clear when they melt but have color or opacity when solid, especially if they aren't pure (water/ice, candle wax, and others). Going beyond ELI5 for a minute: When you melt silicon dioxide it undergoes chemical changes that mean it will never solidify again. Glass is technically neither a solid nor a liquid (and technically both, as well). It is what we call an amorphous solid, since its atoms are arranged in an irregular pattern, which goes against the definition of a solid, but it doesn't behave like a liquid, either (does not take the shape of its container, no evaporation, no volatility, etc). There is some disagreement on how to classify these substances which is why I said it's a solid AND a liquid, but it's also neither based on traditional definitions.", "Heating sand to a very high temperature will turn it into a liquid, then when it cools it turns into glass." ], "score": [ 6, 5 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7t8pp", "dc7t3uy", "dc7t3ll", "dc87k2f", "dc7uklv" ], "text": [ "Smoking has been practiced in one form or another since ancient times. Tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs were smoked all over the Americas as early as 5000 BC in shamanistic rituals and originated in the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes. Many ancient civilizations, such as the Babylonians, Indians and Chinese, burnt incense as a part of religious rituals, as did the Israelites and the later Catholic and Orthodox Christian churches. As far as why someone would decide to be the first, no one knows for sure. Tobacco and marijuana are naturally occurring, so for what we know it's possible that there was a fire that burned some of these crops, causing the effects. It wouldn't take long to discover the source and for that to become a trend among a society.", "Almost certainly happened because people spent time around fires which meant inhaling smoke. Inevitably people would learn that certain things burned produced a good feeling like tobacco or marijuana.", "Probably wasn't intentional. Some ancient human chucked some leaves on the fire and discovered that they had mind-altering effects. Human ingenuity took it from there.", "I could ask the same question about how and why humans decided to start drinking cow's milk", "Ancient humans would have spent a good chunk of their lives sitting around fires, and thus, throwing things into fires and looking for things to throw into fires. People figured out thousands of years ago that certain ones produces pleasurable or intoxicating smokes." ], "score": [ 24, 10, 9, 5, 5 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7tfnu", "dc7xim1" ], "text": [ "There are a lot of different ways this can be done, and I could go into great detail about many algorithms (such as [A*]( URL_0 )), but in order to keep this simple, let's compare it to two human players in a game of chess. Player A barely knows how to move the pieces while Player B is well-practiced and can see 10 moves ahead. Obviously, Player B will win the match; he can look at numerous different situations the game can end up in. He does this by playing \"what if\" scenarios in his mind, then chooses the path with the best outcome that *he has seen so far*. To reduce the difficulty for Player A, Player B might limit himself to only looking 5 moves ahead. Another method of reducing difficulty is to add a timer. Player B only gets 20 seconds to think about his move. Or maybe it's only 10 seconds. Either way, the player is forced to make a move, and may not have time to consider every option available to him. If given *enough time* and *enough processing power / memory*, a computer could theoretically **never lose** a board game like checkers or chess.", "Another simple way is to: increase the amount of damage an enemy does; decrease dropped loot/experience; larger maps; and another subtle one is actually to change the music being played during a scenario. That's one of my favorites to mess with: increased tempo can lead to higher heart rates, which can cause players to lose focus and mess up more. There's a lot game designers can do aside from changing AI thought patterns." ], "score": [ 6, 5 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm" ], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7utlq", "dc7wyr7" ], "text": [ "What you are referring to is a long postulated but, newly emerging field of study of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) also known as ‘second brain’, based on its size, complexity and similarity — in neurotransmitters and signalling molecules — with the brain. [Source Study]( URL_0 ) The ELI5 is that there are a multitude of complicated pathways between your gut and your brain. When something \"feels off\", your gut is sending signals to your brain. Those signals influence neurons in your brain and your decision making", "I always taken it as intuition. This is from a standpoint of something external to your body. Think of it like some part of your subconscious brain is picking up signals and paying attention to your enviroment outside of what you are focused on. It makes sense for part of your brain to look for danger, predators, while you doing something else mundane like picking berries. You get the intial flight or fight response and it brings your focus to what danger your subconscious sees. Why is that man acting weird or sick or in a dangerous way type of thing. It takes awhile to figure out what social cues the guy is violating and why you see him as a threat." ], "score": [ 8, 5 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845678/#!po=2.13415" ], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7u6wc", "dc86vny" ], "text": [ "People in general find more safety in familiar environments with familiar things. Providing a cherished toy provides a tangible connection to the familiar. This is especially helpful if the parents don't plan on sleeping with the child, as their absence may cause some anxiety in the child who is used to seeing and hearing them around.", "I am not a kid anymore but I sleep with a cinnamon roll Squishable, kinda like a teddy bear. I have anxiety and having something cute that's soft provides relief from a visual and tactile standpoint. At first she was just serving the purpose of looking adorable, but now the comfort and familiarity makes it so that sleeping with her on my belly helps prompt the \"sleepy time\" center of my brain. Kids seem to respond well to rituals, especially in regards to sleep. Like a lullaby or warm milk, teddy bears can be a part of the ritual too." ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7vv92" ], "text": [ "It is not known if animal hormones effect humans or not. These things are difficult to test. Currently the FDA says they are safe, so many companies use them. Some consumers are afraid of chemicals and sensationalist articles can make anyone afraid of anything, and it has created the idea that consumers should \"worry\" about additives, and this makes it profitable to market hormone-free products even without any proof the hormones are negative. I can't honestly say if the growth hormones are safe or not; I can say the FDA says they are, but the FDA has been wrong before. The issue is far from final, and more research needs to be done." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7vyza" ], "text": [ "Fissile material isn't exactly easy to come by. A fission bomb (which by today's standards would be a fairly primitive nuclear weapon) requires uranium that has been enriched to 90% U-235. Natural uranium in contrast contains less than 1% U-235 and reactor-grade uranium for power generation only requires 3-5% enrichment. Most uranium is enriched by centrifuge and that is a very slow and expensive process. Iran, for example, had about 9,000 operational centrifuges in 2015 and it still would have taken 7 months to stockpile enough uranium for one weapon. That said, most states would be capable of building a nuclear weapon if they were so inclined. What stops them is that almost all countries on Earth are signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (Iran included) which means they have pledged not to build nuclear weapons or help other states acquire them." ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7z5yp" ], "text": [ "We tend to favor music which we are already familiar with and are generally more reluctant to listen to anything unfamiliar. This is because the whole enjoyment of music is derived from the predictability of its beat and lyrics by the listener. So when we hear a new song, we may initially feel put off since it's unfamiliar territory as far as our recollection of it is concerned but through multiple listens it eventually \"grows\" on us through our memorization of it. An interesting example is jazz. The primary reason it's so hard for people to enjoy jazz is due to its intrinsic quality of unpredictability. It's like pleasure mixed with pain. It's essentially the bdsm of music genres." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7zmn6" ], "text": [ "When you're out of tune, it's because you're slightly off of a note. When the two notes are close together but not exactly the same, then it sounds a whole lot worse because of dissonance. That's why when you're tuning a note, you can hear a little wavy \"wubbing\" sound. The closer you get to the target pitch, the faster the wubbing is until it dissapears completely. Scientifically speaking, it's because the frequencies of the notes are slightly different, so the sound waves don't quite line up." ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc84ox7" ], "text": [ "I think the question you're trying to ask is why professional movie cameras are much larger compared to a professional still camera (for example a DSLR)? A few factors: - Image sensor/film size. A larger sensor or film format will require a larger unit and a larger set of lenses. Note that both still and video cameras come in a variety of sensor/film sizes. You can get a professional still camera that's bigger than a professional video camera. It all depends on the application. - Flexibility. A movie camera lens typically needs a wider zoom range than a still camera, particularly still professionals using primes (non-zoom) lenses. This means bigger, heavier lenses. - Ergonomics. A movie camera needs a greater degree of smooth control over the camera so you can do smooth zooms, smooth pans, smooth tilts etc so there's additional control and mounting hardware. - Movie cameras tend to have a viewing screen as opposed to a small optical viewfinder. - Storage requirements are higher for movie cameras." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc814wh" ], "text": [ "The laptop is used to select the songs that are being played. The basic knobs/sliders are volume, the crossfader and the bass/mid/treble knobs. There are usually two tracks playing at once, each with an individual set of volume and tone knobs. The crossfader slides between the two tracks, so when it is completely to the left, you can only hear the left track and when it is in the middle, both tracks are the same volume." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8h3j0" ], "text": [ "It's an attempt to heal wounds that still ache. What you are referring to is benign, but repetition compulsion drives people to get into therapy for harmful relationship patterns. URL_0" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "http://www.shambhala.com/when-the-past-is-present.html" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc82tf2", "dc849je" ], "text": [ "A semi-automatic weapon uses either some of the recoil from a shot, or gas from the shot to cycle it's action. This means that the action begins moving while the projectile is still inside of the weapon. The motion of the action moves the gun, and can affect the accuracy of the shot. A bolt action stays in place and remains a solid unit the shooter manually works it. This reduced amount of motion leads to greater accuracy. Great strides have been made in making the actions of certain semi-auto weapons more stable and accurate, and there are a lot of solid options available. At the end of the day though, if we're talking the absolute best weapon with each type of action, in the hands of a highly skilled shooter, the bolt action will win out.", "Semi-auto rifle have several downside over bolt-action. - The reloading action of the next bullet is done during the firing in a semi-auto and can make the gun move slighty, decreasing accuracy. The bolt action reload the after the shot so it doesn't have that problem. - Because how a bolt action operate you usually can make a stronger and better firing chamber so the transfer of energy is more efficient and your bullet have a little bit more energy. - A semi-auto will redirect part of the expanding gas to power the reload cycle. So you lose a small portion of the gas pressure and a little bit less velocity for your bullet. - Semi-auto rifle tend to weight more than a bolt-action rifle simply because it have more parts. - Also, but this is not always the case. Bolt-action tend to be easier to maintain and more reliable. But I hesitated to put that point because that's not always the case. You can make a good or simple enough design that it's not an issue. It was usually an exemption that confirm the rule, but it apply to more and more modern so that reliabily less and less true. Basically bolt-action trade firing speed for precision, which suit long distance shooter more. You usually see semi-auto sniper more in a Marksman role." ], "score": [ 88, 22 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc886vd" ], "text": [ "Hand sanitizer is mostly isopropyl alcohol. You put it on your hands, they get wet, then the alcohol evaporates away rather quickly and they get colder as they dry giving you a fresh clean feel. The alcohol may work to kill some surface germs, but the cool feeling from the evaporation is most likely what you're attributing to \"clean\" feel." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8bkdz" ], "text": [ "Let's say you get sick and you develop antibodies against the bacteria or virus. A small portion of those antibodies may inappropriately recognize proteins in the shellfish and activate your immune system. Kinda like someone calling 911 on a thief with a red hat, then the police put out an alert about a thief in a red hat and they apprehend anyone also is wearing a red hat. When you have those severe allergic reactions, it's because of a specific kind of immune response mediated by IgE. Normally, IgM, IgG are activated, but sometimes activated cells switch from IgM/G to IgE, depending on its environment. It'd be like someone seeing the thief with the red hat, but because it's West Virginia and there's a lot of heroin overdoses, instead of calling 911 (IgG/IgM), they think he's a drug dealer and call up the DEA (IgE). And the DEA shoots the thief and blows up his house, and the whole nation begins freaking out over drug dealing and excessive use of force because it was caught on camera. So what would have been a local allergic reaction (like asthma) involves the whole body. Normally, your body recognizes that stuff you eat, despite being foreign and in your body, is A-OK. Your stomach tells your immune system to ignore it, but that sometimes doesn't happen." ], "score": [ 8 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8hxxo" ], "text": [ "Thorium isn't the selling point for a reactor that can't melt down; thorium is extremely difficult to turn into elements that can create a nuclear bomb (heavy uranium and plutonium). The liquid salt aspect is the neat part. The reactors have been tested, and despite public hatred, are extremely safe. Our current reactors run on extremely highly pressurized water that, if a leak occurs, sends out radioactive steam. The salt reactors, when designed properly, literally can self shut down if it gets too hot, and if needed can be dumped into a big holding tank where it gets too spread out to generate heat. A little more sciency: a well designed power reactor can utilize nearly 100% of its heavy fuels, but the current light water reactors use somewhere around 2%. They do this by modulating the neutron economy. If more heavy elements are generated than are destroyed you get a breeder reactor. These are what nuclear bomb plutonium was generated from. If you take that dangerous bred fuel, clean out some elements that steal neutrons without helping, and put it back while forcing more elements to be broken down you get a burner reactor. The breeder/burner cycle can be done within a single reactor with fuel reprocessing, and can utilize current nuclear waste. The elements that can't be broken down have half lives in the range of 100 years (instead of 100000 years of uranium and plutonium isotopes that LWRs generate). And as to your question of why isn't it used: public perception of nuclear power is tainted by things like Chernobyl, 3 mile island, and Fukushima (all light water reactors). But for the number of big failures at nuclear plants there's lots more at other forms of power generation, but they aren't as easy to demonize." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8b66f", "dc88kpi" ], "text": [ "Here's an answer I gave in an earlier thread that I think helps make it more intuitive. As you'll see, the answer here doesn't depend on where the observer is standing, it depends instead on how far the blades are moving in a given rotation. Others have explained it pretty well, but I wanted to take a shot at this in a visual form. Now, I can't do a clockface, but I can do a line. So imagine we have a line with one part jutting out, so it looks like this: ....I.. imagine also that it wraps around. So if the \"I\" moves **ONE spot per move**, it would go like this: .....I. ......I I...... .I..... ..I.... ...I... and so on. As you can see, it looks like the I is moving forward on this seven point line. But now imagine that instead of moving one spot at a time, it was **moving SIX spots** at a time. Then it would look like this I...... ......I .....I. ....I.. ...I... ..I.... As you can see, even though the \"I\" is still moving forward, because of how far it's moving per \"frame\" it starts to look like it's moving backwards, instead of forwards. And, if it moved 7 spots per move, it would look like this, appearing completely still even though it's moving with every cycle: I...... I...... I...... I...... I...... I...... And, alternatively, if it started off moving six spots, and the sped up to seven after two iterations, you'd get this: I...... ......I ......I ......I ......I ......I ......I and so would look to all observers like it was in that seventh spot and still.", "The effect that you are describing is known as the wagon wheel effect. It occurs most often when you're watching a movie or tv show or commercial where once a car hits he right speed, the wheels seem to stop moving or go backwards even. This is caused by the fact that cameras work by taking pictures at a frame rate. This means that a video is really just a bunch of pictures being shown at a fast rate, usually 24 FPS. So this means that once a car's wheels starts rotating at 24 RPS, the spokes will appear to have been at the same place although technically, the camera only took photos at that specific point and just wasn't fast enough to take pictures of it in the other angles. And once a car goes faster than 24 RPS, the spokes will be a few degrees previous to hat they were before. As far as real life, there have been two explanations. One says that our brain and eyes work similarity to a camera in that we take multiple scenes and construct them into vision at high rate. The other says that our brain is capable of turning ambiguous situations and creating interpretations that are completely false ie; Necker Cube, Hollow Face Illusion, etc. Hope this helped" ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8au3e" ], "text": [ "It acts as a vehicle for ranch or blue cheese to cool the mouth off without having to take more hot sauce to get the cooling relief." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8avq8" ], "text": [ "Peristalsis works like this: URL_0 Stick a drinking straw in a cup full of water, place your thumb over the end of the straw, and lift it out of the water so that the straw is full of water but no longer in cup. Pinch the straw flat with the thumb and forefinger of your other hand up near where your thumb is covering the end and pull down, still squeezing and covering the end with your other thumb. That's basically how peristalsis works. The muscles pinch the \"tube\" in a small area (be it your esophagus, intestines, etc) and force its contents along with a wave motion. It pinches, pushes a little ways, and releases. The next muscle pinches it again, pushes it a little ways, and releases. This process repeats until the contents get where they're going." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Peristaltic_pump.gif" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8c4qa" ], "text": [ "They are hurt all of the time. People die surfing waves like that. That is one reason those shots are so amazing. Pros though know techniques to try and not die but at the end of the day a wave smashing you into a reef is going to hurt. Certain waves the goal is to dive deep and avoid getting thrown over the top again. Also in that first few seconds of fall the goal is to get into the water and not skip over the top like a rock, because if you don't go into the water you will end up \"over the falls\" and smashed into whatever is under that water that caused that giant wave." ], "score": [ 7 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8ct3f", "dc8bn1k", "dc8cx85", "dc8ektv" ], "text": [ "Human babies take a long time to develop because they are born less mature than other animals. Why is this? Humans have one major advantages over other animals: Advanced tool use. This requires a big brain and free hands to manipulate things. Walking upright gives us the hands free, and narrower hips help to walk upright. A big brain allows the smarts for understanding tools and complex visual processing. But the brain needs to be protected inside a skull, and the skull needs to pass through the pelvis at birth. Now you have opposing demands: Narrow pelvis and big skulls! Everything is pushed to its limit in the competition of needs. The birth is painful and relatively dangerous, the skull isn't fully fused at birth so it can be squished, and humans are born relatively prematurely. It is OK though because humans can care for their offspring rather than requiring them to be able to run within hours like deer.", "OK I can't cite all my sources b/c I only rented my anthropology textbook, not bought it, but hopefully this'll give you a signal boost. Humans are notable for developing *everything* more slowly than other animal babies. Think about it. A common bottlenose dolphin lives like 40 years. They're swimming the minute they leave the vag. Anthropologists aren't sure why our slow pace is necessarily evolutionarily advantageous, but it's pretty darned obvious that we learn *a lot more* than dolphins ever do, and we learn it in our childhoods. So our brain is structured to learn A LOT. While we're learning how to walk, we're also learning intensely detailed facial recognition and a bunch of other uniquely human skills, and all of it needs to be laid down in a brain that's built to handle a lot of information and store it forever. So the slow pace is probably a side-effect, not a feature. If you're looking for an explanation of how brain matter works, hopefully someone else answers. I look forward to reading the other answers too! :)", "Because human babies are born too early - we have larger skull (evolutionary trait for intelligence) and relatively narrow hips (trait for bi-pedal walking) - to fit former thru later (weight is also a factor), birth occurs earlier in fetus development process, with rest of development continuing outside of mother's body. \"full\" pregnancy should last around 18-21 months. If you compare 10 month old human toddler to newborn giraffe, the difference is no longer that big.", "In addition to what others have said (big head, narrow hips etc) I would like to add that bipedal walking is much harder than quadrupedal walking. A quadruped is statically stable, a biped dynamically stable. Which is why we learn to crawl before we walk." ], "score": [ 15, 11, 7, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8echm" ], "text": [ "There's a muscle in your ear called the [tensor tympani muscle]( URL_0 ). It usually dampens sounds from your mouth (like chewing and breathing). When you \"block\" your ears you are tightening this muscle. Tightening a muscle causes the fibers to vibrate, which makes sound." ], "score": [ 7 ], "text_urls": [ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_tympani_muscle" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8enc8" ], "text": [ "Speak for yourself. Alarm clock goes off. I hear it for a few seconds, then am out like a light again for hours. I've been late many times to work. Can't seem to break the cycle of extreme blissful, tranquil sleep right about the time I'm supposed to get up. Edit: removed minor rant" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8fr93" ], "text": [ "A lot of \"crying\" (and by crying, I refer to all the wailing and sobbing not just tears) is done from the chest and the lungs, up through the throat. It's possible that, through being done with a very high intensity (whether intentionally or not, we all know people who \"cry\" differently), some contraction or spasm in the throat, diaphragm, chest, lungs, etc, can cause a gagging reaction, which could lead more sensitive people to vomit. It's likely related to putting stress on the throat, leading to coughing, which can lead to vomiting. Unrelated to actually answering your question, but you deserve a \"good job\" for not letting a five year old play Battlefield." ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8f72m" ], "text": [ "Postpartum depression seems to be brought on by the **changes in hormone levels** that occur after pregnancy. Any woman can get postpartum depression in the months after childbirth, miscarriage, or stillbirth. [(source)]( URL_0 )" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/postpartum-depression-topic-overview#1" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8g6ag", "dc8kdf0" ], "text": [ "Potential energy. Someone put the magnet and pin close to another but seperated. Thus he transformed kinetic energy into potential energy. Which then is re transformed by the magnet into kinetic energy accelerating the pin towards it. If you would separate the pin from the magnet again you would then transform more kinetic energy back to potential energy.", "Magnetic potential energy. The magnet and the pin (combined) have some energy just by existing and being far apart. When they move closer together this potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. When you pull them apart again, you're supplying kinetic energy which is then converted into potential energy. Note that often to simplify calculations, we say they have zero potential energy when they're really far apart, and negative potential energy when they're close together." ], "score": [ 10, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8gaf6", "dc8g7yc" ], "text": [ "They are most likely using [Wake on LAN]( URL_0 ). > Wake-on-LAN (\"WOL\") is implemented using a specially designed packet called a magic packet, which is sent to all computers in a network, among them the computer to be woken up. The magic packet contains the MAC address of the destination computer, an identifying number built into each network interface card (\"NIC\") or other ethernet device in a computer, that enables it to be uniquely recognized and addressed on a network. Powered-down or turned off computers capable of Wake-on-LAN will contain network devices able to \"listen\" to incoming packets in low-power mode while the system is powered down. If a magic packet is received that is directed to the device's MAC address, the NIC signals the computer's power supply or motherboard to initiate system wake-up, much in the same way as pressing the power button would do. ELI5 version: > A computer that is off can have its network card run in lower power listening mode for a message that is used to trigger the computer's wake up procedure. Kinda like a TV on standby waiting for the power button on the remote to be pressed.", "Yep Wake-on-LAN (WoL) is an Ethernet or token ringcomputer networking standard that allows a computer to be turned on or woken up by a network message. The message is usually sent to the target computer by a program executed on a device connected to the same local area network, such as a smartphone. It is also possible to initiate the message from another network by using subnet directed broadcasts or a WOL gateway service. Equivalent terms include wake on WAN, remote wake-up, power on by LAN, power up by LAN, resume by LAN, resume on LAN and wake up on LAN. If the computer being awakened is communicating via Wi-Fi, a supplementary standard called Wake on Wireless LAN (WoWLAN) must be employed.[1]" ], "score": [ 17, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake-on-LAN" ], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8liso" ], "text": [ "Basically, anything that is installed on your pc can be read, written or be modified. So they aren't exploiting weaknesses in the game code, rather, its impossible to prevent someone with admin rights from altering the game if they desire. (It can however, be made very hard) What online games CAN do is simply not tell the pc the information it needs until its fair/legal/proper for them to know. so you could prevent a wallhack/maphack by not telling the computer of the player where the player is, until the server has verified that you should be able to see him. Most Moba's do this, hence there aren't any maphacks for LoL/Dota, FPS games have more lag issues so they can't really implement the above scenario without causing gameplay problems." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8ogpa", "dc8j4se", "dc8w4ur", "dc8l5l4", "dc91jsv", "dc8u5d4", "dc8hzn0", "dc8w8n3", "dc90lfb", "dc8xzqv" ], "text": [ "I wrote my dissertation on this very topic and I don't think anyone's nailed it in their answers yet. Edit - I've only got a hard copy of the dissertation (I graduated years ago). Thanks to everyone who asked to read it, if I remember I'll try and scan it. Crash91 has got a lot right but has made a few points I disagree with. So, Heavy Metal - This grew out of Hard Rock and used the same scales, rhythms and subject matter. Black Sabbath are widely cited as the first true Heavy Metal band, giving birth to both the Heavy Metal genre in general and the Doom Metal genre in particular. Led Zepellin, Deep Purple etc are Hard Rock and are only accepted as Heavy Metal bands in the US. In the UK Heavy Metal begins with Sabbath. Original Heavy Metal was fairly slow, gloomy, bluesy and lyrically dealt with subjects such as war, drugs, religion and occult themes. Vocals clean and sung. Later iterations in the 70s, such as Saxon, Iron Maiden and Judas Priest are also considered Heavy Metal but are sometimes referred to as NWOBHM (New Wave of British Heavy Metal) and were pioneers of the 'chugging' guitar sound people often associate with classic Heavy Metal as well as the use of twin guitar harmonised leads. Generally faster and more bombastic, the vocals of NWOBHM were more high pitched and the lyrics while dealing with similar themes, more fantastical. Hair or Glam Metal also grew out of this style (but it's awful!). Thrash Metal - Thrash was a product of the 80s and metal's reaction to the aggression of Punk in the late 70s. The band that kick started the whole thing were Venom from Newcastle in the UK. They are sometimes classed as NWOBHM but they don't really fit in that category because they were pretty poor musicians. Their contribution was mainly down to aural extremity, though they sound fairly tame now. They had a 'heavier' sound than previous bands combining speed, harsher distortion tone on their guitars, faux satanic lyrics and shouted/growled vocals. They were a big influence on a lot of Thrash and Black metal bands but were pretty rubbish themselves (controversial opinion!). Early Thrash was pretty loose and messy with a lot of poor musicianship, bands like Sodom, Kreator and Destruction (Germany) made an unholy racket and began to attract the punk kids as well as the metalheads. Later bands worked out how to play their instruments better and the drumming in particular became more accomplished. Classic Thrash as played by the big four (Metallica, Megadeath, Slayer and Anthrax) combines very fast drumming often using 'punkier' beats, NWOBHM guitar riffs played at faster speeds, more aggressive vocals and 'face ripping' (extremely fast and shrill) solos which are often atonal (not in any given key!). Lyrically Thrash was concerned with politics, nuclear war and occult/satanic themes. Death Metal - In the late 80s there was a lot of genre cross pollination and this lead to Death Metal and Grindcore (as well as many other specialist 'cores). Death Metal ramps up the intensity, complexity, heaviness and obscenity of Thrash Metal. It downtunes the guitars (makes them sound deeper) and is characterised by a particular drum beat known as the 'blast beat', and the use of double kick pedals on the bass drum to achieve a rumbling, machine-gun like effect. The vocals are extremely low grunts, growls and roars and are almost impossible to decipher without a lyric sheet. Similar to Thrash, early Death Metal bands struggled to make their musicianship meet their intentions but later bands and a lot of modern bands play music of quite dizzying complexity utilising odd time signatures and even bizarre tunings (tuning the strings on their guitars differently) to make the sound more unsettling. This is the overall 'heaviest' style of metal sonically and lyrically deals with all manner of things including but not limited too, gore, zombies, war, sexual perversions, horror movies, torture and ancient Egypt (that's just one band called Nile from the US to be fair). Death Metal's heyday was the late 80s and early 90s but there's still plenty of great modern Death Metal being made today. While Thrash is seen as a retro style that will always evoke the early 80s, Death Metal has evolved much further and incorporated far more styles including, doom, prog, industrial and middle eastern/oriental music. Black Metal - This one's a bit unique as it all began with a small group of teenagers in Jessheim in Norway in the late 80s/early 90s. They wanted to be 'evil' and 'extreme' but they lacked the musical ability to rival the predominantly (at the time) Swedish and American Death Metal scenes. So instead they did what anyone would do (not) they started burning down churches, proclaiming themselves 'Satanists' and killing each other. They were influenced by bans such as Venom (UK), Mercyful Fate (Denmark) and Celtic Frost (Switzerland) all of whom had elements of NWOBHM and Thrash in their sounds but distinguished themselves by being 'Satanic' with varying degrees of seriousness. Whether or not they were serious, the kids in Norway took it all very seriously and out of that scene came what's come to be known as the 'Second Wave of Black metal', generally accepted as it's 'classic' phase. This style is typified by ultra lo-fi production values including lots of hiss, feedback and distortion a focus on treble rather than bass and vocals that were shrieked or screamed rather than grunted or growled. The music itself is far more primitive and basic than Death Metal and often utilises fast tremolo (rapid down/up strokes on a single string) guitar parts and minor scale arpeggios. Guitar solos are rare. Due to these production techniques the music can take on a hypnotic quality where it's passed through heavy on to something more languid on the other side. Critics say it's poorly played, badly recorded and the product of stupid teenagers with offensive views. The early Norwegian black metal guitar sound has often been likened to a swarm of angry wasps in a box but those who love it find something spiritual about it. The lyrics deal with Satanism of course but also a strand of Nietzschean elitism and an affinity with the Norwegian landscape (ice, frost, forests, mountains etc). Later Black Metal has evolved in myriad ways and incorporated allsorts of other styles including folk, celtic, oriental/middle eastern, prog, goth, shoegaze and traditional Nordic music. Offshoots include Blackened Death Metal, Viking Metal and Symphonic Black metal which combines the music with sweeping orchestral backing. Hope this helps, I could go on for days. If you want recommendations, here are mine; Heavy Metal - Paranoid by black Sabbath NWOBHM - British Steel by Judas Priest Thrash Metal - Reign in Blood by Slayer Death Metal - Demigod by Behemoth Melodic Death Metal - Slaughter of the Soul by At The Gates Black Metal - Anthems to the Welkin at Dusk by Emperor Someone asked for a tl;dr so; Heavy Metal - Clean vocals, bluesy riffs, witches, weed and war. Thrash Metal - Speedy guitar riffs, punk attitude, hardcore drumming, shouty vocals, political lyrics. Death Metal - Downtuned guitars, complex riffs, machine gun drums, grunting/growling vocals, lyrics about horror movies, zombies and gore. Black metal - Trebly guitars, simple riffs, atmospheric arrangements, shrieking vocals, Satanism.", "Its not easy to define precisely what counts as which genre in metal, especially with the large number of sub-genres. The lines between many are blurry and there are even many \"crossover\" artists or genres. I think its a bit better to take the bands that defined the sound of the genre as an example. & nbsp; **Heavy Metal:** \"Old-school\" Metal. This pretty much laid the ground for the many many sub-genres that now exist. Heavy Metal's roots were from Blues/Rock, but was defined by the \"heavy\" sound of distorted guitars. Singing is still pretty clean but more \"powerful\" than traditional rock. Think bands like Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Iron Maiden, Led Zeppelin back in the 1960s-70s. & nbsp; **Thrash Metal:** A generation of kids grew up listening to Heavy Metal and finally started to form their own bands in the 80s - this was the decade of Thrash. Heavy Metal, but heavier. Faster drums and more complicated and distorted guitars. Singing is more aggressive - shouts and screams are used. The defining bands of this genre are known as \"The Big Four\" of thrash metal: Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer and Anthrax. Lyrics are usually politically themed (influenced from Punk). & nbsp; **Black Metal:** Really fast tempo songs - guitars are distorted and notes are tremolo picked (one note played multiple times really fast) to create a drone-like sound. Vocals are harsh and mostly screamed and are not always clear. Songs are usually longer than the average song length (5-10+ minutes). This is (probably) the genre that gave rise to the idea that metal is \"devil-worship\" or \"satanic\" because of the lyrics and the image portrayed by many of the performers. Famous bands are: Bathory, Emperor, Mayhem and Dimmu Borgir & nbsp; **Death Metal:** This genre is a bit more difficult to classify because of the multiple sub-genres it has spawned, however usually the sound is even heavier than the other genres mentioned above because the guitars are tuned to a lower pitch. Drums use blast-beats which is essentially playing two or more parts of the kit really fast (16th notes) in order to achieve an \"explosive\" sound. Vocals are also harsh and incorporate low pitched growling along with other extreme vocal techniques. Guitar solos are usually blazing fast and extremely complicated. Famous bands are: Death, Morbid Angel, Cannibal Corpse and Entombed.", "Heavy metal: Chug-a-wug. Slow, deep heavy stuff like Black Sabbath. Thrash Metal: Chuggada-Wuggada. Faster, more rhythmic, usually with a bleeding fast meedlie-deedlie solo before diving back into a chugga-da-wuggada riff. Black Metal: Meedlie-Deedlie. Squiddly fast high notes played super fast, with heavy chuggadas underneath. Death Metal: Chuggada wuggada with meedlie deedlies in equal measure, and Cookie Monster on vocals.", "Here you go; URL_0 P.S. you must be using a PC with flash to use the interactive map of metal", "Easiest way to convey the differences are [this flowchart]( URL_1 ). And [This Video]( URL_0 )", "[Sam Dunn would be the way to go with his documentaries on the subject]( URL_0 )", "Heavy metal: basically Rock but with heavier, often more distorted guitars. Most of the vocalists have a more intense way of singing as well. Also the lyrics consist of everything; they are typically more fictitious or political though. Thrash metal: take it up a notch from Heavy metal. The guitars are heavier, faster, more distorted and sometimes more technical. Again, the vocalists are intense, however, they have more of a growly way of singing, but they're still fairly clean and easy to understand. The lyrical content is often political or controversial in some way. (Jihad by Slayer, Laid to Rest by Lamb of God, Holy Wars... The Punishment is Due by Megadeth) Black metal (from my understanding): A bit slower than Thrash, but more distorted. The vocals are normally squealing and growling in a way that isn't very easy to understand. Lyrical content as far as I know can be fairly Satanic, morbid and dark. Death metal (again, from my understanding): it's like Black metal and Thrash metal had a love child. It has the intensity, and speed of Thrash but the vocals are similar to Black metal. I believe the lyrical content is the same or similar as Black metal as well. Source: I've been a metalhead for 9 going on 10 years. However, I'm more into Thrash, Classic/Heavy Metal and Metalcore. So the last two may be totally out of wack. Feel free to correct me!", "[Uh oh]( URL_0 ) Follow up question so bots don't remove me?", "I would say as well there are new waves of 'avant-garde' black metal bands like Liturgy, Oathbreak, Deafheaven etc that are now being largely shunned by 'old school' fans for being 'hip'", "Check this out, Metal 101 at MIT: URL_0 It's an awesome site with great info. \"So what is Heavy Metal? That's a loaded question. Simply put, Heavy Metal is an ever-evolving genre of popular music and culture beholden to a fanaticism reminicient of religious devotion. That, and double-bass.\"" ], "score": [ 1648, 196, 154, 37, 17, 8, 8, 3, 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [ "Www.mapofmetal.com" ], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2gHu02fJmU", "http://forum.cakewalk.com/download.axd?file=0;1886138" ], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Dunn" ], [], [ "https://wronghands1.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/can-of-worms.jpg" ], [], [ "https://metal.mit.edu/" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8kgn1" ], "text": [ "Part of it does have to do with American culture, however a great amount of it's influence derives from the U.S's power projection and it's ability to strike nearly anywhere in the world within a matter of hours or days. Country acting up? The U.S can have a super carrier fully equipped with dozens of state of the art fighter jets and well trained infantry extremely quickly and the nations government stands little to no chance and will usually crumble under the pressure. The U.S then converts this ability into global influence, both culturally and economically - if you want to be protected and have your interests looked after you align, at least officially - with the U.S. Just look at nations that actively oppose the U.S - Russia, NK, Iran - They are isolated from the international community and the global economy, simply because the U.S uses it's global influence, provided by it's militaries size, capabilities and technology in order to impose sanctions upon those countries. You cite the American military's size prior to WW1. It was that size because there was not a need for it to be large. At the time the U.S was isolationist and did not face a major threat. The U.S government subscribed to the Monroe Doctrine at the time (Stay out of the affairs of Europe, oppose colonialism in NA and SA) which did not call for a particularly large military. Not so much after WW1, but after WW2, when the colonising 'superpowers' Britain and France, who had prior to the war possessed much of the 'power projection' in the world with their colonial possessions faced large scale decolonisation and a reduction in influence, the U.S upped it's global presence, as part of the Cold War with the Soviet Union and hasn't looked back since. Examples: Australia/New Zealand - Needs a strong ally capable of quick intervention and protection of the sea (for trade and security). Was the UK, however after the disaster at Singapore in WW2, they had to look elsewhere - the U.S provides this (through ANZUS, more AUS these days though...). Japan and South Korea - Requires a great power backer for security from China, also provides a launching pad for any operations in the South China Sea and Western Pacific. Prior to the end of the Cold War (or the later part of the CW) these acted as Anti-Communist buffers, at any rate - both require military backing. UK, France, Germany - The powers of Western Europe can no longer act independently of the US. For an example of this you can read up on the Suez Crisis - where the British and French made a mess of an intervention without the U.S in Egypt. Ever since Western Europe and NATO have in practice followed U.S policy. Middle East - Main U.S allies in this region are Israel and Saudi Arabia. Both of these nations have their own agendas (Israel - removal of threats from neighbouring Arab nations, Palestine, Saudi Arabia - advancement of Sunni governments, protection against a Shi'a Alliance.) However the U.S also needs them in the region as they are a few of the strong stable states in a very unstable region. (I have a feeling that the U.S would prefer a strong Iraq to ties with SA, but given recent events they don't have much choice.) The point of my non-sensical ramblings is that the U.S utilises it's large military to enforce a world hegemony dominated by the U.S and it's interests. I know many criticise U.S defence spending but from a purely geopolitical and international economics standpoints it's kind of justified. Domestically is another question however :P." ], "score": [ 9 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8i9je", "dc8h9xn", "dc8heec" ], "text": [ "These shows are always a bit of fun and play creatively with the truth. Indeed ballistics isn't as cut and dried as \"every gun has a unique fingerprint, no two can ever be the same\". Marks are compared by eye, very similar guns will have very similar marks. Even much real life courtroom \"science\" is pretty poor science. Bite mark analysis seems to be pretty bogus. Polygraph is basically bollocks. People who've been convicted on fire pattern analysis have been getting a lot of validation now that's shown to be hugely subjective also. Forensic science came from cops, not from scientists, and so there's a lot more grey areas than claimed. I believe DNA is pretty compelling, though.", "Every barrel has a unique rifling, unless it's a smooth barrel like a lot of shotguns, because they don't need rifling as they are shooting shot that needs to spread out(unless it is a slug gun then it will be rifled. Also some shotguns have the option for chokes to narrow the spread pattern on the shot coming out of the barrel) The grooves that propel the bullet forward when it is coming out of the barrel end up on the bullet as it travels through the barrel. They can match the rifling in the barrel to the rifling on the bullet. Also they can match the cartridge/casing to the firing pin. As each firing pin will be a bit different and the indention left behind will be specific to that individual firearm. They can't fake it because each firearm has unique characteristics in the rifling and firing pin. Much like how all human teeth have unique characteristic as they've all been through different things.", "The machining of each part creates features unique to the part. - lands and grooves in the barrel impart a signature on the bullet (projectile). The number, width, depth, pitch and twist as well as striations specific to the tooling of the individual barrel can be measured and compared between a recovered bullet and one test fired from the suspect weapon. - the firing pin, breech, ejector and extractor impart a signature on the cartridge casing. These markings can also be compared between recovered cartridge casings and those resulting from test fires from a suspect weapon. Edit: The above assumes basic understanding of the mechanics/parts of a typical weapon. Since this is ELI5... when a bullet is fired, the firing pin strikes a primer on the rear of the shell; the primer ignites powder which causes an explosion; the explosion forces the cartridge casing against the breech (back of the barrel) and the bullet down down the barrel; the rifling in the barrel is made up of grooves that twist, causing the bullet to spin; an extractor pulls the cartridge casing back from the breech and an ejector kicks the cartridge casing out of the weapon." ], "score": [ 7, 6, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8hgzc", "dc8htio" ], "text": [ "This is called \"OVS\" or \"Object - Verb - Subject\" which is a reversal of the standard SOV order (Subject - Object - Verb). It is technically allowed if the sentence can still be properly parsed (typically if there's pronouns that help show the meaning). Rare examples of valid, if idiomatic, English use of OVS typology are the poetic hyperbaton 'Answer gave he none' and 'what say you?' A hyperbaton is a reversal or change in word order or the separation of words that are normally found together. It is more common in languages where word order doesn't contribute as much to sentence meaning, in order to provide emphasis to whatever words do come first. So in this sentence, it is poetic, and denotes more importance being placed on the earlier parts of the sentence: the \"never\".", "That sentence is something you will never see written by English speakers nor will you ever hear. Then again it is poetry so it might be a sentence bent to make a rhyme or for some other reason. Poetry does sometimes change the rules. Your are confused for a good reason. You now know enough of English to know when something isn't right. And it isn't you. Good luck with your studies." ], "score": [ 7, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8k1h8", "dc8jny0", "dc8qy7j", "dc8mpgs" ], "text": [ "I point at cat, call it a cat. They point at cat, call it a gato. We both point at cat. I say gato, they say cat. We both know a new word.", "There are different ways. Different circumstances. Usually you would know the language of your neighboring region (because you have to trade with them) and they probably know the language of the neighboring region on the other side. In one specific case, we had the famous Rosetta stone which had a large portion of text in Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphics, and Demotic, and proved invaluable in learning to translate between Greek (commonly known in Europe among scholars) and the mysterious Egyptian pictographic language. Other times, such as traveling to other continents or places with no common language, you have to do it the hard way. Point to your arm and say arm, point to the sun and say sun, etc several thousand times.", "If you are interested in a book about the subject, try Daniel Everett's \"Don't sleep there are snakes\". Here is a review about it: URL_0", "The same way as children learn a new language. You still have the capacity as an adult, it is just much slower. You pay attention, and at first you start understanding the most common items (food, household objects, animals, numbers), then if you stay in the environment, the more you can speak the basics of the language, the more you can add on. Eventually you will be speaking the 'other' language, then you can start translating text. If you do not understand a word by that time, it will be easy to ask someone who is native to describe it for you (like an english-english dictionary)" ], "score": [ 37, 24, 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [ "https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/nov/16/amazon-everett-book-review" ], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8k38z" ], "text": [ "In terms of manufacturing, diamonds are valuable because of their hardness. They can be used in drills, etc. In terms of jewelry, they are expensive because the company De Beers controls the diamond market basically like a monopoly. In the end, diamonds are not as rare as their price suggests, even after polishing, etc." ], "score": [ 20 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8mfzm" ], "text": [ "Because your peripheral vision contains more rods (the cells that detect light vs dark) than cones (which detect color and are useless in the dark). The very center of your vision needs to have high acuity in daylight which means lots of color detection." ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8uafj", "dc8rt9a", "dc92evy" ], "text": [ "Sometimes dolphins will beach in large groups when they are sick. There have been large stranding events after explosions or loud sonor pings which blind the dolphins ability to see using sound. I worked in marine mammal rescue.", "In almost all cases they are dead or extremely ill/weak when they wash ashore - I.E. they have no control over it.", "Perfectly healthy Whales will actually beach themselves due to noise pollution. \"In the oceans, where distances can be long and visibility can be short, many animal species rely on sound to communicate, navigate, and monitor their surroundings. The haunting cries and clicks of whales are both beautiful and vital to their survival. Using \"songs\" cetaceans can communicate with one another across several hundred kilometers of ocean. Whale sonar allows the animals to find food, safely travel along irregular coastlines, and migrate to and from breeding and feeding grounds. Some whales uses bursts of loud noise to drive and confuse their prey. These activities are becoming more and more difficult as manmade noise in the sea has increased dramatically. Ship traffic, oil and gas exploration, scientific research activities, and the use of military sonar and communications equipment have caused an increase in ambient marine noise of two orders of magnitude in the last 60 years. Recent studies suggest that noise pollution can harm whales directly by damaging their hearing, and in extreme cases, causing internal bleeding and death. More commonly, it appears that excessive or prolonged noise can cause behavioral changes that interfere with the health and survival of the animals. In this activity, you will consider one type of whale behavior that has been linked to manmade noise, stranding. When whales strand, or beach themselves, they often die. Death may be due to the factors that drove them ashore initially, or to exposure and dehydration and organ damage caused by the unsupported weight of their own bodies.\" URL_0" ], "score": [ 11, 6, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [ "http://www.montereyinstitute.org/noaa/lesson13/l13la2.html" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8ni16" ], "text": [ "I can't explain it in detail but its because they reproduce in times when reproductive success is higher, ie during times of high seasonal food supply or better weather. Humans don't have these selective pressures so we don't have breeding seasons." ], "score": [ 11 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8sp6k", "dc9anp8", "dc8r12p", "dc90kye", "dc8tnjt", "dc9m5zr", "dc8y76k", "dc8wzjl", "dc9jx7t", "dc9jz02", "dc9igzm", "dc9l7cc", "dc8yvp6" ], "text": [ "I think it also has a lot to do with their \"ick\" factor. They are very fast, get very large, are hard to kill, and make a really grody crunch/splat combination when you step on them. I think most people around where I live don't necessarily associate them with filth, because in a city with a high population density, some insects are inevitable. But we do know that they thrive in unsanitary, dark, humid conditions, where food supply is open and available and caustic chemicals (such as Clorox or Lysol or other sanitary disinfectants) aren't present to ward them off. So even if my house is spotless, if my neighbor is gross, I could end up with her roaches. I think a lot of it is that we know roaches *prefer* filth, so seeing them in your home (even if they're just seeking warmth because the season is changing) gives everyone the shock of feeling like their house is dirty. I think another thing that makes people hate them and think they're unsanitary (at least in the southern United States) is their tendency to end up in places that other pests don't invade. Example: yes, mice may chew into your dry goods, but the odds of you waking up to one being in the bed with you are slim to none. Flies are gross, but they don't end up desperately flapping into your hair, getting entangled. Spiders are cool (except when they're inconveniently located), but they don't tend to spaz out at you when you open a cabinet or closet. I lived in a nightmare rental property once and we had roaches so badly that you had to shake out the bedsheets before going to bed. Or the time one ran down my naked back because it was chilling in the folds of my hung up bathrobe. Or the time that I woke up in the nude and one was preening his antennae while resting on my bare chest. Fucking A. The worst was when one had decided to take a nap inside of my hairdryer. I did not become aware of this until the fan blades chopped him into tiny pieces and the heating element fried his guts into crispy chunks and shot them all into my freshly washed, wet hair. So glad I don't live there anymore. But I'll be damned, I'll still take cockroaches over spider crickets. Any day. Fuck those things. Edit: missing word", "I'm in pest control and I always enjoy the fact that people are disgusted by roaches. It's humorous to me since roaches are disgusted by us. If you touch one it will run away and start cleaning the oil from your skin off of itself.", "They're associated with being dirty and there because the area isn't clean. It's the same way we find lice disgusting. Yes it's kinda yucky that little bugs are living in your hair, but they're associated with unclean people as well. Lice actually prefer clean hair to dirty hair. And they can infest anyone, regardless of their cleanliness. Just like cockroaches. I think ultimately, it comes down to the fact that as children we are *told* cockroaches are disgusting so we grow up having this belief and passing it on to other people.", "roaches are more than just unpleasant to look at, they also have the potential to spread diseases through cross-contamination as well as cause some significant allergic reactions. A cockroach’s typical diet consists of feces, trash, and uncovered food, giving them ample opportunity to come into contact with dangerous bacteria and then spread it all over your next meal. It’s believed that roaches can transmit a wide variety of diseases in this manner, including gastroenteritis, dysentery, cholera, leprosy, typhoid fever, and salmonella, as well as also carrying parasitic worm larvae on their bodies. Even if food is kept well covered, the mere presence of roaches in your house means that they still could be tracking their tiny germ-ridden footprints throughout your home and kitchen, across counter tops, and all over plates and glassware. An equally serious problem with cockroach infestations is their potential to cause allergic reactions and worsen existing cases of asthma. Certain people are allergic to proteins found in cockroach feces and saliva, the exposure to which can result in skin rashes, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. These same roach allergens can also trigger serious asthma attacks, especially in children. Asthma alone can be a life-threatening disease, and a large portion of asthmatics are also allergic to cockroaches, leading to much worse symptoms when they are in prolonged proximity with theses insects.", "That metallic smell is unnerving. I do not like how they show by their very existence what you thought your clean house was is not. My dad used to tell me stories about how he watched a roach crawl on a toothbrush and shit on it. Makes you wonder what they do to your face when you are sleeping. But the worst aspect in my mind is sometimes you know it is only going to get worse. Lived in an apartment once where the idiots there only sprayed the specific rooms with roaches. I saw a single roach on the first night. By the end of my lease, they were in my freezer and there was no place safe from them, and if I called the landlord or bombed the place, they were just going to come back. That sucks. Properly run complexes annually spray top to bottom the entire building.", "I dated a guy in high school whose guardians' house (his grandparents) was INFESTED with German roaches. I am not a squeamish girl by any means, but this was bad. You'd walk in the front door to a dark house, and roaches would scatter up the walls, across the floor, and across the ceiling away from the light from the open door. They were inside the dishwasher, the oven, the fridge and the freezer. The house just had this... *smell* to it. And it stuck to him, his hair, his skin, his clothes. The house was a mobile home and had a built-in radio/speaker system, with the tuning dial mounted on the wall in the living room. Inside the plastic covering of the tuning dial was absolutely filled with discarded egg cases. When I realized that I just recoiled. I came over one night to have taco salad with him and his grandparents. I had ingredients spread out on the kitchen table and was having to flick roaches away from them because they kept crawling toward the food. I was paranoid that I would find one in my taco salad and so it was hard to be hungry... The ex ended up finding one in the sour cream on top of his salad in the bowl... he picked it out (still alive) and just tossed it away... and kept eating. Yeah I was full after that. I didn't stay with him much longer. I started to worry I would bring home hitch hikers to my own house... somehow his grandmother's car also had roaches in it. But despite all that, roaches don't gross me out or make me freak out. The place I moved into last year had a residual minor infestation (German) from the previous tenant. I used a gel bait and an insect growth regulator, and within a month they were totally gone.", "What your are referring to are West German Cock Roaches. There are many species of roaches some are pests and the majority you would never see in our life. I have kept dubia roaches to feed my spider collection. They don't stink, they can't live in your house if they escape, can't fly, can't climb glass. you would never I kept them unless I showed you them because they don't even have a smell. Some roaches are called litter bugs due to the fact they only eat decaying vegetation and if you saw one, you would think it was a beetle. TL/DR it depends on the species of roach, not all of them are pests. Fun fact. Crickets are more closely related to cockroaches than they are to a grasshopper. I hate crickets. They are gross assholes.", "Do not underestimate the power of the Raid commercial. Millions of us have been indoctrinated with that message for a life time.", "I raise Dubia roaches for my bearded dragon. They've actually really grown on me this last year. They bumble around like idiots, can't fly, hardly smell unless you've left food in there and have actually grown used to me so that when I give them food, they come running for it, some riding on the backs of larger ones, no fucks given for the giant hand in the sky that brings delicious bananas. I'm not sure how id feel about, say, german roaches, but I've found Dubia to be quite endearing in their own way. I've totally gotten over the ick factor and will handle my full grown adults and check out their internal egg sacks to see if they're pregnant and let the males run across my hands or pick up nymphs and sex them. When they get scared they freeze in place and some will even roll up like rollie pollies, which is actually pretty cute.", "I'm personally petrified of roaches, call it a phobia. If it's a bee, spider etc I'm okay if I run into one but put a roach in front of me and I'm sprinting like Usain Bolt. My apartment is locked down with roach traps and pesticides just to be on the safe side but I can't even stand to see a dead one let alone one that's crawling and alive. It probably goes back to when I was a kid, spent the night at a friends house. I guess his house wasn't very clean because in the middle of the night I felt a lot of tickling movement in my sleeping back that woke me up. I got up, turned on the light and open my sleeping bag only to find about 6 huge roaches just crawling inside. It was the nastiest feeling in the world and scared the shit out of me for the rest of my life. The feeling of having them all over me was beyond disgusting.", "It's for the same instinctual reaction someone might get upset or defensive for being called a racist or sexist. In modern households, when you see a cockroach, deep down you know it's because you did something wrong. Maybe you weren't on top of your pest prevention procedures, maybe you forgot to spray, maybe you left that cardboard box from the grocery store in your house too long, maybe you were a little tardy in washing your dishes. Whatever the reason, a cockroach is a sign that your house isn't as clean or as well-tended for as it should be, and is a reproach and reminder that you should have done better.", "I have a paralyzing fear of roaches, and I've never fully understood why. And I'm not exaggerating this either. My college dorm building was infested with them, and seeing them was a fairly common occurrence. Other people would just step on them or even pick them and take them outside (I just shivered typing that). I, on the other hand, would literally freeze until someone near me would take care of it. I'm not proud of it, but them's the facts. I think, like others have said, it's that they're so associated with uncleanliness. My mom hates them almost as much as I do, because she was forced to live in some pretty nasty places while on welfare. I'm sure that's where I picked it up. There's also the fact that they freakin adapt to our methods of killing. Guillotine? Fuck it, I'll live without a head for a while. Atom bomb? Eh, I'll probably survive. No food? I'll eat literally anything, including the paper in your books. And they fight back. They can carry hepatitis and other diseases and can actually transmit them. Chemical warfare, I tell ya. Plus the stories of them crawling in people's ears. I read enough Animorphs as a kid to know their real plan there.", "Well people find them disgusting because they tend to love filth and thrive in garbage so they're associated with said filth. For me though I just have an irrational fear of them. Their large size, erratic and almost unnatural movement and speed and their capability to fly (clumsily and usually right into your face) is what I cannot stand. But this is just the American roach. Those small german ones don't bother me and the ones without wings even less. In general though I really dislike all flying insects. I have the same fear of large moths." ], "score": [ 386, 53, 43, 19, 18, 9, 8, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8syk7" ], "text": [ "The ice sheet is already floating on the ocean so it breaking off and drifting out to sea will have little effect on global sea levels. The real worry is that the ice sheet is holding back the advance of glaciers that are *resting on land* and if their advance speeds up they will be transferring ice from the land to the sea. That has the potential for catastrophic rapid rises in global sea level." ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8pycn", "dc8ye82", "dc8ropk", "dc8vtw7", "dc8x9e0", "dc8x0f8" ], "text": [ "Computers don't get slower. Software just gets more and more demanding, since it's always designed for newer computers. And even if you factory reset the computer, you're going to be getting newer versions of the software, which run more slowly on the old hardware.", "There are multiple reasons for this: 1. A lot of it is perception. Software is going to get more demanding over time, and your computer will slowly become outdated. 2. The more your drive is fragmented, the slower your computer is at reading from it. Modern computers are less affected by this, as they do defragmentation during any idle time. Also, SSDs have their own way of dealing with fragmentation, and are generally way faster tha HDDs anyway. 3. Dust and degradation of thermal pastes. As your computer gets worse at dissipating heat, elements such as the CPU or GPU will begin to generate more heat. While modern CPU's are rated for some pretty high temps without performance loss, constant overheating will impact performance. 4. General wear and tear on parts. This generally has a minuscule impact on performance, as most parts either work or they don't.", "Dust can also heat up your computer to a point that it runs slower on purpose to prevent damages. But usually it's the software updates fault.", "(Assuming Windows 7 - Procedure may be similar for other versions, for example, I know it is very similar or identical on Vista.) •Open the Start menu. (Windows key does this, if you don't know how.) •Type msconfig into the search box in the lower-left and hit enter. (You could instead type msconfig.exe into the command prompt.) •In the 'General' tab (should be open already) select the 'Selective startup' option, if it isn't already. •Go to the 'Services' tab. •Check the 'Hide all Microsoft services' checkbox. •You'll be presented with a list of programs that your computer runs on start-up that are part of other programs you have installed. None of these are needed for your computer to work, and many of them keep running long after startup (thus slowing it down.) Disabling them may cause other programs you have installed to load more slowly when you start them, or to break entirely, but Windows will keep working, and you can always come back here to re-enable things. •Un-check the boxes of any programs you don't need. If you don't know what it is, un-check it. •Go to the 'Startup' tab. •Un-check the boxes of any programs you don't need. If you don't know what it is, un-check it. •Click the 'Apply' button or the 'Ok' button at the bottom of the window, and close the window if it doesn't do it automatically. SOURCE: [WhyIsTheNameGone]( URL_0 )", "I think what you are referring to is (for the most part) mitigated by switching from HDD to SSD. when you install, uninstall, update, patch, copy etc. stuff it gets fragmented, so most of the stuff that computer uses and needs fast access to looks something like that (A - what we want to read; X - other data): AXXAAXXXXAXXXXAXAXXXXAXAAAAXXXXXXAXXXXXXXAXXXXX.. ..and so on so instead of just grabbing the needed data in one go, system needs to find every fragment. HDDs have latency and seek times and all other fancy things that state how long it would take to read one specified fragment of the disk - in human terms it's very small amount of time, but it all adds up.. It's like you got sent to the store for every item separately instead of all of them at once. The store may be 30 seconds away, but if you need to buy 100 items you'll spend an hour and 40 minutes just walking the distance normally you can hardly notice SSDs may be fragmented as well but, let's say (as far as this example is concerned) they don't care and have \"instantaneous\" access to every fragment My PC for instance (thanks to SSD) is responsive as soon as the desktop is displayed, which means that it of course still loads few stuff in the background (some of which is purposefully delayed by the system) but when I click on chrome it starts immediately. e: word", "There are many things that can cause this. 1. A lack of hardware work done on the computer. Fans can slow down and the computer will over heat easier. And dust can accumulate on the heat sinks which make them less effective. 2. Hard drives have limited use cycles and run worse as they fill up. Your computer is slowly piling up data all the time without you knowing about it. And even if you delete it, those fragments are still on the hard drive and bog it down." ], "score": [ 168, 27, 25, 8, 6, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [ "https://www.reddit.com/u/WhyIsTheNamesGone" ], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8rcah" ], "text": [ "Actually both urination and defecation (peeing and pooping) are very common when extremely afraid. This is caused by your bodies \"fight or flight\" reactions ignoring nonessential muscles such as the sphincter muscles that prevent you from randomly leaking piss. You don't do other discharges, such as vomiting, because vomiting is a very active process, it requires a ton of muscular effort to do it. Peeing and pooping though? Gravity and internal pressure take over very easily since the muscles that work for that PREVENT it, so when your body ignores nonessential functions, you start leaking." ], "score": [ 10 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8rbr5", "dc8ypvs", "dc9fssg", "dc9j5n3" ], "text": [ "Well a couple reasons. One is that the type of tissue that makes up the inside of your mouth has more blood supply than say your skin. More nutrients means it has the tools to heal faster. Also it's a great deal simpler than just regular skin.. You have like layers on layers of highly specialized cells on the skin of say your hand.. Where in your mouth it's just a mucous membrane with a smattering of fiberous tissue", "There's [an episode of SciShow]( URL_0 ) that explains a little of what's going on here, but the gist of it is that human saliva, and that of some animals contains a protein called [Tissue Factor]( URL_2 ) which they claim helps with the blood clotting process. They add that saliva also has [Lysozyme]( URL_1 ), an enzyme which can inhibit bacterial growth by attacking the cell walls of certain bacteria. Edit: yes, the video I referenced is about why animals lick their wounds, and yes it applies to humans and no, I don't advise you to do that. Use some neosporin or something you animals.", "There's one reason that I didn't see mentioned here. It HAS to. It's got a lot of things going for it that help it heal quickly, but when you get right down to it, cuts, abrasions, and burns in your mouth have to heal quickly or else they'd become really nasty festering wounds. Mouths are really nasty biological cesspools, and if you get an injury there, you're a lot better off if the skin cells in there are actually programmed to react to damage with superspeed repairs.", "Because it's highly vascularized and it's keratinized stratified squamous skin tissue. Keratinized cells are generally the types of cells on the body that are regularly exposed to the outside world, they tend to be tougher and repair quickly due to the fact they are hydrated and are often exposed to simple trauma. They are arranged in a manner that allows them to slough off and be replaced easily without the deeper layers of tissue becoming exposed. Edit: sorry didn't know what ELI5 meant before I posted this. Was excited there was a question I knew the answer to." ], "score": [ 100, 17, 10, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [ "https://youtu.be/fRTFxphF93Q", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysozyme", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_factor" ], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8uuk8", "dc8s7ph", "dc96r45" ], "text": [ "On first introduction, our brain naturally searches to get a handle on things--do I know this individual? What can I induce about him/her from appearance? It's all about us assessing the threat/benefit level of a new situation. Your brain assesses that he/she shares traits with someone you are familiar with, acquaintance or celebrity. Then it determines if it is in fact the same person. Some people's brains are sharper at this than others'. (Personally I don't recognize most of my neighbors if they aren't in their yards/cars or with their kids/dog.) But once you get to know the individual, you tend to forget the initial similarity because by then you know so many things about him/her that are distinct. So if you are meeting the person for the first time, but your friends already know them, they will see more differences than similarities", "Perhaps you have poor attention to detail and thus two people to you may look very similar due to sharing some prominent features but look completely different to people who pay attention to the details. Same reason to us all chimpanzees look pretty much identical and yet they can tell each other apart just fine. Hard to say though since your situation is kind of unique to you so I don't really know how you expect any of us to know the reasons behind a very specific personal phenomenon.", "Here's my attempt at explanation. On seeing another person, our brain wants to be able to immediately associate features with those that you have seen before. This is one way for the brain to optimize the storage of facial features for posterity. If it is able to clump 3 individuals into the same category, it requires less resources than if it were to create a separate category for each of those 3 individuals. Now, everyone through their day-to-day comes across many faces, on media and real life alike. Our brain is working overtime to categorize and attempt to remember the facial features. Some brains are better at remembering features that others. (Perhaps in part because of being exposed to more faces. Those who work in customer service, you can imagine how many faces they have to remember) Now you and your friend come across two people and you chime \"gosh they look like twinnies!\", but your friend disagrees. This disagreement could be because you are able to pool them into the same category since you have been exposed to fewer faces while your friend who works in the charming world of customer service, says \"nah they look nothing alike\". He says this because he has been able to discern unique features which you glossed over." ], "score": [ 17, 7, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8t1pf", "dc8t5kq", "dc8tbc8", "dc8vnsm" ], "text": [ "Out-of-season produce is typically from areas with a different climate from the normal growing areas, or, if nothing else, greenhouses which can emulate a particular season.", "Well. First of all its always in season somewhere, and many of the fruits and veggies usualy found in common supermarkets can come from half way around the world, depending on temperature, humidity and the gases the fruit is exposed too you can actually massivly slow down the ripening process of a fruit or vegtable, The first example of this is when the apple harvest would end they would seal them up in wooden barrels and drop them in to lakes, the cooler atmosphere, the lack of oxigen and CO2 exposure, and if the barrel didnt leak the dry air would keep the apples fresh for quite a while. and considering modern transport you can probobly transport a load of any fruit from one side of the earth to another in hours if the profit margin is high enough. Now the harder bit, We now have the means to recreate in greenhouses the envirenment for around 90% of the fruit we consume, we can control the air, humidity, temperature and basicaly grow most fruits in and out of season anywhere as long as we can set up a sealed enviremnet where we control those factors, the thing is that it raises the cost of the fruit (this is why in season fruit is cheaper), The next generation of this is basicaly industrial fruit and vegtable farms where the produce is actually grown in stacked hydroponic shelfs like its being worked on in japan right now. URL_0 The thing is that if we manage to modify fruits and vegtables to be grown in hydroponic vertical farms we can drastricly reduce the ammount of soil, water and most importably pestecides used to grow our food supply, personaly i think its the next major advancement in agrucultural science.", "You can ship them from locations with different seasons, or you can recreate the season within greenhouses. As humans we have the ability to recreate much of the features of seasons within protected areas.", "Depends, but most of the time it's grown in a specific area that has a suitable climate even when it might be out of season. In Ventura California we grow strawberries and raspberries year round because our winter temp rarely drops below 55 so while it may be out of season for the rest of the country it's still a suitable climate to grow. There is also a difference in day neutral plants and long day plants. Plants that flower no matter the day length and plants that will only flower during long days (summer/spring). Both of these factors allow us to grow year round" ], "score": [ 12, 4, 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [ "https://agfundernews.com/how-a-japanese-vertical-farm-is-growing-strawberries-using-led-for-the-first-time5691.html" ], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8srwy", "dc8xalg" ], "text": [ "Your stomach is filled with a somewhat weak acid. Throwing up acid is unpleasant, and can damage soft tissues in your mouth and throat. To combat this, your body produces extra saliva to coat your mouth and throat with a little bit of extra protection.", "Also pro tip if you start to salivate and feel nauseous, don't swallow the saliva! Spit it out, keep it in your mouth, gargle it if you have to. You won't be sick as long as you don't swallow it. I'll try to find the post that explained why, but it acts as a trigger to your stomach that your throat and mouth etc have been suitable protected from the stomach acid. It at least buys you a few minutes to get to a bathroom. Edit: post discussing this - URL_0" ], "score": [ 90, 10 ], "text_urls": [ [], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/LifeProTips/comments/pvvs1/lpt_if_you_dont_want_to_vomit_dont_swallow_the/" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8vcs4" ], "text": [ "The resulting liquid has much less time to absorb any acidity from the grounds. Since you are sending pressurized steam through the grounds instead of just letting hot water drip through them, it results in a less acidic brew" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8xm5r" ], "text": [ "Mitochondria originated from a bacterial symbiont, but are at this point extremely highly integrated into the host cell and really do operate like any other organelle. Directly to your point, mitochindrial division is entirely controlled by signaling from the host cell, which obviously has evolved to proliferate its mitochondria only when necessary. Even if the mitochondria could act independently (and this very hypothetical, as they lack the capacity to signal their own division), they have only a shadow of a genome with only a few dozen genes - not even close to all the genes they would need to grow and divide on their own." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8xer9" ], "text": [ "Your brain basically blocks the word you're trying to think of and floods itself with keywords, trying to make a connection. If you're on the spot bloodflow to your frontal lobes can increase, which restricts your neural pathways. This means you cant make connections as easily and dont know what to say. You freeze or get stage fright." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8vp4t", "dc92vqo" ], "text": [ "Mold, which is a fungus, grows from spores--it's like seeds for fungus. Most air contains mold spores to some degree. Some molds are harmful, some are not. It isn't something you want to take a chance with, so I wouldn't eat mold unless it was supposed to be in the food (such as blue cheese).", "Molds and other fungi grow from tiny, microscopic spores. They are pretty much everywhere and can stay dormant for a very long time. The sort of mold that grows on food is *usually* safe, if unpleasant to eat. But some can be dangerous, and some people have allergies to the \"safe\" kinds. Also, if you see a little mold on something, there is a lot of mold you can't see yet. Cutting it off still means you are eating mold." ], "score": [ 15, 6 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8whr2", "dc8wk81" ], "text": [ "Moisture. Dry foods absorb moisture and get soft. Soft foods (such as bread), lose moisture and get harder.", "Breads and cakes go \"hard\" because the moisture in the air actually crystallizes the structure. Cookies on the other hand are much drier and the absorption of water from the air adds moisture to their structure and causes it to re-bond with pliable connections. That's why stale cookies are softer but pliable. Anecdote: jaffa cakes in the UK were the subject of controversy when it was argued that they were biscuits (cookies) and should be taxed higher than they were, as cakes were not taxed as luxuries like cookies were. The main thing that kept them from being taxed as cookies was that they staled hard rather than going soft, which is one of the defining differences." ], "score": [ 4, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8yozf", "dc8xfj4", "dc8ygme" ], "text": [ "Some goods and services are easily tradeable between countries, like buying fuel, electronics or insurance. So you will find that they cost about the same wherever you go. Some are harder to trade, and this usually includes labour and land. So this means that prices can vary quite a bit in different countries and regions. In Thailand labour is pretty cheap, and land is fairly cheap. With restaurants, and to some extent hotels, a lot of the cost comes from the land and labour. It also helps that local Thai restaurants are set up in other ways to make them cheap. They churn out food fast as hell, people come, the order arrives in minutes they eat in ten, they are gone. So they serve tonnes of people in a sitting. They tend to have few options and they buy just the ingredients they need for a day. They don't waste much. Portions are small and the amount of the more expensive ingredients is particularly small. It's notable that if you go to one of the better steak restaurants in Bangkok you can pay $75, $100 or more for a single imported steak. Because you are eating imported food, with very skilled staff in a place with very high rent and none of the cost advantages that local restaurants have.", "Your also talking about a different currency. For example you can go to the Cayman Islands and get a drink for the equivalent of maybe ¢20. However compared to wages, that would be around $4 in their currency. Basically your USD or Euros are worth more in some other countries relative to wages.", "Simple. Every element which dictates the price of everything is less in Thailand; i.e. shelter, transportation, energy, services. Why is it less? The root cause is that labour is cheap, and workers are willing to accept lower wages for a job, whether the job is in the transportation, energy, services, or agriculture sector. The majority of these workers accept these wages because they need to in order to survive. This condition creates a cascading effect throughout the economy, causing everything to cost less. If it didn't cost less, then these workers would not be able to afford necessities in their own country. NYC is the opposite of what I noted above. Workers are, overall, not willing to accept $1 an hour to work in transport (i.e. drive a bus), monitor and electric grid (i.e. energy), work as a waiter at a restaurant. I can go on but this is ELI5 and I don't want to over complicate things." ], "score": [ 13, 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8yae8", "dc8ykrb", "dc9hm5p", "dc9jpvg", "dc8yjjf", "dc9lv4h", "dc9mhx3" ], "text": [ "I found this website that has a good explaination ( URL_0 ). I'll paste the explanation below to save a click. Inhibitions It’s one of the first reasons people drink alcohol – to relax. But that means that you haven’t got the same inhibitions as usual – stress and anxiety is reduced. But that also means you don’t feel anywhere near as guilty for having an extra-large pizza when you could’ve just shared a medium. Think we’ve all been there. Science Next, alcohol stimulates the hypothalamus – the bit in your brain that deals with things like body temperature, sleep rhythm, and HUNGER. When the hypothalamus is triggered, we get hungry when we usually wouldn’t be – in particular, for unhealthy foods… Blood pressure Because alcohol is technically a poison, your body starts working to get it out of your system. The effort our body makes to process alcohol reduces its ability to keep your body’s sugar levels balanced. This drop in blood pressure may result in a sudden and strong carb craving – which explains why we not only get hungry when we drink, but why we crave carb-heavy food. Alcohol contains a lot of calories, but like other liquid calories, it doesn’t fill you up the way food does. This isn’t unreasonable – if you’re relaxed, your healthy eating intentions will go out the window.", "Am i the only one who looses their appetite after drinking ? I tend to not even want food until like 3 pm the next day", "What is a calorie? It's a measure of energy in the form of heat and it's determined by burning a measured amount of something, and seeing how much it can raise the temperature of a fixed amount of water. Not everything that burns is edible and not everything that is edible gets digested or converted into energy. A classic example is insoluble fiber. We lack the stomach to digest it, it has a calorie value, but since we can't make use of it, it doesn't really count. In the case of alcohol it is broken down by the liver, which takes time, and eventually we get some carbohydrate from it hours later. The fact that alcohols take so long to break down, is useful for delivering carbohydrates in a slow and steady manner to prevent spikes in blood sugar. For instance many diabetic candies use alcohols for sweetener because the body absorbs them so slowly. It's also important to realize that unless you're drinking a distilled spirit like vodka, you are not drinking pure alcohol (and water in the case of vodka). A beer has calories, but much of that comes from the starches and carbohydrates in the beer that didn't get converted to alcohols. The same for wine and other fermented beverages. So they have calories, but it's not all from alcohol. In the case of carbohydrates they trigger an insulin reaction, which gives you a quick boost of energy, but then your blood sugar plummets which triggers hunger. It's the same reason drinking a soda might make you hungry.", "There was actually an extremely relevant article posted on the BBC Health news just today! [Alcohol flips brain into hungry mode]( URL_0 ) > \"It would explain why many people say they eat more when they have had a few drinks. Rather than loss of restraint, it is a neuronal response, the Francis Crick Institute team says. > ...The mice were given generous doses of alcohol for three days - a dose being equivalent to around 18 units or a bottle-and-a-half of wine for a person. The alcohol caused increased activity in neurons called AGRP. These are the neurons that are fired when the body experiences starvation.\"", "I eat nothing when I drink. I'm not hungry at all even if I haven't eaten or I've been drinking for 12+ hours", "Scientific America did a great post on this here. URL_0", "I imagine it's for the same reason appetizers exist. It's just enough calories to get your stomach working, but not enough to satisfy it, so it starts asking for more." ], "score": [ 310, 54, 13, 9, 6, 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "http://www.just-eat.co.uk/blog/why-does-alcohol-make-you-hungry/" ], [], [], [ "http://www.bbc.com/news/health-38562048" ], [], [ "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/drunk-mice-get-the-munchies/?WT.mc_id=SA_TW_MB_NEWS" ], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc979ck" ], "text": [ "Public Key Cryptography in a nutshell: You have two keys: a public key (that you can give out to anybody) and a private key (that — you guessed it — you keep private). Both of those keys can be used to either encrypt or decrypt messages. If you encrypt with one key, you can decrypt with the other. By giving out your public key, people can encrypt messages with it so that they know only you can read them (by decrypting with the private key). Encrypting with the private key is useful for digital signatures — we'll get there in a minute. Hash functions in a nutshell: Cryptographic Hash Functions are mathematical constructs that allow you to summarise data into a fixed size summary (called a \"digest\"), in a way that for the same message you always get the same digest, where you can't recover the original message from the digest, and where you can't easily find another message that produces the same summary. This is quite useful, for example, for validating that a downloaded file is correct (For hashes in current use, digests are usually like 20 or 32 characters long, irrespectively of the size of the message being hashed), or for digital signatures (we're getting there!) Digital signatures in a nutshell: Encrypting messages is annoying, because it forces the people on the reading end to have decryption software at the hand to be able to read them. This is fine when you need to keep messages secret, but sometimes what you actually need is to prove to people that it was actually you who sent a message that can perfectly well be shared publicly. A neat way to solve this: You hash the message you're going to send, then encrypt the resulting digest with your private key. It's this encrypted digest that is called a digital signature. Then you add the encrypted digest to the message. The message is still readable as-is, but now it has the signature. Anybody who has your public key can then do the following: - Hash the message themselves - Decrypt the signature with your public key, retrieving the digest you calculated on your end - Compare the digest they calculated with the one in your signature. If they match, then they have proof that you wrote the message yourself (the public/private keys ensure that you encrypted the digest, and the difficulty in finding two messages that hash to the same digest ensures that this is actually the right message) So what's the deal with the request to Julian Assange? Julian Assange has published his public key in the past, and that key is widely known. By asking him to sign a specific message, that user was basically asking JA to prove his identity — Presumably, only JA has the private key that goes with the public key we know to be his, so nobody else would be able to sign the message such that the signature would be valid as coming from JA. By choosing the message himself, he made it impossible for a fake Assange to reuse a message that the real Assange had signed in the past as a way to \"prove\" his identity. There's also the question of whether Assange himself still has access to those keys." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8yvqr", "dc8ydyu" ], "text": [ "People tend to get sick more often when it's cold for two main reasons. First, people tend to gather inside and closer together more. This increases the opportunities to spread germs. It also means people are less likely to be going out and getting sunshine/exercise and doing other things that generally keep you healthy. Second, cold air dries out your nasal passages and suppresses your immune response there. As a result, it's easier for germs to infect you when you breathe them in. That's why there's an increase in colds in winter. A third, sort of related reason specific to the flu is that the flu virus survives better in drier air. Cold air holds less moisture, so it's generally drier. As a result, the flu virus tends to do better in the cold than in the heat.", "I'm no expert, but from what I've learned, it's not the cold weather that makes us sick, it's what we DO when it's cold. During the winter, we tend to lock ourselves up inside. We start going outside less, and we even drink less water cause it gets so cold. Germs start building up and they multiply even more since we crank up the heat in our homes, then these said germs start impacting our immune system and then we get sick." ], "score": [ 6, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc905op" ], "text": [ "Yellowstone sits over a massive hotspot and is a supervolcano. While it would be very bad if it erupted, the danger is rather hilariously overblown by Hollywood. Granted, Wyoming and parts of Idaho and Montana would be gone, and the states immediately east and southeast of Wyoming (so, Colorado, the Dakotas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, and Kansas) would have a lot of ashfall and a slight but still significant global temperature shift for a few years (honestly, less than 5 years), that would be it. Anything West of the Rockies, or East of the Appalachians, would be basically unscathed other than a very light dusting of ash. It would be less of a \"everyone on Earth is going to die\" and more of a \"North America is going to kind of suck for the next decade\" kind of thing." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc91yfr" ], "text": [ "Luminescence is the emission of light but that does not also emit heat. This is in contrast to incandescence, which is the emission of light as a result of heat. For example the chemicals in a glow stick are luminescent but a bonfire or an old-fashioned light bulb is incandescent. Fluorescence is the emission of light as a result of the absorption of light, where the emitted waves are usually of a lower wavelength than the absorbed waves. We normally think of fluorescence when the object in question absorbs invisible ultraviolet light but emits visible light, such as a white cotton shirt under a blacklight." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc9eils", "dc9c9d5", "dc9ftr9" ], "text": [ "The simple truth that is that thin people eat less food than fat people. The science is irrefutable. I'm thin, I eat whatever kinds of food I want, I'm not constantly exercising or at the gym. I constantly hear people tell me how lucky I am because I have a high metabolism, but when we sit down to eat, it's immediately obvious that my metabolism has a lot less to do with it than the fact that their plate has 2-3 times as much food on it as mine, they are drinking 1-2 glasses of soda with their meal (I usually drink water), then have seconds and/or desert, and afterward they would never think of taking the stairs instead of the elevator. The bottom line is, just practice reasonable portion control and get moderate exercise each day. That's it. A box of cookies isn't for consuming in one sitting, soda should not be your main source of hydration, a bit of walking outside in the fresh air isn't that hard to do.", "Because some people are better at subconsciously regulating their caloric intake than others. Those that seem to lack the instinctive regulation must keep track of calories eaten and expenditure much more closely than those who have the ability. Being overweight is a choice, not always a conscious one, but a decision to overeat is made none the less.", "It's one of those things that doesn't boil down to any one issue. Genetics play a large part in those people who can eat anything they want and never gain any weight. Age also plays a factor in metabolism as most people's metabolism slows down as they get older. Some people just eat more. I, for example, am a very picky eater. A lot of things just don't look appetizing to me whereas my brother is like a garbage disposal. He'll eat anything you put in front of him and this could be a reason why he's overweight. And I have different tastes. It could be genetic or just acquired but I very much prefer savory and salty things to sweet things. I barely ever eat candy or chocolate and haven't eaten cake or pie for years. However I'm eating a bag of chips as I type this. Carbohydrates are better for your metabolism than simple sugars like candy bars. Some people have stronger \"hunger pangs\" than others. Again for example, I can go a whole day without eating (and I do regularly) and while i'll be slightly tired, I won't be angry or in pain. My brother will tear your head off if he hasn't eaten in a few hours. His stomach (whether its a learned behavior or a physical response) just hurts more and craves food \"harder\". Some of it is a philosophy of eating. I have very strict rules about the way I eat. I like to sit down, relax, and turn on a TV show while eating. I won't eat by myself unless I have a TV show on and I'm relaxed. My brother can't even make it home usually before tearing open fast food and going at it. The choices you make are also to blame. When I go to In'n'Out I get a cheeseburger meal (mustard instead of spread), fries, and an iced tea. My brother gets a double double (extra spread), an animal fries (fries with tons of spread on it), and a coke. We both went to the same restaurant but he consumed many more calories than I did. (spread is basically just thousand Island dressing for anyone who doesn't live in California). It also snowballs. If your body is expecting 4,000 calories because you eat that much almost every day then it will want that much and its even easier to pack another 500 calories in there on a day where you over ate. I'm used to around 1,000 to 1,500 per day so getting to 2,000 would be almost hard to do and probably make me sick. Edit: I also wanted to mention drugs. Some people smoke which makes them eat a lot less. I know a lot more skinny smokers than fat ones. And I started taking lexapro (antidepressants) a few months ago which has completely destroyed my already low appetite. So you never know what chemicals are being ingested that may affect someones weight. Birth control is another that has been thought to cause weight gain although I have no citation or proof for this. Some of this may be anecdotal but the truth is there is no one answer to why this happens. The only surefire way to lose weight is to eat less calories than you burn every day for a long time. Since the amount of calories you burn total is very hard to calculate, it comes down to you to figure out what lifestyle shows you results. Eating less and/or better helps you gain fewer calories, going to the gym helps you burn more." ], "score": [ 13, 11, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc97g3v", "dc9314v" ], "text": [ "This is a reference to the ongoing industrial dispute at Southern Rail, which is partly about proposals to have drivers, instead of guards, opening and closing train doors. The actual fear appears to be that this downgrades the job of the guard and puts them at risk of redundancy. I live in Germany, where drivers usually control the doors. They close the doors either when monitoring equipment (which may simply be mirrors) tell them the doors are clear, or on a signal given by a guard on the train or at the station. [Here, for example, is a train driver using on-board monitors]( URL_0 ): in other systems there may be, for example, monitors mounted on station platforms. That's fine, if you have these systems in place. And this does seem to be quite safe: I don't remember hearing about any incidents. Also, though, modern trains have doors that will open again if they detect that somebody is stuck in them, and can't be driven off until all the doors are firmly closed. If these systems are not in place -- the driver doesn't have a clear view of all the doors (a particular problem on crowded or curved platforms) and it's possible to drive the train with doors open -- then you certainly could have a potential problem with safety.", "Conductor and Driver are pretty much completly useless. Some subways in Paris don't have drivers or conducters anymore. Neither do trains in Spain around the parts of Barcelona." ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://www.punkt3.de/cms/images/2014/2014-05/06_01_MBP_ZAT_FM.jpg" ], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc944mw" ], "text": [ "Yes, but also the other way. We've been trained by sci-fi to associate the two. Much sci-fi takes inspiration from deep sea creatures, even historic depictions of monsters often were people trying to explain creepy shit out of the waves. Eldritch horror is expressly inspired by deep sea beasts and fear of the unknown. We use deep sea as a analogy for space too. So aliens are often deep see inspired. Not to mention many deep sea beasts live in high pressures, and are often warped or bloated by our lower pressure environment. Not to mention how we just ignore how ugly normal creatures are. Look at a lobster, penguin, or turtle in the mouth. Hope that helps!" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc97nmw" ], "text": [ "1. Our body works very hard to accumulate semen. (as compared to other bodily fluids like blood, plasma, saliva, urine etc) 2. Orgasms are a very prominent entity for our reward system. (this is because procreation is the top line item in nature's agenda) 3. Evolution selects for the path of least resistance. 4. Overwhelming the reward centers with constant stimulus is termed as an addiction and causes severe problems with mood and well-being. If we were able to orgasm on command, it would be too big a burden both physically and psychologically for evolution to allow to remain" ], "score": [ 16 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc95o1p", "dc9ab34" ], "text": [ "The FBI and other intelligence groups, as well as the RNC, believe their accounts were compromised by the same actors. The obvious implication is that the hackers have an interest in publicly releasing information from the Democratic party and not any from the Republican party. Given the overwhelming likelihood based on the analysis of intelligence agencies and the private firms who investigated the hack of the DNC, the Russian government is the perpetrator of the hack. The obvious implication would be that the Russian government had an interest in damaging the prospects of the Democratic party in the election.", "The RNC was hacked as well. But just information on the DNC and various Democratic people were released, because the hacking primarily came from Russia, and Russia wanted Trump to win, so it did what it could to hurt the Democrats in general and Hillary specifically. If the US government was attacked, it creates a rally around the flag effect - people will support the government against Russia. If it is a political party that is hacked, partisans in the media and in the other party will ignore the source and just use the info to attack that party. That's the dynamic you see today, with most Republicans deciding to ignore the intel reports because they benefited from the hack." ], "score": [ 14, 7 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc98e82" ], "text": [ "tldr: variety is the spice of life You have asked two quite disparate questions. 1. How does texture affect the tastiness of food. Here I assume, by tastiness you are referring to the enjoyability rather than the actual number of distinguishable tastes in the food. Having textural variety tells the brain that what we are eating will cover a wide range of nutritional inputs. This is what the body needs. Our reward centers light up to teach us to eat more texturally varying foods. 2. How something crispy tastes terrible when it becomes soggy. We have come to associate crispy food with a caloric surplus. Celeries are crispy too but we don't compulsively down stalks of celery. So there are exceptions. But for the most part crispy = good! Here, again, our reward centers teach us that caloric surplus foods are encouraged. If that same food gets soggy, firstly you are expecting the food to be crispy because of prior knowledge of its underlying form. So your expectations are dashed. And secondly, soggy also entails that the food is probably wet and cold. Wet and cold foods are interpreted by our brains as being negative because usually, decomposing or rotten food is wet and cold. I have eaten day old soggy \"churros\" that I made myself. They didn't bear resemblance to churros in reality but tasted alike. Since I had no preconceived notions that what I was eating is supposed to be hot and crispy, I enjoyed day old soggy churros too." ], "score": [ 7 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc97s10" ], "text": [ "The biggest thing that would happen: Water absorbs heat better than soil and ice, water also holds onto heat longer than soil and ice. So the less ice and soil, the more water surface area, the more heat stored, the faster the planet continues to heat up. It's like when you start a fire in the trash can, but then the curtains catch on fire and because the curtains are on fire the walls, roof, desk and bed also catch on fire. > Let's say all the ice melted, all the coastal cities are gone Secondly it's possible the ocean won't rise at all. Ice is less dense than water. It takes up more volume. But the mass of the ice doesn't change when it becomes water. Only its volume and density, meaning that water will not likely rise very much if at all, since the water is already supporting the mass of the ice. The reason water would rise is if the polar ice caps are land at the bottom with massive stores of Ice on top of them *Edit: Instead of just giant floating islands of ice.* The biggest threat of global warming is just a change of weather from the status quo. It doesn't sound like that big of a deal, but the problem is that ecosystems around the world will be forced to change much faster than normal, meaning Evolution may not have the time to keep up. It will likely be very uncomfortable for a large percentage of the population, possibly even causing many plagues/famines/wars/etc but for the most part, people would likely be able to adapt, even if it knocks out 99% of the population, humans will likely survive global warming just based on how far spread we are and the ingenuity of humans. We're the only species in the known universe to be able to live anywhere on our planet (and off our planet as well)." ], "score": [ 9 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc97qqo" ], "text": [ "I'll assume by \"shrinking\" you mean the same thing as being squished together. In that case, no. The average human body (~69 kg) cannot be contracted further than a mere [1.025x10^-25 m]( URL_0 ) (which is 10 orders of magnitude - 10 billion times - smaller than an electron), as it would inevitably collapse into a black hole. For any practical purpose, that theoretical limit is _pretty_ utopistic, and besides, you wouldn't live to tell the story anyway." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=schwartzschild+radius+of+a+human+body" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc97bg9", "dc9an7h" ], "text": [ "Primarily through dehydration. It is difficult to take in enough water to combat dehydration for sufficiently bad diarrhea. It's even worse when the water source itself is the source of the illness.", "Dehydration, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia. That is, losing-and-not-replacing too much water, sodium, and potassium. In the case of Civil War era dysentery, it would have been the salt deficiencies that killed most patients. Doctors, or doctor-surgeons, had by that point been convinced of the notion that if you were thirsty (as diarrhea patients usually were), you should be allowed to drink some water. But the didn't know about the electrolytes (salts), because, even if you gave patients salt in their water, they still died. The problem was that sodium and potassium aren't absorbed quickly from drinks unless there's a little bit of sugar present. This is ostensibly why Gatorade and drinks like it have so much sugar (really, though, you only need a little bit; Gatorade has so much sugar to make it taste better). If the army's surgeons had known then what we know now, they could have treated patients by giving them water with a spoonful each of sugar (or honey, or molassas, or or or), salt, and wood ashes per gallon." ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc9eypb" ], "text": [ "There are a lot of different ways that a prosthetic limb can be made to move, can you supply a more specific example of the kind you have in mind. Most systems will attach something above the elbow and actuate when the elbow is moved, meaning the whole firearm has to be moved up to actuate a grasping mechanism. Some have attempted to use nerve endings directly to control movements, but the nerves often die off from this and makes the interfaces unreliable in the long term. Some will use sensors capable of detecting muscle movements as small as a simple twitch and you learn to twitch certain segments of muscles in the upper arm or shoulder to control the limb's movements. And some even use sensors to read the electrical signals emitted by certain regions of the brain known to control movement of the missing limb to control it's movement." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc99x4t" ], "text": [ "I don't think it necessarily feels hydrating. It may feel refreshing to drink cold water, but it hydrates you just the same." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc9ju2z" ], "text": [ "First, there are hundreds of types of cancer, so this is just a general outline. Cancer occurs when a cell accumulates mutations that cause it to grow and divide inappropriately. For instance, the gene p53 is often mutated in cancers because it creates a protein that monitors DNA for damage and triggers cell death if the damage is too severe. This mutation allows for further mutations to accumulate in a cell. Other mutations do things like allow a cell to grow and divide independently of the growth factors that are supposed to trigger growth and division, or allow a cancer cell to evade the immune system, which is another layer of defense that the body has to combat cancer. Once enough of these mutations accumulate in one cell, it begins dividing out of control, creating more and more copies of itself. First generation chemotherapy was developed to target this characteristic of the cells, but it isn't very specific. It kills all rapidly dividing cells in the body, including those in the hair follicles, the lining of the gut, etc. Therefore, it's a war of attrition against these cancer cells with many normal cells in the body also suffering casualties. You're basically using poison that's supposed to kill the cancer a little bit more than it's killing you. Cancer has \"defenses\" against chemo, however. Due to the inherent instability of its DNA, it has a heightened potential to evolve a resistance to the chemo that allows it to tolerate the poisoning and continue to grow. Cancer kills you when the primary tumor develops the ability to send its cells into you blood stream and lymphatic system where they will land somewhere else and start growing more tumors. Once this process has reached a certain stage, you can't kill the cancer fast enough to save the person. There's a limit to how much chemotherapy a person can tolerate and how much good it can do to slow or stop the growth of the cancer. Chemotherapy by itself is often insufficient to cure cancer, which is why surgery is so often included in treatment plans." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc9du66" ], "text": [ "The House of Representatives begins impeachment proceedings. If a majority votes for impeachment, the President is now impeached, and the U.S. Senate is now responsible for holding a trial. The House of Representatives acts as the prosecution, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court acts as the presiding Judge. Two thirds(currently 67) of the Senate have to vote for conviction in order for the President to be removed. Any elected or appointed official in the executive or Judicial Branches of Government can be impeached by Congress. For any impeachment not involving the President or Vice President, the Vice President serves as the presiding judge. For those two positions the Chief Justice handles it." ], "score": [ 11 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc9i5ju", "dc9oicw", "dca47m3" ], "text": [ "We love our own smell. Try scratching someone else's groin and smell it, it ain't as pleasant.", "I personally think that we just want to check if there's something wrong, if those smell as bad as usual then we're fine. But if it start to smell different we will at least be caution if something was wrong.", "If you know you smell bad it's a good idea to find out just *how bad*. Maybe it's not *that bad* and you can carry on but maybe not point around with that bumhole-smelling finger too much, if it's *really bad* maybe you go wash yourself ;)" ], "score": [ 22, 12, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc9kdvg", "dc9h1he", "dc9hqyg", "dc9yvvo", "dc9qc1d", "dc9n762", "dc9woxl", "dca09co", "dc9ntuc", "dcacd99", "dc9vjpr", "dc9u4q0", "dca53oq", "dc9oyab", "dca6bjp", "dcaeie3" ], "text": [ "Background: Served on Transportation and Infrastructure Committee for a major Canadian city. Involved in design/implementation of roadworks, including intelligent stoplight systems. Some background on stoplights: There are multiple kinds of stoplights, the most basic just running on a simple timer-based system. Every so many seconds, the lights change, but there is no awareness of the traffic conditions. Some more advanced stoplights contain vehicle sensors embedded in the roadway at or before the stop line. These sensors feed information into the light control system, allowing it to make intelligent decisions. For instance, if you have a minor road intersecting a major road, there may be sensors placed on the minor road, so that the lights only cycle when there is a car waiting to cross. Sometimes they are used to signal a preemptive left turn light. The civil engineers will space out two sensors 4-5 car lengths apart, and if both sensors are covered it means there are at least that many cars queuing, and the advance left will allow those cars to proceed first. Most major intersections have at least a few roadway sensors. The most advanced systems allow the lights to communicate and can be timed to allow waves of traffic. In my city, there is an Intersection Control Centre, with live feeds from cameras at each intersection, and the ability to adjust intersection timings on the fly. Priority routes are identified, along with traffic flows during certain times of the day. The stoplights along these priority routes are then synchronized, taking into account the relative speed of the traffic and the speed limits. If you're going with the priority flow of traffic, you'll hit at most one red light, after which point you'll be synchronized with the traffic flow, and you should hit all greens, as long as you drive the speed limit. If you drive too fast, you'll hit each red just as it turns green. If you're hitting all the reds, you might be going in the wrong direction, or you're just really unlucky. I highly doubt that your city is specifically engineering the light cycles to slow you down. If anything, they'd be aiming to speed you up. EDIT: So this blew up overnight. I'll try to answer a bunch of questions that people have had. I'm not an industry professional, I've just been in the scene with them for awhile. I work in IT, not traffic engineering. 0. There's no big \"Traffic Engineering\" bible that every engineer uses. Different cities can do wildly different things, and all we can do is speculate. There's no way to answer \"My road is optimized for exactly 42mph at 11am, why is that?\" 1. People are really good at finding patterns where there aren't any. Conspiracy theorists abound! If the lights in your city are messing with you, they probably aren't. Having said that, weirder things have happened. *shrug* It's certainly possible for clever engineers to slow traffic down or to speed traffic up. I'd bet dollars to donuts that they do this in Vegas, as many people have mentioned. A few people have also mentioned that the lights are used to prevent speeders, another plausible possibility. It really depends on your city and the engineers. 2. \"aiming to speed you up\" is meant within reason. I'm talking about a jam packed 6 lane road where coordinated light cycles can mean the difference between 40km/h and 50km/h. At night, the lights probably ARE optimized to dissuade people from speeding/racing. 3. Buses and emergency services usually have preemtion devices to allow them to hold a green or switch to a green (usually respectively. I know that buses where I live aren't able to force a red to a green, but fire trucks can) 4. The roadway sensors use magnetic induction to detect when a large chunk of metal is above them, e.g. your car. It's not by weight or pressure, you don't need to hit them exactly or run them over, you just need to get your car near them. The preemption devices mentioned above use special strobe lights (or wireless in higher-tech systems), so flashing your high beams probably isn't gonna do dick, unless you can flash your high beams 20 times per second.", "There are a lot of different ways that traffic lights are controlled. In some cases the goal is to create \"waves\" of traffic that go through multiple green lights. And of course there are detectors that wait for vehicles before they activate - although they always have maximum green and red times. In this case it may be poor design or it may be part of a bigger traffic plan. It could be they've identified that by slowing traffic down at this point they're able to stop it building up somewhere else. They may have done it for a safety reasons if they identified excess speed as a particular problem.", "Usually it's because there's a preferred road to travel on and you're not on it. It can be a few main roads that gets all the greens to keep traffic moving and you're crossing them so you get the reds, or increasingly where I live, a toll road that the operators have a contract with the government to direct traffic onto either because its the new main road, or just so the toll road is always faster than the \"free\" roads. Other reasons are because of poor planing or the lights run off sensors and aren't coordinated (which amounts to the same thing)", "Wow, an ELI5 I feel qualified to answer! I'm a graduate student in transportation! Signal timing is actually a very complicated process, **but it really comes down to the fact that you can't please everyone all the time** (this is the tl;dr of every life problem probably). Let's illustrate it with a simple example. You want to time three signals, they are split with 30 seconds green and 30 seconds red. If you drive at the speed limit, it takes you 10 seconds to go from the first to the second signal, another 10 seconds to go to the third signal. So how would you time them? Well, it seems easy, set the second signal to start green 10 seconds after the first signal, and the third signal to start green 20 seconds after the second signal. The problem is this only works in one direction! Imagine, now, you want to go in the opposite direction using these timings. If you pass signal 3 when it first shows green, signal 2 will already have been showing green for 10 seconds (20 seconds of green left), and signal 1 will already have been showing green for 20 seconds (only 10 seconds left). Since it takes you 20 seconds to reach signal 1 from signal 3, it's easy to see that someone going in the opposite direction is going to have to stop. Add in cross streets and you've got yourself even more priorities to juggle! [Here's an image I found on Google to illustrate this]( URL_0 ). In this figure, the green arrows represent the \"greenband\" (the \"window\" where arriving vehicles will get green along the whole corridor) for the major direction, and the signal timing is plotted out as horizontal bars. You can see that the opposite direction's \"greenband\" shown in blue arrows is not as wide, and many vehicles will stop at one of the three lights. The reality is, transportation systems are designed to minimize the total system delay, which means spreading the delay around such that the total (volume*delay time) is minimized. This means that not-so-busy directions will see red more often, and you may see red at cross streets. Roads where both directions are busy are also really hard to time. Vehicle tracking technologies and things like this are used to adapt the signal timing so that less people have to stop. Usually most cities will time their signals a few times a year based on volume demands, and they may have special timing plans for bad weather (which changes how fast people drive) and special events that add extra demand on certain streets.", "This was intentionally done by the UK government to waste fuel and increase tax revenue. I'm sure it was pitched as a \"safety feature\" long ago in your case. URL_0 > In the UK, in 2009, it was revealed that the Department for Transport had previously discouraged green waves as they reduced fuel usage, and thus less revenue was raised from fuel taxes", "Could be poor planning by the city or you could simply be travelling on a less important road than the cross streets whose lights you are getting stopped at. An example. I work for an engineering firm that includes highway/street planning and construction division. The highway dept starts 2 desks away from mine. Our office is located next to a very busy city street/limited access highway intersection. The traffic coming out of my office park and onto the city street is usually crappy and the lights cycle in VERY short cycles. Cars pile up into the office park and citizens are constantly complaining to the city. My company did the design on the intersection when it was upgraded about 3 years ago. The city has asked us to do a traffic study to determine if the street traffic can be reduced or wait times in the intersections reduced. I was discussing all this with a coworker at lunch just the other day. I asked why the lights were on such short cycle and what could they do about it. The problem as he explained to me was not the city streets but the highway. Because the highway has much higher speeds the potential for deadly crashes is much higher if the exit ramp backs up onto the highway so the timing of the lights is designed to not let the exit ramp fill up. All the other surrounding streets are less important than making sure there are no stopped cars sitting on the highway to get rear ended. TL:DR maybe your road isn't as important as the other roads", "Boston does this to slow traffic down and make the city more \"pedestrian friendly.\" It doesn't work, it just makes drivers more aggressive and mad. That's what happens when your town is run by Puritans.", "It's called \"Traffic calming\" and it's done intentionally just like speed bumps. What it really says is \"fuck you for trying to get where you are going in a car. We will make it just as slow as taking a bus if we can.\"", "Something in a similar vein- Near me there is a long commercial strip with probably 10+ sets of lights stretching over a couple kms. The speed limit is 60km/h BUT, if you go at or near 60, you get through only one(or maybe 2 if you punch it)lights before getting stopped. HOWEVER if you are at the start of the strip(and grandma gets out of the way) and take it up to ~72km/h, you can cruise the whole strip not stopping once. It has been like this for at least 10 years.", "Theyre supposed to be timed slightly one after the other so that if youre going the speed limit you will eventually hit continual green. But after repairs etc the timing gets off.", "Traffic engineers: Not good enough at math to be real engineers. Not good enough at programming to be programmers.", "City councils instaling traffic lights opt to stagger traffic near commercial areas to make you stop and consider shopping at the small businesses you have time to notice. It's like forcing you to look at advertisements on the internet. And it works. Source: designed stoplights.", "In The Netherlands in some busy roads with have system which let's you know what your driving speed should be in order to make the next green light. It will tell you to drive slower to avoid standing still. If you follow the instructions you will almost always be able to drive all the way through town without stopping once. This is a wikipedia article about it [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )", "When the frig fuck are they just going to require car manufacturers put a signal-emitting unit into cars that are then picked up by related sensors in lights so they know how many cars are at each intersection and contain logic that decide which lights are green and for how long? No cameras needed, no oversight by human beings in a control center. One and done. Freeze me like Walt Disney and wake me up when that happens.", "I work in traffic control and I can tell you were not intentionally trying to slow you down, we drive on the same roads and want to get home too so we do our best to time lights correctly, keep the fiber and loops up and just keep the maintenance on schedule the best we can. If you want, and you notice serious traffic issues call us. We don't see every light and sometimes the timers can lose its time base over months causeing weird traffic conditions. Just call traffic engineering and let them know what you think is wrong. On a side note sometimes cops and emergency services accidentally will leave there opticom on unknowingly and this causes some backups as well. I say unknowingly because at least for our city there is no notification if it's left on it's just a switch and after a big event they just get left on by accident. Happens quite often actually.", "We have the lights with sensors on the ground. If there is a gap 4-5 car lengths, then the light changes red. It is frustrating when the person infront of you is slow and doesn't keep up with traffic, so the light changes red. Or when they sit at a light behind the sensor on the road, so the light never changed because the idiot infront of you won't move up. Also timing between lights with these sensors suck on the main road and favor the side street turning into main road. For example, if you are main road sitting at red. The side traffic turns left onto the same direction you are going but ahead of you. So that side street traffic triggers the next light, there is a gap of that traffic with yours. So when your light turns green, that next light has turned back to red because of the gap. So main oncoming traffic always hits reds. Frustrating as fuck." ], "score": [ 4004, 2343, 139, 38, 36, 28, 9, 7, 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [ "http://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/-/media/Travelandtransport/Roadandtrafficinfo/Traffic-Signals-Information/Figure3.JPG?w=650&h=430&as=1&la=en&hash=8C38C03F431B6B03CBF231DB963781581CBCC1E1" ], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_wave" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_wave" ], [], [], [] ] }

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