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{ "a_id": [ "dc33er9" ], "text": [ "While not exact, and assuming only minimal physical exercise, a person needs to eat roughly 11x their body weight in pounds to maintain their weight. For instance, the average male is 180lb (~82kg), which means they need 1980 calories to maintain their weight, which is where the 2000 diet comes from on nutrional labels and their calculated percentages of you daily value of fats, protein, etc. For a 5ft 8in male, the average weight is 120lb-165lb (~54.4kg to ~75kg). Since you are at 78kg, that means you take in roughly 1900 daily calories. To maintain 60kg, that's ~1450 daily calories. 1lb of fat is 3500 calories, so if you only eat 1200 daily calories, it should take you roughly 3 months to achieve your weight goal. However, getting fit is better than getting skinny, you don't need to be benching 150kg or anything, but getting to 65-70 kg and being fit is better. To reduce daily calories, simple stuff is just cutting out cheese, most any drink besides water, etc. is an easy starting place." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3385j", "dc331rp", "dc32vrt" ], "text": [ "It's mostly CYA. You are probably removed from the \"get new email\" list quickly, but they can't guarantee there isn't an already sent email sitting in a mail servers queue somewhere you haven't received yet. Easier to give you a few day buffer than have you call up angry the next day.", "When bulk emailing normally these are front loaded with timings set up for when they go out so the company can control drop rates and deal with unexpectedly high demand as a result of mailers. A lot of the time this is actually handled by a 3rd party company. It's not like sending out a group email from your own inbox. As a result of the processes these batches end to be signed off in advance and everything ready to go at set times so you can just go in and change the database etc or email a 3rd party to remove one of possibly thousands of emails due to go out.", "One such issue is some companies use different mail programs for different mail services. The problem is that you then have different lists that need to be coordinated. This isn't necessarily quick, depending on how it was built. Sometimes they request it built quick, not the right way." ], "score": [ 34, 10, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3d8f4" ], "text": [ "You brain has a part that tests reality. When you see something weird, like a man with three arms, it says, \"whoa, that's not right, better take a closer look.\" So you do, it turns out to be two people standing at a funny angle, and all is well. When you dream, the part of your brain that tests reality is less active. You don't question weird things, you just accept that you lost your shoes on the train and that means now you get to pitch for the Yankees. The problem is, when you try to remember things, your brain needs to put it into a narrative of related events. If what happened in your dream doesn't make sense, all you are left with is a bunch of random impressions...which is mostly what dreams are anyway." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc33xax", "dc39slf", "dc3ly62", "dc3ajw2" ], "text": [ "Android? It's a popular topic that Snapchat on iOS produces much better images than on Android, and an answer I saw was because the Android version only screencaps your live-preview and actually doesn't use the camera to take a picture. So, whatever app you are talking about may do the same. However, worse focusing doesn't make sense, unless it can somehow alter the focusing priority like on a DSLR (spot focus, dynamic, full auto, etc.).", "depending on the app, the default one may be designed specifically for your phone's hardware, wheras the ones in many apps will be very general to coer a wider range of hardware- and, often, won't have much money put in to the actual interface software (buying access to a cheap picture capturing library to get to the bare minimum) A better app that functions above and beyond stock might cost more money and need to be produced fully in house, or require purchasing a more expensive library, and might need to be designed specifically towards the hardware if your particular phone.", "It may not be known to every user but your phone actually has two individual cameras for videos and photos that have different properties. Your stock camera app uses the latter one (except if you are actually in video mode), which produces higher quality pictures in most situations and has more software post-processing applied to for example avoid motion blur or improve image quality in dark environments. The drawback of this camera is however a bigger delay between the moment you activate the camera and the actual moment the picture is taken, and switching between this camera and the video one takes about a second. Snapchat or other Apps that don't have a serious need for high image quality exclusively use single frames recorded by the video camera for photos to give you a better feeling of actually taking a snapshot of exactly what you see when you're hitting the button. Also they allow you to take both videos and photos in the same moment without any delay or change of perspective. The drawback is that most post-processing of the image is skipped this way and the camera has no time to actually fix focus or blur issues before taking the photo.", "For me it's the stock camera that has a shitty focus and anything else that works. Stock camera app can't focus unless the flash is on." ], "score": [ 28, 5, 5, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc337pl" ], "text": [ "By detecting the release of two specific chemicals (GABA and Glycine) and observing their interaction with the body. Edit: Grammar" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3a0hj", "dc3ogi7", "dc401qh" ], "text": [ "Different people have different cardio vascular systems. He may also be more fit than you, yes you read that right, sweating a lot and quickly is a sign you are in good shape.", "Sweating is a means to cool the body temperature. Your skin has a lot of surface area, and sweat acts as a medium that cools when in contact with (usually cooler) air. Producing more sweat covers more surface area of the body, and therefore becomes more efficient at cooling. Individuals who are physically fit typically produce sweat because their bodies need to cool more efficiently. This doesn't exclude individuals who are overweight, however, because moving a lot of mass - whether it be muscle or fat - requires a lot of energy expenditure, produces heat, and requires more efficient cooling.", "Really surprised no one has said this yet: genetics I'm half Philipino and in good shape, similar to my teammates on my soccer and tennis teams, but I always sweat WAY more than them. It's just because I'm Philipino, and all of my Philipino relatives sweat a TON as well. My brother and sister sweat when meeting new people and I sweat in interviews. When I was a 4th grader, after basketball games my head would be drenched and my teammates' heads would by dry. We just sweat really easily, and it's not related to our fitness. Also, all of my white relatives don't sweat this easily." ], "score": [ 49, 13, 7 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc36xty" ], "text": [ "Animals can faint if their blood supply to the brain is disrupted, as it can occur in humans, such as by the heart not functioning properly. That being said, I'm not sure animal fainting would be especially noteworthy. The most newsworthy case, \"fainting goats\" and the like, aren't actually fainting, and even they only draw attention due to the repeatability and frequency of the situation. An animal collapsing is unlikely to draw much news, and may well be swiftly on the way to being a dead animal anyhow." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3d9bu" ], "text": [ "[Grammar Girl]( URL_0 ) is a good resource for learning grammar rules. In a professional setting, you'll probably need to use commas to separate items in a list (I think we'll need to get Janine in Accounting, Kevin in Legal, and TJ in HR involved in this), to join two clauses using and/but/or (I emailed Kevin about the Jones account, but haven't heard back), after a name in a multi-recipient email or IM conversation (TJ, can you look into this issue?), or following an \"if\" clause (If Janine can get that account up-to-date by Friday, we can move forward with the Jones upgrade). And [Strunk & White]( URL_1 ) is generally considered the classic English language style manual. It's a fairly quick read, and has a lot of good advice, particularly about not being too wordy, which is essential in a professional environment. Also, [The Oatmeal]( URL_2 ) has a nice comic on semicolon usage." ], "score": [ 7 ], "text_urls": [ [ "http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/how-to-use-commas-a-summary", "http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-elements-of-style-william-strunk/1116794279?ean=9780205309023&pcta=n&st=PLA&sid=BNB_DRS_Core+Shopping+Textbooks_00000000&2sid=Google_&sourceId=PLGoP164&k_clickid=3x164", "http://theoatmeal.com/comics/semicolon" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc38hx9", "dc38dsk" ], "text": [ "Yes. To the best of our knowledge, quantum mechanical processes are truly random! Let's back up a little: The most common interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - the Copenhagen Interpretation - states, that the wave function of a system only collapses into a defined state when it is being measured. Before that, the wavefunction is a in a superposition of classically mutually exclusive states. Quantum Mechanics is a probabilistic theory. That means, it cannot predict how a particle will act, it only predicts the probabilities of acting in a certain way. To learn more about determinism vs. probabilism, click [here]( URL_0 ). When QM was first proposed, many people - most notably Einstein - thought it was absurd to think that the universe was not inherently deterministic. Hence Einstein's famous exclamation:\"God does not play dice\". Thus, the opponents of this probabilsim came up with several solutions. One of them was, that Quantum Mechanics was deterministic, but we simply couldn't see the variables governing the outcome. This theory is called hidden local variable theory. * \"Local\", because those variables obeyed special relativity. That means, faster than light communication is not possible. * \"Hidden\", because we couldn't see those variables, but they are still there. Even if we can't see them. This concept is also called \"realism\" because things are \"real\" even if we are not looking. John Bell, a famous physicist, devised an experiment to test this local hidden variable theory. To learn more of this experiment, click [here]( URL_1 ). The result of this experiment was, that the local hidden variable theory was wrong. Thus, either localism, or realism (or both) had to be wrong. If localism were wrong, the theory of relativity would be wrong as well. The theory of relativity, however, works exceptionally well, so most people tend to see localism as correct. Thus, realism - the concept that things are the way they are, even if we are not looking - had to be wrong. That means, particles are actually in an undetermined state before the measurement. So is a pair of entangled particles that is spatially separated. Let's assume a pair with entangled spin. If one particle is measured to be in the *spin up* state with respect to an axis, the other has to be in the *spin down* state with respect to the same axis. However, up until the measurement, both particles are in both states simultaneously. Since angular momentum has to be conserved, if we measure one particle's spin with respect to the x-Axis, and the measurement yields *spin down*, the other particle instantly has to collapse in the state *spin up*. Thus, one particle has to tell the other particle the result of the measurement, in order for angular momentum to be conserved. And this \"transmission\" happens instantaneously, no matter how far the two particles are apart. Yet, this is not, in fact, a paradox. No information has been transmitted, so the theory of special relativity is not violated.", "Yes. There are truly random quantum-mechanical processes. That's very different from algorithms for random numbers, these are at best psuedo-random." ], "score": [ 26, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmX1W5umC1c", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuvK-od647c" ], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3g7r0" ], "text": [ "There are many levels of consciousness (or unconsciousness) from fully awake to daydreaming to no self-awareness. Depending on what is causing it, you can be alive, but brain function is minimal and you feel and know nothing. People rarely recover from this state. A medical coma is one where the brain is at a level where it does not dream, like anesthesia. People often recover from these states and described as being awake one moment and awakening the next. I've had general anesthesia and that's what it feels like. A little slab of death." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3c4nl", "dc39kul" ], "text": [ "LFTR is a generation 4 molten salt type breeer reactor where the nuclear fuel and coolant are all melted together. It doesn't need large containments or high pressure reactor vessels. But it does have huge corrosion problems that still aren't solved yet and needs a specialized reprocessing system which also isn't designed yet. Generation 4 reactors are passively safe in a total loss of power scenario. All generation 4 reactors (except high temperature gas reactors) are at least 10 years out from being submitted for approval by the us nuclear regulatory commission based on a report to us congress on advanced reactor designs. So a LFTR design will be 10 years before it could even be submitted for design certification based on what the designers have told the government. Plus there still are very few regulations for allowing the licensing of a non water reactor design in most countries.", "They are very different. Thorium is a very different metal than uranium, and the whole nuclear fuel cycle is very different. They are safer, but there is less experience with them. When a company is looking at risk assessment, \"new\" is a very bad thing. Secondly, regulators and politicians aren't interested in \"more safe\". They want nuclear to be \"completely safe\", which even coal isn't, because of unfounded public concerns." ], "score": [ 5, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc39tqa" ], "text": [ "URL_0 > Near the Equator there is little distinction between summer, winter, autumn, or spring. The temperatures are usually high year-round—with the exception of high mountains in South America and in Africa. (See Andes and Mount Kilimanjaro.) The temperature at the Equator can plummet during rainstorms. In many tropical regions people identify two seasons: the wet season and the dry season, but many places close to the Equator are on the oceans or rainy throughout the year. The seasons can vary depending on elevation and proximity to an ocean." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator#Equatorial_seasons_and_climate" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3b6hv" ], "text": [ "Not quite like you're 5 but.... All foods we eat have fats and oils right? Well heat can make food break down making it easier for our taste buds to recognize certain flavors and aromas. As with anything cold, it tends to dull our senses. When your taste buds get cold, it makes it harder for your body to recognize flavors. That's why when ice cream melts, it's almost too sweet because it doesn't have that perfect balance of sugary goodness and freezing cold to mellow it out." ], "score": [ 8 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3m4i1", "dc3fje1" ], "text": [ "What you are seeing is fluorescence or phosphorescence. This happens when certain materials absorb light of one color and emit light at a different color (this is *not* the same as reflection). All colors of light correspond to different amounts of energy. Blacklights produce ultraviolet (UV) light, which has more energy than the colors of light we can see with our eyes. (When you switch the blacklight on you'll see some purple color, which is the highest energy color we can see). It goes in order of decreasing energy: ... Ultraviolet Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Infrared.... As it turns out, many materials will absorb UV light. What happens after that depends on what they're made of. Some materials can absorb light of one color and then shift their electrons around in a way that allows them to spit back out a different, less energetic color. So in a blacklight, they absorb the UV light that the lamp gives off, and then they spit out their own light in the visible range. This is why 'day glow' or 'fluorescent' green things shine so brightly in a blacklight (the sun also emits UV light, so these same materials do this during the day as well, but this process is comparatively dim). Same also for secret hand stamps that only glow in blacklight -- they don't absorb any visible light, only UV... and then they fluoresce (emit a lower energy color of light) so you can see them. As it turns out, some laundry detergents actually use this effect to their advantage. Our eyes are not so great at seeing blue (compared to green), so if you add a bit more blue to something that should look mostly white, it actually looks \"whiter.\" This is why detergent has that wierd blueish color, and also why it will clearly glow in the dark if you shine a blacklight on it.", "Blacklight is composed by ultraviolet light. We can't see ultraviolet, but it acts in the same way as common light bands. That means we can see the reflection of mostly the blue width of light when blacklight is pointed to white surfaces." ], "score": [ 6, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3gezc", "dc3fya6" ], "text": [ "Most things in our body are symmetic, on a cellular level this is because very early in embryogenesis a front and a posterior(\"back\") are defined and along this axis initiated by different concentrations of signal molecules, symmetrical expression patterns are developed.", "They serve different purposes. Herbivores such as cattle or deer or elephants have relatively congruous teeth because their teeth only have one job, crushing leaves and roots and other plant matter. Carnivores like cats and wolves and sharks have relatively congrous teeth because their teeth only have one job, tear apart meat to be consumed. But humans are omnivores, so like other Great Apes and raccoons and other omnivorous creatures we have a variety of teeth. Our molars are crushing teeth that we use to grind up plant matter and sometimes cartilage and bone. Towards the front we have our incizors which help cut through what we eat, then we have our canines which help tear food apart, and then we have molars which grind. Molars wouldn't be of any help in the front because we need teeth that cut relatively cleanly (hence why over and undergoes are an issue). And incizors wouldn't be of help in the sides/back because we aren't tearing at that point. Look at a wolf or dog eat a deer or a rabbit. They clamp on with the side of their jaw and then pull. Our cheeks stop us from doing that so cutting teeth are of no use." ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3ga59" ], "text": [ "A Congressman in the House represents the interests of individual districts where you live. A Senator in the Senate represents the interests of the state at large. The reason we have two chambers is because the Framers were concerned with balancing out the power between the states. If we only had the House, then the large states would outnumber the small states and run everything. If we only had the Senate, then the large states would be deprived of a larger voice on issues that they would likely have to lead the way on. So, the Framers created a bicameral legislature to balance it out." ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3gko7" ], "text": [ "From what I've seen on some Linus videos, many servers use 10GBit but the cost is so high that most consumers can't really justify the premium cost." ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3h1cm" ], "text": [ "Many computers do momentarily power off when restarting. However the capacitors on the motherboard have not been lacking power for long enough to completely discharge their power and so can still hold some things in memory. Sort of like when you unplug a power adapter from the wall but the little light on the brick stays lit for a few seconds. Those capacitors store power much like batteries do. That's why sometimes a restart won't fix a problem where a full power off and power on will." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3szc1", "dc3m8t5", "dc4d617" ], "text": [ "Like all mental illnesses, schizophrenia is most likely caused by a combination of genetic, biological, social, and environmental vulnerabilities. Something to keep in mind is that effects, like changes in neurotransmitters, may come about as a result of schizophrenia--they may not cause schizophrenia itself. For schizophrenia itself, a major outcome *without prompt treatment* is loss of grey matter in the brain. This can make symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and other positive symptoms more enduring and harder to treat, and it also affects memory. Treatment can usually prevent some or most of this loss.", "Usually a person develops schizophrenia because of rare genetic mutations. There is not one specific gene that causes schizophrenia. Studies show that people with the illness have several very rare genetic mutations that all contribute to the illness developing. The mutated genes cause subtle changes over time. Scientists have also found that you're more likely to develop schizophrenia if you have a first degree relative with it (mom, dad, brother, etc) however there have been people with a couple relatives that have the illness, but they have not developed it. On the subject of what schizophrenia does to the brain, it is said to be an imbalance in the brains neurotransmitters. Specifically glutamate and dopamine. There are some cases that suggest the ventricles, fluid filled cavities in the brain, are larger in patients with schizophrenia. Their brains also seem to have more or less activity in certain areas than the average healthy human would. Hope this helped some!", "In schizophrenia (SZ) there are positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms are things like delusions, hallucinations, behavioural/speech issues and thought disorders (stuff like making up new words, going off on tangents, being unable to shift focus to new subjects). Negative symptoms are often the more 'disabling' part of the disorder and involve things like not experiencing or displaying much emotion, a lack of motivation, decreased attention, generally decreased ability to enjoy anything, and poverty of speech (either being unable to speak or not speaking much). SZ is thought to primarily involve two main pathways/brain systems; the mesolimbic path/Nucleus Accumbens which is involved in the brain's reward/pleasure paths, and the mesocortical path/Prefrontal Cortex which is responsible for a whole heap of stuff involving thinking things through and behaving properly in social situations (as well as modulating attention and dampening extreme emotional responses). The prefrontal cortex (PFC) also inhibits the nucleus accumbens (N. Acc) path. Both paths are stimulated by dopamine release. Normally your PFC starts working properly in adolescence/early adulthood, but one theory states that in SZ it fails to come online due to some sort of primary issue. This leads to a few things: * A lack of PFC functions - lack of emotion, general apathy, poor attention, etc - the negative symptoms of SZ * An inability of the PFC to dampen/control the mesolimbic/N. Acc path meaning the N. Acc path becomes hyperactive causing hallucinations, delusions, speech/thought issues - the positive symptoms of SZ As for what causes the primary issue that 'breaks' the PFC, it seems that genetics play a major role in vulnerability. Genetics predisposes certain people to SZ, then an environmental stressor (e.g. hypoxic brain injury during birth, or potentially smoking pot) further increases the risk or can potentially trigger the development of SZ." ], "score": [ 7, 4, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3l349" ], "text": [ "Entropy man. It takes more energy to keep something \"clean\" or \"arranged\" than it does to let it go to chaos and become a mess. Put a bunch of strings in a box and shake it. Things will get tangled up quickly, and take more time/energy from you to untie/unknot the item(s). User /u/crnaruka answered this best in this thread: URL_0" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/49yu8n/how_do_things_tie_themselves_up/" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3jjdu" ], "text": [ "USPS is an \"independent establishment of the executive branch.\" It functions more like a corporation whose assets are public and whose services and pricing decisions are controlled by the federal government than a traditional government agency. It still is considered a federal agency, though many statutes about agencies specifically exempt or make special provisions for USPS. Unlike most agencies, USPS does not receive appropriations from Congress, instead relying only on revenues from its services. USPS debt is sovereign, but the USPS still owes it. USPS also has a board of governors appointed by the president. The board chooses the Postmaster General, who sees to day-to-day operations and is the head of the agency. The PMG is independent of the president, which is different from many other agencies. USPS is governed by many statutes that don't normally apply to federal agencies, like OSHA, the NLRA, and SOX. USPS's employees are also more limited in their civil service protections, with many not qualifying for those protections at all. There's a lot more information on USPS at URL_0 ." ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [ "about.usps.com" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3ivxo", "dc3iyfb" ], "text": [ "The animal can play dead. I did a movie and the animal had to act like it was being killed, while fake guts and stuff were put on top of it. It was eaten by a zombie, btw. So. The animal doesn't actually get hurt. It acts...just like an actor.", "Pretty much the same way they show humans being harmed without CGI - practical special effects and acting!" ], "score": [ 11, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3jul1" ], "text": [ "First, the program using the data takes data and chops it up into reasonable chunks called packets. Each packet has an IP address and port number where it is destined to, in addition to the data. It's kind of like the address on an envelope. It gives this packet to the operating system. The OS keeps a list of all the IP addresses it knows about on the local network, and associates those with Mac addresses. The OS also knows about a special IP address called the gateway address. When the IP is outside of what the OS thinks is local (this is defined by the Subnet Mask), it sends traffic to the gateway. In order to send traffic on the local network, to an Ethernet device connected to another computer, that IP packet gets wrapped in an Ethernet frame, like another envelope. When the device it is destined to sees that number, it starts listening, and unwraps that envelope. This is where the gateway comes in. When the gateway unwraps an Ethernet frame, it looks at the destination IP. If it is outside the local network, it sends a packet out to the WAN, which is really another router. That router then looks at the list of gateways IT knows, to see if any are wider areas, until your packet is either on a network whose subnet matches the destination, or it is certain that the destination doesn't exist on that network." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3jq3g", "dc3jnp9" ], "text": [ "Infrastructure in place to deal with it, both people's stuff and city wide. If you live in an area that regularly gets snow, you have snowblowers. You have shovels. You have winter tires, and they're already on the car. The city has huge salt reserves, plows, you name it. if you live somewhere that *doesn't* get snow regularly... that's a lot of money to spend on shit you need once every five years, tops! So nobody has the equipment to deal with even a little bit. **edit:** one additional problem warmer climates can have is ice. In colder climates, once the weather gets below freezing it usually **hangs out** below it for some time. So snow stays snow. But in the south, if it happens it only happens for relatively short times. If you have cold enough weather for snow, then it warms up enough to melt briefly, then dips back down again... now you have nice big sheets of *ice*. And that will ruin your day.", "Because northern states have snow plows and salt trucks, and southern states don't. So they have no way to clear the roads in the south. The snow just sits there, making travel almost impossible. Especially for a populace that has no experience driving even on well-maintained winter roads, let alone roads with several inches of unremoved snow." ], "score": [ 17, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3lst1" ], "text": [ "Sometimes it is as simple as which sleep cycle you woke up from or plain ol' lack of sleep. I just hate mornings. I like to stay up late and sleep a little late. Even if I go to bed early, I wake up feeling all \"bleh\"." ], "score": [ 9 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3oy54", "dc3tuwg", "dc3yky4" ], "text": [ "I don't know why Microsoft does it, but when Google switched they specifically stated their reasoning. They want to make it possible in the future to support alternatives to passwords. For example, you put in your email and Google asks you to either scan your thumbprint or enter your password. [Here's a good link explaining it]( URL_0 ).", "* 1- It's so you have more options in how you log in. If you have your Google account setup to use a phone authentication rather than a password, you shouldn't be prompted for the password in the first place. * 2- Security. While all major sites use HTTPS, encryption, and many more security tools, if the connection gets compromised having two separate pages might make it harder for someone to match up the data between the two. * 3- It limits traffic for the site's databases. If a user enters an invalid email, the server would just reject it, instead of doing the complex password hashing stuff. Its not going to decrease overall traffic because there are multiple pages being sent, but the strain on databases and computation will slightly decrease.", "Some domains have their own internal authentication systems (this is called federation). So for example if you try to login into a MS service with email somebody (at) URL_0 , you'll get redirected to an internal login website instead. (Not All services support it though) Same will happen for other organisation domains on Gmail. (Many universities use that) This way organisations can manage and their own accounts without involving the MS processes every time. This helps when the accounts for new hires are automated. It makes the login flow less surprising this way. Some services will still display both fields (user and password) on one site, but if you click the password field, your email will be checked in the background and you may get redirected halfway through typing your password anyway." ], "score": [ 26, 10, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "http://ux.stackexchange.com/a/78810" ], [], [ "hpe.com" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3r8vb", "dc3v1e6" ], "text": [ "Curing is a process that involves using salt(normally) to kill organisms living in or on the meat. Smoking technically counts as a cure, I believe, because compounds in wood smoke are hostile to microorganisms as well. The basic idea is that by inundating the meat with antimicrobial substances, you prevent rotting, mold, parasites and the like from setting in. Thus the meat remains safe because beyond oxidization and dehydration the meat will largely remain the same over time, since no organisms will act on it.", "Curing requires several attributes. Generally, the moisture of the meat must be reduced to prevent bacteria growth or other spoilage, the meat must be made inhospitable to bacteria, and the cured meat must \"sealed\" in some way to keep it safe. For example, look at a traditional salami. The meat is mixed with herbs, spices, and nitrate salts, which all inhibit bacteria. Specifically, the nitrates prevent botulism from growing, but will allow some others to grow. These other bacteria include lactobacillus, similar to what is found in yoghurt, which ferments the meat: the bacteria eat remaining sugars and convert them to lactic acid. This fermentation process reduces the nutrients available to other bacteria which may otherwise spoil the meat. Final steps to curing may include smoking, or in the case of salami, a fungal \"bloom,\" similar to the rind of a cheese, which provides a robust barrier to bacteria and oxygen. In the case of smoking, the smoke residue acts as an antioxidant, which reduces the spoiling effects of oxygen, and also inhibits bacterial growth." ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3puhk", "dc3sqr5" ], "text": [ "Yes is theoretically possible. Build safe nuclear plants and renewable energy supplies. Convert everyone to electric powered cars. Stop building war machines. Disband all armies. Put them to work building infrastructure. It will not happen.", "Sure, many of those people *do* have first world lifestyles...for 1905. That's kind of the catch, once a country like Thailand or Brazil achieves the standard of living more developed countries enjoy, those countries will have continued developing, and redefine what \"first world standard of living\" means. Also, just a note, while \"first world\" is something people clearly understand, it is meaning is tied to the Cold War and has become somewhat obsolete. The preferred terminology is \"developed\" vs. \"developing\"." ], "score": [ 15, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3olmz" ], "text": [ "California originally had 27 counties. New counties were formed out of old ones as populations rose in the years after statehood. With most of Southern California being desert, there weren't many people there to support forming new counties out of the original large counties. The last time a new county was formed in California was 1907, when there were far, far fewer people living in Southern California. When the population boom in the southern part of the state started, advances in transportation and telecommunications meant that it was no longer impractical to manage large counties." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3rsch", "dc3qq44" ], "text": [ "For one thing, it is pretty big. If there was a gold rush in South Dakota followed by a mass migration to Minnesota, we wouldn't be talking about one place being a magnet. But mostly it is a lot of little things: * the weather is nice * it is on the coast * lots of natural resources * good agricultural land * the Spanish left some good infrastructure * adequate water is many places, most of the time * lots of open space and room to grow In addition to all of that, it is *new*, and has embraced a culture of newness. Things on the East Coast can be very traditional, and while that has its benefits, it can also be an impediment to innovation. People come to California so they can be free to do things that have never been done before.", "Because people always move to coastal areas. Land-locked regions (AKA flyover states) have a much harder time importing and exporting goods. Coastal regions have ports and become natural centers for commerce and industry. Anyone immigrating to America from Pacific is likely to arrive in California and just settle there, unless they have a compelling reason to continue travelling. The fact that it was the site of a gold rush is pretty much the icing on the cake. California was settled by the Spanish loooong before any white man entered the continent's interior, merely because California was accessible by sea. Also, keep in mind that California takes up most of the West Coast. If you look at the East Coast, it is divided into dozens of small states based on the locations of early colonies. But there are only three states on the West Coast, and California takes up the most coastline and has the best climate. Therefore, it was always destined to be a major population center. TLDR; 95% geography, 5% marketing." ], "score": [ 6, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3y3ma" ], "text": [ "This is one of many fascinating illusions that the human mind is capable of creating. While there is no separate \"you\" that moves outside your body and then returns later, in your mind you get the impression that this has happened. Thus it is similar to a dream or hallucination. In a typical such experience, the person imagines that their point of vision (the place they are seeing from) is located on the ceiling a couple of meters above their body, looking down on their body. But in fact, we are not capable of seeing in that way. It's a beautiful and fascinating dream, as the mind tries to reconstruct confusing events." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3tym1" ], "text": [ "Autopsies can be very lengthy and detailed operations. Even a case which seems cut-and-dry may have additional facets. For example, someone was found washed up on the shore, but was their death by drowning? The lungs may be examined to see if water was inhaled, the brain to look for other signs of trauma, and the blood taken to see if drugs or poisons were present. It is a very \"hands-on\" practice, and a lot isn't fit for TV. A coroner or pathologist can do things a surgeon can't in terms of opening up the body and removing organs to be individually examined. Bodies which have been dead for some time may be decomposing and rotting: it looks much better on TV to show a computer screen with some vague \"scans.\"" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3w9np", "dc3uomu", "dc435ak", "dc3ur4n", "dc41san" ], "text": [ "In theory, war itself is a diplomatic state between two nations, where in those two nations will use their respective militaries to sort out what ever disagreement brought on the state of war. War crimes are, in theory, defined by a breach of the Geneva convention, which are the rules by which nations are required to make war ( pretty much, leave the civilians alone, and don't nuke, gas, or use any weapon that will cause unnecessary suffering.), in theory. In practice, the worst offenders tend to win the wars they're involved with, rendering the Geneva convention useless as a tool to restrain the excesses of powerful nations at war, And reducing it to a tool to further punish people who have lost a war.", "There are actual rules for making and mantaining a war. As explained in this Vsauce video (He segways to this topic in the middle of it): URL_0 About not beign a crime, i don't know If there is a singles answer. This gets into social and philosophical issue, i guess.", "You draw the line where countries agree to draw the line. Understand that humanitarianism was only part of the reason the Geneva Convention exists. It was every bit as much about big countries not wanting nasty but easy to make weapons in the hands of little countries. Banning chemical and biological weapons was a way of maintaining their power. Banning killing and nukes...not so much.", "War crimes are decided by the winners The \"winner\" also does not need to be involved in the war. Currently, the US (and NATO) is the perpetual winner and decides whatever is in their best interest, regardless of the actions actually taken. There technically are some guidelines, but because the above is true, they don't matter in the real world as compared with the interests of the winner", "In addition to the other answers, there are usually gentleman agreements in regard to what you can and can't do during a war. This is under the condition of \"I won't do x to you if you don't do x to me\"." ], "score": [ 22, 8, 5, 4, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [ "https://youtu.be/oThh3_Srxtc" ], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3vy68", "dc3xxyu" ], "text": [ "It usually takes a number of people getting fairly ill and reporting to emergency rooms or urgent care centers in a relatively short amount of time. There are a number of metrics used, but usually several people report illness within a short distance of each other. Data starts to build and county/state health departments get contacted and they start to investigate. If links can be drawn beyond a small community (say, a local restaurant serving improperly prepared food) to something bigger (like a grocery store chain selling a tainted product in multiple states), the CDC may get involved. [Here's an example of a common reporting form]( URL_0 ) that is used when investigating those claims. From there, investigators can track down specific products, get in touch with the companies that produced them, and then hopefully track it down to specific lot numbers and figure out when and where the contamination occurred. Edit:Fixed mobile typos.", "Health officials interview each person who got the disease, asking where they ate and what they ate. If possible they also look at the food they had at their homes. They look for anything in common between several of the people, and then they inspect that source as the possible cause." ], "score": [ 12, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://www.cdc.gov/nors/pdf/nors_cdc_5213.pdf" ], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3vy5w", "dc3vx82" ], "text": [ "A mouse will eat almost anything it can find and fit into its mouth, and although cheese isn't among its favorite foods it will eat it up if that's all there is. And that's probably how this myth of mice loving cheese got started. They were constantly being discovered in medieval cupboards eating the household cheese stash. But this would have been because it was the only food they could get to since the meat would be hanging and salted, and grain would be stored in jars. It was cheese or starvation. Then cartoons like Tom And Jerry picked it up and there was no turning back.", "Because of the long shelf-life of cheese. It was one of the few food products in the Middle Ages that could be stored for a really long time. Since mice will eat it if it's available to them, and since the cheeses tended to hang around longer than other foods, the depredations of the mice were more obvious. People just jumped to the conclusion that mice love cheese." ], "score": [ 7, 6 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3x7bs", "dc3ysym", "dc3z8ld" ], "text": [ "Any bubble that touches the spoon pops because it is so rough. That leaves a gap that the other bubbles fall into. Since no bubble can go higher than the spoon, the pot doesn't overflow.", "It does, it's a myth. What it does do is pop the bubbles which potentially slows down the boiling over but if the pan is hot enough and there is sufficient liquid it will still boil over.", "It breaks surface tension on bubbles that touch it, popping them and leaving room for new bubbles. This does nothing to prevent the pot \"boiling over\" if there are enough bubbles being generated quickly." ], "score": [ 19, 10, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc40xd4" ], "text": [ "Reverse osmosis is one way and I believe that I what they use on the ISS where they have to recycle all their water. I'd do more reading into how they recover water in space stations." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3y6z0", "dc42nwq" ], "text": [ "At a guess I would say that new games are bigger then a disc can hold, my battlefield 1 digital game was 43 GB (rip my data cap :( ). Im willing to bet that if everything has to be read off the discs the load screens would be all over the place and, with all the massive open worlds lately, that would be a game killer.", "The 360 has a ridiculously high reading speed to read the massive amount of data DVDs hold. I think a DVD spins around 300 times a minute? Which is crazy and one of the reasons the console is really loud. Yet, this gives the 360 the ability to read a lot of data off discs, avoiding long install times. The PS3, on the other hand, had the issues that they used a new format and also way lower reading speeds, which ended up in the need to install games, at least partly. The BD drive used in the PS3 was really slow and to compensate for that I read that some companies put their game data more than once on the disc, so it can be reached in time without long loading times inbetween. Thanks to the pretty huge size of blu ray this wasn't really an issue. Or they simply offloaded a lot of reading work to the ps3s HDD, which can read data a lot faster than the disc drive. When the new consoles arrived the whole install thing became quite the usual thing, also HDDs weren't as expensive anymore as they used to be. So you can throw in a reasonable big size with okay-ish reading speed, copy the entire game on it and let it handle the reading speed issue because BD drives still aren't fast enough to access data off discs. So you pretty much pre-install a game on PS4/X1 up until a point where it becomes playable and the rest background installs while you can start playing. Some games, like Final Fantasy XV or Battlefront just give you a small demo level to run around in, others give you the whole prolog to play (I think Uncharted 4 does this?) and the worst ones, like Fallout 4, let you start the game but have you watch an ingame install screen." ], "score": [ 5, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc3xghc", "dc3xabz" ], "text": [ "There's a thing called gravity that pulls things towards each other. When you fall from really high up, the earth is pulling you towards it (you're also pulling the earth but since it's *way* bigger you don't really move it, it can move you though). Now, when you fall, what are you going through? That's right! You're going through air. What's air made of? Lots of tiny particles. Now, the thing is, the faster you fall, the harder and often these little particles will hit you. You'll be going faster and faster until at some point, there will be so many particles hitting you so hard that they'll actually push you back with the same strength as gravity is pulling you down. So what now? One thing is pulling you down, and the other is pushing you up with the same strength. You can't go faster *or* slower. So you fall at *terminal velocity*. Terminal means final, and the speed at which you're falling is the final speed you can go since there aren't other forces that will help you change it. Are we supposed to take the 5 in ELI5 seriously, though?", "its just the balance point where the drag from the atmosphere equals the force of gravity. you can of course alter drag based on the shape/orientation of the object." ], "score": [ 8, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc40fxh" ], "text": [ "there is a gaping hole. Just had one out myself. Takes a long time to heal over and you need to take care not to have the blood clot come loose or you'll get dry-socket. it's exposed bone with a blood clot. Eventually will heal over and be just the ridge you're describing. Months of time need to pass." ], "score": [ 7 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc401o7" ], "text": [ "Lots of people confuse internet speed (measured in megabits) with file transfer speed (measured in megabytes). One megabyte is eight megabits." ], "score": [ 7 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc42qz7" ], "text": [ "We don't need to. If the brain interprets that limb as our own, it will go on to fabricate sensations based on other sensory input. [Watch this]( URL_0 ). > And on top of that, how can we connect the brain to the limb allowing for our brain to control said limb? Cybernetics. Stick wires into the brain. Learn the rest through practice." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxwn1w7MJvk" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc43z0f" ], "text": [ "The standard deviation is, roughly speaking, the average distance from the mean of each of your data points. However, your data can be greater than or less than the mean, so you can't just directly take the average of all those distances. Instead, we square all of those discrepancies so all the signs cancel out and they produce only positive numbers. Then we can average those squared values, getting the variance, and take the square root at the end to produce what we were actually looking for, a metric to describe how far your data points were off the mean without regards to whether they were too high or too low." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc41nj2" ], "text": [ "We don't know. We don't even know under which circumstances it happens. All in all, the [Mpemba effect]( URL_0 ) is a very hazy subject. Possible explanations for the [Mpemba effect]( URL_0 ) include: * Evaporation: The evaporation of the warmer water reduces the mass of the water to be frozen. Evaporation is endothermic, meaning that the water mass is cooled by vapor carrying away the heat, but this alone probably does not account for the entirety of the effect. * Convection: Accelerating heat transfers. Reduction of water density below 4 °C (39 °F) tends to suppress the convection currents that cool the lower part of the liquid mass; the lower density of hot water would reduce this effect, perhaps sustaining the more rapid initial cooling. Higher convection in the warmer water may also spread ice crystals around faster. * Frost: Has insulating effects. The lower temperature water will tend to freeze from the top, reducing further heat loss by radiation and air convection, while the warmer water will tend to freeze from the bottom and sides because of water convection. This is disputed as there are experiments that account for this factor. * Solutes: The effects of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate among others. * Thermal conductivity: The container of hotter liquid may melt through a layer of frost that is acting as an insulator under the container (frost is an insulator, as mentioned above), allowing the container to come into direct contact with a much colder lower layer that the frost formed on (ice, refrigeration coils, etc.) The container now rests on a much colder surface (or one better at removing heat, such as refrigeration coils) than the originally colder water, and so cools far faster from this point on. * Dissolved gases: Cold water can contain more dissolved gases than hot water, which may somehow change the properties of the water with respect to convection currents, a proposition that has some experimental support but no theoretical explanation." ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba_effect" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc42eyc", "dc43fo7" ], "text": [ "Because there is no objective basis for comparison. You can't get two people to agree on almost anything; your raters will have to become the ultimate arbitrators of what is true or not. It will be a shitstorm. The \"post-truth world\" is not a new thing; we've always lived in it. Significant portions of the global community disagree on a broad range of objective fact. Let's take Donald Trump's ballistic claim that Barack Obama helped found ISIS the literal way. You're going to find *hundreds of millions of people* throughout the world who will agree with it, and dismiss your attempts to debunk it - most Russians, and a large portion of the Muslim world believing that ISIS is a false flag by the global Jewish conspiracy.", "Apparently no one is credible to even give such a rating. Maybe if there was a global collective open-source agreement to do this in violation of every government's will and laws it would work but the very basis of this means violating laws because governments pass laws and enact punishments, including war/mass-genocide, to stop people from doing this. According to the laws of most nations to do this is an act of terrorism. IF such a collective action existed then its sole credibility would be to prove with evidence where each nation, law, law-maker, politician, etc., violates its own laws and contradicts itself (himself, herself). It can be done but the cost is very high. Right now the organizations that best meet the criteria are \"Anonymous\" and \"Wikileaks\"" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc442dv" ], "text": [ "Oxygen is present in water, but our lungs do not have the capability to separate the water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen. Jello is mostly water but you can't exactly drink it after it has set." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc435ej", "dc43lgn", "dc4afiv", "dc48tbn", "dc4bgd1" ], "text": [ "Not everything that is worth doing can be described simply. For example, suppose you want to do something simple, like come up with a mathematical model to figure out how much snow will be on a road a few hours after it has snowed. To be able to decently capture this, at a minimum you will need to include: * temperature * wind speeds * humidity * precipitation * cloudiness * ambient light levels * latitude * time of year And the real kicker is, many of these factors interact with each other, so you also need to capture those interactions. And this is for something as simple as how quickly is the snow gonna melt! Imagine what you may need to describe something more complicated. I happen to know all of this because I am currently (procrastinating at) writing a paper on this topic...", "I've never seen the formula you mention before, and without context on what the different variables mean, there's not much to say. In general it really depends on what you want to describe, and how many **variables** it has. Your function shows a relation between different p, g, q, omega, lambda and tau, which are a lot of variables. So the total relation is complicated. Another thing is that sometimes you can make it as complicated as you want. For example in **approximations**. A Taylor series for example, approaches a function by > a + b*x + c*x² + d*x³ + ... and so on. You can add terms for as long as you want, depending on how accurate you want the result to be. [This gif]( URL_0 ) shows how for every extra term (n) the approximation gets more accurate.", "lol the potential answers to this question could go on for days and days, there are so many of them that apply to so much.", "ive used equations like this in physical chemistry/quantum mechanics. put simply, it allowed us to calculate the energy of a molecule. usually we didnt need to have it be so long as we didnt need that level of accuracy. for practical purposes all of the extra terms were negligible. but adding terms gets you closer to the exact value.", "In the world of mathematics, there's about a billion different differential (and other types of) equations that describe various different relationships between variables. A lot of the time, mathematicians spend their lives investigating, researching and developing new mathematical proofs that can show how numbers and variables are related to each other. Then what happens is someone looking to solve a real-world problem, or looking for the ability to accurately predict how something is going to behave, can look to these equations and see if any of them can be used to model what they're trying to solve. Only a small fraction so far have been found to have real world applications where the equation actually can be used to model a phenomenon like electromagnetic radiation, or heat transfer. The equation you're looking at has a lot of periodic (cosine and sine) functions, as well as wavelength (𝝺), which means it's more than likely modeling something with wave-like behaviour like light, electricity, quantum mechanics, etc...." ], "score": [ 93, 12, 3, 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Exp_series.gif" ], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc439is", "dc4dx1v" ], "text": [ "Muscles have lots of blood vessels and the medication can get to work pretty quickly, so they're a good place to inject. Veins work even faster but they are harder to inject but because of that speed there is a higher risk of accidental overdose or side effects. There is also more danger of infection. So intramuscular is preferred but IV is more likely to be used in an emergency or for ongoing administration of medicine as it is also slightly more reliable. A lot of chemical drugs are intramuscular too. They're only IV if they need to be infused - diluted in a large amount of liquid and administered relatively slowly to avoid overdose/side effects.", "It has to do with a lot of factors, and while some medications HAVE to ne given a certain way, many can be done in a variety of ways. For instance, morphine can be given by mouth, IM (shot), IV (infused), or even transdermally (a patch, and it's absorbed through the skin) or sublingually (held under the tongue and absorbed though the mucosa-different than eaten). (And probably even more than that, that's just all the ways I gave it over the years). There are also different types of shots. Some are intramuscular (into muscle), some are subcutaneous (into the fat layer under your skin), and intradermal (just under the skin). And there are different types of IVs. Some are peripheral (like what you get in the ER for fluids that goes in a small vein), cental (tunneled or are inserted at a major vein and are placed with a much larger procedure). Then there are ones placed in arteries instead of veins, or the ones placed into the marrow of a large bone.... So most times, it depends on: 1. the condition of the patient (are they able to eat right now to take pills? Is their liver and/or kidneys a mess that a full dose at once is too much for their body to process and it needs given slowly over time? Do they have hives all over that we can't do a patch? Etc) 2. How fast it needs to work (did that diabetic just eat a burger and need some insulin, or are they in diabetic shock? Do they have chronic low blood pressure, or are they bleeding out? Etc) 3. The medicine itself and why it's being given. You aren't going to give numbing medicine in a vein to circulate the whole body when you need it in just someone's hand to do stiches. You're going to inject it into the tissues that need to be numbed. Also, a lot of medicines are not stable and cannot be given certain ways. Insulin is a great example. You can drink a bottle of insulin and your body will break it down with no effect in your GI system. But injected (either shot or IV) it's very effective. Some medicines given in a small vein will literally burn your vein, then leak out and kill the surrounding tissues. They HAVE to be given into a cental line (a bigger vein where it can dilute and circulate faster). Shots can take longer for your body to break down and therefore a dose can last longer. When giving something into a vein, you are making 100% of it available to your body immediately. You also get less \"peaks and valleys\" when it's a shot into fat, eaten, or a patch rather than IV for most meds. (Like \"Wow that worked!\" before you're even done giving it to \"It's already worn off!\" 30 minutes later. I had patients who preferred percocet to IV dilaudid because of the peaks and valleys. It was too much of a pendulum swing with relief and wearing off IV.) Sorry it got so long! If there's something you still don't get, I can try to clarify. Edit: I also forgot to say ease of access. A certain antibiotic may have virtually the same effect IV or IM, but the patient only needs one dose. They don't need an IV for anything else. Why put them through starting and IV for one dose? It's much better for time and the patient to just do the shot and be done with it." ], "score": [ 6, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc45rvt", "dc49iut", "dc444h9", "dc48u1w", "dc43u9t", "dc45aso" ], "text": [ "Let's use a 1-pound chocolate bar. Multiplication: if you have a 4 count of 1-pound chocolate bars, you have 4 pounds of chocolate. If you have no 1-pound chocolate bars, you have 0 pounds of chocolate. Makes perfect sense. Division: If you cut the chocolate bar into 4 equal parts, each part is 4 ounces (1/4 of a pound). But try cutting a chocolate bar into zero equal parts... conceptually that makes no sense. If you say that this means removing or destroying the chocolate bar, that would actually be subtraction. In effect, you want to collapse the chocolate bar into fewer than one piece but still expect all 16 ounces of chocolate to still be present in this space where there is no chocolate bar.", "Let us look at the number 10 10 / 2 = 5 Dividing by 2 gives us half 10 / 1 = 10 Dividing by 1 gives us the same number 10 / 0.5 = 20 Dividing by a half doubles the number 10 / 0.25 = 40 Dividing by a quarter quadruples the number. So, the smaller the number we divide by, the bigger the result. This suggest that dividing by 0 should give us infinite. However, let us look at it from the other end of the number line: 10 / -2 = -5 Dividing by -2 gives us minus a half 10 / -1 = 10 Dividing by -1 gives us the same number, only negative 10 / -0.5 = -20 Dividing by a half doubles the number, only negative 10 / -0.25 = -40 Dividing by a quarter quadruples the number, only negative. So the closer we move to zero from the negative direction, the closer the result moves towards minus infinite. This suggest that dividing by 0 should result in minus infinite. I don't think 2 results can be further away from each other than infinite and minus infinite.", "0/0 is undefined precisely *because* x \\* 0 = 0 for any x. So, think about the relationship between multiplication and division. It is similar to the relationship between addition and subtraction, they undo one another, if you will. In other words, we would like it to be the case that a \\* x / x = a for any a and any x. This is just fine as long as x isn't 0. But look at what happens when x = 0. 1 \\* 0 = 0 So, if I want my above undo rule to hold, since 0 = 1 \\* 0, it must be the case that 0 / 0 = (1 \\* 0) / 0 = 1 Okay, great! So 0 / 0 is 1, right? But... 2 \\* 0 = 0 So, if I still insist that the undo rule holds, and I also know that 0 = 2 \\* 0, then... 0 / 0 = (2 \\* 0) / 0 = 2 So, 1 = 0 / 0 = 2. Oh no. That's no good. Clearly 1 isn't equal to 2. So, how do we remedy this problem? Well, where is the problem? The problem is that we decided that division by 0 *could* mean something.", "5 year old explanation: Imagine you have a room with 5 people in it. A pizza is on the table in the room. If the pizza has 20 slices each person gets 4 slices. Now what if you have the same situation with a 20 slice pizza but there are 0 people in the room. Now how many slices does each person recieve... If there are no people to divide up the slices than there is no conceivable answer to this problem.", "0 x 0 is the same as 0 + 0, just as 2 x 2 is 2 + 2. Nothing added to nothing is nothing. 0/0 is asking how many nothings could I fit into nothing? Who knows. There's no real answer.", "I'll try for an intuitive approach. Let's have a*b=c Let's define division as a slight reordering of this into a=c/b So 0/0 is not undefined but indeterminate. This distinction is important because the number itself IS defined, but cannot be determined as it has an infinite number of valid solutions. To see this, let's try plugging in 0 for c and b (to give us our 0/0) and rearrange it into our first equation a*0=0 Well shoot, that's true no matter what value we put in for a. This is why it's indeterminate. Now let's try division by zero where the numerator isn't 0. Let's try c=1 and b=0 a*0=1 Well as we can see, we run into a problem. What value of a can possibly make this true? None of them can. There is no value of a that can ever be multiplied by zero to give us an answer of anything BUT zero. Using *this specific definition of division*, it's easy to see why division by zero is undefined. There IS a way to give division by zero a definition but that starts going into beginnings of calculus :)" ], "score": [ 447, 67, 44, 41, 4, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4410o", "dc444gm", "dc4ealq", "dc466bc" ], "text": [ "The 'catch' is getting more people into the areas with net. Those areas will have all kinds of things that mean more taxes going to the city, like business revenue or land ownership.", "City-wide internet usually either means free wi-fi blanketing the city (via routers placed all over the place like lamp posts etc). This has many advantages. 1. When tourists visit the city, they don't have to use expensive roaming data and can use their mobile devices to access maps and spend money in tourist areas they wouldn't have been able to had they not been able to access the web. 2. It drives innovation. When you can't afford the internet, many doors shut to you, including a variety of entrepreneurial resources. So many people living in the middle of nowhere make their livings off ebay and etsy and all those other online e-commerce sites. This keeps people in their home towns and stops them from always moving to bigger cities. 3. Makes it easier for people to telecommute. Actually the list goes on and on for why this is a good idea. The only reason it gets shut down is because the big telecom companies don't want competition and want to keep profits as high as possible while providing the least amount of service.", "If something is free, it's because at that point you are not the customer, you are actually the product.", "City councils are supposed to serve the citizens. That includes providing services and amenities. This is a service that they can provide that many people want. That's the why: people want it. Just like people want schools, parks, roads, lamps, traffic lights, footpaths, waste collection, gardeners and cleaners etc. Enough people want these things and believe they are justified in spending money on these things, so money is spend on these things." ], "score": [ 21, 6, 5, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc44xht", "dc45q04", "dc452wf", "dc44vn4" ], "text": [ "Because they have a long track record of misrepresenting the truth and frequently spreading baseless (right-wing) conspiracy theories (climate change is a hoax, Obamas' birther stuff, gamergate, pizzagate), knowingly using fake or debunked sources ( URL_1 ), and occasionally lying outright. It is propaganda more than news. They have also employed \"journalists\" whose careers have consisted of 50% fraud, 50% harassment campaign. In their eyes, anything goes. See [here]( URL_0 ) if you want a few fact checks. Or [here]( URL_2 )", "Not *everyone* hates Breitbart; but what is true is that it doesn't have a very good reputation. Breitbart has a very strong right-wing bias, which in itself isn't bad; unfortunately, there's a lot of evidence that it will misquote sources, take things out of context or even fabricate facts in order to fit its ideology, which appears to be white supremecist. For example, Breitbart recently reported that on New Year's Eve, about 1,000 migrants gathered in Dortmund to throw fireworks at the police and set Germany's oldest church on fire while chanting \"Allahu Akhbar\". The local paper it cited as its source [was incensed at the way Breitbart had misquoted it]( URL_0 ). The story of 1,000 Muslims rioting and committing arson falls apart when you look at local reports, police records and German traditions; the facts are these: * Gathering in the street at midnight and setting off fireworks is a German New Year's Eve tradition, and one of the busiest nights for the emergency services. * The 1,000 people that gathered in that place were mostly Germans. * A few individuals threw fireworks at police. They were instructed to stop; when they ignored those instructions, they were given a formal caution and made to leave the area (standard procedure in Germany). * One errant firework started a small fire in the netting of the scaffolding erected around the church for repair work; it was put out within minutes and didn't cause any significant damage. This is pretty much normal for New Year's Eve in Germany. * The church in question isn't even Germany's oldest. * It's possible some Muslims there may have shouted \"Allahu Akhbar\", but this is a very common exclamation in Arabic. It can be used as a battle-cry, but is most often simply an expression of things like joy, grief or fear, a bit like \"Oh my God!\" This isn't an isolated case, but is typical of the kind of journalism for which Breitbart has become famous. It goes beyond having a political opinion, and actually changes objective facts to suit its ideology; in short, it's not news, it's political propaganda.", "Misrepresentation, conspiracy theories, outright lying, outdated sources, and trolling people. They're like a right wing Buzzfeed but somehow more irritating.", "Because it's not news but unabashed propaganda, and often distorts the truth or outright lies." ], "score": [ 25, 18, 12, 11 ], "text_urls": [ [ "http://www.snopes.com/tag/breitbart/", "https://mediamatters.org/blog/2016/12/16/19-times-breitbart-cited-discredited-hate-group-spread-harmful-lies-about-pediatric-medical-care/214839", "http://mediamatters.org/research/2016/08/18/how-breitbart-news-spreads-lies-about-planned-parenthood-and-birth-control/212509" ], [ "https://www.thelocal.de/20170105/german-media-blasts-misleading-breitbart-reports-of-violence-on-new-years" ], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc46wxs" ], "text": [ "Where I live, Odd and Even correspond to cardinal directions. North sides of streets are odd, even is south; West sides of avenues are odd, even is east. Addresses are based on distance from the American border to the south and from the ocean to the west. It's really easy to figure out where any given house is even without knowing cross streets or anything." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc467dq", "dc47l5c", "dc47hs3", "dc48ta4", "dc49x6u", "dc46he8", "dc4bfxe", "dc47qa3", "dc45wfm", "dc4c6gc", "dc4c4o8", "dc4ay26", "dc45sdq", "dc4913m", "dc4ak9n", "dc4c3ma", "dc46olp", "dc4bnyh", "dc4bztd", "dc4bdvk", "dc4c4r0", "dc4babc", "dc49opx", "dc4bpik", "dc4avw7", "dc4a5bi", "dc4aynt" ], "text": [ "He didn't go from loved to hated. He was and remains incredibly divisive. People tend to have very polarised views and either love or hate him. What he did, and continues to do, is release private (often classified) information from governments, corporations and organisations. He is variously viewed as a vigilante, a traitor, a whistleblower or a hero. Really, it depends on whom you ask.", "Please note this is an opinion. I do not have facts on hand to back this up. In the beginning Wikileaks leaked info damaging to powerful people, the info was sometimes facts (like video of helicopter pilots killing civilians in Iraq, including children), to diplomatic cables showing opinions about certain heads of state. The leaks were verified, curated and then dumped to the public. It was a factory, uncaring and unbiased. Information came in, it was processed and then released regardless of who it implicated. During the last election though, Wikileaks seemed to start pushing an agenda. It started hyping up leaks, releasing often very boring hillary emails as slam dunks (for the record, I do not support Hillary. The were hints of shady shit going on with her and Bill receiving money from people for the CGI and other things but no real smoking gun. like at all.). This loss of impartiality is what has irked a lot of previous supporters. \"If Wikileaks cannot be trusted to be impartial, then they are no better than propaganda\" is the feeling among many former supporters.(not really, because shady shit is shady shit but shining a spotlight on some but hiding others in darkness doesnt help people make informed choices).", "They don't fucking proof read(this goes for all of the big boys), that makes them cunts. Seriously, leak the good shit... but the internet doesnt need details of active operational plans, full names and addresses of everyone in Afghanistan who collaborated in any way or any of that other shit. How the fuck would you feel if you helped US forces find a water source or some dumb shit like that and then suddenly the Taliban are on Wikileaks reading a list with your name on it? You can't just leak EVERYTHING without going through it first. The whole lot of them are attention seeking sociopaths who are pushing their own personal agendas and trying to act all noble while they do it.", "Well, for one thing, in recent times they have been very selective in the information they distribute, all of which seems to further the political agenda of Putin, so they've lost the mantle of impartiality they had maybe 5 years ago. Questions like why you would leak the DNC information and not the RNC info just screams political motivation, not seeking to enlighten your fellow man. So many liberals changed their view of the organization as in one stroke they both hurt their cause, and proved not to be impartial. If you have a whole lot of information, true or not, the way it's disseminated affects how it is seen. And their dissemination tactics make them appear to currently be just another propaganda system for Russia. No WikiLeaks about Russia harmful to Putin in years, pretty much since they said they had info.", "The ultimate truth is this ... When they leaked documents of the Iraq and Afghanistan war under the bush administration, the Liberal media loved it because they were undermining a republican president. Once Obama took office, and they leaked the same type of information, the liberal media hated it and vilified him. Wiki leaks has always been controversial. It's the media's portrayal of wiki leaks that's changed. #welivein1984", "Pretty simple really - conservatives hated him as long as he revealed stuff they felt was damaging to their cause (in the beginning there was a lot of stuff connected with the Iraq war). And now he is revealing stuff that supports their cause, they love him. Clearly it was never a principled objection to leaking per say - it was all based on what he was leaking. And in all honesty, the longer that Assange has been holed up in isolation at the Embassy, the longer he is becoming more paranoid and unhinged - understandably so. So we have more reasons to be dubious of his motives now than we did in the beginning.", "Depends on who you ask. He is loved by libertarians no matter what he does because he is exposing government corruption. The people that loved him and now hate him are democrats. They loved him because his leaks In the past made democrats look good. Now they hate him because they blame him for Hillary losing the election. What most people don't get is he is going to attempt to expose government corruption no matter the political party. He's more concerned about the truth, and politicians hate that.", "Nothing happened to Julian Assange , he just started exposing the other side.Seems to me all Wikileaks does is expose the truth, forcing governments to be more than transparent. Whomever they expose will dislike them. It's not complicated. Doesn't matter who he exposes, if they are corrupt he is doing good work. When did it become OK for the government to lie to its citizens?", "No, but the information he published went from exposing the misdeeds of the US government, to influencing the presidential elections (by exposing the misdeeds of the US government, its associated candidate, and the DNC). Basically, when the information WikiLeaks were publishing began to hurt the agenda of a portion of his proponents, said proponents retracted their opinion of them. It's *almost* as if people care not about truth but about who comes out on top.", "Aside from what conservatives and liberals think of the 2016 US Election leaks, another issue was the dump of information about private individuals after the attempted coup in Turkey. Wikileaks marketed the leak as sensitive information including government emails coming from the AKP party and Erdogan's inner circle, but what the leaks actually contained were conversations from online discussion groups and the names, addresses, emails, and phone numbers of thousands of private Turkish citizens, including information about *every female voter* in 79 of 81 of Turkeys provinces. Basically, they doxxed 20 million people, and when this was pointed out, denied it and accused their detractors of being shills for Erdogan. So while people originally saw Wikileaks as this fresh, democratic way of sharing information, it's become increasingly obvious over time that Wikileaks engages in very reckless form of activism. Unlike whistleblowers in earlier eras who would release their leaks to reporters who would take the time to verify sources and essentially put their careers and lives on the lines when they released such information; Wikileaks takes only cursory actions to verify their information, hypes the shit out of it, and then refuses to take responsibility when it's bullshit, dangerous, or it appears that they've been manipulated.", "[Because people started to see the kind of person he was]( URL_0 ) > In September 2012, Assange snuck into a restricted access control room and tampered with security equipment, Buzzfeed reported. > > An on-duty security guard said he told Assange to leave but he refused. Assange then punched the guard and grabbed his shirt. A filmmaker who witnessed the fight said Assange was \"out of control\" and wanted to provoke a reaction. [This is another account]( URL_1 ), and I must admit it's strange seeing this kind of journalism from Buzzfeed of all places. > There are few limits to how far Assange will go to try to control those around him. Those working at WikiLeaks – a radical transparency organisation based on the idea that all power must be accountable – were asked to sign a sweeping nondisclosure agreement covering all conversations, conduct, and material, with Assange having sole power over disclosure. The penalty for noncompliance was £12 million. > I refused to sign the document, which was sprung on me on what was supposed to be a short trip to a country house used by WikiLeaks. The others present – all of whom had signed without reading – then alternately pressured, cajoled, persuaded, charmed, and pestered me to sign it, alone and in groups, until well past 4am. > Given how remote the house was, there was no prospect of leaving. I stayed the night, only to be woken very early by Assange, sitting on my bed, prodding me in the face with a stuffed giraffe, immediately once again pressuring me to sign. It was two hours later before I could get Assange off the bed so I could (finally) get some pants on, and many hours more until I managed to leave the house without signing the ridiculous contract. An apologetic staffer present for the farce later admitted they’d been under orders to “psychologically pressure” me until I signed.", "He leaked information damaging to someone they liked. Pure and simple. When Wikilinks was putting out info damaging to the CIA, the military, and large corporations, he was helping bring down The Man. When he turned to the DNC, he exposed their hypocrisy, actually supported some of what Trump as claiming about Clinton, and hurt Clinton's campaign.", "Well he was never really entirely loved. Half the population generally thought he was a traitor (generally the more right wing folks) and others thought him a hero for exposing too much government intrusion into citizen's private lives (in direct violation of the constitution). The problem is he betrayed the left by leaking information damaging to Hillary Clinton... the left always thought he was on their side, even taken in by socialist states like Ecuador for safe haven.... but in this case he was just appearing to be helping Trump's cause (whether that was the case or not) and no one can figure out why exactly, since he has always seemed to support more progressive causes in the past.", "I've heard Assange called a traitor. Wouldn't he have to be an American to be a traitor? He's Australian.", "The only people who hate him are the ones who refuse to acknowledge the world we live in. The situation of the U.S. is worse than what everybody knows. You have the media to blame for the confusion.", "He went from publishing things making Bush look bad, to publishing things making Obama/Clinton look bad. So...Republicans went from hating him to loving him. Democrats, who make up a majority on Reddit, went from loving him to hating him. It's all about partisanship. There are a handful of consistent people on both sides, but it's basically entirely partisan politics. Just look at how Comey got treated. He went from being a partisan hack/great unbiased paragon of justice (when he said nothing was there against Clinton) to a great unbiased paragon of justice/partisan hack (when he reopened the investigation).", "The truth always comes out eventually. Everything he posts damages the US or Europe. The targets of his leaks are the US and NATO. Eventually people figured out this was not just a coincidence. There is a love for the underdog who speaks truth to power in democracies. This is how democracies evolve and get stronger, more inclusive. State backed shrills who seek to weaken freedom are seen for the threat they are.", "Hes neither loved nor hated. Wikileaks is, in this case, providing information beneficial to certain people - if for instance wikileaks publishes the tax returns of DJT then all of the 'love' thats out there for them/him now will quickly turn negative. Think of it like a cake cut a certain way. If a person cuts the cake a certain way where you get the tasty portion, youll probably like the person who is cutting the cake. But if you cut it a different way where you get the tastless portion, youre going to feel some negativity towards the person cutting the cake.", "They started exposing DNC corruption when most of the their supporters were young democrats so now they are pissed.", "Because when you're honest about the truth no matter where the information comes from, you eventually are hated by everyone. Before you whine at me, check my username....", "He promised big things about Hilary Clinton. In the end he had nothing. All this hype. It was a publicity stunt to get his name out there again. He's a troll. It was al capones vault all over again with Geraldo Rivera.", "In my honest opinion, he was pointing out things about the administration that made Americans mad, so they supported him. But when his proof and research pointed to Hillary Clinton's faults and provided room for Trump to get ahead, this angered a massive amount of Americans. They feel betrayed because Assange switched \"sides\" but his only motive is to tell the truth.", "He didn't quite go from loved to hated. In general and initially WikiLeaks purpose was transparency. Most anyone you ask will say they think their government needs to be more transparent. Ok, that's great. Now WikiLeaks comes along and dumps data and information in the name of transparency **without tact**. Allegorically, WikiLeaks is the parrot standing in Obama's shoulder the repeats everything. \"Squaak! Merkel you ugly. Squaak! Putin I went through your texts to see if you were cheating. Squaak! Merkel went through yours Obama\" and he hops from shoulder to shoulder. TlDR; while people like transparency. They don't like brutal transparency without regards for timing, tact, or even lives and jobs that hang in the balance.", "They started releasing *factual*, damaging info about the Establishment government in the US. That's what happened.", "The out corrupt leaders with evidence, who happen to be working with the MSM, who in turn spreads hate towards wikileaks.", "He's loved if the info he releases helps your political party, and he's hated if he's hurting your political party. The info he released during the election hurt the democratic party, as well as America's established oligarchs. Liberals generally liked him before this, because he released a bunch of info from the Iraq War, damaging the Bush Admin. The overall consensus now, is that he is simply hurting America regardless of Political Party.", "The way I see it there are several things involved: 1) a lot of people never liked WikiLeaks or Assange in the first place 2) the nature of the information changed. During the US election campaign WL was making massive claims about how they were going to release new stuff which would destroy Clinton, and… it didn't. None of it was really at all interesting or even new. 3) Assange personally, with his extended sojourn in the Ecuadorian Embassy in London in an effort to avoid extradition to Sweden to face accusations of sexual assault (or was it rape?) just looks like a paranoid conspiracy theorist with no respect for women. He claims if he went to Sweden they'd send him to the USA where he'd be vanished. If the USA had wanted him I doubt they would have had much trouble extracting him from one of their closest allies, the UK, where he'd been for some time already. To my mind this suggests he knows he's guilty and would go to prison in Sweden and there's no way a man who sexually assaults women gets to hold any kind of moral highground. Not that I have any evidence of that. 4) they seem to be serving Trump's cause, when surely there's oodles of awful stuff about Trump and his dodgy commercial and charitable dealings to be found. Do they have this stuff tucked away somewhere? Has nobody bothered to give it to them because they seem to be increasingly also serving the interests of Russia? But Trump is also a women-molester, so maybe they've just found common cause. I used to think Assange was well-meaning if dubious in his actions, but they say actions are the measure of a man and his actions do not paint a picture I like." ], "score": [ 375, 321, 151, 125, 53, 44, 31, 27, 27, 23, 14, 13, 13, 9, 8, 8, 7, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/wikileaks-julian-assange-issues-hideout-leaked-memos-article-1.2345414", "https://www.buzzfeed.com/jamesball/heres-what-i-learned-about-julian-assange" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc464pm" ], "text": [ "They walked. You can ask from Africa into India, Asia and Europe. Back then there was a land bridge between Europe and North America at the Bering Straits. They walked over that and walked south. More interesting in the migration of humans to Australia 40K years ago. Also the migration from the southern China coast of the Polynesian people. Both of those involved crossing water. What makes you think there wasn't any boats BTW?" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc45y9k", "dc47dmw" ], "text": [ "They are capacitive touchscreens. They rely on human skin or a special conductor to sense where you pressed, instead of just registering a press like older touchscreens. URL_0", "Small layer of fraction hair thin wires are Layn across your screen. These sense a magnetic field that when disturbed, changes the voltage at the receiving sensor which is then interpreted as input. This is done on an X and Y axis. You can see the output of this effect by enabling developer mode for Android and choosing 'show pointer location.' you can see where the x and Y axis sit where you touched. This interface or input relay is called a digitizer. To enable developer options, you go into 'about device.' and tap on build number several times. Then back out to main settings screen. At bottom should be developer options. Do be careful what settings you enable. Aka don't tamper with what you don't know." ], "score": [ 12, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen#Types" ], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc49yfm" ], "text": [ "In chaos theory, there's this concept known as bifurcation, which is when the behaviour of a system changes drastically as a parameter of the system crosses a certain threshold. The particular bifurcation that's relevant is this situation is the bifurcation of the logistic map. Let's break that down a bit. The logistic map is one of the simplest examples of a chaotic system. It's a very simple set of rules, as follows: 1. Pick a number x between 0 and 1 2. Multiply x by (1-x) and then multiply that by a parameter r, to get the number rx(1-x). 3. Repeat step 2 ad infinitum. You can represent this graphically by drawing the quadratic equation y = rx(1-x) on a graph, and then drawing the straight line y = x on top of it. The rules then effectively become: 1. Pick a point on the straight line 2. Move vertically until you hit the quadratic curve 3. Move horizontally until you hit the straight line again 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 ad infinitum The behaviour of this system depends on the value of the parameter r. If r is less than 3, then the numbers you get will eventually approach a single fixed point between 0 and 1 (the fixed point might *be* 0 or 1 for certain values of r). If r is between about 3 and ~3.45, then the system will end up cycling between 2 values that are in the 0 to 1 range. If r is between ~3.45 and ~3.54, then the system ends up cycling between 4 values, still in the 0 to 1 range. As r increases up to ~3.57, then the period of the system, the number of values it cycles between, will repeatedly double, to 8, 16, and so on. This is what's known as the period doubling bifurcation. For r between ~3.57 and 4, then the system is chaotic. It doesn't settle into any cycle and just goes on forever, never approaching any value, though it'll stay in the 0 to 1 range. There are certain boundaries between ~3.57 and 4 where it becomes stable again, with a period of 3, or 6, or 12 and so on. If r is greater than 4, then the numbers you get will end up outside the 0 to 1 range, and will just start heading off towards infinity. Whenever we cross one of those thresholds in the value of r, we call that a bifurcation. You can capture this behaviour by looking at what is called the bifurcation diagram, which for the logistic map, looks like [this]( URL_1 ). The horizontal axis shows the value of the parameter r, and the vertical axis shows the values that the map approaches. It might look confusing, but compare it to what I've written here. You can see that for r < 3, there's only 1 value that it approaches, for r between 3 and ~3.45 there are two values, so it cycles between them, then it shifts to 4 values, then 8, then it gets all crazy and chaotic once r goes past about 3.57. You can also see stable regions, like I mentioned, for instance just after r = 3.8. Now, what does all this have to do with the Mandelbrot set, which I haven't even mentioned so far? Well, look at [this]( URL_0 ). The Mandelbrot set lines up perfectly with the bifurcation diagram for the logistic map. This is the connection. The boundary of the Mandelbrot set is exactly the set of points where the logistic map bifurcates. Neat, huh?" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Verhulst-Mandelbrot-Bifurcation.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Logistic_Bifurcation_map_High_Resolution.png" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc46skx", "dc4bm2m", "dc46m14" ], "text": [ "Students and young people are often more idealistic and more likely to believe they can effect real change, while older people tend to be more pessimistic and resigned to things being hopeless or impossible to change. You can put this partly down to naivete on the part of young people, who lack experience and haven't seen protest movements fail before, but it's also true that if you've known a particular situation for ~50 years it's easy to incorrectly feel like it's fixed and \"that's how it's always been and always will be.\" On top of that, students and young people tend to have more free time, and less to lose. If you're 40 and working to pay off your mortgage and support your kids, getting arrested at a protest or labelled as unpatriotic can totally destroy your life, prevent you from feeding your family; even keeping someone in jail for a few days can result in them losing their job, without you having to charge them, a tactic that has been used in some countries. When you've got kids and people relying on you, you don't want to rock the boat or do anything risky. If you're in your 20s, it's much more likely that you don't have to worry about that. Students specifically, as opposed to just young people not in school, tend to form protest movements because they're more likely to be engaged with social and political issues thanks to their education, more likely to be left wing (university-educated people tend to lean more leftward than average) which means you oppose traditionalism and push social change, and crucially, they're surrounded by lots of other young people who are also engaging with social and political issues, making it easier to form mass movements. Universities are places where 100 people are routinely gathering in the same room to voluntarily learn about politics, it's going to be easier to attract large numbers of people interested in political protest there than anywhere else. This applies to a specific example, but in the 50s-60s, the US civil rights movement was heavily driven by university students because universities were a great place for black people and white people to finally mix socially. People moved from towns where segregation (either legally-enforced or just socially custom) dominated to urban areas to attend universities where black and white students sat next to each other in class, and the experience resulted in a lot of them realizing that the segregation they grew up with was bullshit and becoming enthusiastic about fighting it. Anytime a paper interviewed a white person inexplicably participating in the movement for black civil rights you would hear \"I grew up with my parents and friends telling me the blacks were slow and naturally inferior, a different species, then I went to university and there were black kids in my dorm and black kids in my classes and I realized it was all a load of crap.\" This has lessened a bit thanks to organisation over the internet. We're seeing the average age of protesters rise (although take this with a grain of salt, it's hard to measure).", "They have spare time. You never see throngs of \"single mothers of 2 with 3 jobs\" protesting anything but school lunch changes.", "Students have little to loose - no employers that would kick them out for skipping days - are sufficiently naïve and idealistic to think that a protest matters (as opposed to a deal struck in the corridors of power, or a horde of armed revolutionaries), are more educated than the global average (hence have been exposed to alternate political ideologies), and are just entering the politically active age. Of course, it's not always a good thing. \"Taliban\" literally translates to \"students\"." ], "score": [ 59, 9, 9 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc46rd4", "dc46v8w" ], "text": [ "The minimum amount of effort/skill needed to play a character/role. If a character/role has a high skill floor, they're pretty hard to play at even a basic level. For example in Dota2 there's a hero called Meepo. To play Meepo you have to control 5 different units, and therefore he's very difficult to play at even the basic level due to the increased level of micromanagement.", "Skill floor is the opposite of skill ceiling. Where as the skill ceiling is the skill level required to play a game or perform a task at the maximum efficiency the skill floor is the minimum skill required to even perform said play or task. Level ratings such as casual, easy, hard, expert, are skill floor ratings, not ceilings, because these identify the difficulties all players will face while playing on those level settings. As such the performance level of a player will also affect how well the player plays at other difficulty ratings, e.g. a player that plays at or above the expert level potentially can play lower levels easier or more efficiently than a casual player can play higher more difficult levels." ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4731c", "dc46xq5" ], "text": [ "imagine that you are in a room in witch the floor is all covered in rocks. random rocks of all sizes and shapes. if you vertically drop a tennis ball it will not bounce vertically because the floor wasn't smooth. on the micro scale the wall, too, isn't smooth and the photons will scatter in every direction once they hit said wall. some of these \"stray\" photos will reach your eyes and that's why you can see the table.", "The light that reaches your eyes did bounce off into your eyes. Surfaces don't perfectly reflect light. Then they would all be mirrors! The light bounced off in all sorts of directions. Some of that light reaches your eyes." ], "score": [ 14, 9 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc49pq3", "dc49cax" ], "text": [ "Well, assuming the Planck units are what we think they are, it's just the way the universe works. They're what we call natural units, because they are derived from natural constants and not human-centered stuff (for example, meters originally come from the Earth's diameter, Celsius and Kelvin come from the boiling point of water at Earth's sea level, etc.). The Planck constant is the quantum for action, aka the smallest amount of energy doing stuff over time. A quantum is the smallest amount of a thing you can have. For example, a quantum of light is a single photon, because you can't have less light than a single photon. The units come from a bunch of constants; for example, the Planck Length is derived from the gravitational constant, the Planck Constant, and the speed of light in a vacuum. The Planck Temperature scale goes from 0 (absolute 0) to 1 (the Planck temperature). To get an idea, it is over 141,700,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 C. We can't go above the Planck temperature because, at those energy levels, physics as we know it doesn't work anymore. We literally have no idea what would happen and no way to predict it. now, in theory you you could add more energy to the system even after hitting that high, but physics just breaks beyond that and temperature (or anything else, really) wouldn't mean much. As for the Planck Length, I know it has to do with the Uncertainty Principle, but I'm not really sure beyond that. It could be that there are distance short than that, but they have no meaning.", "I mean there's nothing really stopping you. A Planck length is the theoretical shortest length that can be measured. Planck time is the amount of time it takes a photon to cross that distance. Planck's temperature is the temperature a black body has to be to emit photons with wavelength of Planck's length. You could go smaller than the first two and higher than the third, there's nothing stopping you. As far as we know, spacetime is continuous. It's just distances smaller than Planck lengths are impossible to measure even theoretically." ], "score": [ 20, 19 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4e5ym", "dc4f0h9", "dc49sv7", "dc4cxmj", "dc4grt5", "dc4gu6t", "dc4gmsu", "dc4bk8w", "dc4dbsx", "dc4g33g", "dc5fecp", "dc4fzqk", "dc4jcao", "dc50w6k" ], "text": [ "It is called [Helmholtz Resonance]( URL_1 ). This is basically where there is a low pressure area outside your car because the air is moving relative to the car which, according to [Bernoulli's Principle]( URL_0 ), lowers fluid pressure. The air in your car wants to equalize with the lower pressure outside your car, so it gets pushed out. By the time the pressures have equalized, the air is still moving out due to its inertia, so extra air gets out. This creates a low pressure zone in your car and the reverse happens. It flows into the car, but too much flows in, leaving another high pressure zone in the car, and the cycle repeats. This oscillating high and low pressure happens tens of times per second, which we perceive as sound. Side note: u/fyrillin could be on to something with the bluff body vortex shedding. However, the reason I think he could be wrong is that I get this effect when only my sun roof is open. How could there be a winning side and a losing side if there is only one hole? It is similar to blowing on a bottle and making a noise, which is confirmed to use Helmholtz Resonance. Edit: I mixed up where the high and low pressure zones start. Fixed.", "Just imagine what happens to a soda bottle when you pour the liquid out too quickly. It's starts splashing and pulsing as it comes out. The reason this happens is for the same reason your car \"flutters\" when you have only one window open. The air only has one hole to go in and out of. So as air leaves, it creates a slightly lower pressure in the car which wants to pull air back in now to equalize. But it has to go through the same hole, and it can't be doing both simultaneously. So this switching back and forth between exiting and entering air creates the flutter sound you hear. If you crack a second window, the air will have multiple entry and exit points and you will not hear the flutter :)", "Imagine the air entering your windows. It gets sucked in because you have compressed the air in front of you and it wants to expand. Nothing in nature is perfectly symmetrical so one side gets more pressure than the other for now. However, because of the shape of your car (it's not streamlined with your windows open), the air from the winning side ends up swirling inside your car. That creates a low pressure area toward the OTHER side. The winning side gets pushed out by the other side - which becomes the new winning side, does the same thing, and the cycle continues. You have just formed a \"[bluff body vortex shedding]( URL_0 )\" event.", "New cars are so aerodynamic that air slips past the windows over a very thin boundary layer. When you roll them down, air still slips past them, but the air moving past the open window creates a Venturi effect. This drops the pressure in the cabin very quickly. As soon as the pressure drops below a certain point, the Venturi effect breaks for a second and a slug of air gets drawn into the cabin. The sudden increase in pressure reestablishes the Venturi effect, drawing air BACK out of the car. This is cyclical and happens very rapidly. Old cars rarely did this because they were much less aerodynamic and had huge boundary layers.", "Have you ever blown across the top of a glass bottle to make it whistle? This is the same thing, only the person blowing is mother nature, the car is the bottle, and the whistling comes from your screams of agony.", "Short story on the helicopter effect, and what kind of scumbags car dealers are. Got my first car a few years ago, excited as hell. Few days later I drive with the back window open and hear this awful whirring sound. What the fuck is wrong with my car?i thought it was something wrong with the back wheels or axles, because I only heard this when I rolled down the rear window. Finally, I take it to the local Didge dealer. They make me sign a thing saying I have to pay 200 bucks for the mechanic to look at it, whether they find anything or not. Like an idiot, I agree. Dude comes back and says the rest right axel is all rusted out, will cost 1000 to fix, and I'm like fuck that. Drive it all the way to the original dealer. Lady that heads the service department asks if I want to take a ride I her truck. She opens the back window and there's that same fucking sound! What? She explained the whole thing to me and I felt like a moron.", "I have no idea what OP is talking about. What's the \"helicopter effect\"? Edit: thanks for all the answers! I kinda know what y'all're talking about, I've only experienced it a couple times and only gently.", "Have you ever blown across the top of a bottle to produce a sound? It's that, just on the scale of a car.", "What I don't understand is that engineers can create an electric car that can operate almost autonomously with no sound, can drive 250 miles on a charge, and can outrace a Ferrari... But modern automotive science can't stop the windows from wub-wubbing like an Apache attack helicopter? Why not?", "It was explained to me like pouring something out of a bottle too quickly. If there is only one entry/exit, then it \"blubs\". If you have another vent(second window open) it allows the air to escape through a different opening that it is being pushed into.", "Another Aerospace engineer here, gonna put this in the simplest terms I can, probably gonna get too technical (or not technical enough) anyway. It happens. When you have a flow going along an aerodynamic surface, the fluid \"sticks\" to the surface. Basically, drag (the easy kind to understand at least) happens when the flow stops sticking to the surface. Opening a window kinda ruins the aerodynamics, so you get fluid separation across the surface where the window was. Here's a quick gif of simple flow streamlines and some fluid separation that I did for a class. (Simple 2Dchannel Pouiselle flow over a hump) Right past the hump, you're getting that \"turbulence\" from the fluid separating, and it kinda pulses. URL_0 it's not exactly what's happening here, but it's a similar basic idea. When the fluid separates, you get a low-pressure zone, so the air inside the car rushes out. But if you've ever poured out a bottle of coke/beer/water, you'll notice that it has to \"glug\" to let the air in to replace the fluid that went out. The air in the car basically works the same way, and \"glugging\" air makes that sound (and it glugs a lot faster too). That's why opening a second window fixes this problem--air can go out and in more freely without occupying the same space. This changes the resonant frequency of the car (usually shifts it up higher with more windows open), so you'd have to change your speed (usually go a lot faster) to get the same effect again. Super simplified, doesn't really cover the nuances, but it should get the basic idea across.", "I'm having trouble picturing this. Anyone got a video?", "You're sitting inside a giant whistle. As you know larger whistles produce lower notes. This whistle is so large the note is below the normal hearing frequency, so we feel it as the helicopter effect.", "Hey I have a follow up question to this, is it the same reason the helicopter effect occurs when I get out of the shower?" ], "score": [ 3703, 908, 223, 83, 37, 36, 33, 20, 7, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_resonance" ], [], [ "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_shedding" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://imgur.com/fftRTtQ" ], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4a9mu" ], "text": [ "Are you taking into account the environment? The temperature of hot water will drop much quicker when the air is cold/dry than it will when the air is warm/humid. If you only drink hot chocolate when it's cold out, but drink coffee at other times you may be introducing bias into your results." ], "score": [ 7 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4ay6h" ], "text": [ "The Body raises its' temperature as this kills/slows the infection. Human cells can tolerate the slight increase so only the infection is targeted. You feel cold for two reasons: One is your body itself making you feel cold, this makes you shiver to heat up(and also seek blankets and heaters). The other is you sweat profusely, so as soon as you feel too warm, you seek some cool air or get out from under the blanket. This causes cold air to hit you and the sweat instantly chills on your skin." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4bxc2", "dc4bsq7", "dc4docb" ], "text": [ "There's a fair amount of Canadian currency circulating in the US as well. For the most part, small change is inter-changeable between the two nations and there no exchange rate applied when making a purchase. But if you insist, yes, you can absolutely exchange it at a bank. Just note some banks may have minimums, charge a fee or direct you to a kiosk (particularly for coinage) which will charge you an even larger fee (yay fees!). Alternately you may be able to deposit it has cash into your Canadaland bank account at a lower rate.", "Canada and the US share the largest unguarded border in the world so things can get around pretty fast. Historically, the currencies have been more or less equal with goods costing approximately the same amount of dollars and the coins all look pretty similar as well so they tend to get mixed up. No one really bothers correcting or exchanging them because it's so much of a hassle for something that isn't necessary. As someone who works for a government agency in Canada, I can assure you we accept American coins as our own. If even government agencies don't bother with differentiating, there really isn't much point for civilians to differentiate them. Also, most of the Canadian population lives near the border so even if we wanted to separate them, we would just go across the border and spend them instead of getting them exchanged at a bank and paying fees.", "Here is the actual answer. You *cannot* exchange USD coins at Canadian financial institutions. The reason, most likely, is because it is expensive to handle, process, ship and be compliant with coins. And I'm talking now about CAD coins, imagine adding USD coins on top of that? Forget it, the banks would be paying big bucks to handle USD coins. Paper bills are the only accepted USD currency at Canadian financial institutions. Intria and Symcor do not handle or process USD coins. If you have a lot of USD coins, make sure to spend it next down you go to the states and make sure you never comeback with any." ], "score": [ 7, 5, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4dzea", "dc4e1n4" ], "text": [ "Volkswagen isn't being sued over the pollution that the cars are putting out, they're being sued because they altered their emissions standards testing to report that the vehicles they produce are more efficient and create fewer carbon emissions. It's a case of false advertising and a \"defective\" product. Vintage cars, or cars not built for mass production purposes also have different standards, and may not have to meet the same requirements.", "VW sold their product to customers with the expectation that it would meet requirements required to legally operate. Not only did it not meet the expectation, causing several thousand motorists to now have cars that they can't legally drive, but did so intentionally and went out of their way to hide that fact from consumers and the government. They also marketed their diesel cars as being more environmentally friendly due to testing at such low emissions. That's a kind of corporate villainy you would expect to find on a Captain Planet episode." ], "score": [ 10, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4fpav", "dc4haxe", "dc4o6cm" ], "text": [ "Basically it's your 'fight or flight' mode going into overdrive. The psychology is a bit more complicated, but essentially because of a mental condition such as a phobia or panic disorder, your brain decides that there is an immediate and very serious threat to you even though there isn't. Your brain then tells your body to prepare to either fight or run away. This involves the release of adrenaline and the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Your heart rate goes way up, you start breathing much faster and you sweat. The fast breathing (hyperventilation) is quite important in a panic attack. Your body is preparing you for the sudden strenuous exercise involved in fighting or running away, but of course you don't actually end up doing any strenuous exercise. This means that you expel loads of carbon dioxide out through your lungs without much of it being produced from exercise. A loss of a lot of carbon dioxide changes the pH of the blood, and this can cause some of the other symptoms of a panic attack, such as lightheadedness and dizziness. You may then interpret the combination of all of the symptoms as \"feeling like you're going to die\".", "Several months ago, I witnessed a phenomenon which can only be described as a \"chain panic attack\". Friend #1 had a panic attack which induced a panic attack in friend #2 and so on until it caused panic attacks for 5 different people. Has anyone else seen this before? Because I find it very difficult to comprehend.", "if you want a first person explanation of how it feels: I get light-headed for one, my pulse quickens and I become very aware of my heart beat, both in my chest and I can also hear it in my ears very clearly. Shortness of breath also happens. Like normally, breathing happens automatically and without thought. When having a panic attack, I feel a greater difficulty in breathing and I have to sometimes exert conscious effort to ensure that I keep breathing. For an explanation of why it occurs, can happen for any number of situations where a person's brain has flagged as maybe a situation appropriate for fight or flight. For me, personally, it was in response to seeing someone from my past who had caused me considerable emotional pain and anguish." ], "score": [ 11, 8, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4evnr" ], "text": [ "Red cheeks is an outward display of embarrassment. There are all sorts of examples of involuntarily facial expressions that are tied to specific emotions (think crying for sadness, downward eyebrows for anger, smile for happiness). These expressions signal our emotional state to other people. It's important that they are involuntary, otherwise they could be easily faked. In fact, it's very easy to discriminate between a fake smile and a genuine one and only skilled actors can flush their cheeks red on command. In the case of embarrassment, we're signalling to others that we recognize that we've done something that we are ashamed of and that we regret. It's a way of communicating that we're not oblivious to our actions and that we understand when we've transgressed a social norm." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4hsin", "dc4oo2c" ], "text": [ "The reason for this is the tapetum lucidum, a reflecting layer in the retina of those animals. It improves their night vision.", "Roughly speaking, how well you see is linked to how many light photons reach the sensors in your eyes. When it is dark there are less photons around to trigger the proper responses in these sensors. Now cats (because I like cats) have 'good night vision'. However, they are still limited by sensors in their eyes. One way around this is that the inside of their eyes is partially reflective. This way, photons that do not immediately hit the sensors in the eyes are reflected internally in the eye until they hit a sensor. Overall this means there will be more photons hitting sensors hence better night vision. There's also a downside. Because reflected photons lose part of their information benefit for the sensors, their night vision will be more blurry than the normal vision. It's this reflective layer in the eyes of those animals that you see creepily staring back at you as you drunkenly scream at the cat outside to shut the hell up." ], "score": [ 10, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4g6qi" ], "text": [ "You've never listened to women playing tennis or men struggling to lift something? Most sexual grunting and moaning is a result of strenuous exercise and tension, plus the sounds of pleasurable release (which people can often make in nonsexual situations as well)." ], "score": [ 4 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4g5um", "dc4h3cc" ], "text": [ "Check/scan disk is not fixing hardware. It's fixing bad data on the hard drive. The OS was in the middle of writing data when it lost power, and that put the data on the disk in a bad state that makes the OS unable to boot normally. Check/Scan disk is one of the tools that your OS has to fix the problem. It's still part of the OS, but it has to be run before the main, graphical part of the OS can be loaded, since the rest of the OS relies on the data on the hard drive being good. So the OS boots up, allows you to run check/scan disk, and then continues to boot afterward.", "Your hard drive uses an organization system. Think of it like the index of a book, it's page numbers and table of contents too. There's way too much data to ever keep track of otherwise. As it's working, it's constantly updating and editing this index to reflect the drive's contents. Pulling the plug before it can finish it's work leaves it potentially inaccurate, which will screw up something down the line when it tries to locate a resource and can't. So when starting up from a hard shutdown, it needs to take the time to figure stuff out and have everything organized and documented again. Fixing those issues on-the-fly is possible in theory, but it means that a lot of applications would probably quit or time-out and throw an error message because the OS is cleaning up the mess before getting the application the data it needs. So it's better to just do it up front." ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4hhom", "dc4nn2y" ], "text": [ "Eggs in the US are washed of a natural protective coating. Reason being it contains trace amounts of fecal matter. This lowers the risk of infection from accidental handling, but means the eggs themselves ar emore likely to go bad if left un-refrigerated.", "In the US, eggs are pasteurized to kill any salmonella. The pasteurization process involves enough heat that afterwards they need to be kept cool. Other countries require all hens to be immunized from salmonella, ensuring the eggs are free of the disease." ], "score": [ 42, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4ikd2" ], "text": [ "Microwaves are electromagnetic radiation with fairly large wavelength. If you take away the spinning mechanism and put in something like a block of cheese, you'll pretty reliably be able to see that the heat will most be applied in certain sections. If you measure the distance between those sections, you'll be able to tell the wavelength of the microwaves. What'll happen if you leave the door open? Microwaves will leak out. What does this do to you? Well it affects the water in your system which definitely can't be good for you, but it isn't a HUGE deal. It'll also really fuck with the wifi at your house so long as the microwaves are leaking out" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4lij5", "dc4l0fc" ], "text": [ "The movie sound recording is mixed for use in theaters, which have different standards for audio levels, having a large dynamic range. Its an artistic choice of sorts, to give impact to loud sounds like explosions, gun shots etc. They could of course remaster these levels for home audio, but they don't because it costs money. You can fix this somewhat if you have a surround setup by boosting the center channel volume from your amplifier, where most vocals are panned. Its worse however if you just use the TV or a 2 channel system, because the center channel becomes a virtual channel only (it plays identical sound through both speakers, making it sound as if its centered). While boosting a virtual center channel is technically possible, it requires digital sound processing that would add cost to any playback device.", "Firstly, you are likely using your tv's built-in speakers, which almost all suck, especially for vocals. Secondly, you are listening to movies in stereo, most all movies and most tv shows are surround sound, meaning there multiple locations where sound is supposed to come out of, that are being combined into two speakers. A major thing with surround sound is the center channel, this speaker is where most all the dialogue comes out of, separate from the explosions and stuff, which makes it clearer to hear. The center channel's volume can also be changed independently from the other speakers. See if your tv or your cable box has a dynamic range setting for audio, this will make it so the super quiet parts and the super loud parts aren't so separated. Also, check your tv's equalizer settings, either for a preset or a custom adjustment, and choose one for a clearer voice. Also, look into a sound system, even a stereo setup with two towers or bookshelfs will be a great improvement over tv speakers. Don't get a soundbar though. If using a computer, programs like VLC also have audio adjustments to help in clearer audio. **EDIT:** Really? Getting downvoted for pretty much the same comment that got me [ > 2000 upvotes]( URL_0 )." ], "score": [ 13, 7 ], "text_urls": [ [], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3310v4/eli5_why_is_dialogue_in_movies_whisper_quiet_then/cqghgnm/?utm_content=permalink&amp;utm_medium=user&amp;utm_source=reddit&amp;utm_name=frontpage" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4lhfh" ], "text": [ "Pure, distilled water when frozen melts at 32 degrees F/0 degrees C. By introducing impurities, such as salt, into the ice the bonds between the ice molecules become weaker, lowering the temperature that it will melt at. A lower melting point means that the ice will melt sooner. Standard road salt allows ice to melt down to about 20 F/-7 C, while specialized mixtures work at much lower temperatures." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4kwp8" ], "text": [ "There's actually no conclusive study on this that shows that serif fonts are genuinely easier to read than san serif fonts. The idea is that the extra markings make a letter more immediately distinguishable from another letter. By having more angles on a letter, there is sharper contrast to one another and to the white background that offers a more visually interesting stimulus than the rounded letters. [Studies show that people overwhelmingly prefer them subjectively, and that comprehension increases in serif fonts]( URL_0 ). But there's no data to support they're actually \"easier on the eyes\" in any form. If they are, it's a slight variation that you can think of in terms of something being easier to read for the eyes when it's in sharp forcus than when it's slightly blurry. The extra angular stimulus may produce a similar effect to additional \"focus.\"" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif#Readability_and_legibility" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4wlyq" ], "text": [ "The simplest answer is, they increase dopamine in different areas of the brain. If you divided your brain into 4 zones (1-4, and analyze only dopamine/serotonin) in zone 1 an increase in dopamine may cause excitable neurons which makes you happier whereas serotonin inhibits those neurons, in zone 2 serotonin may depress the neurons and dopamine may add to that depression. The brain is very complex and even though it uses mostly only a few chemicals they produce vastly different effects based on where they are." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4pt3v" ], "text": [ "Tears come out of your eyes because when you yawn you're flexing the muscles near your tear ducts. You're essentially squeezing the tears out. Nobody's sure why exactly that happens, but some have suggested it's because your eyes tend to get dry when you're tired. Yawning relubricates them for you. Interesting fact: the composition of yawn tears is different than that of sad tears, and happy tears are different than those!" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4qzcv" ], "text": [ "Outside of heating therapies (same as a heating pad), it sounds very bunk, and the vast majority of the studies in that review are shit. To the point where I'm surprised they passed peer review." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4xrf5" ], "text": [ "I think it is almost a negative image of the ring or the bracelet. When you wear a ring or bracelet, the nerve endings beneath the skin are constantly being stimulated by the jewelry, so they grow desensitized to avoid overstimulating your brain. This means that after removing the ring or bracelet, you are exposing these nerve endings to nothing, literally nothing, meaning that they will no longer be being stimulated constantly, so they will once again start sending more information to the brain which will be processes again. Either the desensitized nerve endings after you take the bracelet off take some time to become resensitized, leaving you with an odd feeling of \"numb\" or \"phantom\" areas, or when it does become resensitized, even though it is no longer sending information to the brain, the brain still ignores information from them, instead replacing it with the \"burnt out image\" of the jewelry on your body until it realises that the stimuli in that area are no longer from a constant source. I'm no professional but I think this is what could be happening, but take it with a pinch of salt." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4pei4" ], "text": [ "They tailor the tastes to the local market so they'll sell more, but there might not be much call for these items in other markets. For example, Big Macs are pretty popular world wide, but in India, not many people eat beef. Instead, McDonalds has the Maharaja Mac, which uses chicken patties and has a spicy sauce in place of the secret sauce to make it a better fit there. With both regular Big Macs and chicken sandwiches available in other countries, there's not much of a reason to make the Maharaja available outside of India. Likewise, pork is popular in Germany, so there's a Germany-only pork sandwich available as part of the regular menu. Meanwhile, the McRib is a special item available occasionally because a lot of people will get them when they're first introduced, but then sales tail off rapidly." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4teq1" ], "text": [ "Err. I haven't noticed this to happen in any online game so thought I'd start with that. Video games online don't use much bandwidth so getting a faster connection doesn't really impact them that much. (Unless it comes with better latency) Games are mostly impacted by latency or ping, this is how long it takes for a piece of information to get from your computer to the host. Some games select a player with a good connection as a host and others use a central server. The graphics are rendered locally with just the information about what movements the players are making sent back and forth. Having played NHL, Madden, and NBA 2k I have never noticed long delays. Are you playing one of these games on a computer and the other on TV? Delays in console gaming especially can be very long if your TV isn't in \"game mode\" Most modern TVs put a 1/2 second delay on what they show so that they can upscale, and insert additional frames to make things look smoother- this obviously negatively impacts gaming." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4uyta", "dc4tooy", "dc4uub8", "dc4xgqp" ], "text": [ "I thought this was just a personal thing. I chalked it up to being non-stop occupied from the minute I wake up till dinner is finished and cleaned. Then alone with my thoughts. Thoughts lead to the emotions. Also tiredness/fatigue.", "From where did you get this idea? Just personal experience?", "I notice that I'm busier (i.e. more distracted) during the day. At night there's more time to dwell and ruminate.", "When you're tired, you don't regulate emotions as well as when you're well-rested. Managing and regulating emotions takes coordination. Over the course of the day, connections break down a bit. When you sleep, these connections reset and you start the next day at full capacity. You have a lot to do with it, of course. Worrying about tomorrow, regret or worry about stuff you didn't get around to finishing...there are millions of reasons your mood can change." ], "score": [ 10, 7, 4, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4tq4x" ], "text": [ "If I remember correctly that is where they attach to the muscles to transfer oxygen and haul away waste." ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4tmh6" ], "text": [ "Microwaves are photons, like light. They are much longer (lower frequency) than light, about a 1cm wavelength. [This nice graphic]( URL_0 ) shows the whole spectrum." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg/300px-Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg.png" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4uib7", "dc51ju0", "dc4w45q" ], "text": [ "Chemo drugs are actually just poison. It inhibits cell reproduction so it kills cells that are reproducing. The hope is that because cancer is just a set of rapidly reproducing cells, it will kill the cancer faster than the rest of your body. This is also why people going through chemo tend to lose there hair. Hair cells reproduce extremely fast just by nature.", "Simple way. It poisons your cells putting you pretty much to the brink of death hoping it kills the cancer cells", "To add to what /u/straight-faced_solo has already said, there are also other types of chemo therapy treatments that work in other ways. One example of this would be IL-2. IL-2 or interleukin 2 is usually used when a more aggressive treatment is recommended, and it works by activating an immune response in the body. IL-2 is a cytokine (chemical secreted by the immune system to affect other cells) that stimulates and activates T cells (like a white blood cell). These T cells can then either create B cells which help create antibodies or they can directly hunt down anything the body decides shouldn't be there. This still kills plenty of cells that don't need to be killed though. If you would like a more in depth explanation let me know and I can go further into how each of these steps takes place. Source: took immunology in university and spent plenty of time in an oncology infusion center. edit: to clarify, this is technically called immunotherapy, but has similar effects on the body as chemo therapy. There is a difference though." ], "score": [ 15, 7, 4 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4uwdp", "dc4v0o2" ], "text": [ "1. Studies show that many people won't put on their seat belt *at all* if it's too much work. 2. These harnesses make it hard to do tasks inside the car that involve reaching.", "Nylon loses strength as it ages from being exposed to uv light. The certification for strength becomes invalid after 3-5 years. You'll see this expiration date on the tag of the harness. If you have a 6 year old harness, the racing organization won't let you race. Consumer car seat belts are also rated for age. You're supposed to replace them after....10 years I think? But rarely anyone does. You can't wear harnesses legally on the road because they're not approved by the NHTSA. even if they are safer than standard consumer 3pt belts. So even if you are safer, the cop will still be able to write you a ticket for them. Also, consumer seats don't have the crotch hole nor the harness mount bar behind the seat that would be require to install a 5pt harness at the proper restriant angles." ], "score": [ 10, 5 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4wdqh", "dc4wdy2" ], "text": [ "Cheese ages with controlled temperature & humidity. It is often allowed to grow a rind or sealed in wax that keeps bad stuff out. When you cut it into blocks in your fridge, you lose the protective layer & humidity controls, exposing the cheese to microorganisms that want to eat it.", "Ripening cheese is protected in some way. Usually, there is the dry cheese rind that is impenetrable for bacteria. Often, ripening cheese is treated (on the outside) with a salty liquid or paste which makes it even harder for bacteria to get into the cheese. But when you cut it open, the inner cheese is unprotected and, hence, can be attacked by bacteria and mold." ], "score": [ 26, 14 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc5jxi6" ], "text": [ "This is my first ELI5 answer, so I hope I'm ELI5'ing enough... For simplicity's sake, let's assume the entire depth of the atmosphere is below freezing, so all precipitation will fall as snow and accumulate. The amount of precipitation that falls from a given storm is influenced by numerous factors. Moisture in the system from its source region, moisture drawn into the system from elsewhere, intensity and development of the system, time it takes the system to move through an area and more - all determine how much liquid will fall. Computer models are decent at modeling this - generally better in the cool season when the mechanisms producing precipitation tend to be more widespread and slower developing. Given that we have an expected liquid amount, there are then even MORE factors to determine the amount of snowfall. The snow-to-liquid ratio depends on several different things - temperatures throughout the atmosphere, degree of saturation at different levels of the atmosphere, etc. There is a zone of temperatures that produces large, fluffy snowflakes, and if it is particularly deep that can produce high ratio snowfalls. Snow to liquid ratios are expressed in a form such as 10:1 (ten to one), meaning 10 inches of snow will melt to one inch of liquid equivalent. This is an old rule of thumb that is hardly ever exactly true. An \"average\" snowfall, all things considered, in much of the snowy areas of the country will generally range from 10:1 to 15:1. A snowfall in colder conditions may get to 20:1, and a dry, less dense snowfall in colder conditions may hit 30:1. A map of the average snow to liquid ratios across the country can be seen at: URL_0 Let's take an average snowfall with a 12:1 ratio. If I predict a quarter inch of rain and you get three quarters of an inch, you're probably not even going to notice (barring ongoing flooding or some other extenuating circumstance), but let's apply the ratio and suddenly that 3 inch snowfall forecast becomes 9 - a HUGE difference." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "http://www.eas.slu.edu/CIPS/SLR/slrmap.htm" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc4zjhv", "dc4xttn", "dc58mq4", "dc5e4xy", "dc4zm8c", "dc5cilv", "dc5ijbx", "dc5j7m6", "dc5j5lr", "dc5k1ab" ], "text": [ "What you may be refering to is the Pitch Tone of the message. High pitch notfication sounds are going to sound higher than lower pitch ones. When i get an amber alert, it uses a stock notfication sound not my normal one which is a higher pitch however it will not bypass my volume settings so that might be throwing you off Also phone speakers can go higher then what they are limited to, The reason makers lock it is because it begins to become distored and thats not good for business.", "Phones make a noise for an amber alert?", "Amber alerts are designed with a few things in mind. One of those important things is to amplify the importance of a message being broadcast. in order to do so, the audio for the broadcast is fitted to the most sensitive spectrum of the average humans' hearing. this means that regardless of technical volume, the messages sent for an amber alert, or another alert, would be heard as louder due to their being within the most sensitive spectrum of the human ear.", "How else are you supposed to know to be on the lookout for a missing child (from a different city), at 2am while you're asleep in bed? Obviously, it has to be loud enough to wake you up.", "Your phone can clearly go that loud because it makes that sound. But the sound level is unpleasant(music and video would sound horrible) and potentially damaging(your hearing) that app designers don't want that.", "Assuming you're talking about the 'emergency alert system' tone (which is what my phone plays for amber alerts anyway) that sound is just two sine waves mixed together. A sine wave is a pure sound consisting of just one frequency at a constant volume. This will sound louder than music, which is a complex combination of many different frequencies. Plus with music, the dynamics change over time, so the perceived average sound volume will be less than the maximum level the device is capable of playing.", "It really is kind of stupid. I had one go off at 2am the other night too. Sure, I'll be on the lookout for that silver Tahoe in my bedroom, ill even check my closet for you just in case.", "Lurker here, my apologies in advanced for accidentally breaking any rules. It's because it's a continuous tone, non changing, meaning the driver/speaker can focus uninterrupted at oscillating for that single note (I believe). Now for the fun part: About a year ago I was taking a communications class (core requirement), and it just happened to be with a professor that would royally hate people using phones in his class. Seemed like unjustified hate, considering the fact he'd go on about people wasting time distracting others by using cellphones when he'd take 15-20 minutes ranting about it with the entire class, making everyone uncomfortable by putting a college student on the spot. Well, this particular instance we were taking a midterm... and the class was 40-50 people... The guy is sitting at his desk at the front of the classroom when suddenly at the end of the first row, a chick's phone starts playing the alert tone, REALLY FREAKING LOUD. She quickly pulls it out and fumbles it as she frantically tries silencing it. Guy looks up looking pretty annoyed, gets up and starts marching to her desk already ranting as to how her test is now invalid due to her \"inability to silence the device or turn it off.\" Well, as he's about to arrive at her seat the electronic choir kicks in and you've got every single phone in the classroom buzzing the dissonant tune... He panics and asks, \"What the hell is that? Are we being freaking invaded!?\" Lmao, as you can imagine everyone started laughing. Turns out he didn't know AMBER alerts play a similar tone as the EAS. He gave the test back to the gal and sat his ass down, lol. Edit: Tried answering the question this time.", "In a related question, why do I get an amber alert because a child 400 miles away from me was driven away with his or her biological father. Is there some specific reason to believe most of these fathers are going to be driving straight through my town? Have most of these fathers been charged with abuse or at least driving under the influence? It all seems like the amber alert is becoming the allegorical \"boy who cried wolf\" if half of them are in no real danger at all.", "Does the UK or Europe have anything similar (where they take over your phone)?" ], "score": [ 204, 156, 53, 32, 26, 26, 11, 11, 10, 6 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc50iyf" ], "text": [ "Gold is much rarer, resists corrosion almost indefinitely, and (recently) is used in a lot of high-end electronics. Silver is more common and eventually tarnishes, so it was considered inferior for ornamental uses back in the day." ], "score": [ 22 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc52bsm" ], "text": [ "This might depend on the city/country, but in Germany works like this: There is a antenna in the front of the tram or bus (which you might be able to see) which sends a signal on a specific wavelength which includes the tram/bus number (the number of the vehicle, not the line) and the current time as information. All over the city there are antennas catching signals of that specific wavelength. It reads which line the signal came from and also looks at the time the signal was sent and it's own current time. From that difference it calculates how much time passed since the signal was sent and since the speed of the signal is constant, it can calculate the distance the vehicle is away from that station. Now the station can't know where the train is tho, as there are many points that are that certain distance away from the antenna. To be exact, it can only say that the vehicle is on a cirle with the calculated distance as radius away from the antenna itself. So what it does is, it sends the distance it calculated and line it received to some kind of traffic center (idk how exactly you call that in English, hope you know what I mean). The center collects data from different antennas. With two antennas it can already reduce the number of possible positions to 2 (the intersections of both circles around the antenna). A third antenna is usually enough to find the exact location (just make sure the antennas don't lie on one line). I'd expect them to use more signals tho, to make sure there are no errors etc. Now that the position of the vehicle is known, the rest just works like a navigation system. The center then sends the info to the stations and trams/busses which approach that station. So now for why it changes, I must admit, I can't answer with certainty. I could imagine two possibilities: * The signals are a bit unprecise (the time calculation and therefore the distance calculation), so even if the vehicle is standing still, the center might recieve the info it's moving a bit. If it is standing at a red light and right at the \"border\" for needing 8 and 9 minutes to the destination, that might cause that change. * The navigation part is calculated dynamically, meaning the calculated time needed from one point to another varies, depnding on how much fast the vehicle is moving in general. When it recognizes the vehicle is moving normally it might display 8 minutes needed to your station, but if it suddenly becomes very slow, the center might recognize that and expect the vehicle to continue to drive slower, therefore needing a bit more time to your station. Btw in the second case an advanced algorithm should be able to recognize whether the vehicle just had one station where it lost a lot of time (= no negative impact on the time from point A to B) or whether it's constantly moving slower than expected (= more time needed from point A to B) ." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc52c9g" ], "text": [ "lasagna (like many foods) have a lot of seasoning (the tomato sauce especially). the longer the food sits, the longer the seasoning marinates. thus, more flavor" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc53qc5", "dc53x3b", "dc54go8" ], "text": [ "Everyone here is wrong (except Mjolnir2000). Socialism doesn't mean state ownership. Communism doesn't mean totalitarianism where no one owns anything. Capitalism doesn't mean free-market economics. Socialism is when workers democratically own productive property. Capitalism is when productive property is owned privately and those owners hire workers to operate the property to make commodities for sale. Communism is a stateless, classless, moneyless, society. Socialism is the transitionary stage between capitalism and communism. Among socialists there are two basic divisions: democratic socialists and revolutionary socialists. There are also social democrats who are not socialists, but people mistakenly believe they are (such as Bernie Sanders). I like to explain it this way: If democratic Capitalism is an ongoing game of Monopoly, then, 1) Socialists propose that we play Hungry Hungry Hippos instead. 2) Democratic Socialists say we keep playing Monopoly for now, and gradually convince the other players to change the rules to resemble Hungry Hungry Hippos until we are effectively playing Hungry Hungry Hippos. 3) Revolutionary Socialists want to flip the table and force everyone to play Hungry Hungry Hippos immediately. 4) Social Democrats don't actually want to play Hungry Hungry Hippos, they just want to make some rule changes to Monopoly so it doesn't suck as much for players who are losing (like the popular free parking rule). Among pro-capitalist supporters (which leftists call liberals, an umbrella term that includes both American liberals, conservatives, libertarians, and social democrats), there are those who support free market economics and those who support state regulations and state-provided services such as public schooling and universal healthcare. The latter is NOT socialism. Both are forms of capitalism. Capitalism is not synonymous with free markets, it just means private ownership of property by some class of people. Scandinavian countries are capitalist. America is capitalist. India is capitalist. China is capitalist. Ethiopia is capitalist.", "All of the answers here already are wrong. Capitalism means you have private ownership of capital. The factory is owned by one person, say, and they can earn money off the factory simply as a result of said ownership - they have other people to do the actual work. Socialism means you have democratic ownership. The factory is jointly owned by the workers, and managers are elected. Alternatively, the factory is state owned, but the state is itself democratic. Socialism comes in many different varieties. Communism is a stateless, post-scarcity society in which things like money are no longer relevant because everyone's wants and needs can be trivially provided as a result of advances in the means of production.", "/u/HephaestusClangBang is using a tired spammed facebook meme. It's bullshit. /u/aloofball is spitting out misconceptions American liberals have. It's bullshit. /u/Fiveos2 is regurgitating Cold War propaganda. It's bullshit. /u/artificiallyselected never heard of anarchism and is also vomiting propaganda. It's bullshit. The only people here who actually gave a correct explanation were /u/Mjolnir2000 and /u/MemeMeUpFamilia. And I know they are correct because I am a socialist myself. So OP. Don't listen to those people, because they are wrong. Capitalism is private ownership of the means of production. Socialism is collective worker ownership of the means of production. Communism is the hypothesized next stage of society that is moneyless, classless, and stateless. Socialism is viewed as a stepping stone to communism itself. Anarchists are also socialists and they've existed before Marxist-Leninism was a thing (the ideology of the USSR and most socialist states in the 20th century). Don't let anyone fool you into believing that socialist == state ownership." ], "score": [ 251, 119, 52 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc52rlh" ], "text": [ "The air bends light very slightly, and in a somewhat random direction. These tiny changing perturbations cause lights to twinkle and shimmer. It is why the stars twinkle!" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc54k8u", "dc5lhw6", "dc59j4r", "dc5hlbm", "dc55ec8", "dc5c9vv", "dc54lr0", "dc5hl56", "dc5h7lj", "dc5jfcz", "dc54iya", "dc5gupl", "dc5ldh6", "dc5ip7o", "dc5majf", "dc5irdo", "dc5me2p", "dc61kex" ], "text": [ "Most TV commercials are about creating and reinforcing a brand. Quick question: off the top of your head, when you think of NFL football, which beer comes to mind? If you live in the US, chances are you answered \"Bud Light\". And that's because TV advertising works. It doesn't necessarily mean you are going to go out and buy a case of Bud Light right away, but next time you're in the liquor store staring a fridge full of cases of beers, you will \"know\" something about Bud Light, as opposed to the 30 other beer brands you've never heard of. And that \"knowledge\" might influence you to buy Bud Light, because hey, you like NFL football, and it's the official beer of NFL football. TV ads work because we as human beings simply don't have the time or inclination to exhaustively research every single thing we spend money on every day. We make the vast majority of decisions based on what we \"know\", not really caring how we got that information, or taking the time to judge its relevance or verify its accuracy.", "Hello I'm an advertising guy. Most of the replies in this thread are not incorrect, but seem to lack knowledge deeper than \"because of the brand\". Start by understanding that advertising is a huge, huge world. In that huge, huge world, you have lots of different 'methods' of advertising. Each type of advertisement will be seen by different people, at different times, will promote different products and will take different forms. For instance, your advertisement can appear in a magazine, a newspaper, on a webpage, on a flyer, on the radio, on a billboard, or on the television. Let's assume it's 7pm on a Monday, in a country with a population of 100. 2 of those people will be reading magazines. 3 will be reading newspapers. 10 will be on the internet. 8 will be outside. 1 is listening to the radio. 9 people are not exposed to any type of media. But a whopping 67 people are all watching television! Your advert can appear in any of the media I just mentioned. But you need to consider the question, 'why am I advertising in this instance?' Are you trying to get people to buy direct from you, there and then? Or are you looking for exposure – for instance, because you're launching a new product? In the first instance, your advert will be considered \"direct response\". Think of an ad you see in the newspaper that has a coupon attached to it. \"20% off with this voucher!\" You take it to a store, buy a product, and now the store knows that you bought a product after seeing an ad in a magazine. It's instant feedback. Direct response isn't just print, mind you: ever see a TV ad that tells you to ring a phone number? How about an email that takes you straight to an online store? These are all forms of direct response marketing. In the second instance, the ad is classified as \"ATL\", which stands for above the line (direct response is sometimes called below the line; the two definitions are hard to stick to, however, because some ATL advertising can also be direct response, and some BTL may use ATL tactics). You're not looking for quick sales, probably because you're already an established and trusted brand, but you do want to uplift sales – perhaps you're approaching the end of this quarter and you need a sharp uplift in sales to meet your forecast. Or something like that. Now, let's assume your product is what's classified as an FMCG, which stands for \"fast moving consumer goods\" – basically anything you buy off the supermarket shelves. Soft drinks, packets of crisps, fruit and vegetables, dairy and laundry detergents, as well as some pieces of hardware, furniture, and electronics. You don't care who buys your stuff, because there isn't a specific audience. Everyone drinks soft drinks. Everyone sits on sofas. Everyone uses toothpaste. So, at 7pm on a Monday, when you can assume almost everyone in your country of 100 people will be at home, in front of the TV, after a long day's work, that's the best time for you to advertise. You're just letting people know you're there. But in the week after you've played your TV advertisement, 99% of people in your country will have visited a supermarket or mini-mart. Some of them will want soft drinks. Some of them will want toothpaste. And when they stumble across your product on the shelves, the brand exposure they have already experienced is enough to increase their odds of purchasing your product – and that's a fact. It's not guaranteed, of course. Your competitors might have run an ad campaign themselves. Or they may have a product next to yours on the shelves that is lower in price. They may even have advertising in the store, which we call POS (point of sale advertising). Such is the wonderful world of marketing. So, I guess, TL:DR is: you may not pay attention to advertisements, but many other people do. And even if they're not asking you to buy there and then, TV advertising is proven to make you more likely to buy in the long-term.", "Every person thinks that advertising doesn't work. On him / her especially. It works though. On all of us. Except me.", "Let's say that you were shopping at the supermarket one day and you decided you were going to buy some laundry detergent. For the sake of simplicity let's also say that in the laundry goods aisle there were only two product brands to choose from: Soapy Suds, and Sunshine detergent. Now let's assume that at this point you had NEVER even heard of Soapy Suds before. You know almost nothing about the product except that it's laundry detergent because it states so on the product label, and besides that it's in the laundry detergent section of the store. However, while you also know little about Sunshine detergent let's assume that you have actually heard several commercials on the television talking about how great the product is. So you've at least HEARD of that product before, if only in passing. Faced between purchasing a product you had never heard of before, and purchasing a product that you had (even perhaps a semblance of a passing notion of) it would be human nature to choose the one you had heard of before over the one you knew nothing about. This is the essence (highly oversimplified) of the power of brand recognition.", "Car adverts aren't to make you go out and buy a car that very same day. They're placed to make you aware that the Volkswagen Jetta is a thing. So that when you decide it is time for a new car, the Jetta might come to mind before the Chevrolet Malibu. Some adverts are intended to induce rapid buying. Often these are placed by stores. An example would be a grocery store saying \"bananas just 39c a pound, fresh Illinois watermelon just $2.99 each, now through Sunday at Food Lion\" I'd like to say it doesn't work, but I know I picked my plumber based on adverts. There's probably other things that don't immediately come to mind.", "Look at Coke and Pepsi. Is there anyone on earth who doesn't know what they are? They have both had saturation advertising campaigns going on for 100 years. They ran out of things to say about the product a long, long time ago. Then they ran out of things to say entirely. They were down to slogans like \"Uh Huh\" and \"Coke is it\" (were they playing tag?) If they stopped advertising people would stop buying their products. They have tried scaling back the ads to save money but every time they do sales drop off.", "You may not buy that particular product, but you may recongise the brand when shopping down the road. Example when I google search an item, I would trust the sites ive heard of before", "With popular and powerful brands, there's a whole lot of psychologies that come into play. There's brand loyalty (Oh, you don't like Bud? What do you like, some faggy craft beer? You think you're better than me or something?) and sheer saturation (Brand X? I dunno, never tried it, I just order Bud). Most of this is imaginary, but it gets into your head. Like, when you go to a party, it's likely that nobody actually gives a damn that you're not drinking Bud or Heineken or whatever. But there are enough people who think it *would* matter. Like personally, I slightly prefer Pepsi to Coke. There is always a splinter in my mind that if I bring Pepsi to a party, people are going to laugh and make a deal of it, however small. So I'll bring Coke most of the time. I'm even less likely to bring Brand X Third Option Cola even if I find one that I like better. I'm Australian and I used to drink VB, a ubiquitous beer down here that's probably comparable to your high exposure, low quality beers. I drank it even though I always thought it tasted like refrigerated dog piss. I didn't even like beer until I started breaking away from the culture and experimenting with better beers, and realizing that the cultural pressure was completely in my head.", "It works on what's called your Salience List. Let me give you an example: Name 5 drinks. I'll go first 1. Coke 2. Fanta 3. Pepsi 4. Sprite 5. Water Now imagine you've just ordered a burger at a fast food place and the cashier asks if you would like a drink. What would be your first response? In your head you work your way down the list until you find an acceptable solution. There's a good chance that what you actually wanted didn't even make your top 5, but you may just have ordered #1, because it suited your needs at the time And that's why some companies pay millions for ads This is all based on low engagement decisions or something (I can't remember the exact term), but basically things you don't give much thought to, like what to have for lunch or what brand of toilet paper to buy. High engagement decisions, like buying a car, are still affected by this Salience List, but only as /u/PAJW said, only to make you aware that the item being advertised exists", "It's not necessarily about purchasing something \"different\" than you normally would. In some cases it's just providing a slight push. Restaurant/fast food ads are a big example here. Sure, if you absolutely never eat fast food or at chain restaurants then those ads mean nothing to you. But most people do have fast food or eat at chain restaurants, even if it's only occasionally. We live in a age where, if you live in a decently sized town (in the US at least), you have a lot of options when it comes to eating out. There's local restaurants/diners, big chain restaurants like Olive Garden or Outback Steakhouse, and of course fast food. Some people develop habits and just go to the same few places over and over again, but most people want some variety. How do you choose where to eat/order from? Usually it's based on what you're \"in the mood for.\" Restaurant ads won't make you go anywhere that you'd never be willing to go without the ad, but they can provide a small nudge in one direction or another that could make you choose one place over another: * You're hungry and are thinking about getting food. If you see ads for pizza, you might think \"hey, I haven't had pizza in a while.\" You might decide to get pizza instead of Mexican food or Chinese food or whatever, because why not? You like pizza and it's been a while. * You decide to get pizza. Your options are some local pizza places, or one of the big pizza chains. Maybe there's a local place you like, but it would cost more than you want to spend today, so you decide to go with one of the chains. You vaguely remember that Pizza Hut has some new garlic bread pizza thing, and that Domino's has a some sort of cheap carry-out deal, etc. Some of the things you know about these chains will be from personal experience, and some of the things you know will be from ads. You're not going to make a decision that you'd never be willing to make in the first place, like ordering from a place you hate, but the ads can nudge you into choosing one place over another, for reasons that are perfectly natural. Basically, ads can nudge \"getting food\" into \"getting pizza\", or nudge \"getting pizza\" into \"getting Pizza Hut.\" It won't work all of the time, or even most of the time. But as long as it works on some people some of the time, it's going to have a sizable impact on a chain's business. Maybe they affect your pizza-buying decisions once a year. Even if ads only affect the pizza-buying decisions of every pizza consumer once a year on average, ads would still be responsible for millions of pizza purchases every year. Maybe most of those purchases would still happen without the ads, but the ads will affect which chains people purchase from, as well as whether or not they order from a chain or from a local place. Now, it's possible that if all the pizza places just agreed to stop advertising, they could save money and people would still buy tons of pizza, because people love pizza. But there are a lot of reasons why that would never happen.", "TV adverts are to get into your head - being in there makes them a contender when you make your purchasing decisions.", "::Leonardo Dicaprio voice:: Now, obviously buying cinnamon breadsticks from Domino's as a \"healthy choice\" is an idea that you would choose to reject. Which is why they need to plant it deep in your subconscious. But y'know, sometimes ideas sink in better when you are NOT directly paying attention them as they are being presented. **tl:dr** \"Inception\" is a brazillion times easier than they made it out to be in that movie.", "Everyone feels that they're not affected by advertisements, propaganda, PR, spun news, etc; but they are.", "They pay the money because ads work and they work really well. The fact you don't realise you ate influenced is part of how they work. You think you are self aware and like the stuff you like when actually you have just accepted the things which have been marketed to you as part of your identity.", "Ads aren't usually meant to work in solitude but as part of a bigger campaign, it's about slowly changing your opinion or making you buy something. For example take the diamond jewellers De Beers, they completely changed the way people buy diamonds by introducing the concept of an engagement ring and that it should cost 3 months salary (or whatever) together with the line \"A diamond is forever\" Just seeing a poster with the line won't make you do anything but it's just a small part of a bigger campaign to introduce the concept Or the Swiss watch manufacturer Patek Philippe who changed the way people looked at buying luxury watches with the line \"you never actually own a Patek Philippe, you only look after it for the next generation\" changing what essentially is the ultimate selfish act to what can be seen as almost an altruistic act. Source: have worked in advertising for 20 years, currently work for one of the best known ad agencies in the world", "Corporate marketing communications manager here. While I never was involved in TV advertising, I got a lot of emails and cards over the years from people who purchased a commercial shade installation because they either went back to an ad I ran in a magazine months ago or that they kept in a file long ago. So you may not be paying much attention to a TV ad you have seen lots of times due to the repeated airing each day on so many channels, but you do remember that you have seen it before. Whether you like the ad or not, it made an impression on you when you finally did make a purchase of that type of item. And its not just the TV ad. Its a combination of exposure from TV, print ads, internet search results, YouTube videos, highway billboards, vehicle wraps, radio, Tee shirts, trade show exhibits, window merchandising, football stadium naming, etc. constantly reinforcing the brand over and over and over. And there are other factors, like: * The 80/20 Pareto Principle that states 80% of the sales will come from 20% of the ad impressions and that 80% of the sales will come from 20% of the customers. * Ads from competing brands work together to make social change. For example my product was a visually transparent roller shade which is not the dominant shade in commercial office buildings. Thus, my ads and my competitor roller shade ads worked together to convert commercial offices to no longer purchase mini blinds. Thus if any one of us roller shade advertisers succeeded in getting a bid we all succeeded in getting to bid. Beer does not just compete with beer, it competes with water, soda, juice and other drinks. Thus the goal of each advertiser succeeded if you went to the freezer containing their drink category. Its also why gas stations and grocery stores are across the street from each other.", "It's all about having you aware of the product, either consciously or due to a half-remembered jingle or funny commercial. It may not make people with set brand preferences change their shopping habits, but there's plenty of people who don't care what brand they pick up, and will just go for whatever is cheap and looks 'familiar'. So if you're buying deodorant and laugh a little as you remember *'I'm on a horse'*, chances are you're going to at least pick up some Old Spice and have a sniff to see if it's any good. Which, in turn, makes you more likely to buy it.", "Let's talk about frame shifting! Cause that's a huge part of marketing and advertising. Like moving the [overton window]( URL_0 ), that in advertising, is taking existing trends and making them more acceptable to the public. Need to clean yourself with soap? Well, what if you need different soaps for different parts of your body? Like how you need body soap and shampoo already? There's metric shifting, like: Okay, your house *looks* clean, but is it really clean? Are you really killing 99.9% of bacteria? There's value shifting, like: Okay, you have your daily hygienic ritual, but are you shaving some of that nasty body hair off? Using these different methods in some combination, marketing can create new niches and new demand for products, or simply capture existing market by modifying or creating new social norms. There are several that reddit is generally aware of, like how wedding rings and diamond marketing are intertwined. First they shifted the metric that weddings should be grand, in order to always include a nice ring and rock, then they shifted the overton window of reasonable expense to be 'a months wages', then there's further metric shifting with engagement rings and promise rings and men's rings and other things. There's razor blades and creating the market to shave lady legs. If we look at a lot of shifts over time, they often create entire subcultural phenomena. No intention to do that needs to exist. Just marketers gathering around exploitable markets and all trying to leave their fingerprints. We can look at gaming culture, for example, and see how competing systems & game companies tried to create an ever more 'badass' reputation that led to exploitation by mountain dew and doritos and cheaply produced FPSes to create a very corporative subculture which is nonetheless traceable back to ads for the failed game, Daikatana, and before that, to . . . Sonic the Hedgehog. We might not have modern FPS CoD culture if it wasn't for sega trying to pass itself off as more 'adult' and 'badass' than nintendo, since that started a whole marketing oneupsmanship in PC gaming that led to the nature of the advertising in Doom vs. Quake, which led to Daikatana . . . It's actually very direct and for a long time existed only in the marketing. And somehow that leads to red food colouring in soft drinks making them sell better. Without you, or actually, *anyone* saying: \"Well, geez, I'm going to go out and buy that product now\", a market niche can be created through this type of renormalization to sell products that wouldn't ever have sold a single unit before. In the short term, that can be hard to see, but in the long term, how many restaurants don't have either pepsi, coca cola, or some other soft drink available? If you change social norms, you don't need to make people actively think \"I need to buy this product\", you don't need to rely on people being more familiar with your product, it's just what people do. It's just one of these things that people buy. I mean, you want to do both those things as well, but a lot of car commercials don't even sell the cars, they just build consumer identities, like \"This is an ACTION MOVIE CAR\", or \"People who own this brand of car are classier\", \"This is a vehicle that goes off-road, like real men do\", and slowly over much time and ads effect social norms and expectations of what classy is, or what masculinity is. You don't need to be the one buying a mercedes to effect the general purchasing habits by being part of a society that thinks that mercedes are classy. From a day-to-day viewpoint, marketers aren't really usually thinking of this kind of stuff, but you can see from the person talking about BTL and ATL advertising that this is the type of indirect approach that most TV commercials even unintentionally head for. It's subtle shifting of the frame, not drastic changes to. So the TL;DR: even ads that don't succeed in selling a particular item have a drastic impact on our culture over time in combination with other ads, and marketers are smart enough to notice, track, and use these subtle trends to sell more shit." ], "score": [ 1240, 1192, 1185, 881, 152, 83, 54, 49, 33, 26, 11, 11, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overton_window" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc57l1r", "dc5bso1" ], "text": [ "Well basically Pemex raised the rate to rougly 16 pesos per litre. That's roughly $1.30 Canadian. But the minimum wage remains around 80 pesos/day. So people are looting in rebellion, but also to get the stuff they need. But there's been some speculation that the government is arranging the lootings", "Some context is needed first. For years, all energy products had to be purchased through a monolithic organization called Pemex which was the only entity in Mexico allowed to purchase the product from the producers. Pemex then sold this to distributors, sometimes using heavy government subsidies. In 2013, however, the government passed an energy reform bill that was to remove power from Pemex in phases that kicked in at the beginning of the year. This was to make the market more competitive, and made Pemex go from having a government-sponsored monopoly to being a government-owned competing business. Over the past year, the Mexican Peso has devalued significantly from the last few years hovering around 13-15 pesos per US dollar to today's price of 22 pesos per dollar. Oil, being handled in US dollars, would thus be relatively more expensive as the peso has devalued. However, because Pemex still controlled gasoline they heavily subsidized the price of gasoline to remain relatively stable. The 2017 phase of the energy reform kicked in at the beginning of the year though, and has raised the price of gas to be more in line with what it should be. It should be noted that the government is STILL somewhat subsidizing gas, and that people's requests for the government to subsidize gasoline again would just add to income inequality by putting money hand over fist in the hands of the rich. The other request people have is to lower the amount the government taxes gasoline from the current 3.5 pesos per liter of gasoline, but this will put a heavy dent in the government's income. It's a difficult situation all around" ], "score": [ 51, 36 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc5906i" ], "text": [ "My guess is that one of the drawstring ends can easily get snagged by other garments or other parts of the hoodie, then as the washer or dryer turns the clothes are tossled and the string is pulled. Imagine the drawstring end getting sandwiched in some jeans then as the washer spins the jeans move away from the hoodie and the string pulls away with it. Side note: As an infrequent redditor, why does my view (using \"reddit is fun\" app) say 2 comments but show no comments?" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc58b1q" ], "text": [ "It's just a super-fine abrasive, and acts the same as a super-fine-grit sandpaper. There's really nothing magic going on there. In fact, the material itself is something called [melamine foam]( URL_0 ), and you can buy generic versions of it on Amazon crazy cheap (like, 100 of them for under $15)." ], "score": [ 3 ], "text_urls": [ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melamine_foam" ] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc5anra", "dc5cug6" ], "text": [ "Sexual arousal is a very base part of the human body, one we share with most animals. When we are aroused, arousal starts to interfere with higher brain functions as, being a base trait, it is strong and simple. Orgasm is even more interesting, with males' brains switching off mainly in points such as the amygdala, responsible for instincts like fear, and female brains switching off almost entirely.", "/u/CaptainGloom makes a good point. Further, the fundamental point of sexual arousal isn't to choose a good partner, but to spread your genes to the next generation. Nature doesn't care about who it's done with, just that it happens. I think that if we thought about it too much, it would never happen. I think that higher functions are inhibited so that gene transmission is more likely. It really is alarming how much our more primitive functions control our behavior. The concept of arousal also occurs in different contexts like anger and excitement. Those mental states can lead one to make choices they wouldn't make otherwise." ], "score": [ 7, 3 ], "text_urls": [ [], [] ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc5dydm" ], "text": [ "Because sound travels through the solid medium ( the floor slab). On the floor above, people are directly in contact with the surface; while on the floor below, you're only depending on the noise traveling through air and noise traveling in air is divided into reflected, absorbed and transferred, major percentage of which, is reflected." ], "score": [ 22 ], "text_urls": [ [] ] }

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