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Covalent (disambiguation). Covalent (disambiguation) Covalent may refer to: | 5141335 | 24853200 |
New York State Route 100A. New York State Route 100A New York State Route 100A (NY 100A) is a loop route of NY 100 in Westchester County, New York, in the United States. It follows West Hartsdale Avenue and Knollwood Road in the town of Greenburgh. The route starts in the hamlet of Hartsdale and ends in the community of Grasslands at the boundary between the towns of Greenburgh and Mount Pleasant. Section:Route description. NY 100A begins at an intersection with NY 100 (Central Park Avenue) in the town of Greenburgh, a short distance north of Hartsdale. NY 100A winds northwest through the hills of | 5141302 | 24853201 |
New York State Route 100A. Greenburgh as West Hartsdale Avenue, passing multiple residences on its way up. Just after Woods End Lane, the route turns northward through Greenburgh, passing Ridge Road County Park and the Metropolis Country Club before reaching a junction with NY 100B (Dobbs Ferry Road). At this junction, NY 100A changes monikers to Knollwood Road, winding northward through Greenburgh into a junction with NY 119 as it crosses into the village of Elmsford. After NY 119, NY 100A passes Yosemite Park and enters exit 4 off the Cross Westchester Expressway (I-287). NY 100A continues northeast through Elmsford, running along the southeastern edge | 5141302 | 24853202 |
New York State Route 100A. of the Knollwood Country Club and passing an entrance to Westchester Community College. After passing the entrance, the route winds northward through Greenburgh, passing multiple residences before reaching a junction with NY 100 (Grasslands Road) and NY 100C (Grasslands Road). This junction marks the northern terminus of NY 100A and the eastern terminus of NY 100C, with NY 100 turning north onto Bradhurst Avenue, the continuation of Knollwood Road. Several blocks away from this junction is the Kensico Cemetery. Section:History. NY 100A was designated in the 1930 state highway renumbering and has not had any major changes since. | 5141302 | 24853203 |
La Presse (French newspaper). La Presse (French newspaper) La Presse was the first penny press newspaper in France. Section:Overview. "La Presse" was founded on 16 June 1836 by Émile de Girardin as a popular conservative enterprise. While contemporary newspapers depended heavily on subscription and tight party affiliation, "La Presse" was sold by street vendors. Girardin wanted the paper to support the government, without being so tied to specific cabinets that it would limit the newspaper's readership. The initial subscription to "La Presse" was only 40 francs a year while other newspapers charged around 80 francs. "La Presse" and "Le Siècle" are considered the first | 5141314 | 24853204 |
La Presse (French newspaper). titles of the industrialized press era in France. Section:See also. Section:External links. | 5141314 | 24853205 |
Rathcoole. Rathcoole Rathcoole may refer to: | 5141359 | 24853206 |
Daan-Ghati. Daan-Ghati Daan-Ghati is one of the two main temple structures in Goverdhan, near Mathura, India. The other temple structure is called Dasvisa. Daan Ghati is a temple where the deity is in the form of a rock. The deity is said to be going down in earth by a few millimeters every year. Local people who have been witnessing this confirm this, though there is no scientific proof for the same. Over time, this temple has slowly taken over the place of main shrine of the town. Also, there has been much commercialization of the temple structure. With ever-growing touristic | 5141358 | 24853207 |
Daan-Ghati. importance of the place, the commercial interests are growing and at times conflicts as well. The temple reform was started by a Daan-Ghati management committee, established in the 1970s by Shri Gopal Prasad Kaushik, one of the prominent citizens of the town. Passing through times, the committee was headed by different people at different times. Lobbying and factionalism were also common-place. Recently a government-appointed receiver is responsible for running of the temple management. | 5141358 | 24853208 |
Commissioned (gospel group). Commissioned (gospel group) Commissioned is a Grammy and Stellar award nominated, American, urban contemporary gospel group. The group recorded twelve albums over a period of seventeen years. Section:Group composition. Originally from Detroit, Michigan, the six original members were Fred Hammond, Mitchell Jones, Keith Staten, Karl Reid, Michael Brooks, and Michael Williams formed a group in 1982, two years after Hammond played bass for The Winans. In 1990 Staten and Brooks left the group and were replaced with Marvin Sapp, Maxx Frank, and Eddie Howard, Jr.. By 1994 Howard had left the group, and Williams left a year later. Hammond also | 5141321 | 24853209 |
Commissioned (gospel group). left to pursue a career with the choir Radical For Christ. He was replaced by Montrell Darrett. By 1999, Marcus Cole and Chris Poole had taken the place of Sapp, Frank and Darrett on the group's last studio album. In 2002 Commissioned released a reunion album recorded live at the Straightgate Church in Detroit, Michigan on October 26, 2001 which brought back most of the group's former members and featured most of its greatest hits. The group performed live on stage during the 2002 Stellar Awards in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2011, they were honored at the BMI Awards after the | 5141321 | 24853210 |
Commissioned (gospel group). Stellar Awards. Gospel singers such as Dawkins & Dawkins, Deitrick Haddon, Marvin Sapp, The Soul Seekers, The Clark Sisters, and Men of Standard sang musical tributes. The members who were present at the event were Fred Hammond, Keith Staten, Marvin Sapp, Mitchell Jones, Karl Reid, Michael Williams, Michael Brooks, Maxx Frank, Montrell Darrett, and Marcus Cole. The group sang "Victory" from their sophomore record, "Go Tell Somebody". The R&B group Silk remade the Commissioned ballad "Cry On" for the 1994 soundtrack for the movie "Blankman". Section:Members. | 5141321 | 24853211 |
Fushigi no Kuni no Alice. Fushigi no Kuni no Alice In the English language, this series is generally overshadowed by the success of Disney's 1951 feature film version of the story; however, the anime series was quite popular in various European countries, in Israel, in Latin America, in Iran, and in the Arabic-speaking world. The series was also dubbed into Hindi by the national film development board of India and telecast on Doordarshan in the early 1990s. Section:Overview. A young girl named Alice follows a White Rabbit into a hole, only to find herself in Wonderland, where she meets many interesting characters, including the mysterious | 5141361 | 24853212 |
Fushigi no Kuni no Alice. Cheshire Cat and the terrible Queen of Hearts. The beginning of the series adheres more closely to the original novel, whereas later episodes adapt the sequel to "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", "Through the Looking-Glass," starting with episode 26. One departure from the books is that Alice returns to the real world at the end of each episode, and goes back to Wonderland at the beginning of the next episode. These transitions between the two worlds are depicted as dream-like, and it usually takes Alice a moment to notice her surroundings have changed. Section:Music. The series uses two pieces of theme | 5141361 | 24853213 |
Fushigi no Kuni no Alice. music for the original Japanese version. The Japanese opening song is called "Yumemiru Wonderland (夢みるワンダーランド "Dreaming Wonderland")", and the Japanese ending song is called "NAZO NAZO yume no kuni (ナゾナゾ夢の国 "Mysterious Dreamland")", both sung by the Japanese vocalist Tarako (also the voice actress for Alice). Section:Episodes. Section:Episodes.:Alice in Wonderland. Section:Episodes.:Through the Looking-Glass. Section:Characters. Section:UK VHS releases. Episodes: Alice's Family, Down the Rabbit Hole. Episodes: The Pool of Tears, The Caucus Race. | 5141361 | 24853214 |
Bernina International. Bernina International Bernina International AG is a privately owned international manufacturer of sewing and embroidery systems. The company was founded in 1893 in Steckborn, Switzerland, by a Swiss inventor Fritz Gegauf. The company develops, manufactures, and sells goods and services for the textile market, primarily household sewing-related products in the fields of embroidery, quilting, home textiles, garment sewing, and crafting. The origins of the company lie in the invention of the hemstitch sewing machine, invented in 1893 by a Swiss inventor and entrepreneur Karl Friedrich Gegauf. Currently, the company's products include sewing machines, embroidery machines, serger/overlocker machines, and computer software | 5141312 | 24853215 |
Bernina International. for embroidery design. Section:History. Section:History.:1890–1926: Karl Friedrich Gegauf and the invention of the hemstitch sewing machine. The present-day Bernina International AG was founded by Karl Friedrich Gegauf in 1893, when he decided to pursue an apprenticeship as a mechanic instead of studying medicine. After completing his apprenticeship, he worked in the Baum embroidery machine factory in Rorschach. In 1890, Karl Friedrich Gegauf set up his own business in Steckborn, Switzerland, opening an embroidery and mechanical workshop for the manufacture of his own invention, a monogram embroidery machine. Together with his brother Georg, a salesman, Karl Friedrich ran the "Gebrüder Gegauf" | 5141312 | 24853216 |
Bernina International. (Bros. Gegauf) company. Through his involvement in the textile industry, he noticed how laborious it was to produce hemstitching, which until then could only be done manually. Consequently, in 1893, Karl Friedrich Gegauf invented the world’s first hemstitch sewing machine, capable of sewing 100 stitches per minute. In 1895, the Bros. Gegauf workshop was completely destroyed by fire, except for the prototype of the hemstitch sewing machine, which was the only thing that could be rescued. Karl Friedrich built a new workshop in an old barn, where the focus was no longer on embroidery, but on the construction of the | 5141312 | 24853217 |
Bernina International. hemstitch sewing machine. About 70 people were employed in the serial production of the hemstitch sewing machine. The mechanical production of hemstitching, whether as embellishment for handkerchiefs, tablecloths, or bedspreads, was commonly referred to as ""gegaufing"", because the name Gegauf became famous in the industry. Section:History.:1926–1947: Fritz Gegauf and the development of the first Bernina household sewing machine. In 1919, Fritz Gegauf, one of Karl’s sons, together with his father, filed a patent application for the "Wotan" hemstich sewing machine, which became another international success for the company, which changed its name to "Fritz Gegauf". After being in Paris selling | 5141312 | 24853218 |
Bernina International. the company’s tin openers, which had no market in Switzerland, he returned to his home town. His brother Gustav and he took control of the factory after their father’s death in 1926. During the Great Depression, Fritz Gegauf joined forces with the embroidery factory, Brütsch & Sohn in St. Gallen, which was also operating in the red. By the end of 1932, they had developed the company's first household sewing machine, which they named Bernina. The Bernina was soon being produced as furniture-cum-sewing-machine, which required the building of a new, attached furniture factory in Steckborn. As of October 26, 1937, | 5141312 | 24853219 |
Bernina International. a total of 20,000 machines had left the factory in Steckborn. In 1937, he introduced the first Bernina zigzag machine and in 1945 the world’s first portable zigzag machine on the market. In 1947, Gustav Gegauf left the company. By mid-1963, one million Bernina zigzag sewing machines had been manufactured in Steckborn. Since then, the company has commonly been called Bernina, although, since 1947, its official name has been "Fritz Gegauf Aktiengesellschaft, Bernina Nähmaschinenfabrik". Section:History.:1959–1988: Odette Gegauf-Ueltschi and the fully automatic sewing machine. Since 1959, Odette Ueltschi, Fritz Gegauf's daughter, took the lead role at Bernina. She took over the | 5141312 | 24853220 |
Bernina International. management after the death of her brother in 1965. In 1963, the first Bernina sewing machine with a patented knee-activated presser foot lifter, the 730, appeared on the market. From 1963 onwards, the subsequent model, the 730, was produced, and in the same year, the millionth Bernina sewing machine was manufactured. The top-seller of all the models was the 830 class, which came into production in 1971 and continued until 1981. In 1981, the company took a further step in the development of household sewing machines. The 930 model was the first machine with a stretch-stitch function. It was followed | 5141312 | 24853221 |
Bernina International. by the 1130, the first fully automated sewing machine, the 1130, launched in 1986. The enduring mark which Odette Gegauf-Ueltschi left on the company is reflected in the name of the "bernette" sewing machine line, formed by a combination of the first half of the brand name and the second half of her given name. Section:History.:1988–2009: Hanspeter Ueltschi and the first sewing computer, expansion of markets and production. Hanspeter Ueltschi took over the management of Fritz Gegauf AG in 1988 from his mother Odette Gegauf-Ueltschi, and currently runs the company as owner and chairman of the board of directors. After | 5141312 | 24853222 |
Bernina International. studying business administration at the University of St. Gallen, Ueltschi spent seven years gaining professional experience in the USA before getting into the leadership of the family company in Switzerland. Ueltschi further expanded the leading position of the company in the sewing machine technology sector, brought down manufacturing costs, and promoted product innovations and marketing. He ushered the computer age into the business with the artista 180, Bernina’s first sewing computer, and ensured the continuous development and optimization of computer technology in the sewing sphere, as shown by the successive models of the artista, as well as the aurora series. | 5141312 | 24853223 |
Bernina International. In doing so, he made strides toward his declared goal of making sewing more appealing and more popular worldwide. Under the chairmanship of Hanspeter Ueltschi, a manufacturing outlet was set up in Thailand, in addition to the parent factory in Steckborn. He is also largely responsible for establishing the US as a key market and expansion to the new markets in Eastern Europe, Russia, South America, and India, as well as in the Middle East. He renamed "Fritz Gegauf AG" to "Bernina International AG" to accommodate the trend toward globalization and the success of the company brand and at the | 5141312 | 24853224 |
Bernina International. same time, Ueltschi incorporated the flag of Switzerland into the company logo as a sign of patriotism. Linking to the 830, the most successful Bernina model from the 1970s, the new B830, in 2008 and its sister model, the B820, in 2009, were introduced as the most advanced sewing machines of the brand to date, with a total of 15 patents filed for the new B830. Section:History.:Present. The Bernina Textile Group is a globally active group of 15 companies doing business in 80 countries. The company operates in the product categories such as household sewing and embroidery machines, household overlocker | 5141312 | 24853225 |
Bernina International. machines, longarm quilting machines, multineedle embroidery machines, accessories (presser foot, embroidery hoops and other accessories for sewing, quilting and overlocking), and computer software for embroidery design. Subsidiaries are established in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, and the USA. The subsidiary Benartex, headquartered in the United States, sells printed textiles and quilting fabrics in particular. OESD, another subsidiary, develops and sells embroidery designs. Brewer, engaging in the sewing supplies market, offers sewing and crafting notions, patterns, books etc. The company supplies 80 markets worldwide via business-to-business connections. The latest model, B 880, is the company’s current | 5141312 | 24853226 |
Bernina International. flagship model, while the 7 series models are Bernina’s most advanced products, equipped with the Bernina hook system for 9 mm stitch width at up to 1,000 stitches per minutes. Section:Embroidery software. Bernina developed embroidery design editing and full digitizing software branded under its own name and written by industrial digitizing software manufacturer Wilcom International Pty Ltd. Section:See also. Section:Further reading. Section:External links. | 5141312 | 24853227 |
Deanery Garden. Deanery Garden Deanery Garden, or The Deanery, is an Arts and Crafts style house and garden in Sonning, Berkshire, England. The house was designed and built by architect Edwin Lutyens between 1899 and 1901. It is a Grade I listed building. The gardens, laid out by Lutyens and planted by garden designer Gertrude Jekyll, are Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. Section:Design and construction. The house was built for the founder of the early lifestyle magazine "Country Life", Edward Hudson, essentially as a show home. It was featured in the magazine. The house has | 5141364 | 24853228 |
Deanery Garden. subsequently been considerably extended on its north side. The garden (c. 1 hectare) was planted by Gertrude Jekyll, like many for Lutyens country houses. Although in the centre of the village next to St Andrew's Church and the Bull Inn, the house and garden are very secluded, being surrounded by high walls. However, the garden can be viewed from the church tower. Section:Owners. Deanery Garden was owned by Nigel Broakes and Stanley Seeger during the 1980s. Marian Thompson helped to restore the garden. The house and gardens, which are now owned by Jimmy Page, guitarist with the group Led Zeppelin, | 5141364 | 24853229 |
Deanery Garden. are not open to the public. Section:Further reading. | 5141364 | 24853230 |
Cynognathia. Cynognathia Cynognathia ("dog jaw") is one of two major clades of cynodonts, the other being Probainognathia. Cynognathians included the large carnivorous genus "Cynognathus" and the herbivorous traversodontids. Cynognathians can be identified by several synapomorphies including a very deep zygomatic arch that extends above the middle of the orbit. The cynognathians are the longest-lived non-mammalian therapsid clade extending from Triassic to the Late Triassic. Cynognathian fossils are currently known from South America, Antarctica, and South Africa. Section:Taxonomy. Section:See also. | 5141376 | 24853231 |
Copa Perú. Copa Perú The Copa Perú is a football tournament in Peru. Despite its name, it is not entirely an elimination-cup competition involving all Peruvian clubs, but rather a series of league tournaments leading to an elimination tournament, with regional league clubs as participants. It guarantees its winner promotion to the professional First Division and its runner-up promotion to the promotional Second Division. Section:History. In 1966, the First Division was named "Descentralizado"; teams from outside the capital of Lima were allowed to participate in the professional first division. The following year, the Copa Perú began, in which all non-professional teams in | 5141363 | 24853232 |
Copa Perú. Peru were allowed to compete, with the winner to gain promotion to the First Division. After playing many elimination rounds, once six teams were left in the competition, they played in a final round-robin tournament in Lima. In 1984, the First Division grew from 16 to 44 teams: after the first stage of the season, a Regional Championship qualified the teams for the Decentralizado, with 16 to 18 teams. The Copa Perú qualified teams for the Regional competition. Following this the tournament declined; 1987 was the last year in which a final was contested. The competitions was suspended as a | 5141363 | 24853233 |
Copa Perú. result of the lack of interest and general economic crisis going on during President Alan García's first term. In 1992 the First Division returned to its normal format (16 teams). In 1993 the Copa Perú was returned as a competition for the Second Division, but only for teams outside of Lima. Since 1993 there has also been a Second Division for teams competing that are based in Lima. In 1998, a major change took place: eight teams from the regional stage qualified for the Finals stage. This was played as a traditional cup tournament with home and away legs being | 5141363 | 24853234 |
Copa Perú. played. The winner gains promotion to the First Division. In 2004, the tournament widened to 16 teams, so that teams from Lima could also compete. The winner and runner-up of the Second Division played in the Round of 16 of the Copa Peru. However, in 2006 this format was abolished as now the winner of the Second Division is promoted to the First Division. In 2008, the National Stage was modified. The four teams that qualified for the semi-finals played in a final group stage; the top two were promoted to the First Division. In 2009, the Peruvian Football Federation | 5141363 | 24853235 |
Copa Perú. officialized the creation of the Ligas Superiores del Peru. The Ligas Superiores will group to a select group of clubs of each department, that will be faced only among itself and will throw a champion and a runner-up that will agree directly, for now, to play a home run against the clubs that remain first and second in the Departmental Stage. For 2009, nine Departmental Confederacies had adopted them: Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Huánuco, Lambayeque, Pasco, Piura, Puno and Tumbes. Section:Format. The tournament has 5 stages. The first stage of the tournament is the District Stage (), played from February to | 5141363 | 24853236 |
Copa Perú. May. Districts hold a small league tournament to determine its winners which will qualify for the next stage. The second stage is the Provincial Stage (), played in June and July. The District winners play in groups and the winners qualify for the next stage. The third stage is the Departmental Stage (), consisting of another league tournament, between July and September. Starting in 2015 under the leadership of the new Peruvian Football Federation president Edwin Oviedo, all the Regions of Peru are represented in the National Stage, which is played under Regional using the POT System, intellectual property of | 5141363 | 24853237 |
Copa Perú. MatchVision company. The new National Stage starts in the first week of September. This new phase features the 50 teams that qualified from the Departmental Stage. Each team plays 3 games at home and 3 games away, for a total of 6 games against 3 different geographical rivals. The departmental stage winners only play against departmental runners-up, and vice versa. All the teams are positioned in one general table. After 6 matches, the team in places 1 to 8 are qualified directly to the Round of 16, while the teams in places 9 to 24 will play the Repechage phase. | 5141363 | 24853238 |
Copa Perú. The teams in places 25 to 50 are eliminated. The teams play a bracket tournament up to the Semi-finals. All four teams qualified to the semi-finals play a final group stage known as "La Finalísima" in Lima. The winner of the final group stage is promoted to the Torneo Descentralizado and the runner-up of the final group stage will be promoted to the Peruvian Segunda División. Section:External links. | 5141363 | 24853239 |
Live 1977. Live 1977 Live 1977 is a live album by the Fall, first released in March 2000. Although the sound quality is dreadful and live documents of The Fall are plentiful, this is of particular note as it is the earliest available recording of the group in action, apart from two tracks on the "" compilation. It dates from December 1977, about six weeks after the group recorded their debut single "Bingo-Master's Break-Out!" (which wasn’t released until August 1978). It is the only release where early song "Hey! Fascist" can be heard, although it was reworked as "Hey! Student" and released | 5141387 | 24853240 |
Live 1977. on "Middle Class Revolt" seventeen years later. There are also very early versions of the 1984 single "Oh! Brother" and "Cop It", later found on "The Wonderful And Frightening World Of The Fall" but retitled "Copped It". The group’s reworking of "Louie Louie", with John the Postman, is featured only on this recording. This was Tony Friel’s last performance with the band. After a couple of short-stay replacements, his place as bassist was taken by Marc Riley. Section:Track listing. Section:Personnel. | 5141387 | 24853241 |
Liam Beckett. Liam Beckett Liam Beckett MBE (born 17 July 1951) is a football manager and former player from Northern Ireland. He last managed Cliftonville and is currently a pundit for BBC Sport Northern Ireland. In December 2017, Beckett was appointed an MBE in the Queen's New Year Honours list for his service to the Northern Irish voluntary sector and sport. | 5141397 | 24853242 |
Parikrama. Parikrama Parikrama or Pradakshina refers to circumambulation of sacred places to imbibe their energy in Sikh, Hindu, Jain or Buddhist context, and the path along which this is performed. Parikrama means "the path surrounding something" in Sanskrit, and is also known as Pradakshina ("to the right"), representing circumambulation. Both words are mostly used in the context of religious deities in a temple, sacred rivers, sacred hills and a close cluster of temples, and "doing a parikrama" as a symbol of prayer is an integral part of Hindu worship. In Hinduism and other Indian religions, the Parikrama inside temples or sacred | 5141219 | 24853243 |
Parikrama. sites is traditionally clockwise. Most Hindu temple structures include various Pradakshina paths. Pradakshina paths are defined. as: "Circumbulatory or pathway around the shrine of the temples by keeping time is a common form of prayer in India.It includes Narmada,Shetrunjaya,Girnar. This pathway made of stone around the shrine is called Pradakshina path." There could be one surrounding the main deity, other paths could be broader being concentric to the main path. However, it is not uncommon to find non-concentric parikrama paths in a single temple structure. At times the outermost parikrama path covers the whole village/town/city, thereby implying that the length | 5141219 | 24853244 |
Parikrama. of the path can stretch. Parikrama is done around sacred fire (Agni – the fire God), Tulsi plant (Ocimum tenuiflorum) and Peepal tree. Parikrama of Agni or Agni Pradakshina is a part of the Hindu marriage ceremony. Some of the Parikramas are Narmada River, Govardhan hill, Vrindavan, Vraj Mandala, Dwadash Madhav parikrama Tirthraj Prayag, Ayodhya, Girnar, Chitrakoot hill, Varanasi, Mathura, and Mathura-Vrindavan yugalabandi in Kartik ... Typically, Parikrama is done after the completion of traditional worship (puja) and after paying homage to the deity. Parikrama is supposed to be done with a meditative mood. Parikrama is also practiced in Buddhism, | 5141219 | 24853245 |
Parikrama. Jainism and Sikhism. Section:Buddhist practice. In Buddhism circumambulation or pradakhshina has been an important ritual since early times. Sacred structures such as stupa or images have a pradakhshina path around them. The chaitya is a distinct ancient type of building that only survives in Indian rock-cut architecture, a hall with a stupa at the far end, always built with a rounded apse-like end, to allow pradakhshina. A mandapa (prayer hall), added in the front transforms the original stupa into the stupa shrine — as a sacred entity which requires a circumambulatory path around it for the purpose of worship. The | 5141219 | 24853246 |
Parikrama. whole structure is planned in such a way that it becomes the centre of the mandala and symbolically represents Mount Meru. Buddhist faithful may perform pradakhshina by prostrating themselves at every step, thus greatly prolonging the process. The most extreme pradakhshina is that of the sacred Mount Kailash in Tibet, a mountain trek some 52 km (32 mi) long, at altitudes between 15,000 ft (4,600 m) and 18,200 ft (5,500 m). This may also be undertaken by Hindus and Jains, and some pilgrims progress by prostration, taking some weeks. Section:Similarity and difference with Islam. Like Parikrama in Hinduism, Muslims perform | 5141219 | 24853247 |
Parikrama. circumambulation around Kaaba during their Hajj which they call tawaf. The circumambulation during Hajj is done in a counterclockwise manner. Hindu and Buddhist traditions, in contrast, circumambulate a shrine or sacred site clockwise. The only exception is during paying last respects to a dead body during a cremation or event marking a funeral, where the traditional circumambulation in Indian religions is counter-clockwise. Section:Hindu practices. A legend related to goddess Parvati (Shiva's wife) and her two sons illustrates the importance of Pradakshina or Parikrama. It is said that the goddess asked her two sons to circumambulate the universe to gain worldly | 5141219 | 24853248 |
Parikrama. knowledge. While her first son Kartikeyan spent decades to go round the world on his peacock, his second son Ganesha walked a full circle around his mother and justified his action by stating that the World was contained within the figure of the mother. This legend justifies the importance that Hindus attach to the practice of Parikrama, and also the importance of motherhood in Hindu psychology. Another version of the same story replaces the figure of Parvati with Shiva himself. Section:Hindu practices.:Shiva temples. In Shiva temples, the devotees start the Pradakshina as usual from the front and go clockwise till | 5141219 | 24853249 |
Parikrama. they reach the "gomukhi" (the outlet for abhisheka water) from the Sanctum Sanctorum. As usual the clockwise perambulation is maintained outside of the Bali stones. The drainage outlet for the ritual ablution offered on the Shiva Linga with water, milk, curd, coconut water, ghee, ashes (bhasma)etc. is not to be crossed. So the worshippers have to return in anti-clockwise direction till they reach the other side of the drainage outlet to complete the circle. During this anti-clockwise perambulation, the devotee should tread a path inside of the Bali stones. The Bali stones are always to be kept the right side | 5141219 | 24853250 |
Parikrama. of the devotees. After reaching the drainage oulet, they have to return to the front in the clockwise direction keeping the path outside the Bali stones. Thus one Pradakshina is completed. Section:Hindu practices.:Hindu locations. Section:Hindu practices.:Hindu locations.:Ayodhya parikrama. In the temple city of Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh, India, Panchkosi Parikrama is performed over a two-day period. Devotees first take a holy dip in the Saryu River and then do a Parikrama of 15 km along the periphery of the city. It is said that over two hundred thousand devotees including around 50 thousand sadhus from Prayag (Allahabad), Haridwar, Mathura and | 5141219 | 24853251 |
Parikrama. Kashi (Varanasi) participate in the parikrama, and full security arrangements are made for the religious occasion. Section:Hindu practices.:Hindu locations.:Girnar parikrama. Lili Parikrama or Girnar Parikrama is a seven-day festival held at Mount Girnar in Junagadh district of Gujarat, India. The pilgrimage involves a climb of 10,000 steps to reach the top to the sacred Mount Girnar venerated by both Hindus and Jains. The Jains call it Mount Neminath. Devotees from all over the country participate in the festival. Of the seven peaks of Girnar, five are important viz., Ambamata, Gorakhnath, Augadh, Guru Dattatreya and Kalika. Bhavnath Shiv temple, Bhartruchari cave, | 5141219 | 24853252 |
Parikrama. Sorath Mahal, Bhim Kund and Shiv Kund. Devotees visit these sacred places during the parikarama. Section:Hindu practices.:Hindu locations.:Govardahan hill parikrama. Govardhan hill which has great religious significance in view of its association with Lord Krishna, presently at its highest point is just high and is a wide hill near Mathura Vrindavan in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is a narrow sandstone hill known as Giriraj which is about in length. After Krishna protected the inhabitants of Vraj Vridavan from the wrath of Indra, he counseled them to worship Govardhana hill and they did by way of a Puja (worship) and a | 5141219 | 24853253 |
Parikrama. Parikrama (circumambulation) around the hill.Thus, a festival in commemoration of the lifting of Mount Govardhan, near Mathura, by Krishna came into vogue as 'Govardhan Puja' when Mount Govardhan is worshipped, the day after Deepawali (festival of lights) is celebrated. Pious people keep awake the whole night and cook 56 (or 108) different types of food for the bhog (the offering of food to God) to Krishna. This ceremony is called 'ankut' or 'annakuta' which means a mountain of food. Various types of food – cereals, pulses, fruit, vegetables, chutneys, pickles, and salads – are offered to the Deity and then | 5141219 | 24853254 |
Parikrama. distributed as 'prasada' to devotees. Thousands of devotees bring offerings for Giriraj. Followed by this pooja, the devotees perform the Govardhana Parikrama. Govardana Parikrama [circumambulation — going around the hill] is a sacred ritual performed by many believers as spiritual purification. There is no time limit for performing this Parikrama, but for those who perform the dandavata (full prostration) Parikrama, an arduous form which may take weeks and sometimes even months to complete. Dandavata Parikrama is performed by standing in one spot, offering obeisances like a stick (danda) by lying flat on the ground and then continuing, contiguously, till the | 5141219 | 24853255 |
Parikrama. entire route is covered. It is also said that some sadhus (Hindu holy men) perform 108 obeisances in one spot before moving to the next. This can take a number of months to complete. This ritual of Parikrama is considered to be even better if it is done with milk. A clay pot filled with milk, with a hole at the bottom, is carried by the devotees in one hand and a pot filled with dhoop (incense smoke) in another. An escort continuously fills up the pot with milk till the parikrama is completed. Parikrama is also done with candy | 5141219 | 24853256 |
Parikrama. being handed out to children, en route. The divine tree 'Kalpavriksha' planted by GreenMan Vijaypal Baghel at each Kunda of this parikrma route, not only Kalpavriksha, he is planting with dedication much more others traditional & medicinal flora's species around holy Govardhan hill likely 'Tridev Vriksha', paras peepal, Rudraksha, Kadmba, pakad, vat vriksha etc. who have spiritual and religious values to make Green Parikrma. Parikrama of Govardhana hill starts at the Manasi-Ganga Kund (lake) and then after having darsan of Lord Harideva, from Radha-kunda village, where the Vrindavan road meets the parikrama path. After parikrama of 21 kilometres, covering important | 5141219 | 24853257 |
Parikrama. tanks, shilas and shrines such as Radha Kunda, Syama Kunda, Dan Ghati, Mukharavinda, Rinamochana Kunda, Kusuma Sarovara and Punchari, it ends at Mansi Ganga Kund only. Section:Hindu practices.:Hindu locations.:Kurukshetra parikrama. 48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra is a 48 kos circumambulation of over 200 Mahabharata-related and other vedic era tirthas around the holy city of Kurukshetra in the state of Haryana, India. Section:Hindu practices.:Hindu locations.:Narmada parikrama. The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a Parikrama or Circumambulation of the river. The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, | 5141219 | 24853258 |
Parikrama. is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus (saints) and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. It is a walk. The Parikrama is also performed along the southern bank from its source (Amarkantak hills) to the mouth (Bharuch) and returning along the northern bank, and it is considered to be of the highest religious efficacy. During the Narmada Parikrama, devotees have to pass through a | 5141219 | 24853259 |
Parikrama. place called Shulpaneshwar ki Jhari, a religious place in Gujarat with links dating back to the Mahabharata epic story. The legend says that the Pandavas returning victorious from Kurukshetra war were intercepted at Shulpaneswar by Eklavya and his group of tribal Bhils and looted them (Pandvaas) of all their belongings. Since then it is a custom that pilgrims on a Narmada Parikrama, while passing through this place, expect to be stripped of all their belongings leaving them with the bare essentials to carry on till some philonthropists give them donations on the way to carry on. With construction of the | 5141219 | 24853260 |
Parikrama. Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat on the Narmada River, the Shulpaneshwar Temple has submerged under the reservoir, necessitating the pilgrims to take a circuitous route to continue on their journey. Section:Hindu practices.:Hindu locations.:Vraja Mandala parikrama. Since 500 years Vraja Mandala Parikrama has been performed during October–November months. It is 84 Krosh long, taking 1–2 months depending on the route and speed visits twelve forests, known as vans, and twenty-four groves, known as upavans. The twelve forests are Madhuvan, Talavan, Kumudvan, Bahulavan, Kamavan, Khadiravan, Vrindavan, Bhadravan, Bhandiravan, Belvan, Lohavan, and Mahavan. The twenty-four groves are Gokul, Govardhan, Barsana, Nandagram, Sanket, Paramadra, | 5141219 | 24853261 |
Parikrama. Aring, Sessai, Mat, Uchagram, Kelvan, Sri Kund, Gandharvavan, Parsoli, Bilchhu, Bacchavan, Adibadri, Karahla, Ajnokh, Pisaya, Kokilavan, Dadhigram, Kotvan, and Raval. Section:Hindu practices.:Hindu locations.:Vrindavan parikrama. Vrindavan Parikrama is a spiritual walk undertaken by devotees around Vrindavan town in Uttar Pradesh. It has no particular start or end place. As long as you end at the same place you start, the purpose is served. One possible path is to start from the famous ISKCON temple, covers a distance of in about three hours. It is generally done on Ekadasi (eleventh lunar day of the waxing and waning of Moon). The route followed | 5141219 | 24853262 |
Parikrama. is from Keshi ghat with purification, walk close to the Krishna Balarama Temple, the Krishna-Balarama tree, Gautam Rishi's Ashrama (located on the left while on the right is Varaha Ghata), the Kaliya Ghata, Madana Mohana Temple with red sandstone tower, small wooden bridge, to Imli Tala, the Imli Tala tree, Sringara Vata (on the right), the Kesi Ghat (one of the famous Monuments in Vrindavan), the Tekari Rani temple, the Jagannatha temple and the small temple of Lord Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and in the final stretch cross the Mathura-Vrindavan road. After crossing this road, after another 1 km walking, reach the | 5141219 | 24853263 |
Parikrama. starting point of the Parikrama. During the Parikrama, one chants the mantras (Jap or Hymns ) within, uses body power (Tap) to accomplish the Parikrama and keeps a fast (not eat anything) (Vrata) till the Parikrama is completed. Section:Hindu practices.:Symbolism. The temple structure reflects the symbolism of the Hindu association of the spiritual transition from daily life to spiritual perfection as a journey through stages. Parikrama paths are present through which worshipers move in a clockwise direction, starting at the sanctuary doorway and moving inward toward the inner sanctum where the deity is enshrined. This represents translation of the spiritual | 5141219 | 24853264 |
Parikrama. concept of transition through levels in life into bodily movements by the worshipers as they move inwardly through ambulatory halls to the most sacred centre of spiritual energy of the deity. Section:Hindu practices.:Shayana Pradakshinam. Shayana Pradakshinam is done by prostration in a lying posture. It starts with a Sashtanga Namaskara in front of the sanctum sanctorum. In Sashtanga Namaskara, the devotees have six parts of their bodies touching the ground. Thus forehead, chest, stomach, hands, knees and toes touch the ground. The folded hands will be directed always towards the deity. In this pose, the devotees circumambulate on the Pradakshina | 5141219 | 24853265 |
Parikrama. path. The relatives and friends of the devotees help them to roll around. Section:Hindu practices.:Number of Pradakshinas. For each deity, the minimum number of Pradakshinas to be done are specified. The Swayambhu Agama says that doing Pradakshina 21 times to any deity is sanctified. Section:See also. | 5141219 | 24853266 |
August Spångberg. August Spångberg August Spångberg (29 March 1893 - 19 June 1987) was a Swedish labor politician. He was a member of the Riksdag (Swedish parliament), elected initially as a Communist and later as a Social Democrat. Section:Biography. Section:Biography.:Early life. August Konrad Ferdinand Spångberg was born in Skärhyttan, Nora, Örebro län, Sweden. In his autobiography, "I tidens ström" (1966), he writes that his father, August Carlsson, left for America before he was born. Spångberg spent his early years living with his maternal grandfather, Karl Fredrik Spångberg, a coal burner, in a small cottage deep in the forests of Nora. For a | 5141371 | 24853267 |
August Spångberg. short time he lived in a foster home and then moved back to live with his mother, Anna Lovisa Spångberg. August's two half-siblings—Sten Spångberg (1900-1970) and Linnéa Spångberg (1904-1981), a Swedish movie actress—were the children of his mother and Anders Gustav Olsson. Section:Biography.:Political career. As a young man, Spångberg found work as a railroad worker in Charlottenberg, and was active in the temperance movement and the socialist youth movement. In the 1917 split of the Social Democratic Party, Spångberg joined the Communist group headed by Zeth Höglund. In 1922, Spångberg was the youngest member ever to be elected to the | 5141371 | 24853268 |
August Spångberg. Swedish parliament. In 1929 Spångberg, together with the majority of the Swedish Communists, were expelled from the Party. He then joined Karl Kilbom in the independent communist party (later renamed as the Socialist Party). In 1937 August Spångberg travelled with Ture Nerman to Spain to participate in the fight against the Nationalists of General Francisco Franco. They were caught in the crossfire of a battle on 3 May at the Hotel Victoria in Barcelona, which resulted in 2000 casualties. When Spångberg and Nerman return to Sweden soon after, they came home to see their party falling apart in a struggle | 5141371 | 24853269 |
August Spångberg. between Karl Kilbom and Nils Flyg. Spångberg then joined the Swedish Social Democratic Party. During World War II Spångberg participated in the Norwegian resistance movement against the Nazi occupation of Norway. He helped many people escape Nazis-occupied Norway including Willy Brandt, who would later become the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. For his efforts Spångberg was appointed to the Order of St. Olav. Spångberg served 46 sessions in parliament until 1964 when he retired at the age of 71. Section:Biography.:Archive and Park. The Eda Municipality Library in Charlottenberg, Sweden holds a special collection of Augustus Spångberg's parliamentary documents, | 5141371 | 24853270 |
August Spångberg. letters, and literature. There is a memorial park in Charlottenberg, next to the public library, named after August Spångberg. Section:Biography.:Obituary. MILITANT FRIEND OF PEACE Idealist and parliament member August Spångberg, of Charlottenberg, has died at the age of 94. He was born in Nora parish, Örebro. During the years 1922-1964, he was a member of the lower chamber of parliament, first for the Socialist party and later for the Social Democrats. During that period, he participated in 46 sessions of parliament. He was known as a fighting member and several times introduced legislation leading to a more democratic form of | 5141371 | 24853271 |
August Spångberg. government. At one time, his efforts were opposed by then Prime Minister Tage Erlander as being impractical. For his role in Norway's resistance effort during World War II, he was awarded the Norwegian Order of St. Olav. In 1967, he was presented with the Eldhs peace award for his "unfaltering efforts in the cause of peace and disarmament." He labored many years in the Swedish peace and neutrality societies." At the age of 82, he authored a novel, "Radmannen, the Tale of a Crime" ["Rådmannen: En historia om ett brott"] which dealt with the Unman affair, of the 1950s, in | 5141371 | 24853272 |
August Spångberg. which he had been involved and against which he fought. The nearest survivors include his wife, Sofie, nee Nilsson, a son Arne, his wife Anne-Marie, and several grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Section:Notes. Section:Works. More books: LIBRIS Section:External links. | 5141371 | 24853273 |
New York State Route 141. New York State Route 141 New York State Route 141 (NY 141) is a north–south state highway in Westchester County, New York, in the United States. It extends for from an interchange with NY 9A in the hamlet of Hawthorne to an intersection with NY 117 in the village of Pleasantville. The route has a very short overlap with NY 100 west of Hawthorne and connects to the southbound direction of the Taconic State Parkway by way of a partial interchange in Hawthorne. Most of NY 141 is a two-lane road that serves residential and commercial areas; however, the southwesternmost | 5141406 | 24853274 |
New York State Route 141. is a four-lane divided highway. NY 141 was established in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, extending from Hawthorne to Pleasantville as it does today. At one time, the route extended as far south as the hamlet of Eastview southwest of Hawthorne. Section:Route description. NY 141 begins at a trumpet interchange with NY 9A on the western edge of the hamlet of Hawthorne, located within the town of Mount Pleasant. This junction also serves as the south end of NY 9A's overlaps with NY 100. NY 141 initially heads to the northeast as an independent route, following | 5141406 | 24853275 |
New York State Route 141. the two ramps not carrying either direction of NY 100. After just , all four ramps merge into a four-lane divided highway, creating a short overlap between NY 141 and NY 100. The divided highway ends at Brighton Avenue, the first road that it intersects. NY 100 splits from NY 141 here, following Brighton Avenue southward while NY 141 heads southeastward along the two-lane Broadway, passing through a lightly developed commercial area. After one block, the route intersects Bradhurst Avenue, here a state-maintained street serving as a one-block spur of NY 100. Just east of Bradhurst Avenue, NY 141 connects | 5141406 | 24853276 |
New York State Route 141. to the Taconic State Parkway by way of a partial interchange. The junction has only two connections; the first links NY 141 to the southbound parkway, while the second leads from the northbound direction of the parkway to NY 141 via West Cross Street. Continuing eastward, the highway passes under the parkway and enters the commercial center of Hawthorne. Here, NY 141 crosses over the Metro-North Railroad before turning northward onto Elwood Avenue. Over the next , NY 141 closely parallels the railroad's Harlem Line, serving its Hawthorne station as the road heads north. After three blocks, the road and | 5141406 | 24853277 |
New York State Route 141. railroad turn to the northeast and begin to run alongside the Saw Mill River Parkway. Elwood Avenue ends shortly after the curve, giving way to Commerce Street. As Commerce Street, NY 141 continues to head to the northeast, passing by a line of businesses in an otherwise residential area between the hamlets of Hawthorne and Thornwood. The route eventually enters the latter's central business district, where the Saw Mill Parkway and the Harlem Line turn northwestward toward the center of the nearby village of Pleasantville. NY 141 continues on a northern track however, veering off of Commerce Street onto Franklin | 5141406 | 24853278 |
New York State Route 141. Avenue, then becoming known as Broadway again as it heads through mostly residential areas on its way into the eastern portion of Pleasantville. It retains the Broadway name to a junction with Bedford Road, from where the route continues as Bedford Road for two blocks before ending at an intersection with NY 117. Westbound NY 117 enters from the west on Manville Road, while NY 117 east turns north to follow Bedford Road. Section:History. The alignment of NY 141 between Fort Washington Avenue in Hawthorne and the Pleasantville village line was constructed up to state highway standards during the early | 5141406 | 24853279 |
New York State Route 141. 20th century. Designated State Highway 1308 (SH 1308), August 31, 1915, the State of New York let a contract to upgrade the alignment with new pavement. The alignment would have of pavement on of right-of-way. Construction was completed in 1918, and the state accepted the alignment into the state highway system on March 15. NY 141 was established in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. It originally followed Marble Avenue from Thornwood to Pleasantville; however, it was realigned in the 1940s to follow Broadway between Thornwood and NY 117, then routed on Bedford Road, in Pleasantville. In | 5141406 | 24853280 |
New York State Route 141. the late 1930s, NY 141 was extended southwestward to Eastview by way of modern NY 9A and the now-dismantled Old Saw Mill River Road. This change was reverted on January 1, 1949 when most of the highway became part of a realigned NY 9A. In Hawthorne, a grade crossing on Broadway with the New York Central Railroad Harlem Division existed just north of the railroad station at the intersection with Elwood Avenue until 1951, when the New York State Department of Public Works realigned the route away from Broadway onto a bridge over the tracks south of the station leading | 5141406 | 24853281 |
New York State Route 141. to a wye at Elmwood Avenue. On September 1, 1980, NY 141 was extended two blocks northward after NY 117 was rerouted to follow Manville Road through Pleasantville. | 5141406 | 24853282 |
Perpetua (typeface). Perpetua (typeface) Perpetua is a serif typeface that was designed by English sculptor and stonemason Eric Gill for the British Monotype Corporation. Perpetua was commissioned at the request of Stanley Morison, an influential historian of printing and adviser to Monotype around 1925, at a time when Gill's reputation as a leading artist-craftsman was high. Perpetua was intended as a crisp, contemporary design not following any specific historic model, with a structure influenced by Gill's experience of carving lettering for monuments and memorials. Perpetua is commonly used for covers and headings and also sometimes for body text; it has been particularly | 5141400 | 24853283 |
Perpetua (typeface). popular in fine book printing. Perpetua was released with characters for the Greek alphabet and a matching set of titling capitals for headings. Perpetua is named for the Christian martyr Vibia Perpetua, an account of whose life was used in one of its first showings; its companion italic is named "Felicity" for her companion of that name. The choice had appeal to Morison and Gill, both converts to Catholicism. Section:Design. Perpetua is often classified as a transitional serif font, with a delicate structure somewhat similar to British fonts from the eighteenth century such as Baskerville and stonecarved (lapidary) inscriptions in | 5141400 | 24853284 |
Perpetua (typeface). the same style. However, it does not directly revive any specific historical model. Characteristic "transitional" features in Perpetua include considerable contrast in stroke width, crisp horizontal serifs, a delicate colour on the page and a reasonably vertical axis, with letters such as ‘O’ having their thinnest points at the top and bottom. Along with these characteristics, Perpetua bears the distinct personality of Gill's characteristic preferences in carving monumental lettering for uses such as tombstones, dedications and war memorials. Fine book printer Christopher Sandford of the Chiswick Press, who knew Gill, commented that "all Gill's types…are variants of Gill's own very | 5141400 | 24853285 |
Perpetua (typeface). lovely, very personal hand-lettering." Letter designs in Perpetua common in Gill's work include the 'a' that forms a sharp point without serif, the extended leg of the 'R' and the flat-topped 'A'. In italic, the 'a' has a smooth top and the 'g' is a "single-storey" design recalling handwriting. The top of the 'f' has a wedge-shaped serif. Historian James Mosley suggests that a rubbing of a 1655 engraving at Rye may have been an influence on the design. Perpetua's italic also has some flourishes in the capitals. However, rather than being fully cursive in style, some characters resemble oblique | 5141400 | 24853286 |
Perpetua (typeface). type or the "sloped roman" style, a style rarely used for serif fonts in which letters are slanted but do not take on as many handwriting characteristics as in a "true italic". Examples of this are the flat foot serifs on letters like 'h', 'm' and 'n', where most body text italics would have a curl or no serif at all. In structure, Perpetua appears relatively light in colour and rather "small" on the page, although this is less problematic in the carefully designed metal type, in which every size was carefully drawn differently, than in digital facsimile. Section:Background. Gill | 5141400 | 24853287 |
Perpetua (typeface). began work on Perpetua in 1925 at the request of Stanley Morison, typographical advisor to Monotype; they had met in 1913. Morison sought Gill's talent to design a new typeface for the foundry, asking for a "roman letter suitable for book reading, which while being new, was to be of general utility and in no respect unusual." In his memoir and assessment of Monotype's work, "A Tally of Types" (1953, after Gill's death), Morison claimed that he had chosen to collaborate with Gill because of a desire to create a new typeface on a pattern following no past model, and | 5141400 | 24853288 |
Perpetua (typeface). an impression that previous artistically inclined typefaces cut as niche products for the private use of fine press printing companies had been too eccentric:it still remained desirable to cut…an original face [which] required a living artist capable of the work. There was no lack of fine calligraphers or fine printers in Britain and Germany [but] the possibility was remote of securing from this source a satisfactory set of drawings of a new roman and italic suitable for work of every sort…with the possible exceptions of the Doves and Golden Type, their efforts had been new and peculiar... Morison wrote that | 5141400 | 24853289 |
Perpetua (typeface). he felt that Gill as a sculptor, with a trade of work more akin to the engraving process used to sculpt the master punches traditionally used to make metal type, could succeed where these designers, mostly trained in calligraphy, had not:The finely bracketed serif with which the sculptors of the roman inscriptions dignified their alphabet is symbolic; it signified their sense of the fundamental difference between private and public writing; between script and inscription. Thus the function of the serif must be understood by the artist if his book-type is to have a chance of succeeding. The fine serif is | 5141400 | 24853290 |
Perpetua (typeface). not in origin calligraphic but epigraphic; not written but sculptured. It follows that a set of drawings of a finely serifed type by a contemporary practitioner of lettering could best be made by "[a sculptor]" and Gill was the obvious man to solve it. He was asked to make drawings of the letters he had long been habitually carving. Morison engaged Gill to develop drawings for the face around 1925. Section:Usage. Mosley, in an article on Perpetua's development, comments that the design's:openness and small x-height make it far from economical in use, and the delicacy - even spindliness - of | 5141400 | 24853291 |
Perpetua (typeface). its cutting are a severe handicap. It reveals its qualities best in the richly-inked and crisply machined first specimen text. Ultimately, despite Morison's high hopes for Perpetua, it has remained something of a niche face, particularly popular for high-quality printing projects and uses such as headings. Morison late in life conceded thatthe question whether the sizes 8- to 14-point fully realise the ambition with which they were begun, i.e. to create an original type serviceable for all kinds of books, does not permit of an answer in the unqualified affirmative. Perpetua, it may be said at once, is eminently suitable | 5141400 | 24853292 |
Perpetua (typeface). for certain kinds of books...with which a certain obvious degree of 'style' is desired, as for example, the semi-private printing with which Gill was for a long time intimately associated. Perpetua's appeal to fine book printers has been long-standing since its release, both in the UK and abroad. Christopher Sandford wrote of Perpetua and Gill’s similar type for the Golden Cockerel Press that “it is important that type in combination with finely cut engravings should not be so ‘bold’ as to 'kill' the artists' work, it is also important that it should not be too light to make a comfortable | 5141400 | 24853293 |
Perpetua (typeface). combination. While Gill's Perpetua is probably better suited to combine with line-engravings in copper, etchings, mezzotints or watercolour paintings, the [somewhat bolder] 'Golden Cockerel' type undoubtedly fulfilled Gill's intention for it to combine most charmingly with surface printing from wood-blocks." Vivian Ridler, some years later to become Printer to the University of Oxford, was so inspired by Gill's work around this time that he named his side printing project the Perpetua Press after the font in 1933. OUP book designer Hugh Williamson, in his "Methods of Book Design" (1956), however warned that Perpetua's 12 pt size was smaller than "any | 5141400 | 24853294 |
Perpetua (typeface). other series now in general use" but commented that Gill had proven that "the design of alphabets for printing has further achievements to offer to artists of the stature to reach them." Two connected designs created around and after the time of its project at Morison's instigation became among the most popular typefaces ever designed. Morison was consulted to advise on a custom typeface for the "Times" around the end of Perpetua's convoluted development. One of several options proposed was a modified version of Perpetua, increased in bulk for the conditions of newspaper printing. (Robin Kinross has noted that Perpetua's | 5141400 | 24853295 |
Perpetua (typeface). basic design is "hardly robust enough for newspaper printing.") In the end Monotype created a new font, Times New Roman, for that project instead, basing it on an earlier typeface named Plantin, but one of the key modifications was sharpening Times's serifs, similar to Perpetua's design; Morison's cited reason for the change was to resemble the previous fonts used. Times New Roman when released to general use rapidly became one of the most popular fonts in the history of printing. In Monotype's sales chart through to 1984 Times ranks top of all, with Perpetua eighteenth out of forty-three. The "Times" | 5141400 | 24853296 |
Perpetua (typeface). did use Perpetua Titling for some sections in the metal type period. While working on the project Morison engaged Gill also to begin work on a sans-serif project, which became the extremely successful Gill Sans series, ranking fifth on Monotype's sales chart. Mosley describes this as "a best-selling design whose sales record must have compensated Monotype for many well-meaning failures." Section:Development. The process of Perpetua's development was extremely convoluted. After Gill had produced his drawings, Morison decided not to send them to the Monotype engineering department at Salfords, Surrey, with which he had had disagreements. Instead, he commissioned at his | 5141400 | 24853297 |
Perpetua (typeface). own expense for the punchcutter of Paris in 1926 to manually engrave punches which were used to cast trial metal type. Manually cutting punches was the standard method of creating the matrices, or moulds used to cast metal type, in the previous century, but was now effectively a niche artisanal approach replaced by machine pantograph engraving. Once the Malin type had been cast, Gill found some of his decisions unsatisfying seen in extended passages of text, leading him to propose changes and corrections. These were ultimately used to develop a final set of working drawings for commercial release. Gill made | 5141400 | 24853298 |
Perpetua (typeface). several attempts at designing a companion italic face for Perpetua. One was a sloped roman, in which the regular style is slanted without the different letterforms of italic type. This unusual design decision was done under the influence of Morison's opinion that a sloped roman form was preferable to that of cursive italics for use in book text, providing less of a contrast with the roman. However, the oblique was not accepted by Monotype management, who went so far as to declare it "worthless." Ultimately a more conventional italic was used instead. Morison commented to his friend Jan van Krimpen | 5141400 | 24853299 |