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time-sensitive-qa

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[ "Randolph-Macon College" ]

[ { "text": " James Randy Forbes ( born February 17 , 1952 ) is an American politician . A member of the Republican Party , he was the U.S . Representative for , serving from 2001 to 2017 . Prior to joining the United States Congress , he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates , Virginia State Senate , and Chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia . Forbes formerly served as Chairman of the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee .", "title": "Randy Forbes" }, { "text": "During the Donald Trump administration , Forbes has been reviewed as a prospective choice for Secretary of the Navy . Forbes campaigned for Trump in the 2016 presidential election in 2016 . Forbes was passed over twice for the first-round and second round nominations of Secretary of the Navy .", "title": "Randy Forbes" }, { "text": " Forbes served as a senior distinguished fellow at the U.S . Naval War College from February through December 2017 . Early life , education and career . Forbes was born in Chesapeake , Virginia , the son of Thelma and Malcolm J . Forbes . Forbes graduated first in his class from Randolph-Macon College in 1974 . He received his Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1977 . Forbes worked in private practice for Kaufman & Canoles PC .", "title": "Randy Forbes" }, { "text": " Forbes served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1989 to 1997 and the Virginia State Senate from 1997 to 2001 . He also served as chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia from 1996 to 2001 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "He was first elected to the House in 2001 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of ten-term Democratic Congressman Norman Sisisky ; defeating Democratic State Senator Louise Lucas 52–48% . After the 4th district was reconfigured as part of redistricting . He ran unopposed by Democrats in 2002 and 2006 . In 2004 , he faced Jonathan R . Menefee , and won with 65% of the vote . He faced Wynne LeGrow in the 2010 election , and was easily re-elected with 62% of the vote . In 2012 , he defeated Chesapeake City Councilwoman Ella Ward", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "with 57% of the vote .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Forbes was the Founder and Chairman of the Congressional Prayer Caucus and the Congressional China Caucus . He championed a plan to rebuild the Navy to 350 ships as Chairman of the House Seapower Subcommittee .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On February 8 , 2016 , he announced that he would run for election to Virginias 2nd Congressional District in November 2016 after a court-ordered redistricting saw the 4th absorb most of the majority-black areas around Richmond . The new map turned the 4th from a strongly Republican district into a strongly Democratic district . He did so while at the same time announcing that he would continue to live in Chesapeake , which remained in the 4th ; members of the House are only constitutionally required to live in the state they represent . Forbes stated that his seniority", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "gave him a chance to become the first Virginian to chair the House Armed Services Committee . The 2nd District was being vacated by fellow Republican Scott Rigell .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Forbes accused state Delegate and former U.S . Navy SEAL , Scott Taylor , of criminal activity for speeding violations and missing a court appearance , including a scheduled hearing when Taylor was deployed with the Navy . On June 14 , 2016 , Forbes was defeated in the Republican primary by Scott Taylor by a margin of 52.5% to 40.6% , with a third candidate , C . Pat Cardwell IV , receiving 6.8% of the vote . Taylor went on to win the general election on November 8 , 2016 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Forbes received $801,606 in campaign financing from donors in the defense industry during his tenure in Congress . The largest donors to Forbes over his Congressional career have been defense contractors serving the U.S . Navy for aviation and ship construction , including Northrup Grumman , BAE Systems , Leidos and Huntington Ingalls .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Readiness ( Ex-Chairman ) - Committee on Education and the Workforce - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on the Constitution - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , and Homeland Security", "title": "Committee assignments" }, { "text": " Forbes founded the Congressional Prayer Caucus in 2005 and co-chaired the caucus with Senator James Lankford .", "title": "Memberships" }, { "text": " Forbes was formerly Chairman of the House Armed Services Committees Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee . In 2013 , Forbes publicly opposed military action in both Libya and Syria . In 2014 , he promised to promote President Obamas call for funds for action in Syria . In 2014 , Forbes voted to address cuts imposed by sequestration with a $1.4 billion cut to operations , maintenance , and training funds , rather than mothballing 11 cruisers and three amphibious warships .", "title": "Defense" }, { "text": "Forbes was founder and chairman of the Congressional China Caucus . Forbes spoke a panel discussion at Harvard University in the April 2012 on U.S . strategy to Chinas world power emergence . Forbes has voiced concern for Chinese military ambition , cyber threats , contaminated exports , and human rights violations . His reputation has come under scrutiny with the recent acquisition of Americas largest pork company , Smithfield Foods , by a Chinese competitor – a company headquartered within his district . This $4.7 billion deal is the biggest Chinese acquisition of a U.S . company to date", "title": "China" }, { "text": ".", "title": "China" }, { "text": " On June 12 , 2008 Forbes introduced H.R . 6260 , titled New Manhattan Project for Energy Independence . The bill was offered as a substitute for the entire energy bill and outlined a series of prizes , similar to the X-PRIZE , which would be awarded to a private entity , which completed one of seven tasks related to achieving energy independence .", "title": "Energy independence" }, { "text": "The bill included $14 billion in prizes and $10 billion in grants ( $10 billion of which would have supported nuclear fusion research ) ; provisions to establish a summit to discuss the challenge of energy independence ; and creation of a commission to offer recommendations to fulfill the goal of becoming energy independent within 20 years . On June 26 , 2009 , the bill was offered as an amendment in the nature of a substitute for the Waxman/Markey-sponsored American Clean Energy and Security Act . The amendment was rejected by the House of Representatives 255–172 .", "title": "Energy independence" }, { "text": " <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 2004 , write-ins received 170 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 886 votes . In 2008 , write-ins received 405 votes . In 2010 , write-ins received 432 votes . In 2014 , write-ins received 257 votes . <nowiki>**</nowiki> Sisisky died on March 29 , 2001 ; Forbes won the 2001 special election to fill out the remainder of his term .", "title": "Electoral history" }, { "text": " - Congressional China Caucus - U.S . House approves Forbes bill reaffirming In God We Trust , Hampton Roads , November 2 , 2011", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " James Randy Forbes ( born February 17 , 1952 ) is an American politician . A member of the Republican Party , he was the U.S . Representative for , serving from 2001 to 2017 . Prior to joining the United States Congress , he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates , Virginia State Senate , and Chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia . Forbes formerly served as Chairman of the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee .", "title": "Randy Forbes" }, { "text": "During the Donald Trump administration , Forbes has been reviewed as a prospective choice for Secretary of the Navy . Forbes campaigned for Trump in the 2016 presidential election in 2016 . Forbes was passed over twice for the first-round and second round nominations of Secretary of the Navy .", "title": "Randy Forbes" }, { "text": " Forbes served as a senior distinguished fellow at the U.S . Naval War College from February through December 2017 . Early life , education and career . Forbes was born in Chesapeake , Virginia , the son of Thelma and Malcolm J . Forbes . Forbes graduated first in his class from Randolph-Macon College in 1974 . He received his Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1977 . Forbes worked in private practice for Kaufman & Canoles PC .", "title": "Randy Forbes" }, { "text": " Forbes served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1989 to 1997 and the Virginia State Senate from 1997 to 2001 . He also served as chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia from 1996 to 2001 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "He was first elected to the House in 2001 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of ten-term Democratic Congressman Norman Sisisky ; defeating Democratic State Senator Louise Lucas 52–48% . After the 4th district was reconfigured as part of redistricting . He ran unopposed by Democrats in 2002 and 2006 . In 2004 , he faced Jonathan R . Menefee , and won with 65% of the vote . He faced Wynne LeGrow in the 2010 election , and was easily re-elected with 62% of the vote . In 2012 , he defeated Chesapeake City Councilwoman Ella Ward", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "with 57% of the vote .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Forbes was the Founder and Chairman of the Congressional Prayer Caucus and the Congressional China Caucus . He championed a plan to rebuild the Navy to 350 ships as Chairman of the House Seapower Subcommittee .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On February 8 , 2016 , he announced that he would run for election to Virginias 2nd Congressional District in November 2016 after a court-ordered redistricting saw the 4th absorb most of the majority-black areas around Richmond . The new map turned the 4th from a strongly Republican district into a strongly Democratic district . He did so while at the same time announcing that he would continue to live in Chesapeake , which remained in the 4th ; members of the House are only constitutionally required to live in the state they represent . Forbes stated that his seniority", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "gave him a chance to become the first Virginian to chair the House Armed Services Committee . The 2nd District was being vacated by fellow Republican Scott Rigell .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Forbes accused state Delegate and former U.S . Navy SEAL , Scott Taylor , of criminal activity for speeding violations and missing a court appearance , including a scheduled hearing when Taylor was deployed with the Navy . On June 14 , 2016 , Forbes was defeated in the Republican primary by Scott Taylor by a margin of 52.5% to 40.6% , with a third candidate , C . Pat Cardwell IV , receiving 6.8% of the vote . Taylor went on to win the general election on November 8 , 2016 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Forbes received $801,606 in campaign financing from donors in the defense industry during his tenure in Congress . The largest donors to Forbes over his Congressional career have been defense contractors serving the U.S . Navy for aviation and ship construction , including Northrup Grumman , BAE Systems , Leidos and Huntington Ingalls .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Readiness ( Ex-Chairman ) - Committee on Education and the Workforce - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on the Constitution - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , and Homeland Security", "title": "Committee assignments" }, { "text": " Forbes founded the Congressional Prayer Caucus in 2005 and co-chaired the caucus with Senator James Lankford .", "title": "Memberships" }, { "text": " Forbes was formerly Chairman of the House Armed Services Committees Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee . In 2013 , Forbes publicly opposed military action in both Libya and Syria . In 2014 , he promised to promote President Obamas call for funds for action in Syria . In 2014 , Forbes voted to address cuts imposed by sequestration with a $1.4 billion cut to operations , maintenance , and training funds , rather than mothballing 11 cruisers and three amphibious warships .", "title": "Defense" }, { "text": "Forbes was founder and chairman of the Congressional China Caucus . Forbes spoke a panel discussion at Harvard University in the April 2012 on U.S . strategy to Chinas world power emergence . Forbes has voiced concern for Chinese military ambition , cyber threats , contaminated exports , and human rights violations . His reputation has come under scrutiny with the recent acquisition of Americas largest pork company , Smithfield Foods , by a Chinese competitor – a company headquartered within his district . This $4.7 billion deal is the biggest Chinese acquisition of a U.S . company to date", "title": "China" }, { "text": ".", "title": "China" }, { "text": " On June 12 , 2008 Forbes introduced H.R . 6260 , titled New Manhattan Project for Energy Independence . The bill was offered as a substitute for the entire energy bill and outlined a series of prizes , similar to the X-PRIZE , which would be awarded to a private entity , which completed one of seven tasks related to achieving energy independence .", "title": "Energy independence" }, { "text": "The bill included $14 billion in prizes and $10 billion in grants ( $10 billion of which would have supported nuclear fusion research ) ; provisions to establish a summit to discuss the challenge of energy independence ; and creation of a commission to offer recommendations to fulfill the goal of becoming energy independent within 20 years . On June 26 , 2009 , the bill was offered as an amendment in the nature of a substitute for the Waxman/Markey-sponsored American Clean Energy and Security Act . The amendment was rejected by the House of Representatives 255–172 .", "title": "Energy independence" }, { "text": " <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 2004 , write-ins received 170 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 886 votes . In 2008 , write-ins received 405 votes . In 2010 , write-ins received 432 votes . In 2014 , write-ins received 257 votes . <nowiki>**</nowiki> Sisisky died on March 29 , 2001 ; Forbes won the 2001 special election to fill out the remainder of his term .", "title": "Electoral history" }, { "text": " - Congressional China Caucus - U.S . House approves Forbes bill reaffirming In God We Trust , Hampton Roads , November 2 , 2011", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "University of Virginia School of Law" ]

[ { "text": " James Randy Forbes ( born February 17 , 1952 ) is an American politician . A member of the Republican Party , he was the U.S . Representative for , serving from 2001 to 2017 . Prior to joining the United States Congress , he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates , Virginia State Senate , and Chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia . Forbes formerly served as Chairman of the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee .", "title": "Randy Forbes" }, { "text": "During the Donald Trump administration , Forbes has been reviewed as a prospective choice for Secretary of the Navy . Forbes campaigned for Trump in the 2016 presidential election in 2016 . Forbes was passed over twice for the first-round and second round nominations of Secretary of the Navy .", "title": "Randy Forbes" }, { "text": " Forbes served as a senior distinguished fellow at the U.S . Naval War College from February through December 2017 . Early life , education and career . Forbes was born in Chesapeake , Virginia , the son of Thelma and Malcolm J . Forbes . Forbes graduated first in his class from Randolph-Macon College in 1974 . He received his Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1977 . Forbes worked in private practice for Kaufman & Canoles PC .", "title": "Randy Forbes" }, { "text": " Forbes served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1989 to 1997 and the Virginia State Senate from 1997 to 2001 . He also served as chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia from 1996 to 2001 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "He was first elected to the House in 2001 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of ten-term Democratic Congressman Norman Sisisky ; defeating Democratic State Senator Louise Lucas 52–48% . After the 4th district was reconfigured as part of redistricting . He ran unopposed by Democrats in 2002 and 2006 . In 2004 , he faced Jonathan R . Menefee , and won with 65% of the vote . He faced Wynne LeGrow in the 2010 election , and was easily re-elected with 62% of the vote . In 2012 , he defeated Chesapeake City Councilwoman Ella Ward", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "with 57% of the vote .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Forbes was the Founder and Chairman of the Congressional Prayer Caucus and the Congressional China Caucus . He championed a plan to rebuild the Navy to 350 ships as Chairman of the House Seapower Subcommittee .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On February 8 , 2016 , he announced that he would run for election to Virginias 2nd Congressional District in November 2016 after a court-ordered redistricting saw the 4th absorb most of the majority-black areas around Richmond . The new map turned the 4th from a strongly Republican district into a strongly Democratic district . He did so while at the same time announcing that he would continue to live in Chesapeake , which remained in the 4th ; members of the House are only constitutionally required to live in the state they represent . Forbes stated that his seniority", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "gave him a chance to become the first Virginian to chair the House Armed Services Committee . The 2nd District was being vacated by fellow Republican Scott Rigell .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Forbes accused state Delegate and former U.S . Navy SEAL , Scott Taylor , of criminal activity for speeding violations and missing a court appearance , including a scheduled hearing when Taylor was deployed with the Navy . On June 14 , 2016 , Forbes was defeated in the Republican primary by Scott Taylor by a margin of 52.5% to 40.6% , with a third candidate , C . Pat Cardwell IV , receiving 6.8% of the vote . Taylor went on to win the general election on November 8 , 2016 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Forbes received $801,606 in campaign financing from donors in the defense industry during his tenure in Congress . The largest donors to Forbes over his Congressional career have been defense contractors serving the U.S . Navy for aviation and ship construction , including Northrup Grumman , BAE Systems , Leidos and Huntington Ingalls .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Readiness ( Ex-Chairman ) - Committee on Education and the Workforce - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on the Constitution - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , and Homeland Security", "title": "Committee assignments" }, { "text": " Forbes founded the Congressional Prayer Caucus in 2005 and co-chaired the caucus with Senator James Lankford .", "title": "Memberships" }, { "text": " Forbes was formerly Chairman of the House Armed Services Committees Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee . In 2013 , Forbes publicly opposed military action in both Libya and Syria . In 2014 , he promised to promote President Obamas call for funds for action in Syria . In 2014 , Forbes voted to address cuts imposed by sequestration with a $1.4 billion cut to operations , maintenance , and training funds , rather than mothballing 11 cruisers and three amphibious warships .", "title": "Defense" }, { "text": "Forbes was founder and chairman of the Congressional China Caucus . Forbes spoke a panel discussion at Harvard University in the April 2012 on U.S . strategy to Chinas world power emergence . Forbes has voiced concern for Chinese military ambition , cyber threats , contaminated exports , and human rights violations . His reputation has come under scrutiny with the recent acquisition of Americas largest pork company , Smithfield Foods , by a Chinese competitor – a company headquartered within his district . This $4.7 billion deal is the biggest Chinese acquisition of a U.S . company to date", "title": "China" }, { "text": ".", "title": "China" }, { "text": " On June 12 , 2008 Forbes introduced H.R . 6260 , titled New Manhattan Project for Energy Independence . The bill was offered as a substitute for the entire energy bill and outlined a series of prizes , similar to the X-PRIZE , which would be awarded to a private entity , which completed one of seven tasks related to achieving energy independence .", "title": "Energy independence" }, { "text": "The bill included $14 billion in prizes and $10 billion in grants ( $10 billion of which would have supported nuclear fusion research ) ; provisions to establish a summit to discuss the challenge of energy independence ; and creation of a commission to offer recommendations to fulfill the goal of becoming energy independent within 20 years . On June 26 , 2009 , the bill was offered as an amendment in the nature of a substitute for the Waxman/Markey-sponsored American Clean Energy and Security Act . The amendment was rejected by the House of Representatives 255–172 .", "title": "Energy independence" }, { "text": " <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 2004 , write-ins received 170 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 886 votes . In 2008 , write-ins received 405 votes . In 2010 , write-ins received 432 votes . In 2014 , write-ins received 257 votes . <nowiki>**</nowiki> Sisisky died on March 29 , 2001 ; Forbes won the 2001 special election to fill out the remainder of his term .", "title": "Electoral history" }, { "text": " - Congressional China Caucus - U.S . House approves Forbes bill reaffirming In God We Trust , Hampton Roads , November 2 , 2011", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " Most people live in the village of Mehamn ( about 500 inhabitants ) , which has an airport , Mehamn Airport , and is also a port of call of the hurtigruten coastal boats . The Slettnes Lighthouse near the village of Gamvik is the northernmost lighthouse on the mainland of Europe . Nervei and Langfjordbotn are two very small villages in southern Gamvik that are only accessible by boat . Finnkongkeila is an abandoned village along the Tanafjorden .", "title": "Gamvik" }, { "text": "The municipality is the 65th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Gamvik is the 326th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,132 . The municipalitys population density is and its population has increased by 12.2% over the last decade .", "title": "Gamvik" }, { "text": " The municipality of Gamvik was established on 1 January 1914 when the old Tana Municipality was divided into three municipalities : Tana ( population : 1,426 ) in the south , Berlevåg ( population : 784 ) in the northeast , and Gamvik ( population : 1,371 ) in the northwest . The municipal boundaries have not changed since that time . On 1 January 2020 , the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county . Previously , it had been part of the old Finnmark county .", "title": "General information" }, { "text": " The Old Norse form of the name may have been Gangvík . The first element is then gangr which means path and the last element is vík which means cove or wick .", "title": "Name" }, { "text": " The coat of arms is from modern times . They were granted on 28 September 1990 . The arms show three gold/yellow fishing net sewing needles set diagonally on a red background . These needles are a characteristic maritime tool used for making and mending the fishing nets used by local fishermen . These arms were chosen to emphasize the importance of fishing in the area .", "title": "Coat of arms" }, { "text": " The Church of Norway has one parish ( sokn ) within the municipality of Gamvik . It is part of the Hammerfest prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland .", "title": "Churches" }, { "text": " In June 1972 construction started for [ a landside terminal and ] running a SOSUS cable into the sea . The SOSUS station was one of more than twenty worldwide . 1982 air crash . On 12 March 1982 , a Widerøe Twin Otter , registration number LN-BNK , crashed into the sea near Mehamn , killing all fifteen on board . More than twenty years and four rounds of investigation later , this incident remains highly controversial in Norway .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " All municipalities in Norway , including Gamvik , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Øst-Finnmark District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal .", "title": "Government" }, { "text": " The municipal council of Gamvik is made up of 13 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows :", "title": "Municipal council" }, { "text": " The mayors of Gamvik ( incomplete list ) : - 2019–present : Alf Normann Hansen ( SV ) - 2015-2019 : Trond Einar Olaussen ( Ap )", "title": "Mayors" }, { "text": " The municipality consists of the eastern half of the Nordkinn Peninsula . Kinnarodden , located in Gamvik , is the northernmost point of mainland Europe ( the more well-known North Cape is located nearby on Magerøya island ) . The Tanafjorden flows along the eastern coast of Gamvik . Lebesby Municipality is located to the west and Tana Municipality is located to the south . Across the fjord to the east is Berlevåg Municipality .", "title": "Geography" }, { "text": "The inhabited places of Gamvik , such as Mehamn , has a boreal climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfc ) . The spring is very late to warm up and is among the coldest in Norway . Summers are short and cool . Winters are moderated by the Barents Sea and only slightly colder than in the capital Oslo . However , winds can be strong in winter . Slettnes Lighthouse , located on an exposed headland in the northern part of the municipality , is the only remaining weather station in mainland Norway with a tundra climate with", "title": "Climate" }, { "text": "the 1991-2020 normals .", "title": "Climate" }, { "text": " The all-time high in Gamvik municipality is recorded at Slettnes Lighthouse in July 1972 , and the second warmest is recorded at Slettnes in July 2018 . The all-time low in Gamvik is recorded February 1985 at Slettnes . Overnight freezes are very rare in summer and has never happened in July . The coldest low in August at Mehamn Airport is recorded 2012 , while the coldest August overnight low at Slettnes is from 1984 .", "title": "Climate" }, { "text": " The area surrounding the lighthouse at Slettnes is also an interesting locality for those interested in birds and birdwatching . There is a nature reserve and bird observatory .", "title": "Birdlife" }, { "text": " - Tor Henriksen ( 1933 in Gamvik – 2017 ) politician for the Socialist Left Party - Torgeir Vassvik ( born 1963 ) a Norwegian Sami musician and composer - Ragnhild Vassvik Kalstad ( born 1966 in Gamvik ) politician for the Labour Party - Eivind Eriksen ( born 1973 in Mehamn ) a Norwegian former footballer with over 150 club caps", "title": "Notable people" }, { "text": " - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway - Mehamnulykken -- NRKs collection of articles about the 1982 air crash . - Mehamn.net : live webcam at Mehamn - Nordic Safari Wildlife Adventures : Mehamn - Gamvik Museum", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Trond Einar Olaussen" ]

[ { "text": " Most people live in the village of Mehamn ( about 500 inhabitants ) , which has an airport , Mehamn Airport , and is also a port of call of the hurtigruten coastal boats . The Slettnes Lighthouse near the village of Gamvik is the northernmost lighthouse on the mainland of Europe . Nervei and Langfjordbotn are two very small villages in southern Gamvik that are only accessible by boat . Finnkongkeila is an abandoned village along the Tanafjorden .", "title": "Gamvik" }, { "text": "The municipality is the 65th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Gamvik is the 326th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,132 . The municipalitys population density is and its population has increased by 12.2% over the last decade .", "title": "Gamvik" }, { "text": " The municipality of Gamvik was established on 1 January 1914 when the old Tana Municipality was divided into three municipalities : Tana ( population : 1,426 ) in the south , Berlevåg ( population : 784 ) in the northeast , and Gamvik ( population : 1,371 ) in the northwest . The municipal boundaries have not changed since that time . On 1 January 2020 , the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county . Previously , it had been part of the old Finnmark county .", "title": "General information" }, { "text": " The Old Norse form of the name may have been Gangvík . The first element is then gangr which means path and the last element is vík which means cove or wick .", "title": "Name" }, { "text": " The coat of arms is from modern times . They were granted on 28 September 1990 . The arms show three gold/yellow fishing net sewing needles set diagonally on a red background . These needles are a characteristic maritime tool used for making and mending the fishing nets used by local fishermen . These arms were chosen to emphasize the importance of fishing in the area .", "title": "Coat of arms" }, { "text": " The Church of Norway has one parish ( sokn ) within the municipality of Gamvik . It is part of the Hammerfest prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland .", "title": "Churches" }, { "text": " In June 1972 construction started for [ a landside terminal and ] running a SOSUS cable into the sea . The SOSUS station was one of more than twenty worldwide . 1982 air crash . On 12 March 1982 , a Widerøe Twin Otter , registration number LN-BNK , crashed into the sea near Mehamn , killing all fifteen on board . More than twenty years and four rounds of investigation later , this incident remains highly controversial in Norway .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " All municipalities in Norway , including Gamvik , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Øst-Finnmark District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal .", "title": "Government" }, { "text": " The municipal council of Gamvik is made up of 13 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows :", "title": "Municipal council" }, { "text": " The mayors of Gamvik ( incomplete list ) : - 2019–present : Alf Normann Hansen ( SV ) - 2015-2019 : Trond Einar Olaussen ( Ap )", "title": "Mayors" }, { "text": " The municipality consists of the eastern half of the Nordkinn Peninsula . Kinnarodden , located in Gamvik , is the northernmost point of mainland Europe ( the more well-known North Cape is located nearby on Magerøya island ) . The Tanafjorden flows along the eastern coast of Gamvik . Lebesby Municipality is located to the west and Tana Municipality is located to the south . Across the fjord to the east is Berlevåg Municipality .", "title": "Geography" }, { "text": "The inhabited places of Gamvik , such as Mehamn , has a boreal climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfc ) . The spring is very late to warm up and is among the coldest in Norway . Summers are short and cool . Winters are moderated by the Barents Sea and only slightly colder than in the capital Oslo . However , winds can be strong in winter . Slettnes Lighthouse , located on an exposed headland in the northern part of the municipality , is the only remaining weather station in mainland Norway with a tundra climate with", "title": "Climate" }, { "text": "the 1991-2020 normals .", "title": "Climate" }, { "text": " The all-time high in Gamvik municipality is recorded at Slettnes Lighthouse in July 1972 , and the second warmest is recorded at Slettnes in July 2018 . The all-time low in Gamvik is recorded February 1985 at Slettnes . Overnight freezes are very rare in summer and has never happened in July . The coldest low in August at Mehamn Airport is recorded 2012 , while the coldest August overnight low at Slettnes is from 1984 .", "title": "Climate" }, { "text": " The area surrounding the lighthouse at Slettnes is also an interesting locality for those interested in birds and birdwatching . There is a nature reserve and bird observatory .", "title": "Birdlife" }, { "text": " - Tor Henriksen ( 1933 in Gamvik – 2017 ) politician for the Socialist Left Party - Torgeir Vassvik ( born 1963 ) a Norwegian Sami musician and composer - Ragnhild Vassvik Kalstad ( born 1966 in Gamvik ) politician for the Labour Party - Eivind Eriksen ( born 1973 in Mehamn ) a Norwegian former footballer with over 150 club caps", "title": "Notable people" }, { "text": " - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway - Mehamnulykken -- NRKs collection of articles about the 1982 air crash . - Mehamn.net : live webcam at Mehamn - Nordic Safari Wildlife Adventures : Mehamn - Gamvik Museum", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Alf Normann Hansen" ]

[ { "text": " Most people live in the village of Mehamn ( about 500 inhabitants ) , which has an airport , Mehamn Airport , and is also a port of call of the hurtigruten coastal boats . The Slettnes Lighthouse near the village of Gamvik is the northernmost lighthouse on the mainland of Europe . Nervei and Langfjordbotn are two very small villages in southern Gamvik that are only accessible by boat . Finnkongkeila is an abandoned village along the Tanafjorden .", "title": "Gamvik" }, { "text": "The municipality is the 65th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Gamvik is the 326th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,132 . The municipalitys population density is and its population has increased by 12.2% over the last decade .", "title": "Gamvik" }, { "text": " The municipality of Gamvik was established on 1 January 1914 when the old Tana Municipality was divided into three municipalities : Tana ( population : 1,426 ) in the south , Berlevåg ( population : 784 ) in the northeast , and Gamvik ( population : 1,371 ) in the northwest . The municipal boundaries have not changed since that time . On 1 January 2020 , the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county . Previously , it had been part of the old Finnmark county .", "title": "General information" }, { "text": " The Old Norse form of the name may have been Gangvík . The first element is then gangr which means path and the last element is vík which means cove or wick .", "title": "Name" }, { "text": " The coat of arms is from modern times . They were granted on 28 September 1990 . The arms show three gold/yellow fishing net sewing needles set diagonally on a red background . These needles are a characteristic maritime tool used for making and mending the fishing nets used by local fishermen . These arms were chosen to emphasize the importance of fishing in the area .", "title": "Coat of arms" }, { "text": " The Church of Norway has one parish ( sokn ) within the municipality of Gamvik . It is part of the Hammerfest prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland .", "title": "Churches" }, { "text": " In June 1972 construction started for [ a landside terminal and ] running a SOSUS cable into the sea . The SOSUS station was one of more than twenty worldwide . 1982 air crash . On 12 March 1982 , a Widerøe Twin Otter , registration number LN-BNK , crashed into the sea near Mehamn , killing all fifteen on board . More than twenty years and four rounds of investigation later , this incident remains highly controversial in Norway .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " All municipalities in Norway , including Gamvik , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Øst-Finnmark District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal .", "title": "Government" }, { "text": " The municipal council of Gamvik is made up of 13 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows :", "title": "Municipal council" }, { "text": " The mayors of Gamvik ( incomplete list ) : - 2019–present : Alf Normann Hansen ( SV ) - 2015-2019 : Trond Einar Olaussen ( Ap )", "title": "Mayors" }, { "text": " The municipality consists of the eastern half of the Nordkinn Peninsula . Kinnarodden , located in Gamvik , is the northernmost point of mainland Europe ( the more well-known North Cape is located nearby on Magerøya island ) . The Tanafjorden flows along the eastern coast of Gamvik . Lebesby Municipality is located to the west and Tana Municipality is located to the south . Across the fjord to the east is Berlevåg Municipality .", "title": "Geography" }, { "text": "The inhabited places of Gamvik , such as Mehamn , has a boreal climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfc ) . The spring is very late to warm up and is among the coldest in Norway . Summers are short and cool . Winters are moderated by the Barents Sea and only slightly colder than in the capital Oslo . However , winds can be strong in winter . Slettnes Lighthouse , located on an exposed headland in the northern part of the municipality , is the only remaining weather station in mainland Norway with a tundra climate with", "title": "Climate" }, { "text": "the 1991-2020 normals .", "title": "Climate" }, { "text": " The all-time high in Gamvik municipality is recorded at Slettnes Lighthouse in July 1972 , and the second warmest is recorded at Slettnes in July 2018 . The all-time low in Gamvik is recorded February 1985 at Slettnes . Overnight freezes are very rare in summer and has never happened in July . The coldest low in August at Mehamn Airport is recorded 2012 , while the coldest August overnight low at Slettnes is from 1984 .", "title": "Climate" }, { "text": " The area surrounding the lighthouse at Slettnes is also an interesting locality for those interested in birds and birdwatching . There is a nature reserve and bird observatory .", "title": "Birdlife" }, { "text": " - Tor Henriksen ( 1933 in Gamvik – 2017 ) politician for the Socialist Left Party - Torgeir Vassvik ( born 1963 ) a Norwegian Sami musician and composer - Ragnhild Vassvik Kalstad ( born 1966 in Gamvik ) politician for the Labour Party - Eivind Eriksen ( born 1973 in Mehamn ) a Norwegian former footballer with over 150 club caps", "title": "Notable people" }, { "text": " - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway - Mehamnulykken -- NRKs collection of articles about the 1982 air crash . - Mehamn.net : live webcam at Mehamn - Nordic Safari Wildlife Adventures : Mehamn - Gamvik Museum", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "MP" ]

[ { "text": "Sandra Currie Osborne ( née Clark , born 23 February 1956 ) is a Scottish Labour politician , who was the Member of Parliament for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock from the 2005 to 2015 general elections . She was first elected as MP for the Ayr constituency in 1997 , and resigned from a government job in 2003 over the Iraq War . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 and again from 2013 . She was a member of the Defence Select Committee 2010-13 and was a member of the Council", "title": "Sandra Osborne" }, { "text": "of Europe .", "title": "Sandra Osborne" }, { "text": "Osborne was born and brought up in the deprived Ferguslie Park district , in Paisley . She was educated at Camphill Secondary School in Paisley . She later attended evening classes before going on to Jordanhill College where she gained the Diploma in Community Education . After working as a community worker in Glasgow she moved to Ayrshire , where she spent fourteen years working as a counsellor with Womens Aid , based in Kilmarnock . During that time , she also studied part-time at the University of Strathclyde where she graduated with a Master of Science in Equality and", "title": "Before Parliament" }, { "text": "Discrimination . In 1997 , she was one of the shortlisted finalists in the Scottish Woman of the Year Awards ( Glasgow Evening Times ) nominated for her work with abused women .", "title": "Before Parliament" }, { "text": "Osborne was the councillor for Whitletts on Kyle and Carrick District Council and South Ayrshire Council where she also served as Convener of Community Services ( Housing and Social Work ) . She is a member of the trade union Unite ( formerly TGWU ) and has been active in the Labour Party since 1976 , serving for a time as Ayr CLP Secretary . In 1983 , she was a member of the Scottish contingent on the Peoples March for Jobs who walked from Glasgow to London . She was selected as a Labour candidate in Ayr from an", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "all-women shortlist . In May 1997 , she was elected as MP for the Ayr constituency , becoming Ayrs first-ever Labour MP and first ever female MP . She was re-elected at the 2001 general election .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Osborne served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Helen Liddell , the Secretary of State for Scotland , from June 2002 until she stepped down in March 2003 over her opposition to going to war with Iraq . She believed this should not have gone ahead without a second UN resolution . She had previously served as PPS to George Foulkes , Minister of State at the Scotland Office and to his predecessor in that post , Brian Wilson . She has served as Chair of the Scottish Group of Labour MPs and member of the Scottish Executive of the Labour", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Party . She has served as Chair of the All Party Group on Meningitis . She was a member of the Kerley Committee on the Renewal of Local Democracy , providing a minority report opposing proportional representation .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In June 2004 , Osborne was selected as the Labour candidate for the new constituency of Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock , where she was returned at the 2005 general election with a majority of 9,997 votes . She served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 . She is also Secretary of the All Party Group on Colombia and the Women , Peace and Security Group . In 2006 , then-Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed her as a member of the UK Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "( OSCE ) .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On 6 May 2010 , Osborne was re-elected as MP for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock with a majority of 9,911 votes . In 2010 , she was elected Vice Chair of Labours backbench Foreign Affairs Committee and Chair of the All Party Equalities Group . In October 2010 , she was appointed to the Defence Select Committee and the Council of Europe . In 2011 , she was a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . In January 2011 , the Speaker of the House of", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Commons appointed her to his Panel of Chairs . She was reappointed to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2013 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Her husband is Alastair Osborne , who was the Labour candidate in the same Ayr constituency in 1992 that Sandra Osborne gained for her party in 1997 . The couple have two daughters and two granddaughters and live in Symington , Ayrshire .", "title": "Family" }, { "text": " - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Sandra Osborne MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Sandra Osborne MP - – General election 2010 : No question – its time to go", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "MP" ]

[ { "text": "Sandra Currie Osborne ( née Clark , born 23 February 1956 ) is a Scottish Labour politician , who was the Member of Parliament for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock from the 2005 to 2015 general elections . She was first elected as MP for the Ayr constituency in 1997 , and resigned from a government job in 2003 over the Iraq War . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 and again from 2013 . She was a member of the Defence Select Committee 2010-13 and was a member of the Council", "title": "Sandra Osborne" }, { "text": "of Europe .", "title": "Sandra Osborne" }, { "text": "Osborne was born and brought up in the deprived Ferguslie Park district , in Paisley . She was educated at Camphill Secondary School in Paisley . She later attended evening classes before going on to Jordanhill College where she gained the Diploma in Community Education . After working as a community worker in Glasgow she moved to Ayrshire , where she spent fourteen years working as a counsellor with Womens Aid , based in Kilmarnock . During that time , she also studied part-time at the University of Strathclyde where she graduated with a Master of Science in Equality and", "title": "Before Parliament" }, { "text": "Discrimination . In 1997 , she was one of the shortlisted finalists in the Scottish Woman of the Year Awards ( Glasgow Evening Times ) nominated for her work with abused women .", "title": "Before Parliament" }, { "text": "Osborne was the councillor for Whitletts on Kyle and Carrick District Council and South Ayrshire Council where she also served as Convener of Community Services ( Housing and Social Work ) . She is a member of the trade union Unite ( formerly TGWU ) and has been active in the Labour Party since 1976 , serving for a time as Ayr CLP Secretary . In 1983 , she was a member of the Scottish contingent on the Peoples March for Jobs who walked from Glasgow to London . She was selected as a Labour candidate in Ayr from an", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "all-women shortlist . In May 1997 , she was elected as MP for the Ayr constituency , becoming Ayrs first-ever Labour MP and first ever female MP . She was re-elected at the 2001 general election .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Osborne served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Helen Liddell , the Secretary of State for Scotland , from June 2002 until she stepped down in March 2003 over her opposition to going to war with Iraq . She believed this should not have gone ahead without a second UN resolution . She had previously served as PPS to George Foulkes , Minister of State at the Scotland Office and to his predecessor in that post , Brian Wilson . She has served as Chair of the Scottish Group of Labour MPs and member of the Scottish Executive of the Labour", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Party . She has served as Chair of the All Party Group on Meningitis . She was a member of the Kerley Committee on the Renewal of Local Democracy , providing a minority report opposing proportional representation .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In June 2004 , Osborne was selected as the Labour candidate for the new constituency of Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock , where she was returned at the 2005 general election with a majority of 9,997 votes . She served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 . She is also Secretary of the All Party Group on Colombia and the Women , Peace and Security Group . In 2006 , then-Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed her as a member of the UK Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "( OSCE ) .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On 6 May 2010 , Osborne was re-elected as MP for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock with a majority of 9,911 votes . In 2010 , she was elected Vice Chair of Labours backbench Foreign Affairs Committee and Chair of the All Party Equalities Group . In October 2010 , she was appointed to the Defence Select Committee and the Council of Europe . In 2011 , she was a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . In January 2011 , the Speaker of the House of", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Commons appointed her to his Panel of Chairs . She was reappointed to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2013 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Her husband is Alastair Osborne , who was the Labour candidate in the same Ayr constituency in 1992 that Sandra Osborne gained for her party in 1997 . The couple have two daughters and two granddaughters and live in Symington , Ayrshire .", "title": "Family" }, { "text": " - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Sandra Osborne MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Sandra Osborne MP - – General election 2010 : No question – its time to go", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": "Sandra Currie Osborne ( née Clark , born 23 February 1956 ) is a Scottish Labour politician , who was the Member of Parliament for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock from the 2005 to 2015 general elections . She was first elected as MP for the Ayr constituency in 1997 , and resigned from a government job in 2003 over the Iraq War . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 and again from 2013 . She was a member of the Defence Select Committee 2010-13 and was a member of the Council", "title": "Sandra Osborne" }, { "text": "of Europe .", "title": "Sandra Osborne" }, { "text": "Osborne was born and brought up in the deprived Ferguslie Park district , in Paisley . She was educated at Camphill Secondary School in Paisley . She later attended evening classes before going on to Jordanhill College where she gained the Diploma in Community Education . After working as a community worker in Glasgow she moved to Ayrshire , where she spent fourteen years working as a counsellor with Womens Aid , based in Kilmarnock . During that time , she also studied part-time at the University of Strathclyde where she graduated with a Master of Science in Equality and", "title": "Before Parliament" }, { "text": "Discrimination . In 1997 , she was one of the shortlisted finalists in the Scottish Woman of the Year Awards ( Glasgow Evening Times ) nominated for her work with abused women .", "title": "Before Parliament" }, { "text": "Osborne was the councillor for Whitletts on Kyle and Carrick District Council and South Ayrshire Council where she also served as Convener of Community Services ( Housing and Social Work ) . She is a member of the trade union Unite ( formerly TGWU ) and has been active in the Labour Party since 1976 , serving for a time as Ayr CLP Secretary . In 1983 , she was a member of the Scottish contingent on the Peoples March for Jobs who walked from Glasgow to London . She was selected as a Labour candidate in Ayr from an", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "all-women shortlist . In May 1997 , she was elected as MP for the Ayr constituency , becoming Ayrs first-ever Labour MP and first ever female MP . She was re-elected at the 2001 general election .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Osborne served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Helen Liddell , the Secretary of State for Scotland , from June 2002 until she stepped down in March 2003 over her opposition to going to war with Iraq . She believed this should not have gone ahead without a second UN resolution . She had previously served as PPS to George Foulkes , Minister of State at the Scotland Office and to his predecessor in that post , Brian Wilson . She has served as Chair of the Scottish Group of Labour MPs and member of the Scottish Executive of the Labour", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Party . She has served as Chair of the All Party Group on Meningitis . She was a member of the Kerley Committee on the Renewal of Local Democracy , providing a minority report opposing proportional representation .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In June 2004 , Osborne was selected as the Labour candidate for the new constituency of Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock , where she was returned at the 2005 general election with a majority of 9,997 votes . She served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 . She is also Secretary of the All Party Group on Colombia and the Women , Peace and Security Group . In 2006 , then-Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed her as a member of the UK Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "( OSCE ) .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On 6 May 2010 , Osborne was re-elected as MP for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock with a majority of 9,911 votes . In 2010 , she was elected Vice Chair of Labours backbench Foreign Affairs Committee and Chair of the All Party Equalities Group . In October 2010 , she was appointed to the Defence Select Committee and the Council of Europe . In 2011 , she was a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . In January 2011 , the Speaker of the House of", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Commons appointed her to his Panel of Chairs . She was reappointed to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2013 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Her husband is Alastair Osborne , who was the Labour candidate in the same Ayr constituency in 1992 that Sandra Osborne gained for her party in 1997 . The couple have two daughters and two granddaughters and live in Symington , Ayrshire .", "title": "Family" }, { "text": " - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Sandra Osborne MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Sandra Osborne MP - – General election 2010 : No question – its time to go", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "MP" ]

[ { "text": "Sandra Currie Osborne ( née Clark , born 23 February 1956 ) is a Scottish Labour politician , who was the Member of Parliament for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock from the 2005 to 2015 general elections . She was first elected as MP for the Ayr constituency in 1997 , and resigned from a government job in 2003 over the Iraq War . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 and again from 2013 . She was a member of the Defence Select Committee 2010-13 and was a member of the Council", "title": "Sandra Osborne" }, { "text": "of Europe .", "title": "Sandra Osborne" }, { "text": "Osborne was born and brought up in the deprived Ferguslie Park district , in Paisley . She was educated at Camphill Secondary School in Paisley . She later attended evening classes before going on to Jordanhill College where she gained the Diploma in Community Education . After working as a community worker in Glasgow she moved to Ayrshire , where she spent fourteen years working as a counsellor with Womens Aid , based in Kilmarnock . During that time , she also studied part-time at the University of Strathclyde where she graduated with a Master of Science in Equality and", "title": "Before Parliament" }, { "text": "Discrimination . In 1997 , she was one of the shortlisted finalists in the Scottish Woman of the Year Awards ( Glasgow Evening Times ) nominated for her work with abused women .", "title": "Before Parliament" }, { "text": "Osborne was the councillor for Whitletts on Kyle and Carrick District Council and South Ayrshire Council where she also served as Convener of Community Services ( Housing and Social Work ) . She is a member of the trade union Unite ( formerly TGWU ) and has been active in the Labour Party since 1976 , serving for a time as Ayr CLP Secretary . In 1983 , she was a member of the Scottish contingent on the Peoples March for Jobs who walked from Glasgow to London . She was selected as a Labour candidate in Ayr from an", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "all-women shortlist . In May 1997 , she was elected as MP for the Ayr constituency , becoming Ayrs first-ever Labour MP and first ever female MP . She was re-elected at the 2001 general election .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Osborne served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Helen Liddell , the Secretary of State for Scotland , from June 2002 until she stepped down in March 2003 over her opposition to going to war with Iraq . She believed this should not have gone ahead without a second UN resolution . She had previously served as PPS to George Foulkes , Minister of State at the Scotland Office and to his predecessor in that post , Brian Wilson . She has served as Chair of the Scottish Group of Labour MPs and member of the Scottish Executive of the Labour", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Party . She has served as Chair of the All Party Group on Meningitis . She was a member of the Kerley Committee on the Renewal of Local Democracy , providing a minority report opposing proportional representation .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In June 2004 , Osborne was selected as the Labour candidate for the new constituency of Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock , where she was returned at the 2005 general election with a majority of 9,997 votes . She served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 . She is also Secretary of the All Party Group on Colombia and the Women , Peace and Security Group . In 2006 , then-Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed her as a member of the UK Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "( OSCE ) .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On 6 May 2010 , Osborne was re-elected as MP for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock with a majority of 9,911 votes . In 2010 , she was elected Vice Chair of Labours backbench Foreign Affairs Committee and Chair of the All Party Equalities Group . In October 2010 , she was appointed to the Defence Select Committee and the Council of Europe . In 2011 , she was a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . In January 2011 , the Speaker of the House of", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Commons appointed her to his Panel of Chairs . She was reappointed to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2013 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Her husband is Alastair Osborne , who was the Labour candidate in the same Ayr constituency in 1992 that Sandra Osborne gained for her party in 1997 . The couple have two daughters and two granddaughters and live in Symington , Ayrshire .", "title": "Family" }, { "text": " - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Sandra Osborne MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Sandra Osborne MP - – General election 2010 : No question – its time to go", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": "Sandra Currie Osborne ( née Clark , born 23 February 1956 ) is a Scottish Labour politician , who was the Member of Parliament for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock from the 2005 to 2015 general elections . She was first elected as MP for the Ayr constituency in 1997 , and resigned from a government job in 2003 over the Iraq War . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 and again from 2013 . She was a member of the Defence Select Committee 2010-13 and was a member of the Council", "title": "Sandra Osborne" }, { "text": "of Europe .", "title": "Sandra Osborne" }, { "text": "Osborne was born and brought up in the deprived Ferguslie Park district , in Paisley . She was educated at Camphill Secondary School in Paisley . She later attended evening classes before going on to Jordanhill College where she gained the Diploma in Community Education . After working as a community worker in Glasgow she moved to Ayrshire , where she spent fourteen years working as a counsellor with Womens Aid , based in Kilmarnock . During that time , she also studied part-time at the University of Strathclyde where she graduated with a Master of Science in Equality and", "title": "Before Parliament" }, { "text": "Discrimination . In 1997 , she was one of the shortlisted finalists in the Scottish Woman of the Year Awards ( Glasgow Evening Times ) nominated for her work with abused women .", "title": "Before Parliament" }, { "text": "Osborne was the councillor for Whitletts on Kyle and Carrick District Council and South Ayrshire Council where she also served as Convener of Community Services ( Housing and Social Work ) . She is a member of the trade union Unite ( formerly TGWU ) and has been active in the Labour Party since 1976 , serving for a time as Ayr CLP Secretary . In 1983 , she was a member of the Scottish contingent on the Peoples March for Jobs who walked from Glasgow to London . She was selected as a Labour candidate in Ayr from an", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "all-women shortlist . In May 1997 , she was elected as MP for the Ayr constituency , becoming Ayrs first-ever Labour MP and first ever female MP . She was re-elected at the 2001 general election .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Osborne served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Helen Liddell , the Secretary of State for Scotland , from June 2002 until she stepped down in March 2003 over her opposition to going to war with Iraq . She believed this should not have gone ahead without a second UN resolution . She had previously served as PPS to George Foulkes , Minister of State at the Scotland Office and to his predecessor in that post , Brian Wilson . She has served as Chair of the Scottish Group of Labour MPs and member of the Scottish Executive of the Labour", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Party . She has served as Chair of the All Party Group on Meningitis . She was a member of the Kerley Committee on the Renewal of Local Democracy , providing a minority report opposing proportional representation .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In June 2004 , Osborne was selected as the Labour candidate for the new constituency of Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock , where she was returned at the 2005 general election with a majority of 9,997 votes . She served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 . She is also Secretary of the All Party Group on Colombia and the Women , Peace and Security Group . In 2006 , then-Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed her as a member of the UK Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "( OSCE ) .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On 6 May 2010 , Osborne was re-elected as MP for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock with a majority of 9,911 votes . In 2010 , she was elected Vice Chair of Labours backbench Foreign Affairs Committee and Chair of the All Party Equalities Group . In October 2010 , she was appointed to the Defence Select Committee and the Council of Europe . In 2011 , she was a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . In January 2011 , the Speaker of the House of", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Commons appointed her to his Panel of Chairs . She was reappointed to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2013 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Her husband is Alastair Osborne , who was the Labour candidate in the same Ayr constituency in 1992 that Sandra Osborne gained for her party in 1997 . The couple have two daughters and two granddaughters and live in Symington , Ayrshire .", "title": "Family" }, { "text": " - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Sandra Osborne MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Sandra Osborne MP - – General election 2010 : No question – its time to go", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Conservative Party" ]

[ { "text": " Sarah Wollaston ( born 17 February 1962 ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Totnes from 2010 to 2019 . First elected for the Conservative Party , she later served as a Change UK and Liberal Democrat MP . She was Chair of the Health Select Committee from 2014 to 2019 and Chair of the Liaison Committee from 2017 to 2019 .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "Wollaston was born in Woking , Surrey , and studied medicine at Guys Hospital Medical School . She qualified in 1986 and worked as a junior hospital doctor and then as a general practitioner ( GP ) . After more than 20 years in clinical practice , she ran for political office . She was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Totnes through an open primary ; during the campaign , she emphasised that she was not a career politician and had a professional career . At the 2010 general election , she won the seat with an increased", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "majority , increasing it further in 2015 . She rebelled against the Cameron–Clegg government on several key votes – voting in favour of a referendum on British membership of the European Union in 2011 , for a cut in the EU budget in 2011 , and against military intervention in Syria in 2013 . In Westminster , she was a vocal proponent of minimum unit pricing for alcohol and spoke out against political patronage .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "Initially uncertain about which way to vote in the referendum , Wollaston announced in June 2016 that she was no longer supporting the Vote Leave campaign in the referendum on European Union membership and would vote to remain in the EU . In February 2019 , she resigned from the Conservatives , along with two of her peers , and joined The Independent Group , later Change UK . Four months later , she quit the party to sit as an independent MP . In August 2019 , she joined the Liberal Democrats but lost her seat in the 2019", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "general election standing as a Liberal Democrat .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": " Early life and education . Wollaston was born in February 1962 in Woking , Surrey , into a military family . Her family moved frequently during her early years as her father – a supplies and catering officer in the Royal Air Force , formerly a diver and bomb disposal specialist in the Royal Navy – was posted around the world , including Hong Kong and Malta .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "Wollaston was educated at service and civilian primary schools , later attending a girls grammar school in Watford , where she was Head Girl in 1979–1980 . Whilst at secondary school , Wollaston took on a range of part-time jobs , including a Saturday job at her local branch of John Lewis . She left sixth form with high grades in science subjects at A-level , which she needed to study Medicine at university .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": " In 1980 , Wollaston entered Guys Hospital Medical School in London as a medical student . She took an intercalated degree in pathology in the third year of her undergraduate career , gaining a Bachelor of Science degree in the subject . While at Guys , she met her future husband , Adrian . Alongside her studies , she took a part-time role as a healthcare assistant at the hospital to supplement her student grant .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston graduated with a degree in Medicine in 1986 . She embarked on a career in hospital paediatrics but , after five years as a junior doctor in London , she moved to Bristol to train as a general practitioner , qualifying as a family doctor in 1992 .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " Wollaston then moved to Devon to work as a part-time GP in a town on the edge of Dartmoor . She was also a police surgeon from 1996 to 2001 , dealing with victims of sexual assaults , advising the police on whether suspects were fit to be interviewed , and treating people in custody . After 1999 , she became a full-time GP ; she taught medical students and trainee GPs , and worked as an examiner for the Royal College of General Practitioners .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston remains on the medical register , but ceased practising medicine in 2010 on her election to Parliament .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston joined the Conservative Party in 2006 , having been spurred into politics by her opposition to the threatened closure of Moretonhampstead Community Hospital . However , Wollaston accepted that she had no background in politics when in 2009 she put her name forward for the selection of a candidate for the Totnes constituency , citing as qualifications only real life experience , approachability and enthusiasm . The Conservative Association placed her on the shortlist of three to succeed Anthony Steen , who had announced his retirement after criticism as part of the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " Urged to do so by the national party , the local Conservative Association had already decided that the selection would be made by an open primary , in which non-members would have a vote . On 9 July , the Conservative Party leader David Cameron announced that the party would , for the first time , send a postal ballot paper to every voter instead of holding the selection at an open meeting . Wollaston later said that she might not have put her name forward had she known that the selection was to be by open primary .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "During the selection process , Wollaston campaigned on the problems of alcohol-related crime , citing also the 8,000 annual deaths from alcohol . She later supported curbs on low priced alcoholic drinks . but highlighted that the selection offered voters a choice between a career politician and someone with a real job . At a public hustings , she was asked whether her lack of political experience would make it difficult for her to throw and take political punches ; she replied that this was not what politics was about for her , and that she would not indulge in", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "it . Her reply prompted spontaneous applause .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " The primary was conducted under the plurality ( first past the post ) method used in general elections . In the selection result , Wollaston was proclaimed the winner with 7,914 votes ( 48% ) , ahead of Sara Randall Johnson ( leader of East Devon District Council ) who had 5,495 ( 33% ) , and Nick Bye ( Mayor of Torbay ) who had 3,088 ( 19% ) . Nearly a quarter of all voters returned their ballots , a higher turnout than was expected .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston later said I have no doubt that I was selected because I had no track record in politics , but one Totnes Conservative member told The Guardian of his fear that without a political background , she was the candidate Liberal Democrats could most easily defeat . As the general election approached , Wollaston made clear her anger at suggestions that she would be a part-time MP , saying that she would not continue her medical practice if elected . The local branch of Liberal Democrats denied that they were behind rumours that Wollaston intended to continue to practise", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "medicine on a part-time basis . She accepted that the scandal over Anthony Steens expenses claims had damaged the Conservative Partys chances , and declined his offer of the use of his home to run the Conservative campaign . She pledged to vote in a eurosceptic direction and to support a bypass for Kingskerswell .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " On election day , Wollaston was elected with a 45.9% share of the vote , and more than doubled the Conservatives majority . She supported the formation of a Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government as being the most appropriate for her constituency in the circumstances after the election , explaining that voters wanted to see politicians working together . Her maiden speech in Parliament , on 2 June 2010 , outlined her concerns about alcohol-related crime and alcoholic drink pricing , and also mentioned issues of concern in her constituency , including bovine tuberculosis .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "Soon after her election , Wollaston was offered the position of Parliamentary Private Secretary – a junior aide – to one of the Health Ministers , influenced by her professional background . Despite this position being the first rung on the ministerial ladder , Wollaston turned the offer down because it would have required her to avoid speaking out against any Government policy she disagreed with . She later said that she would not have been able to look [ her ] constituents in the eye if she had signed away her ability to speak on the issues she had", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "been elected on .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": " In her first year in the Commons , Wollaston referred to her experience working with sexual assault victims in warning the Government against its plans to introduce anonymity for people suspected of , or charged with , rape . She argued that it would constitute a further barrier for victims to report their crime and that the vast majority of sexual assaults already went unreported . She successfully pressed the Government to take up the way the European Unions Working Time Directive applied to junior doctors training , saying that it was causing patient care to suffer .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "In October 2010 , she announced she would not vote to repeal the Hunting Act 2004 because the overwhelming majority in her constituency were opposed to hunting . She broke the Conservative whip in November 2010 to support an amendment setting a threshold of 40% turnout for the result of the referendum on voting systems to be valid , and later that month supported a Labour amendment to allow more policyholders to claim compensation over the collapse in Equitable Life dividends .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": " In March 2013 , Wollaston was reselected by her local Conservative Association to fight the 2015 general election as the Conservative candidate . On polling day she was re-elected with 53% of the vote , more than tripling her majority to 18,285 ( 38.8% ) .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "When campaigning for re-election at the 2017 general election , Wollaston promised her constituents , at a hustings , that she would accept the result of the 2016 EU referendum , noting that 54% of her constituents had voted to leave . She went on to state that one of the things that annoys people is telling them that they didnt know what they were voting for , rejecting the idea of holding a second referendum . She was returned with a reduced majority of 13,477 , despite gaining 2,031 more votes . She was appointed Chair of the Liaison", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "Committee after the election .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "On 20 February 2019 , Wollaston resigned from the Conservative Party , along with two other MPs from her party , joining The Independent Group , later styled Change UK , a party advocating for a second referendum . Prior to her defection , 50 local Conservatives signed a petition calling for a no-confidence vote in Wollaston over her position on Brexit , though one of the petition organisers admitted that he had only recently joined the party in order to seek her deselection . In March 2019 , it emerged she had sponsored a Ten Minute Rule bill in", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "November 2011 which would have required MPs who switch parties to face an automatic by-election . Wollaston herself switched parties on 20 February 2019 , but did not call a by-election . Chair of Totnes and South Devon Labour Party Lynn Alderson said Wollaston made her views clear . Wollaston acknowledged the likely calls for her to face a by-election but refused such a proposal , stating neither this nor a general election would answer the fundamental question that is dividing us . In June 2019 , she left Change UK to sit as an independent MP .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": " Wollaston was the sponsor of the Stalking Protection Act 2019 . On 14 August 2019 , Wollaston joined the Liberal Democrats campaigning under the slogan Stop Brexit . She sought re-election as Liberal Democrat candidate for Totnes , but finished second to the Conservative party candidate Anthony Mangnall , losing by a margin of 12,724 votes .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "In March 2011 , Wollaston warned David Cameron that the governments NHS reforms would result in the NHS going belly up . She warned that the reorganisation would result in confusion with doctors being overwhelmed . She said there was a risk that Monitor , the new regulator would be filled with competition economists who would change the NHS beyond recognition and there was no point liberating the NHS from political control only to shackle it to an unelected economic regulator . However , her opposition to the NHS reforms calmed after the party leadership changed certain clauses at her", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "suggestions and she eventually voted in favour of passage of the Health and Social Care Bill .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "During her campaign for selection as Conservative candidate in Totnes , Wollaston pledged to tackle the issue of alcohol misuse , having seen the impact of it during her medical career . In Westminster , she pushed for an introduction of minimum unit pricing for alcohol , arguing that a 50p minimum unit price would save almost 3,000 lives a year and save the NHS over £6bn over ten years while costing a moderate drinker only £12 extra per year . When plans to introduce minimum pricing were shelved by the Government in 2013 , Wollaston strongly criticised David Cameron", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "and Department for Health Ministers , saying that the change in policy was due to lobbying by Conservative Party strategist Lynton Crosby , whose firm had strong ties to the alcohol industry . Following her comments , she was named MP of the Month by Total Politics for her tough stance .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": " Having been on the draft Bill Committee for the Care and Support Bill , Wollaston was selected to sit on the Public Bill Committee for the Care Bill in early 2014 . There she introduced a number of amendments , including one which would have made terminally ill patients exempt from social care charges .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "Wollaston was elected as a member of the Health Select Committee upon entering Parliament , and became Chair of the Committee in June 2014 after Stephen Dorrell retired . She defeated fellow GP Phillip Lee , Caroline Spelman , Charlotte Leslie , and David Tredinnick to the role . She was re-elected to this position after the 2015 general election .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": " In 2015 , an undercover Daily Telegraph investigation showed that in some cases , locum agencies Medicare and Team24 , owned by Capita , were charging some hospitals higher fees than others and giving false company details . The agencies were charging up to 49% of the fee . Wollaston said the Government should publish details of agency charges as transparency would drive changes to behaviour . Wollaston was reckoned by the Health Service Journal to be the 20th-most influential person ( and second-most influential woman ) in the English NHS in 2015 .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": " Before entering the House of Commons , Wollaston stated that she was strongly pro-choice , and would not support lowering the abortion limit , as such a measure would affect those who are in the greatest need . In 2011 , she voted against backbench amendments to the Health and Social Care Bill which would have prevented abortion providers from offering counselling services .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": "Wollaston voted in favour of allowing same-sex marriage in 2013 , writing that people who are gay should be allowed to celebrate their love and commitment in a context that society understands . She branded opponents of the change bigots .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": " Wollaston rebelled against the Government to vote against setting up a Royal Charter to regulate the press , claiming that many of the activities which had led to the proposal were already illegal and were being exploited to justify censoring the free press . Later , she was the joint winner of The Spectator magazines Parliamentarian of the Year award for her stance . In September 2013 , she entered the debate about niqābs , saying that some women found them offensive and urging the Government to ban them in schools on the grounds of gender equality .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": "Wollaston was the only Conservative politician to vote for a pause in the roll-out of Universal Credit on 18 October 2017 . The vote was non-binding on the government .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": " Coming from a non-political background , Wollaston has consistently spoken out in favour of reforming the political system to make it more open and accessible . Citing her own experience in the medical profession , she has called for job-sharing in the Commons , claiming that this would make it easier for women and those with families to stand for Parliament , while helping to improve the experience of MPs .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "In 2013 , she was a signatory to a campaign for women to be able to inherit noble titles , instead of these being restricted to the male line .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": " She has often spoken out against political patronage in Westminster and the role of the payroll vote in silencing dissent amongst MPs . She has suggested that vacancies for Parliamentary Private Secretary roles should put out for application and interview to find the most qualified candidate , rather than the candidate most in favour with the government .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "Following her selection through the open primary process , she urged the leaders of all parties to expand their use , particularly in safe seats . She said that the cost could be significantly lower than that of the Totnes primary by combining local and European elections with primary elections . In 2013 , she suggested that the idea of expanding primaries had been shelved because it was felt that they produce awkward independently-minded MPs .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": " Foreign and European policy . In August 2013 , Wollaston rebelled and voted against military intervention in Syria . She said such a move could escalate into a wider conflict with hundreds of thousands of victims . She cited strong opposition to intervention by her constituents as a key factor in deciding to vote against .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "On the European Union , Wollaston originally supported loosening the relationship between Britain and Brussels and said that she would reluctantly vote to leave the EU if reform could not be achieved . Writing for ConservativeHome in 2013 , she expressed support for EU membership because of access to the single market , but questioned whether it was worth the extra bureaucracy for business , loss of sovereignty , and the deficit in democracy . In the House of Commons , she voted in a Eurosceptic manner in several key divisions , voting for a referendum on Britains EU membership", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "and voting to reduce the EU budget .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "Wollaston initially supported the Vote Leave campaign during the 2016 referendum on European Union membership , stating in an article in The Guardian following David Camerons renegotiation of membership terms in February 2016 that the prime minister has returned with a threadbare deal that has highlighted our powerlessness to effect institutional change and that the balance of our national interest now lies outside the EU . However , she announced on 8 June 2016 that she would change sides to campaign for Britain to remain in the EU , claiming that Vote Leaves assertion that exiting the union would make", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "available £350m a week for health spending simply isnt true and represented post-truth politics . She also suggested that leaving the EU would harm the UKs economy , leading to a Brexit penalty . Michael Deacon of The Daily Telegraph wrote her decision to switch sides had sparked a conspiracy theory among many Leave campaigners that she was a government plant , while fellow Conservative MP and Eurosceptic Nadine Dorries said that Wollastons change of opinion was deliberately staged and political .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "In December 2017 , Wollaston voted along with fellow Conservative Dominic Grieve and nine other Conservative MPs against the government , and in favour of guaranteeing Parliament a meaningful vote on any deal Theresa May agrees with Brussels over Brexit . She supported the Peoples Vote campaign for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . Strongly opposing a no-deal Brexit , she said in December 2018 : If it becomes the main objective of government policy to deliver no deal and no transition , then the consequences of that would be", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "so horrific for the people I represent then I couldnt stay a member of the Conservative party . She co-founded the group Right to Vote in early 2019 .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": " Wollaston lives in South Devon with her husband Adrian James , a psychiatrist , who is a registrant of the Royal College of Psychiatrists . They met while studying medicine at Guys Hospital . They have two daughters and one son . She is a keen cyclist - often on a tandem - and took part in the 2014 RideLondon 100-mile bike race with her husband .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Change UK" ]

[ { "text": " Sarah Wollaston ( born 17 February 1962 ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Totnes from 2010 to 2019 . First elected for the Conservative Party , she later served as a Change UK and Liberal Democrat MP . She was Chair of the Health Select Committee from 2014 to 2019 and Chair of the Liaison Committee from 2017 to 2019 .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "Wollaston was born in Woking , Surrey , and studied medicine at Guys Hospital Medical School . She qualified in 1986 and worked as a junior hospital doctor and then as a general practitioner ( GP ) . After more than 20 years in clinical practice , she ran for political office . She was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Totnes through an open primary ; during the campaign , she emphasised that she was not a career politician and had a professional career . At the 2010 general election , she won the seat with an increased", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "majority , increasing it further in 2015 . She rebelled against the Cameron–Clegg government on several key votes – voting in favour of a referendum on British membership of the European Union in 2011 , for a cut in the EU budget in 2011 , and against military intervention in Syria in 2013 . In Westminster , she was a vocal proponent of minimum unit pricing for alcohol and spoke out against political patronage .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "Initially uncertain about which way to vote in the referendum , Wollaston announced in June 2016 that she was no longer supporting the Vote Leave campaign in the referendum on European Union membership and would vote to remain in the EU . In February 2019 , she resigned from the Conservatives , along with two of her peers , and joined The Independent Group , later Change UK . Four months later , she quit the party to sit as an independent MP . In August 2019 , she joined the Liberal Democrats but lost her seat in the 2019", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "general election standing as a Liberal Democrat .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": " Early life and education . Wollaston was born in February 1962 in Woking , Surrey , into a military family . Her family moved frequently during her early years as her father – a supplies and catering officer in the Royal Air Force , formerly a diver and bomb disposal specialist in the Royal Navy – was posted around the world , including Hong Kong and Malta .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "Wollaston was educated at service and civilian primary schools , later attending a girls grammar school in Watford , where she was Head Girl in 1979–1980 . Whilst at secondary school , Wollaston took on a range of part-time jobs , including a Saturday job at her local branch of John Lewis . She left sixth form with high grades in science subjects at A-level , which she needed to study Medicine at university .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": " In 1980 , Wollaston entered Guys Hospital Medical School in London as a medical student . She took an intercalated degree in pathology in the third year of her undergraduate career , gaining a Bachelor of Science degree in the subject . While at Guys , she met her future husband , Adrian . Alongside her studies , she took a part-time role as a healthcare assistant at the hospital to supplement her student grant .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston graduated with a degree in Medicine in 1986 . She embarked on a career in hospital paediatrics but , after five years as a junior doctor in London , she moved to Bristol to train as a general practitioner , qualifying as a family doctor in 1992 .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " Wollaston then moved to Devon to work as a part-time GP in a town on the edge of Dartmoor . She was also a police surgeon from 1996 to 2001 , dealing with victims of sexual assaults , advising the police on whether suspects were fit to be interviewed , and treating people in custody . After 1999 , she became a full-time GP ; she taught medical students and trainee GPs , and worked as an examiner for the Royal College of General Practitioners .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston remains on the medical register , but ceased practising medicine in 2010 on her election to Parliament .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston joined the Conservative Party in 2006 , having been spurred into politics by her opposition to the threatened closure of Moretonhampstead Community Hospital . However , Wollaston accepted that she had no background in politics when in 2009 she put her name forward for the selection of a candidate for the Totnes constituency , citing as qualifications only real life experience , approachability and enthusiasm . The Conservative Association placed her on the shortlist of three to succeed Anthony Steen , who had announced his retirement after criticism as part of the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " Urged to do so by the national party , the local Conservative Association had already decided that the selection would be made by an open primary , in which non-members would have a vote . On 9 July , the Conservative Party leader David Cameron announced that the party would , for the first time , send a postal ballot paper to every voter instead of holding the selection at an open meeting . Wollaston later said that she might not have put her name forward had she known that the selection was to be by open primary .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "During the selection process , Wollaston campaigned on the problems of alcohol-related crime , citing also the 8,000 annual deaths from alcohol . She later supported curbs on low priced alcoholic drinks . but highlighted that the selection offered voters a choice between a career politician and someone with a real job . At a public hustings , she was asked whether her lack of political experience would make it difficult for her to throw and take political punches ; she replied that this was not what politics was about for her , and that she would not indulge in", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "it . Her reply prompted spontaneous applause .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " The primary was conducted under the plurality ( first past the post ) method used in general elections . In the selection result , Wollaston was proclaimed the winner with 7,914 votes ( 48% ) , ahead of Sara Randall Johnson ( leader of East Devon District Council ) who had 5,495 ( 33% ) , and Nick Bye ( Mayor of Torbay ) who had 3,088 ( 19% ) . Nearly a quarter of all voters returned their ballots , a higher turnout than was expected .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston later said I have no doubt that I was selected because I had no track record in politics , but one Totnes Conservative member told The Guardian of his fear that without a political background , she was the candidate Liberal Democrats could most easily defeat . As the general election approached , Wollaston made clear her anger at suggestions that she would be a part-time MP , saying that she would not continue her medical practice if elected . The local branch of Liberal Democrats denied that they were behind rumours that Wollaston intended to continue to practise", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "medicine on a part-time basis . She accepted that the scandal over Anthony Steens expenses claims had damaged the Conservative Partys chances , and declined his offer of the use of his home to run the Conservative campaign . She pledged to vote in a eurosceptic direction and to support a bypass for Kingskerswell .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " On election day , Wollaston was elected with a 45.9% share of the vote , and more than doubled the Conservatives majority . She supported the formation of a Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government as being the most appropriate for her constituency in the circumstances after the election , explaining that voters wanted to see politicians working together . Her maiden speech in Parliament , on 2 June 2010 , outlined her concerns about alcohol-related crime and alcoholic drink pricing , and also mentioned issues of concern in her constituency , including bovine tuberculosis .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "Soon after her election , Wollaston was offered the position of Parliamentary Private Secretary – a junior aide – to one of the Health Ministers , influenced by her professional background . Despite this position being the first rung on the ministerial ladder , Wollaston turned the offer down because it would have required her to avoid speaking out against any Government policy she disagreed with . She later said that she would not have been able to look [ her ] constituents in the eye if she had signed away her ability to speak on the issues she had", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "been elected on .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": " In her first year in the Commons , Wollaston referred to her experience working with sexual assault victims in warning the Government against its plans to introduce anonymity for people suspected of , or charged with , rape . She argued that it would constitute a further barrier for victims to report their crime and that the vast majority of sexual assaults already went unreported . She successfully pressed the Government to take up the way the European Unions Working Time Directive applied to junior doctors training , saying that it was causing patient care to suffer .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "In October 2010 , she announced she would not vote to repeal the Hunting Act 2004 because the overwhelming majority in her constituency were opposed to hunting . She broke the Conservative whip in November 2010 to support an amendment setting a threshold of 40% turnout for the result of the referendum on voting systems to be valid , and later that month supported a Labour amendment to allow more policyholders to claim compensation over the collapse in Equitable Life dividends .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": " In March 2013 , Wollaston was reselected by her local Conservative Association to fight the 2015 general election as the Conservative candidate . On polling day she was re-elected with 53% of the vote , more than tripling her majority to 18,285 ( 38.8% ) .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "When campaigning for re-election at the 2017 general election , Wollaston promised her constituents , at a hustings , that she would accept the result of the 2016 EU referendum , noting that 54% of her constituents had voted to leave . She went on to state that one of the things that annoys people is telling them that they didnt know what they were voting for , rejecting the idea of holding a second referendum . She was returned with a reduced majority of 13,477 , despite gaining 2,031 more votes . She was appointed Chair of the Liaison", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "Committee after the election .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "On 20 February 2019 , Wollaston resigned from the Conservative Party , along with two other MPs from her party , joining The Independent Group , later styled Change UK , a party advocating for a second referendum . Prior to her defection , 50 local Conservatives signed a petition calling for a no-confidence vote in Wollaston over her position on Brexit , though one of the petition organisers admitted that he had only recently joined the party in order to seek her deselection . In March 2019 , it emerged she had sponsored a Ten Minute Rule bill in", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "November 2011 which would have required MPs who switch parties to face an automatic by-election . Wollaston herself switched parties on 20 February 2019 , but did not call a by-election . Chair of Totnes and South Devon Labour Party Lynn Alderson said Wollaston made her views clear . Wollaston acknowledged the likely calls for her to face a by-election but refused such a proposal , stating neither this nor a general election would answer the fundamental question that is dividing us . In June 2019 , she left Change UK to sit as an independent MP .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": " Wollaston was the sponsor of the Stalking Protection Act 2019 . On 14 August 2019 , Wollaston joined the Liberal Democrats campaigning under the slogan Stop Brexit . She sought re-election as Liberal Democrat candidate for Totnes , but finished second to the Conservative party candidate Anthony Mangnall , losing by a margin of 12,724 votes .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "In March 2011 , Wollaston warned David Cameron that the governments NHS reforms would result in the NHS going belly up . She warned that the reorganisation would result in confusion with doctors being overwhelmed . She said there was a risk that Monitor , the new regulator would be filled with competition economists who would change the NHS beyond recognition and there was no point liberating the NHS from political control only to shackle it to an unelected economic regulator . However , her opposition to the NHS reforms calmed after the party leadership changed certain clauses at her", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "suggestions and she eventually voted in favour of passage of the Health and Social Care Bill .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "During her campaign for selection as Conservative candidate in Totnes , Wollaston pledged to tackle the issue of alcohol misuse , having seen the impact of it during her medical career . In Westminster , she pushed for an introduction of minimum unit pricing for alcohol , arguing that a 50p minimum unit price would save almost 3,000 lives a year and save the NHS over £6bn over ten years while costing a moderate drinker only £12 extra per year . When plans to introduce minimum pricing were shelved by the Government in 2013 , Wollaston strongly criticised David Cameron", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "and Department for Health Ministers , saying that the change in policy was due to lobbying by Conservative Party strategist Lynton Crosby , whose firm had strong ties to the alcohol industry . Following her comments , she was named MP of the Month by Total Politics for her tough stance .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": " Having been on the draft Bill Committee for the Care and Support Bill , Wollaston was selected to sit on the Public Bill Committee for the Care Bill in early 2014 . There she introduced a number of amendments , including one which would have made terminally ill patients exempt from social care charges .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "Wollaston was elected as a member of the Health Select Committee upon entering Parliament , and became Chair of the Committee in June 2014 after Stephen Dorrell retired . She defeated fellow GP Phillip Lee , Caroline Spelman , Charlotte Leslie , and David Tredinnick to the role . She was re-elected to this position after the 2015 general election .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": " In 2015 , an undercover Daily Telegraph investigation showed that in some cases , locum agencies Medicare and Team24 , owned by Capita , were charging some hospitals higher fees than others and giving false company details . The agencies were charging up to 49% of the fee . Wollaston said the Government should publish details of agency charges as transparency would drive changes to behaviour . Wollaston was reckoned by the Health Service Journal to be the 20th-most influential person ( and second-most influential woman ) in the English NHS in 2015 .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": " Before entering the House of Commons , Wollaston stated that she was strongly pro-choice , and would not support lowering the abortion limit , as such a measure would affect those who are in the greatest need . In 2011 , she voted against backbench amendments to the Health and Social Care Bill which would have prevented abortion providers from offering counselling services .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": "Wollaston voted in favour of allowing same-sex marriage in 2013 , writing that people who are gay should be allowed to celebrate their love and commitment in a context that society understands . She branded opponents of the change bigots .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": " Wollaston rebelled against the Government to vote against setting up a Royal Charter to regulate the press , claiming that many of the activities which had led to the proposal were already illegal and were being exploited to justify censoring the free press . Later , she was the joint winner of The Spectator magazines Parliamentarian of the Year award for her stance . In September 2013 , she entered the debate about niqābs , saying that some women found them offensive and urging the Government to ban them in schools on the grounds of gender equality .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": "Wollaston was the only Conservative politician to vote for a pause in the roll-out of Universal Credit on 18 October 2017 . The vote was non-binding on the government .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": " Coming from a non-political background , Wollaston has consistently spoken out in favour of reforming the political system to make it more open and accessible . Citing her own experience in the medical profession , she has called for job-sharing in the Commons , claiming that this would make it easier for women and those with families to stand for Parliament , while helping to improve the experience of MPs .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "In 2013 , she was a signatory to a campaign for women to be able to inherit noble titles , instead of these being restricted to the male line .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": " She has often spoken out against political patronage in Westminster and the role of the payroll vote in silencing dissent amongst MPs . She has suggested that vacancies for Parliamentary Private Secretary roles should put out for application and interview to find the most qualified candidate , rather than the candidate most in favour with the government .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "Following her selection through the open primary process , she urged the leaders of all parties to expand their use , particularly in safe seats . She said that the cost could be significantly lower than that of the Totnes primary by combining local and European elections with primary elections . In 2013 , she suggested that the idea of expanding primaries had been shelved because it was felt that they produce awkward independently-minded MPs .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": " Foreign and European policy . In August 2013 , Wollaston rebelled and voted against military intervention in Syria . She said such a move could escalate into a wider conflict with hundreds of thousands of victims . She cited strong opposition to intervention by her constituents as a key factor in deciding to vote against .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "On the European Union , Wollaston originally supported loosening the relationship between Britain and Brussels and said that she would reluctantly vote to leave the EU if reform could not be achieved . Writing for ConservativeHome in 2013 , she expressed support for EU membership because of access to the single market , but questioned whether it was worth the extra bureaucracy for business , loss of sovereignty , and the deficit in democracy . In the House of Commons , she voted in a Eurosceptic manner in several key divisions , voting for a referendum on Britains EU membership", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "and voting to reduce the EU budget .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "Wollaston initially supported the Vote Leave campaign during the 2016 referendum on European Union membership , stating in an article in The Guardian following David Camerons renegotiation of membership terms in February 2016 that the prime minister has returned with a threadbare deal that has highlighted our powerlessness to effect institutional change and that the balance of our national interest now lies outside the EU . However , she announced on 8 June 2016 that she would change sides to campaign for Britain to remain in the EU , claiming that Vote Leaves assertion that exiting the union would make", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "available £350m a week for health spending simply isnt true and represented post-truth politics . She also suggested that leaving the EU would harm the UKs economy , leading to a Brexit penalty . Michael Deacon of The Daily Telegraph wrote her decision to switch sides had sparked a conspiracy theory among many Leave campaigners that she was a government plant , while fellow Conservative MP and Eurosceptic Nadine Dorries said that Wollastons change of opinion was deliberately staged and political .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "In December 2017 , Wollaston voted along with fellow Conservative Dominic Grieve and nine other Conservative MPs against the government , and in favour of guaranteeing Parliament a meaningful vote on any deal Theresa May agrees with Brussels over Brexit . She supported the Peoples Vote campaign for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . Strongly opposing a no-deal Brexit , she said in December 2018 : If it becomes the main objective of government policy to deliver no deal and no transition , then the consequences of that would be", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "so horrific for the people I represent then I couldnt stay a member of the Conservative party . She co-founded the group Right to Vote in early 2019 .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": " Wollaston lives in South Devon with her husband Adrian James , a psychiatrist , who is a registrant of the Royal College of Psychiatrists . They met while studying medicine at Guys Hospital . They have two daughters and one son . She is a keen cyclist - often on a tandem - and took part in the 2014 RideLondon 100-mile bike race with her husband .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Liberal Democrats" ]

[ { "text": " Sarah Wollaston ( born 17 February 1962 ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Totnes from 2010 to 2019 . First elected for the Conservative Party , she later served as a Change UK and Liberal Democrat MP . She was Chair of the Health Select Committee from 2014 to 2019 and Chair of the Liaison Committee from 2017 to 2019 .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "Wollaston was born in Woking , Surrey , and studied medicine at Guys Hospital Medical School . She qualified in 1986 and worked as a junior hospital doctor and then as a general practitioner ( GP ) . After more than 20 years in clinical practice , she ran for political office . She was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Totnes through an open primary ; during the campaign , she emphasised that she was not a career politician and had a professional career . At the 2010 general election , she won the seat with an increased", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "majority , increasing it further in 2015 . She rebelled against the Cameron–Clegg government on several key votes – voting in favour of a referendum on British membership of the European Union in 2011 , for a cut in the EU budget in 2011 , and against military intervention in Syria in 2013 . In Westminster , she was a vocal proponent of minimum unit pricing for alcohol and spoke out against political patronage .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "Initially uncertain about which way to vote in the referendum , Wollaston announced in June 2016 that she was no longer supporting the Vote Leave campaign in the referendum on European Union membership and would vote to remain in the EU . In February 2019 , she resigned from the Conservatives , along with two of her peers , and joined The Independent Group , later Change UK . Four months later , she quit the party to sit as an independent MP . In August 2019 , she joined the Liberal Democrats but lost her seat in the 2019", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "general election standing as a Liberal Democrat .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": " Early life and education . Wollaston was born in February 1962 in Woking , Surrey , into a military family . Her family moved frequently during her early years as her father – a supplies and catering officer in the Royal Air Force , formerly a diver and bomb disposal specialist in the Royal Navy – was posted around the world , including Hong Kong and Malta .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": "Wollaston was educated at service and civilian primary schools , later attending a girls grammar school in Watford , where she was Head Girl in 1979–1980 . Whilst at secondary school , Wollaston took on a range of part-time jobs , including a Saturday job at her local branch of John Lewis . She left sixth form with high grades in science subjects at A-level , which she needed to study Medicine at university .", "title": "Sarah Wollaston" }, { "text": " In 1980 , Wollaston entered Guys Hospital Medical School in London as a medical student . She took an intercalated degree in pathology in the third year of her undergraduate career , gaining a Bachelor of Science degree in the subject . While at Guys , she met her future husband , Adrian . Alongside her studies , she took a part-time role as a healthcare assistant at the hospital to supplement her student grant .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston graduated with a degree in Medicine in 1986 . She embarked on a career in hospital paediatrics but , after five years as a junior doctor in London , she moved to Bristol to train as a general practitioner , qualifying as a family doctor in 1992 .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " Wollaston then moved to Devon to work as a part-time GP in a town on the edge of Dartmoor . She was also a police surgeon from 1996 to 2001 , dealing with victims of sexual assaults , advising the police on whether suspects were fit to be interviewed , and treating people in custody . After 1999 , she became a full-time GP ; she taught medical students and trainee GPs , and worked as an examiner for the Royal College of General Practitioners .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston remains on the medical register , but ceased practising medicine in 2010 on her election to Parliament .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston joined the Conservative Party in 2006 , having been spurred into politics by her opposition to the threatened closure of Moretonhampstead Community Hospital . However , Wollaston accepted that she had no background in politics when in 2009 she put her name forward for the selection of a candidate for the Totnes constituency , citing as qualifications only real life experience , approachability and enthusiasm . The Conservative Association placed her on the shortlist of three to succeed Anthony Steen , who had announced his retirement after criticism as part of the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " Urged to do so by the national party , the local Conservative Association had already decided that the selection would be made by an open primary , in which non-members would have a vote . On 9 July , the Conservative Party leader David Cameron announced that the party would , for the first time , send a postal ballot paper to every voter instead of holding the selection at an open meeting . Wollaston later said that she might not have put her name forward had she known that the selection was to be by open primary .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "During the selection process , Wollaston campaigned on the problems of alcohol-related crime , citing also the 8,000 annual deaths from alcohol . She later supported curbs on low priced alcoholic drinks . but highlighted that the selection offered voters a choice between a career politician and someone with a real job . At a public hustings , she was asked whether her lack of political experience would make it difficult for her to throw and take political punches ; she replied that this was not what politics was about for her , and that she would not indulge in", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "it . Her reply prompted spontaneous applause .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " The primary was conducted under the plurality ( first past the post ) method used in general elections . In the selection result , Wollaston was proclaimed the winner with 7,914 votes ( 48% ) , ahead of Sara Randall Johnson ( leader of East Devon District Council ) who had 5,495 ( 33% ) , and Nick Bye ( Mayor of Torbay ) who had 3,088 ( 19% ) . Nearly a quarter of all voters returned their ballots , a higher turnout than was expected .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "Wollaston later said I have no doubt that I was selected because I had no track record in politics , but one Totnes Conservative member told The Guardian of his fear that without a political background , she was the candidate Liberal Democrats could most easily defeat . As the general election approached , Wollaston made clear her anger at suggestions that she would be a part-time MP , saying that she would not continue her medical practice if elected . The local branch of Liberal Democrats denied that they were behind rumours that Wollaston intended to continue to practise", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": "medicine on a part-time basis . She accepted that the scandal over Anthony Steens expenses claims had damaged the Conservative Partys chances , and declined his offer of the use of his home to run the Conservative campaign . She pledged to vote in a eurosceptic direction and to support a bypass for Kingskerswell .", "title": "Medical career" }, { "text": " On election day , Wollaston was elected with a 45.9% share of the vote , and more than doubled the Conservatives majority . She supported the formation of a Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government as being the most appropriate for her constituency in the circumstances after the election , explaining that voters wanted to see politicians working together . Her maiden speech in Parliament , on 2 June 2010 , outlined her concerns about alcohol-related crime and alcoholic drink pricing , and also mentioned issues of concern in her constituency , including bovine tuberculosis .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "Soon after her election , Wollaston was offered the position of Parliamentary Private Secretary – a junior aide – to one of the Health Ministers , influenced by her professional background . Despite this position being the first rung on the ministerial ladder , Wollaston turned the offer down because it would have required her to avoid speaking out against any Government policy she disagreed with . She later said that she would not have been able to look [ her ] constituents in the eye if she had signed away her ability to speak on the issues she had", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "been elected on .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": " In her first year in the Commons , Wollaston referred to her experience working with sexual assault victims in warning the Government against its plans to introduce anonymity for people suspected of , or charged with , rape . She argued that it would constitute a further barrier for victims to report their crime and that the vast majority of sexual assaults already went unreported . She successfully pressed the Government to take up the way the European Unions Working Time Directive applied to junior doctors training , saying that it was causing patient care to suffer .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "In October 2010 , she announced she would not vote to repeal the Hunting Act 2004 because the overwhelming majority in her constituency were opposed to hunting . She broke the Conservative whip in November 2010 to support an amendment setting a threshold of 40% turnout for the result of the referendum on voting systems to be valid , and later that month supported a Labour amendment to allow more policyholders to claim compensation over the collapse in Equitable Life dividends .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": " In March 2013 , Wollaston was reselected by her local Conservative Association to fight the 2015 general election as the Conservative candidate . On polling day she was re-elected with 53% of the vote , more than tripling her majority to 18,285 ( 38.8% ) .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "When campaigning for re-election at the 2017 general election , Wollaston promised her constituents , at a hustings , that she would accept the result of the 2016 EU referendum , noting that 54% of her constituents had voted to leave . She went on to state that one of the things that annoys people is telling them that they didnt know what they were voting for , rejecting the idea of holding a second referendum . She was returned with a reduced majority of 13,477 , despite gaining 2,031 more votes . She was appointed Chair of the Liaison", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "Committee after the election .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "On 20 February 2019 , Wollaston resigned from the Conservative Party , along with two other MPs from her party , joining The Independent Group , later styled Change UK , a party advocating for a second referendum . Prior to her defection , 50 local Conservatives signed a petition calling for a no-confidence vote in Wollaston over her position on Brexit , though one of the petition organisers admitted that he had only recently joined the party in order to seek her deselection . In March 2019 , it emerged she had sponsored a Ten Minute Rule bill in", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "November 2011 which would have required MPs who switch parties to face an automatic by-election . Wollaston herself switched parties on 20 February 2019 , but did not call a by-election . Chair of Totnes and South Devon Labour Party Lynn Alderson said Wollaston made her views clear . Wollaston acknowledged the likely calls for her to face a by-election but refused such a proposal , stating neither this nor a general election would answer the fundamental question that is dividing us . In June 2019 , she left Change UK to sit as an independent MP .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": " Wollaston was the sponsor of the Stalking Protection Act 2019 . On 14 August 2019 , Wollaston joined the Liberal Democrats campaigning under the slogan Stop Brexit . She sought re-election as Liberal Democrat candidate for Totnes , but finished second to the Conservative party candidate Anthony Mangnall , losing by a margin of 12,724 votes .", "title": "Parliamentary career" }, { "text": "In March 2011 , Wollaston warned David Cameron that the governments NHS reforms would result in the NHS going belly up . She warned that the reorganisation would result in confusion with doctors being overwhelmed . She said there was a risk that Monitor , the new regulator would be filled with competition economists who would change the NHS beyond recognition and there was no point liberating the NHS from political control only to shackle it to an unelected economic regulator . However , her opposition to the NHS reforms calmed after the party leadership changed certain clauses at her", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "suggestions and she eventually voted in favour of passage of the Health and Social Care Bill .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "During her campaign for selection as Conservative candidate in Totnes , Wollaston pledged to tackle the issue of alcohol misuse , having seen the impact of it during her medical career . In Westminster , she pushed for an introduction of minimum unit pricing for alcohol , arguing that a 50p minimum unit price would save almost 3,000 lives a year and save the NHS over £6bn over ten years while costing a moderate drinker only £12 extra per year . When plans to introduce minimum pricing were shelved by the Government in 2013 , Wollaston strongly criticised David Cameron", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "and Department for Health Ministers , saying that the change in policy was due to lobbying by Conservative Party strategist Lynton Crosby , whose firm had strong ties to the alcohol industry . Following her comments , she was named MP of the Month by Total Politics for her tough stance .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": " Having been on the draft Bill Committee for the Care and Support Bill , Wollaston was selected to sit on the Public Bill Committee for the Care Bill in early 2014 . There she introduced a number of amendments , including one which would have made terminally ill patients exempt from social care charges .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": "Wollaston was elected as a member of the Health Select Committee upon entering Parliament , and became Chair of the Committee in June 2014 after Stephen Dorrell retired . She defeated fellow GP Phillip Lee , Caroline Spelman , Charlotte Leslie , and David Tredinnick to the role . She was re-elected to this position after the 2015 general election .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": " In 2015 , an undercover Daily Telegraph investigation showed that in some cases , locum agencies Medicare and Team24 , owned by Capita , were charging some hospitals higher fees than others and giving false company details . The agencies were charging up to 49% of the fee . Wollaston said the Government should publish details of agency charges as transparency would drive changes to behaviour . Wollaston was reckoned by the Health Service Journal to be the 20th-most influential person ( and second-most influential woman ) in the English NHS in 2015 .", "title": "Health" }, { "text": " Before entering the House of Commons , Wollaston stated that she was strongly pro-choice , and would not support lowering the abortion limit , as such a measure would affect those who are in the greatest need . In 2011 , she voted against backbench amendments to the Health and Social Care Bill which would have prevented abortion providers from offering counselling services .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": "Wollaston voted in favour of allowing same-sex marriage in 2013 , writing that people who are gay should be allowed to celebrate their love and commitment in a context that society understands . She branded opponents of the change bigots .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": " Wollaston rebelled against the Government to vote against setting up a Royal Charter to regulate the press , claiming that many of the activities which had led to the proposal were already illegal and were being exploited to justify censoring the free press . Later , she was the joint winner of The Spectator magazines Parliamentarian of the Year award for her stance . In September 2013 , she entered the debate about niqābs , saying that some women found them offensive and urging the Government to ban them in schools on the grounds of gender equality .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": "Wollaston was the only Conservative politician to vote for a pause in the roll-out of Universal Credit on 18 October 2017 . The vote was non-binding on the government .", "title": "Social issues" }, { "text": " Coming from a non-political background , Wollaston has consistently spoken out in favour of reforming the political system to make it more open and accessible . Citing her own experience in the medical profession , she has called for job-sharing in the Commons , claiming that this would make it easier for women and those with families to stand for Parliament , while helping to improve the experience of MPs .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "In 2013 , she was a signatory to a campaign for women to be able to inherit noble titles , instead of these being restricted to the male line .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": " She has often spoken out against political patronage in Westminster and the role of the payroll vote in silencing dissent amongst MPs . She has suggested that vacancies for Parliamentary Private Secretary roles should put out for application and interview to find the most qualified candidate , rather than the candidate most in favour with the government .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "Following her selection through the open primary process , she urged the leaders of all parties to expand their use , particularly in safe seats . She said that the cost could be significantly lower than that of the Totnes primary by combining local and European elections with primary elections . In 2013 , she suggested that the idea of expanding primaries had been shelved because it was felt that they produce awkward independently-minded MPs .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": " Foreign and European policy . In August 2013 , Wollaston rebelled and voted against military intervention in Syria . She said such a move could escalate into a wider conflict with hundreds of thousands of victims . She cited strong opposition to intervention by her constituents as a key factor in deciding to vote against .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "On the European Union , Wollaston originally supported loosening the relationship between Britain and Brussels and said that she would reluctantly vote to leave the EU if reform could not be achieved . Writing for ConservativeHome in 2013 , she expressed support for EU membership because of access to the single market , but questioned whether it was worth the extra bureaucracy for business , loss of sovereignty , and the deficit in democracy . In the House of Commons , she voted in a Eurosceptic manner in several key divisions , voting for a referendum on Britains EU membership", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "and voting to reduce the EU budget .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "Wollaston initially supported the Vote Leave campaign during the 2016 referendum on European Union membership , stating in an article in The Guardian following David Camerons renegotiation of membership terms in February 2016 that the prime minister has returned with a threadbare deal that has highlighted our powerlessness to effect institutional change and that the balance of our national interest now lies outside the EU . However , she announced on 8 June 2016 that she would change sides to campaign for Britain to remain in the EU , claiming that Vote Leaves assertion that exiting the union would make", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "available £350m a week for health spending simply isnt true and represented post-truth politics . She also suggested that leaving the EU would harm the UKs economy , leading to a Brexit penalty . Michael Deacon of The Daily Telegraph wrote her decision to switch sides had sparked a conspiracy theory among many Leave campaigners that she was a government plant , while fellow Conservative MP and Eurosceptic Nadine Dorries said that Wollastons change of opinion was deliberately staged and political .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "In December 2017 , Wollaston voted along with fellow Conservative Dominic Grieve and nine other Conservative MPs against the government , and in favour of guaranteeing Parliament a meaningful vote on any deal Theresa May agrees with Brussels over Brexit . She supported the Peoples Vote campaign for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . Strongly opposing a no-deal Brexit , she said in December 2018 : If it becomes the main objective of government policy to deliver no deal and no transition , then the consequences of that would be", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": "so horrific for the people I represent then I couldnt stay a member of the Conservative party . She co-founded the group Right to Vote in early 2019 .", "title": "Political reform" }, { "text": " Wollaston lives in South Devon with her husband Adrian James , a psychiatrist , who is a registrant of the Royal College of Psychiatrists . They met while studying medicine at Guys Hospital . They have two daughters and one son . She is a keen cyclist - often on a tandem - and took part in the 2014 RideLondon 100-mile bike race with her husband .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "MNA" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Léo François Legault ( ; born May 26 , 1957 ) is a Canadian politician serving as Premier of Quebec since 2018 ; the 32nd since Confederation . A member of the Coalition Avenir Québec ( CAQ ) , he has led the party since its founding in 2011 . Legault sits as a member of the National Assembly ( MNA ) for the Lanaudière region riding of LAssomption . Prior to entering politics , he was the co-founder of the Canadian airline Air Transat .", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": "Legault was a MNA from 1998 to 2009—serving in the governments of former premiers Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry—as the minister of education from 1998 to 2002 and as the minister of health from 2002 to 2003 . He was member of the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) , first elected in the 1998 Quebec election in the riding of Rousseau . He was re-elected in 2003 , 2007 and 2008 but resigned his seat on June 25 , 2009 . He returned to the legislature at the 2012 Quebec provincial election as the MNA for LAssomption , a suburb", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": "of Montreal . He was reelected in the 2014 election and won 2018 election . Legault is the first premier not be a member of the Quebec Liberal Party or the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) since Jean-Jacques Bertrands 1970 Union Nationale government .", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": " Early life and education . François Legault was born on May 26 , 1957 , at the Lachine Hospital and grew up in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue , Quebec . His father , Lucien Legault , was a postmaster . His mother , Pauline Schetagne , was a housewife who also worked as a cashier at the local A&P grocery store . Legault has a bachelors and masters degree in business administration from HEC Montréal . He is also a member of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants .", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": "Legault worked as an administrator for Provigo , and an auditor for Ernst & Young until 1984 . In 1985 , Legault became the director of finance and administration at Nationair Canada and then marketing director at Québécair . He co-founded Air Transat in 1986 after being the director of marketing at Quebecair . He was the chief executive officer of that company until 1997 . Air Transat quickly became one of the largest airline companies in Canada offering charter flights . From 1995 to 1998 , Legault sat on the boards of various companies , including Provigo Inc. ,", "title": "Business career" }, { "text": "Culinar , Sico , Technilab Inc . and Bestar Inc. , and the Marc-Aurèle Fortin private museum .", "title": "Business career" }, { "text": " After his 1998 election , Legault was appointed by Lucien Bouchard as Minister for Industry and Commerce . He was later named the Minister of Education . When Bouchard resigned , it was said that Legault would support Pauline Marois against Bernard Landry . He later clarified his position as being in favour of Landrys candidacy .", "title": "Parti Québécois" }, { "text": "Landry appointed Legault as Minister of Education and later as Minister of Health and Social Services . He was re-elected in 2003 while the PQ lost to the Quebec Liberal Party . He remained on the PQ front bench as the critic for economics , economic development , and finances .", "title": "Parti Québécois" }, { "text": " Legault endorsed Richard Legendre in the 2005 PQ leadership election , which was won by André Boisclair . After his re-election in 2007 , he was renamed the PQ critic for economic development and finances . Legault was re-elected in the 2008 elections but announced on June 25 , 2009 , that would retire from politics . He was seen by some political analysts at the time as a potential contender in a future leadership election . However , some members of the Liberals thought that he could replace Jean Charest , then premier .", "title": "Parti Québécois" }, { "text": "In February 2011 , Legault co-founded with Charles Sirois a new political movement called the Coalition pour lavenir du Québec ( Coalition for the Future of Quebec ) . In November 2011 it became an official party under the name Coalition Avenir Québec ( CAQ ) . The CAQ aims to bring together like-minded voters in a single party regardless of their views on Quebec nationalism , Quebec federalism and Quebec autonomism . In a break with his sovereigntist past , Legault promised that a CAQ government will never hold a referendum on sovereignty . Soon after retiring from politics", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": ", he had resigned from the PQ as well after becoming disenchanted with sovereigntism . He now believes Quebec belongs within Canada , but has vowed that a CAQ government would explore all options to defend Quebecs interests and demand greater power .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": " The party finished third in the 2012 general election , winning 19 seats and 27.05% of the vote . In the 2014 general election , the CAQ finished third again , but increased their seat count to 22 .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": "In the 2018 general election on October 1 , Legault led the CAQ to a gain of 53 seats for a total of 74 , vaulting the CAQ from third place to a majority of 11 and becoming the Premier of Quebec . He is the first premier in 48 years to not hail from the Liberals or Parti Québécois , and the provinces first centre-right premier since the Union Nationales last government left office in 1970 .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": " Premier of Quebec ( 2018–present ) . On October 18 , 2018 , Legault was sworn in as Premier of Quebec , marking the end of nearly 50 years of Liberal and Parti Québécois rule in the province .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": " Having run on the platform during the 2018 election , on March 28 , 2019 , the Quebec government tabled its long-awaited secularism bill . Bill 21 , entitled An Act respecting the laicity of the State , if made law , would ban public workers in positions of authority from wearing religious symbols . This would include any public employee who carries a weapon , including police officers , courthouse constables , bodyguards , prison guards and wildlife officers , as well as Crown prosecutors , government lawyers and judges , school principals , vice-principals and teachers .", "title": "Religious symbols" }, { "text": "The government has said that it would invoke section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( the notwithstanding clause ) so as to prevent it from being overturned by the courts .", "title": "Religious symbols" }, { "text": " The bill passed on June 17 by a 73–35 vote , with backing of the Parti Québécois while the Liberals and Quebec solidaire were opposed . The Coalition Avenir Quebec government also introduced a last-minute amendment toughening the law , making provisions for a minister to verify that it is being obeyed and to demand corrective measures if necessary .", "title": "Religious symbols" }, { "text": " Under Legault CAQ government , he has decreased immigration numbers to 40,000 in 2019 , and he has also in 2019 introduced a values test for immigrants . 2019 apology to Indigenous peoples . Legault apologized to First Nations and Inuit people in October 2019 for discrimination they suffered in dealing with the state , noting the Province of Quebec had failed in its duty to them . He acknowledged that apologies are but a first step , and more work needs to be done to break down barriers and rectify long-standing problems .", "title": "Immigration" }, { "text": " During the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak , Legault organized daily press conferences with Director of Public Health Horacio Arruda and Minister of Health Danielle McCann , starting March 12 , to encourage the population to stay home and keep hygiene measures that would help suppress spread of the virus . In May , Canadas chief science adviser , Mona Nemer , criticized Quebec for its lack of testing and tracing strategy .", "title": "COVID-19 response" }, { "text": " In November 2020 , Legault announced the governments plan to tackle climate change , which would involve a ban on the sale of new gas-powered vehicles from 2035 ( commercial vehicles and second-hand cars would be exempt ) . Some experts have said that rather than focusing on electric vehicles , more funds should be committed to public transit and climate change mitigation .", "title": "Environmental targets" }, { "text": " Legault and his government has promoted a buy local campaign . His government in early 2020 formed an online directory of local Quebec retailers in a website called — or Blue Basket . The aim of is to be a local version and a competitor to Amazon to sell Quebec products . As early as November 2019 Legault supported calls for the creation of a Quebec version of Amazon , which his economy minister described as a way to serve nationalist customers .", "title": "Buy Local initiative" }, { "text": " Legault married Isabelle Brais on March 7 , 1992 , in Mont-Saint-Hilaire , Quebec , and has two children . He was raised in the Montreal suburb of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Legault has been a Fellow of the ( Order of Chartered Accountants of Québec ) since 2000 .", "title": "Awards and honours" } ]

[ "MNA" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Léo François Legault ( ; born May 26 , 1957 ) is a Canadian politician serving as Premier of Quebec since 2018 ; the 32nd since Confederation . A member of the Coalition Avenir Québec ( CAQ ) , he has led the party since its founding in 2011 . Legault sits as a member of the National Assembly ( MNA ) for the Lanaudière region riding of LAssomption . Prior to entering politics , he was the co-founder of the Canadian airline Air Transat .", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": "Legault was a MNA from 1998 to 2009—serving in the governments of former premiers Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry—as the minister of education from 1998 to 2002 and as the minister of health from 2002 to 2003 . He was member of the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) , first elected in the 1998 Quebec election in the riding of Rousseau . He was re-elected in 2003 , 2007 and 2008 but resigned his seat on June 25 , 2009 . He returned to the legislature at the 2012 Quebec provincial election as the MNA for LAssomption , a suburb", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": "of Montreal . He was reelected in the 2014 election and won 2018 election . Legault is the first premier not be a member of the Quebec Liberal Party or the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) since Jean-Jacques Bertrands 1970 Union Nationale government .", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": " Early life and education . François Legault was born on May 26 , 1957 , at the Lachine Hospital and grew up in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue , Quebec . His father , Lucien Legault , was a postmaster . His mother , Pauline Schetagne , was a housewife who also worked as a cashier at the local A&P grocery store . Legault has a bachelors and masters degree in business administration from HEC Montréal . He is also a member of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants .", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": "Legault worked as an administrator for Provigo , and an auditor for Ernst & Young until 1984 . In 1985 , Legault became the director of finance and administration at Nationair Canada and then marketing director at Québécair . He co-founded Air Transat in 1986 after being the director of marketing at Quebecair . He was the chief executive officer of that company until 1997 . Air Transat quickly became one of the largest airline companies in Canada offering charter flights . From 1995 to 1998 , Legault sat on the boards of various companies , including Provigo Inc. ,", "title": "Business career" }, { "text": "Culinar , Sico , Technilab Inc . and Bestar Inc. , and the Marc-Aurèle Fortin private museum .", "title": "Business career" }, { "text": " After his 1998 election , Legault was appointed by Lucien Bouchard as Minister for Industry and Commerce . He was later named the Minister of Education . When Bouchard resigned , it was said that Legault would support Pauline Marois against Bernard Landry . He later clarified his position as being in favour of Landrys candidacy .", "title": "Parti Québécois" }, { "text": "Landry appointed Legault as Minister of Education and later as Minister of Health and Social Services . He was re-elected in 2003 while the PQ lost to the Quebec Liberal Party . He remained on the PQ front bench as the critic for economics , economic development , and finances .", "title": "Parti Québécois" }, { "text": " Legault endorsed Richard Legendre in the 2005 PQ leadership election , which was won by André Boisclair . After his re-election in 2007 , he was renamed the PQ critic for economic development and finances . Legault was re-elected in the 2008 elections but announced on June 25 , 2009 , that would retire from politics . He was seen by some political analysts at the time as a potential contender in a future leadership election . However , some members of the Liberals thought that he could replace Jean Charest , then premier .", "title": "Parti Québécois" }, { "text": "In February 2011 , Legault co-founded with Charles Sirois a new political movement called the Coalition pour lavenir du Québec ( Coalition for the Future of Quebec ) . In November 2011 it became an official party under the name Coalition Avenir Québec ( CAQ ) . The CAQ aims to bring together like-minded voters in a single party regardless of their views on Quebec nationalism , Quebec federalism and Quebec autonomism . In a break with his sovereigntist past , Legault promised that a CAQ government will never hold a referendum on sovereignty . Soon after retiring from politics", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": ", he had resigned from the PQ as well after becoming disenchanted with sovereigntism . He now believes Quebec belongs within Canada , but has vowed that a CAQ government would explore all options to defend Quebecs interests and demand greater power .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": " The party finished third in the 2012 general election , winning 19 seats and 27.05% of the vote . In the 2014 general election , the CAQ finished third again , but increased their seat count to 22 .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": "In the 2018 general election on October 1 , Legault led the CAQ to a gain of 53 seats for a total of 74 , vaulting the CAQ from third place to a majority of 11 and becoming the Premier of Quebec . He is the first premier in 48 years to not hail from the Liberals or Parti Québécois , and the provinces first centre-right premier since the Union Nationales last government left office in 1970 .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": " Premier of Quebec ( 2018–present ) . On October 18 , 2018 , Legault was sworn in as Premier of Quebec , marking the end of nearly 50 years of Liberal and Parti Québécois rule in the province .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": " Having run on the platform during the 2018 election , on March 28 , 2019 , the Quebec government tabled its long-awaited secularism bill . Bill 21 , entitled An Act respecting the laicity of the State , if made law , would ban public workers in positions of authority from wearing religious symbols . This would include any public employee who carries a weapon , including police officers , courthouse constables , bodyguards , prison guards and wildlife officers , as well as Crown prosecutors , government lawyers and judges , school principals , vice-principals and teachers .", "title": "Religious symbols" }, { "text": "The government has said that it would invoke section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( the notwithstanding clause ) so as to prevent it from being overturned by the courts .", "title": "Religious symbols" }, { "text": " The bill passed on June 17 by a 73–35 vote , with backing of the Parti Québécois while the Liberals and Quebec solidaire were opposed . The Coalition Avenir Quebec government also introduced a last-minute amendment toughening the law , making provisions for a minister to verify that it is being obeyed and to demand corrective measures if necessary .", "title": "Religious symbols" }, { "text": " Under Legault CAQ government , he has decreased immigration numbers to 40,000 in 2019 , and he has also in 2019 introduced a values test for immigrants . 2019 apology to Indigenous peoples . Legault apologized to First Nations and Inuit people in October 2019 for discrimination they suffered in dealing with the state , noting the Province of Quebec had failed in its duty to them . He acknowledged that apologies are but a first step , and more work needs to be done to break down barriers and rectify long-standing problems .", "title": "Immigration" }, { "text": " During the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak , Legault organized daily press conferences with Director of Public Health Horacio Arruda and Minister of Health Danielle McCann , starting March 12 , to encourage the population to stay home and keep hygiene measures that would help suppress spread of the virus . In May , Canadas chief science adviser , Mona Nemer , criticized Quebec for its lack of testing and tracing strategy .", "title": "COVID-19 response" }, { "text": " In November 2020 , Legault announced the governments plan to tackle climate change , which would involve a ban on the sale of new gas-powered vehicles from 2035 ( commercial vehicles and second-hand cars would be exempt ) . Some experts have said that rather than focusing on electric vehicles , more funds should be committed to public transit and climate change mitigation .", "title": "Environmental targets" }, { "text": " Legault and his government has promoted a buy local campaign . His government in early 2020 formed an online directory of local Quebec retailers in a website called — or Blue Basket . The aim of is to be a local version and a competitor to Amazon to sell Quebec products . As early as November 2019 Legault supported calls for the creation of a Quebec version of Amazon , which his economy minister described as a way to serve nationalist customers .", "title": "Buy Local initiative" }, { "text": " Legault married Isabelle Brais on March 7 , 1992 , in Mont-Saint-Hilaire , Quebec , and has two children . He was raised in the Montreal suburb of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Legault has been a Fellow of the ( Order of Chartered Accountants of Québec ) since 2000 .", "title": "Awards and honours" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Léo François Legault ( ; born May 26 , 1957 ) is a Canadian politician serving as Premier of Quebec since 2018 ; the 32nd since Confederation . A member of the Coalition Avenir Québec ( CAQ ) , he has led the party since its founding in 2011 . Legault sits as a member of the National Assembly ( MNA ) for the Lanaudière region riding of LAssomption . Prior to entering politics , he was the co-founder of the Canadian airline Air Transat .", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": "Legault was a MNA from 1998 to 2009—serving in the governments of former premiers Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry—as the minister of education from 1998 to 2002 and as the minister of health from 2002 to 2003 . He was member of the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) , first elected in the 1998 Quebec election in the riding of Rousseau . He was re-elected in 2003 , 2007 and 2008 but resigned his seat on June 25 , 2009 . He returned to the legislature at the 2012 Quebec provincial election as the MNA for LAssomption , a suburb", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": "of Montreal . He was reelected in the 2014 election and won 2018 election . Legault is the first premier not be a member of the Quebec Liberal Party or the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) since Jean-Jacques Bertrands 1970 Union Nationale government .", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": " Early life and education . François Legault was born on May 26 , 1957 , at the Lachine Hospital and grew up in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue , Quebec . His father , Lucien Legault , was a postmaster . His mother , Pauline Schetagne , was a housewife who also worked as a cashier at the local A&P grocery store . Legault has a bachelors and masters degree in business administration from HEC Montréal . He is also a member of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants .", "title": "François Legault" }, { "text": "Legault worked as an administrator for Provigo , and an auditor for Ernst & Young until 1984 . In 1985 , Legault became the director of finance and administration at Nationair Canada and then marketing director at Québécair . He co-founded Air Transat in 1986 after being the director of marketing at Quebecair . He was the chief executive officer of that company until 1997 . Air Transat quickly became one of the largest airline companies in Canada offering charter flights . From 1995 to 1998 , Legault sat on the boards of various companies , including Provigo Inc. ,", "title": "Business career" }, { "text": "Culinar , Sico , Technilab Inc . and Bestar Inc. , and the Marc-Aurèle Fortin private museum .", "title": "Business career" }, { "text": " After his 1998 election , Legault was appointed by Lucien Bouchard as Minister for Industry and Commerce . He was later named the Minister of Education . When Bouchard resigned , it was said that Legault would support Pauline Marois against Bernard Landry . He later clarified his position as being in favour of Landrys candidacy .", "title": "Parti Québécois" }, { "text": "Landry appointed Legault as Minister of Education and later as Minister of Health and Social Services . He was re-elected in 2003 while the PQ lost to the Quebec Liberal Party . He remained on the PQ front bench as the critic for economics , economic development , and finances .", "title": "Parti Québécois" }, { "text": " Legault endorsed Richard Legendre in the 2005 PQ leadership election , which was won by André Boisclair . After his re-election in 2007 , he was renamed the PQ critic for economic development and finances . Legault was re-elected in the 2008 elections but announced on June 25 , 2009 , that would retire from politics . He was seen by some political analysts at the time as a potential contender in a future leadership election . However , some members of the Liberals thought that he could replace Jean Charest , then premier .", "title": "Parti Québécois" }, { "text": "In February 2011 , Legault co-founded with Charles Sirois a new political movement called the Coalition pour lavenir du Québec ( Coalition for the Future of Quebec ) . In November 2011 it became an official party under the name Coalition Avenir Québec ( CAQ ) . The CAQ aims to bring together like-minded voters in a single party regardless of their views on Quebec nationalism , Quebec federalism and Quebec autonomism . In a break with his sovereigntist past , Legault promised that a CAQ government will never hold a referendum on sovereignty . Soon after retiring from politics", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": ", he had resigned from the PQ as well after becoming disenchanted with sovereigntism . He now believes Quebec belongs within Canada , but has vowed that a CAQ government would explore all options to defend Quebecs interests and demand greater power .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": " The party finished third in the 2012 general election , winning 19 seats and 27.05% of the vote . In the 2014 general election , the CAQ finished third again , but increased their seat count to 22 .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": "In the 2018 general election on October 1 , Legault led the CAQ to a gain of 53 seats for a total of 74 , vaulting the CAQ from third place to a majority of 11 and becoming the Premier of Quebec . He is the first premier in 48 years to not hail from the Liberals or Parti Québécois , and the provinces first centre-right premier since the Union Nationales last government left office in 1970 .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": " Premier of Quebec ( 2018–present ) . On October 18 , 2018 , Legault was sworn in as Premier of Quebec , marking the end of nearly 50 years of Liberal and Parti Québécois rule in the province .", "title": "Coalition Avenir Québec" }, { "text": " Having run on the platform during the 2018 election , on March 28 , 2019 , the Quebec government tabled its long-awaited secularism bill . Bill 21 , entitled An Act respecting the laicity of the State , if made law , would ban public workers in positions of authority from wearing religious symbols . This would include any public employee who carries a weapon , including police officers , courthouse constables , bodyguards , prison guards and wildlife officers , as well as Crown prosecutors , government lawyers and judges , school principals , vice-principals and teachers .", "title": "Religious symbols" }, { "text": "The government has said that it would invoke section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( the notwithstanding clause ) so as to prevent it from being overturned by the courts .", "title": "Religious symbols" }, { "text": " The bill passed on June 17 by a 73–35 vote , with backing of the Parti Québécois while the Liberals and Quebec solidaire were opposed . The Coalition Avenir Quebec government also introduced a last-minute amendment toughening the law , making provisions for a minister to verify that it is being obeyed and to demand corrective measures if necessary .", "title": "Religious symbols" }, { "text": " Under Legault CAQ government , he has decreased immigration numbers to 40,000 in 2019 , and he has also in 2019 introduced a values test for immigrants . 2019 apology to Indigenous peoples . Legault apologized to First Nations and Inuit people in October 2019 for discrimination they suffered in dealing with the state , noting the Province of Quebec had failed in its duty to them . He acknowledged that apologies are but a first step , and more work needs to be done to break down barriers and rectify long-standing problems .", "title": "Immigration" }, { "text": " During the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak , Legault organized daily press conferences with Director of Public Health Horacio Arruda and Minister of Health Danielle McCann , starting March 12 , to encourage the population to stay home and keep hygiene measures that would help suppress spread of the virus . In May , Canadas chief science adviser , Mona Nemer , criticized Quebec for its lack of testing and tracing strategy .", "title": "COVID-19 response" }, { "text": " In November 2020 , Legault announced the governments plan to tackle climate change , which would involve a ban on the sale of new gas-powered vehicles from 2035 ( commercial vehicles and second-hand cars would be exempt ) . Some experts have said that rather than focusing on electric vehicles , more funds should be committed to public transit and climate change mitigation .", "title": "Environmental targets" }, { "text": " Legault and his government has promoted a buy local campaign . His government in early 2020 formed an online directory of local Quebec retailers in a website called — or Blue Basket . The aim of is to be a local version and a competitor to Amazon to sell Quebec products . As early as November 2019 Legault supported calls for the creation of a Quebec version of Amazon , which his economy minister described as a way to serve nationalist customers .", "title": "Buy Local initiative" }, { "text": " Legault married Isabelle Brais on March 7 , 1992 , in Mont-Saint-Hilaire , Quebec , and has two children . He was raised in the Montreal suburb of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Legault has been a Fellow of the ( Order of Chartered Accountants of Québec ) since 2000 .", "title": "Awards and honours" } ]

[ "Atlético Clube Juventus" ]

[ { "text": " Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer .", "title": "Vítor Huvos" }, { "text": " On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club .", "title": "Brazil" }, { "text": " Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances .", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "text": " In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I .", "title": "Romania" }, { "text": " On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B .", "title": "Spain" }, { "text": " In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC .", "title": "Back to Brazil" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League .", "title": "Thailand" }, { "text": "On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": "goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC .", "title": "Bahrain" }, { "text": " - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Grasshopper" ]

[ { "text": " Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer .", "title": "Vítor Huvos" }, { "text": " On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club .", "title": "Brazil" }, { "text": " Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances .", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "text": " In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I .", "title": "Romania" }, { "text": " On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B .", "title": "Spain" }, { "text": " In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC .", "title": "Back to Brazil" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League .", "title": "Thailand" }, { "text": "On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": "goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC .", "title": "Bahrain" }, { "text": " - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Universitatea Cluj" ]

[ { "text": " Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer .", "title": "Vítor Huvos" }, { "text": " On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club .", "title": "Brazil" }, { "text": " Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances .", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "text": " In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I .", "title": "Romania" }, { "text": " On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B .", "title": "Spain" }, { "text": " In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC .", "title": "Back to Brazil" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League .", "title": "Thailand" }, { "text": "On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": "goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC .", "title": "Bahrain" }, { "text": " - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Atlético Madrid B" ]

[ { "text": " Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer .", "title": "Vítor Huvos" }, { "text": " On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club .", "title": "Brazil" }, { "text": " Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances .", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "text": " In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I .", "title": "Romania" }, { "text": " On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B .", "title": "Spain" }, { "text": " In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC .", "title": "Back to Brazil" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League .", "title": "Thailand" }, { "text": "On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": "goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC .", "title": "Bahrain" }, { "text": " - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Chainat" ]

[ { "text": " Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer .", "title": "Vítor Huvos" }, { "text": " On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club .", "title": "Brazil" }, { "text": " Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances .", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "text": " In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I .", "title": "Romania" }, { "text": " On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B .", "title": "Spain" }, { "text": " In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC .", "title": "Back to Brazil" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League .", "title": "Thailand" }, { "text": "On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": "goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC .", "title": "Bahrain" }, { "text": " - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Saham SC" ]

[ { "text": " Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer .", "title": "Vítor Huvos" }, { "text": " On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club .", "title": "Brazil" }, { "text": " Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances .", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "text": " In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I .", "title": "Romania" }, { "text": " On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B .", "title": "Spain" }, { "text": " In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC .", "title": "Back to Brazil" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League .", "title": "Thailand" }, { "text": "On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": "goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC .", "title": "Bahrain" }, { "text": " - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Bahrain SC" ]

[ { "text": " Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer .", "title": "Vítor Huvos" }, { "text": " On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club .", "title": "Brazil" }, { "text": " Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances .", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "text": " In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I .", "title": "Romania" }, { "text": " On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B .", "title": "Spain" }, { "text": " In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC .", "title": "Back to Brazil" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League .", "title": "Thailand" }, { "text": "On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": "goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin .", "title": "Saham SC" }, { "text": " In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC .", "title": "Bahrain" }, { "text": " - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "FIFA" ]

[ { "text": " The All India Football Federation , simply known as the AIFF , is the governing body of association football in India and is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs , Government of India . Formed in 1937 , the federation was one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation , the overseer of football in Asia .", "title": "All India Football Federation" }, { "text": "The AIFF sanctions and runs all competitive football tournaments and leagues at a national level , namely the Indian Super League , I-League and Super Cup . The federation also indirectly manages local football competitions through the state associations . The federation is also responsible for managing the India national football team , as well as the womens team and the various youth national sides .", "title": "All India Football Federation" }, { "text": " The AIFF is also part of the South Asian Football Federation , the organization that runs football in South Asia . The federation is currently based in Dwarka , Delhi .", "title": "All India Football Federation" }, { "text": " Before the formation of the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) , the de facto ruling body for association football in India were the Indian Football Association ( IFA ) . The IFA was founded in 1893 and ran the game in the Bengal region . The federation was mainly governed by Englishmen and served as the most powerful football body in the country during the early 20th century .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Efforts to form a countrywide football federation were started in 1935 by the IFA when the federation , as well as seven other associations , met at a conference but no consensus could be reached . After differences in opinions and other conflicts were resolved , a meeting was conducted in March 1937 which would serve to be the beginning of the start of the AIFF . The AIFF was officially founded on 23 June 1937 after representatives from six regional football associations met at the Army Headquarters in Shimla . Namely , the six regional football associations were the", "title": "History" }, { "text": "IFA , Army Sports Control Board , United Provinces , the North West India Football Association , the Bihar Football Association , and Delhi Soccer Association .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "After the launch of the national football federation , the idea of an India national football team did not gain much momentum until after India gain independence in 1947 . Select Indian teams did participate in tours of Australia , Burma , Afghanistan , and South Africa but none were officially part of the national team . In 1948 , one year after independence and 11 since forming as a football association , the AIFF gained affiliation with FIFA , the governing body for football around the world . Later that year , the national team was officially formed and", "title": "History" }, { "text": "participated in their first official tournament , the 1948 Summer Olympics .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "In 1950 , the national team automatically qualified for the 1950 FIFA World Cup which was to be held in Brazil after all the teams in Indias qualification group withdrew . However , prior to the tournament , India themselves withdrew from the World Cup with the AIFF citing the reason as due to lack of funding . Other reasons given for Indias withdrawal included the players playing mainly barefooted and that the AIFF valued the Summer Olympics tournament more than the FIFA World Cup at the time . In 1952 , during the Olympics in Finland , India was", "title": "History" }, { "text": "defeated in the first round by Yugoslavia 10–1 . This defeat made the AIFF make it mandatory for players on the national team to wear football boots . In 1954 , the AIFF played an active role in promoting football in Asia when they were one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation . India took part in four straight Olympic football tournaments between 1948 and 1960 but have failed to qualify since . In 1985 , India started to participate in World Cup qualifiers again but have failed to make it to the tournament .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1977 , the AIFF started the Federation Cup which was the first club based national tournament in the country . The Santosh Trophy , the national tournament for state teams , was started in 1941 . In 1996 , the AIFF began the first national league in the country , the National Football League . In 2007 , the NFL was reformed as the I-League , the countrys first professional football league .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " - Champions Cup ( Senior Mens ) - AIFF Youth Cup ( U-16 ) - 2019 Intercontinental Cup ( India )", "title": "International" }, { "text": " - Indian Super League - I-League - I-League 2nd Division - Super Cup - Santosh Trophy - AIFF Futsal Club Championship", "title": "Mens" }, { "text": " - Elite League ( U-18 ) - Junior League ( U-15 ) - Sub-Junior League ( U-13 ) - B.C . Roy Trophy ( U-19 ) - Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy ( U-16 )", "title": "Mens Youth" }, { "text": " - U-17 Womens Championship - Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-19 ) - Sub–Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-16 )", "title": "Womens Youth" }, { "text": " - Assam State Premier League - Bangalore Super Division - Calcutta Football League - DSA Senior Division - FAO League - Goa Professional League - Kerala Premier League - Manipur State League - Mizoram Premier League - Nagaland Premier League - Punjab State Super Football League - Rajasthan State Mens League - Shillong Premier League - Sikkim Premier Division League", "title": "States Mens Leagues" }, { "text": " - India national football team - India national under-23 football team - India national under-20 football team - India national under-17 football team - India national beach soccer team", "title": "Men" }, { "text": " - India womens national football team - India womens national under-20 football team - India womens national under-17 football team", "title": "Women" }, { "text": " There are currently 36 state associations affiliated with the All India Football Federation . - All Manipur Football Association - Andaman & Nicobar Football Association - Andhra Pradesh Football Association - Arunachal Pradesh Football Association - Assam Football Association - Bihar Football Association - Chandigarh Football Association - Chhattisgarh Football Association - Daman & Diu Football Association - Delhi Soccer Association - Football Association of Odisha - Goa Football Association - Gujarat State Football Association - Haryana Football Association - Himachal Pradesh Football Association - Indian Football Association ( West Bengal ) - Jammu & Kashmir Football Association", "title": "State federations" }, { "text": "- Jharkhand Football Association", "title": "State federations" }, { "text": " - Karnataka State Football Association - Kerala Football Association - Madhya Pradesh Football Association - Meghalaya Football Association - Mizoram Football Association - Nagaland Football Association - Pondicherry Football Association - Punjab Football Association - Railways Sports Promotion Board - Rajasthan Football Association - Services Sports Control Board - Sikkim Football Association - Tamil Nadu Football Association - Telangana Football Association - Tripura Football Association - Western India Football Association ( Maharashtra ) - Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh - Uttarakhand State Football Association", "title": "State federations" }, { "text": " - Shyam Thapa – Chairman - Henry Menezes – Deputy Chairman - G.P . Palguna - Abhishek Yadav - Pradip Dutta - Ishfaq Ahmed - Prosanto Banerjee - Sundar Raman", "title": "Technical committee" } ]

[ "Asian Football Confederation" ]

[ { "text": " The All India Football Federation , simply known as the AIFF , is the governing body of association football in India and is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs , Government of India . Formed in 1937 , the federation was one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation , the overseer of football in Asia .", "title": "All India Football Federation" }, { "text": "The AIFF sanctions and runs all competitive football tournaments and leagues at a national level , namely the Indian Super League , I-League and Super Cup . The federation also indirectly manages local football competitions through the state associations . The federation is also responsible for managing the India national football team , as well as the womens team and the various youth national sides .", "title": "All India Football Federation" }, { "text": " The AIFF is also part of the South Asian Football Federation , the organization that runs football in South Asia . The federation is currently based in Dwarka , Delhi .", "title": "All India Football Federation" }, { "text": " Before the formation of the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) , the de facto ruling body for association football in India were the Indian Football Association ( IFA ) . The IFA was founded in 1893 and ran the game in the Bengal region . The federation was mainly governed by Englishmen and served as the most powerful football body in the country during the early 20th century .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Efforts to form a countrywide football federation were started in 1935 by the IFA when the federation , as well as seven other associations , met at a conference but no consensus could be reached . After differences in opinions and other conflicts were resolved , a meeting was conducted in March 1937 which would serve to be the beginning of the start of the AIFF . The AIFF was officially founded on 23 June 1937 after representatives from six regional football associations met at the Army Headquarters in Shimla . Namely , the six regional football associations were the", "title": "History" }, { "text": "IFA , Army Sports Control Board , United Provinces , the North West India Football Association , the Bihar Football Association , and Delhi Soccer Association .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "After the launch of the national football federation , the idea of an India national football team did not gain much momentum until after India gain independence in 1947 . Select Indian teams did participate in tours of Australia , Burma , Afghanistan , and South Africa but none were officially part of the national team . In 1948 , one year after independence and 11 since forming as a football association , the AIFF gained affiliation with FIFA , the governing body for football around the world . Later that year , the national team was officially formed and", "title": "History" }, { "text": "participated in their first official tournament , the 1948 Summer Olympics .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "In 1950 , the national team automatically qualified for the 1950 FIFA World Cup which was to be held in Brazil after all the teams in Indias qualification group withdrew . However , prior to the tournament , India themselves withdrew from the World Cup with the AIFF citing the reason as due to lack of funding . Other reasons given for Indias withdrawal included the players playing mainly barefooted and that the AIFF valued the Summer Olympics tournament more than the FIFA World Cup at the time . In 1952 , during the Olympics in Finland , India was", "title": "History" }, { "text": "defeated in the first round by Yugoslavia 10–1 . This defeat made the AIFF make it mandatory for players on the national team to wear football boots . In 1954 , the AIFF played an active role in promoting football in Asia when they were one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation . India took part in four straight Olympic football tournaments between 1948 and 1960 but have failed to qualify since . In 1985 , India started to participate in World Cup qualifiers again but have failed to make it to the tournament .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1977 , the AIFF started the Federation Cup which was the first club based national tournament in the country . The Santosh Trophy , the national tournament for state teams , was started in 1941 . In 1996 , the AIFF began the first national league in the country , the National Football League . In 2007 , the NFL was reformed as the I-League , the countrys first professional football league .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " - Champions Cup ( Senior Mens ) - AIFF Youth Cup ( U-16 ) - 2019 Intercontinental Cup ( India )", "title": "International" }, { "text": " - Indian Super League - I-League - I-League 2nd Division - Super Cup - Santosh Trophy - AIFF Futsal Club Championship", "title": "Mens" }, { "text": " - Elite League ( U-18 ) - Junior League ( U-15 ) - Sub-Junior League ( U-13 ) - B.C . Roy Trophy ( U-19 ) - Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy ( U-16 )", "title": "Mens Youth" }, { "text": " - U-17 Womens Championship - Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-19 ) - Sub–Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-16 )", "title": "Womens Youth" }, { "text": " - Assam State Premier League - Bangalore Super Division - Calcutta Football League - DSA Senior Division - FAO League - Goa Professional League - Kerala Premier League - Manipur State League - Mizoram Premier League - Nagaland Premier League - Punjab State Super Football League - Rajasthan State Mens League - Shillong Premier League - Sikkim Premier Division League", "title": "States Mens Leagues" }, { "text": " - India national football team - India national under-23 football team - India national under-20 football team - India national under-17 football team - India national beach soccer team", "title": "Men" }, { "text": " - India womens national football team - India womens national under-20 football team - India womens national under-17 football team", "title": "Women" }, { "text": " There are currently 36 state associations affiliated with the All India Football Federation . - All Manipur Football Association - Andaman & Nicobar Football Association - Andhra Pradesh Football Association - Arunachal Pradesh Football Association - Assam Football Association - Bihar Football Association - Chandigarh Football Association - Chhattisgarh Football Association - Daman & Diu Football Association - Delhi Soccer Association - Football Association of Odisha - Goa Football Association - Gujarat State Football Association - Haryana Football Association - Himachal Pradesh Football Association - Indian Football Association ( West Bengal ) - Jammu & Kashmir Football Association", "title": "State federations" }, { "text": "- Jharkhand Football Association", "title": "State federations" }, { "text": " - Karnataka State Football Association - Kerala Football Association - Madhya Pradesh Football Association - Meghalaya Football Association - Mizoram Football Association - Nagaland Football Association - Pondicherry Football Association - Punjab Football Association - Railways Sports Promotion Board - Rajasthan Football Association - Services Sports Control Board - Sikkim Football Association - Tamil Nadu Football Association - Telangana Football Association - Tripura Football Association - Western India Football Association ( Maharashtra ) - Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh - Uttarakhand State Football Association", "title": "State federations" }, { "text": " - Shyam Thapa – Chairman - Henry Menezes – Deputy Chairman - G.P . Palguna - Abhishek Yadav - Pradip Dutta - Ishfaq Ahmed - Prosanto Banerjee - Sundar Raman", "title": "Technical committee" } ]

[ "Asian Football Confederation" ]

[ { "text": " The All India Football Federation , simply known as the AIFF , is the governing body of association football in India and is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs , Government of India . Formed in 1937 , the federation was one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation , the overseer of football in Asia .", "title": "All India Football Federation" }, { "text": "The AIFF sanctions and runs all competitive football tournaments and leagues at a national level , namely the Indian Super League , I-League and Super Cup . The federation also indirectly manages local football competitions through the state associations . The federation is also responsible for managing the India national football team , as well as the womens team and the various youth national sides .", "title": "All India Football Federation" }, { "text": " The AIFF is also part of the South Asian Football Federation , the organization that runs football in South Asia . The federation is currently based in Dwarka , Delhi .", "title": "All India Football Federation" }, { "text": " Before the formation of the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) , the de facto ruling body for association football in India were the Indian Football Association ( IFA ) . The IFA was founded in 1893 and ran the game in the Bengal region . The federation was mainly governed by Englishmen and served as the most powerful football body in the country during the early 20th century .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Efforts to form a countrywide football federation were started in 1935 by the IFA when the federation , as well as seven other associations , met at a conference but no consensus could be reached . After differences in opinions and other conflicts were resolved , a meeting was conducted in March 1937 which would serve to be the beginning of the start of the AIFF . The AIFF was officially founded on 23 June 1937 after representatives from six regional football associations met at the Army Headquarters in Shimla . Namely , the six regional football associations were the", "title": "History" }, { "text": "IFA , Army Sports Control Board , United Provinces , the North West India Football Association , the Bihar Football Association , and Delhi Soccer Association .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "After the launch of the national football federation , the idea of an India national football team did not gain much momentum until after India gain independence in 1947 . Select Indian teams did participate in tours of Australia , Burma , Afghanistan , and South Africa but none were officially part of the national team . In 1948 , one year after independence and 11 since forming as a football association , the AIFF gained affiliation with FIFA , the governing body for football around the world . Later that year , the national team was officially formed and", "title": "History" }, { "text": "participated in their first official tournament , the 1948 Summer Olympics .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "In 1950 , the national team automatically qualified for the 1950 FIFA World Cup which was to be held in Brazil after all the teams in Indias qualification group withdrew . However , prior to the tournament , India themselves withdrew from the World Cup with the AIFF citing the reason as due to lack of funding . Other reasons given for Indias withdrawal included the players playing mainly barefooted and that the AIFF valued the Summer Olympics tournament more than the FIFA World Cup at the time . In 1952 , during the Olympics in Finland , India was", "title": "History" }, { "text": "defeated in the first round by Yugoslavia 10–1 . This defeat made the AIFF make it mandatory for players on the national team to wear football boots . In 1954 , the AIFF played an active role in promoting football in Asia when they were one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation . India took part in four straight Olympic football tournaments between 1948 and 1960 but have failed to qualify since . In 1985 , India started to participate in World Cup qualifiers again but have failed to make it to the tournament .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1977 , the AIFF started the Federation Cup which was the first club based national tournament in the country . The Santosh Trophy , the national tournament for state teams , was started in 1941 . In 1996 , the AIFF began the first national league in the country , the National Football League . In 2007 , the NFL was reformed as the I-League , the countrys first professional football league .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " - Champions Cup ( Senior Mens ) - AIFF Youth Cup ( U-16 ) - 2019 Intercontinental Cup ( India )", "title": "International" }, { "text": " - Indian Super League - I-League - I-League 2nd Division - Super Cup - Santosh Trophy - AIFF Futsal Club Championship", "title": "Mens" }, { "text": " - Elite League ( U-18 ) - Junior League ( U-15 ) - Sub-Junior League ( U-13 ) - B.C . Roy Trophy ( U-19 ) - Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy ( U-16 )", "title": "Mens Youth" }, { "text": " - U-17 Womens Championship - Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-19 ) - Sub–Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-16 )", "title": "Womens Youth" }, { "text": " - Assam State Premier League - Bangalore Super Division - Calcutta Football League - DSA Senior Division - FAO League - Goa Professional League - Kerala Premier League - Manipur State League - Mizoram Premier League - Nagaland Premier League - Punjab State Super Football League - Rajasthan State Mens League - Shillong Premier League - Sikkim Premier Division League", "title": "States Mens Leagues" }, { "text": " - India national football team - India national under-23 football team - India national under-20 football team - India national under-17 football team - India national beach soccer team", "title": "Men" }, { "text": " - India womens national football team - India womens national under-20 football team - India womens national under-17 football team", "title": "Women" }, { "text": " There are currently 36 state associations affiliated with the All India Football Federation . - All Manipur Football Association - Andaman & Nicobar Football Association - Andhra Pradesh Football Association - Arunachal Pradesh Football Association - Assam Football Association - Bihar Football Association - Chandigarh Football Association - Chhattisgarh Football Association - Daman & Diu Football Association - Delhi Soccer Association - Football Association of Odisha - Goa Football Association - Gujarat State Football Association - Haryana Football Association - Himachal Pradesh Football Association - Indian Football Association ( West Bengal ) - Jammu & Kashmir Football Association", "title": "State federations" }, { "text": "- Jharkhand Football Association", "title": "State federations" }, { "text": " - Karnataka State Football Association - Kerala Football Association - Madhya Pradesh Football Association - Meghalaya Football Association - Mizoram Football Association - Nagaland Football Association - Pondicherry Football Association - Punjab Football Association - Railways Sports Promotion Board - Rajasthan Football Association - Services Sports Control Board - Sikkim Football Association - Tamil Nadu Football Association - Telangana Football Association - Tripura Football Association - Western India Football Association ( Maharashtra ) - Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh - Uttarakhand State Football Association", "title": "State federations" }, { "text": " - Shyam Thapa – Chairman - Henry Menezes – Deputy Chairman - G.P . Palguna - Abhishek Yadav - Pradip Dutta - Ishfaq Ahmed - Prosanto Banerjee - Sundar Raman", "title": "Technical committee" } ]

[ "civil engineer" ]

[ { "text": " John Plumbe Jr . ( occasionally Plumb ; July 13 , 1809 – May 29 , 1857 ) was a Welsh-born American entrepreneurial photographer , gallerist , publisher , and an early advocate of an American transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century . He established a franchise of photography studios in the 1840s in the U.S. , with additional branches in Paris and Liverpool . He created a lithographic process for reproducing photographic images , called the plumbeotype .", "title": "John Plumbe" }, { "text": " Plumbe was born in Castle Caereinion , Powys , Wales in 1809 , to John Plumbe and Frances Margaretta Atherton . The family moved to Philipsburg , Pennsylvania in 1821 , and later to Dubuque , Iowa . Vision for a transcontinental railroad .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He began his career as a civil engineer . He studied civil engineering while still in his late teens and by 1829 was surveying sites for future railroad routes in the southern and eastern portions of the country . About 1836 he relocated to the Wisconsin territory , where he became and advocate for a trans-contintental railroad . Plumbe reasoned that a transcontintental railroad would hasten the formation of dense settlements throughout the whole extent of the road , advance the sales of the public lands , afford increased facilities to the agricultural , commercial and mining interests of the", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "country...and enable the government to transport troops and munitions of war .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Throughout his life Plumbe would continue to press for the railroad , petitioning Congress and presenting his ideas in various newspapers and other publications . Daguerreotype galleries , 1840-1847 . Plumbe took up photography in 1840 after seeing the work of an itinerant daguerreotypist in Washington , D.C.—probably the work of John G . Stevenson .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In a short period of time , Plumbe established a string of daguerreotype studios and galleries , all bearing his name . Visitors to the galleries could view photographic works , receive training , or pay to have their portrait taken . Images produced in the Plumbe studios were credited to Plumbe , although the work was made by others , including his brother Richard Plumbe . Each of his galleries was staffed by a host of operators , colorists , and artisans , and many notable daguerreotypists received their training or honed their skills in Plumbes galleries , including", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Richard Carr , Marsena Cannon , Charles E . Johnson , Jacob Shew , Myron Shew , and William Shew . Others who learnt photographic arts through the Plumbe franchise included Ezra Chase , Samuel Masury , C.S . Middlebrook , and Gabriel Harrison .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In the 1840s in the United States there were Plumbe franchises in : - Arkansas—Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery - Galena , Illinois - Dubuque , Iowa - Kentucky : - Harrodsburg Springs , Kentucky - Louisville , Kentucky - New Orleans , Louisiana - Portland , Maine - Maryland : - Baltimore , Maryland—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , North St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Baltimore St . - Frederick , Maryland - Massachusetts :", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "- Boston , Mass . -- United States Photographic Institute ( 1841 ) ; Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Court St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Hanover St. ; Plumbes Daguerrean Rooms , Court Street ( 1849–1850 ) ; Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery , Washington Street ( 1850–1851 ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - Salem , Massachusetts - St . Louis , Missouri - Exeter , New Hampshire - New York : - Albany , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery - New York , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Saratoga Springs , New York—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Cincinnati , Ohio - Pennsylvania : - Harrisburg , Pennsylvania - Philadelphia , PA—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St . - Newport , Rhode Island—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Thames St . - Virginia :", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "- Alexandria , Virginia", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - Petersburg , Virginia - Washington , DC—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Pennsylvania Ave. , Main St. , Walnut St . Abroad , he opened branches in : - Liverpool , England—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Church St . - St . Catharines , Ontario , Canada - Paris , France—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Vieille Rue du Temple", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "By 1847-1848 Plumbe sold his part of the galleries hed established . He sold his New York gallery to William H . Butler , his head man there , in 1847 , and the other galleries soon changed ownership , though the name Plumbes Daguerrean Gallery was retained as late as 1852 in Boston ( John P . Nichols , proprietor ) , and 1850 in Washington ( Blanchard P . Paige , proprietor ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Plumbe entered his photographic work in several exhibitions , including : - Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association , Quincy Hall , Boston , 1844 . Plumbe exhibited 35 daguerreotypes , in frames . Peculiarly pleasing , and natural in expression . Silver medal . - Fair of the American Institute , NY ( 1845 )", "title": "Exhibitions" }, { "text": " In 1846 he founded the National Publishing Company which produced the weekly Popular Magazine ( Augustine J.H . Duganne , editor ) and other works . California and Iowa , 1849-1857 . Plumbe lived in California from 1849 to 1854 . In 1854 returned to Dubuque , Iowa . He may have worked for photographer Mathew Brady , c . 1855-1857 . He died in Iowa in 1857 , at age 48 .", "title": "Publishing" }, { "text": " - Sketches of Iowa and Wisconsin : embodying the experience of a residence of three years in those territories . St . Louis : Chambers , Harris & Knapp , 1839 . - Instructions for .. . Plumbes patent improved Daguerreotype apparatus . Boston . 1841 . - Popular Magazine . National Publishing Co. , 1846-1847 . - The National Plumbeotype Gallery , c . 1846-1847 . - Plumbes Project of a Railroad to the Pacific . The Emancipator ( Boston ) . 09-01-1847 . - The Plumbeian . 1847 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": "- A faithful translation of the papers respecting the grant made by Governor Alvarado to Mr . J.A . Sutter . Sacramento , CA : 1850 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": " - Plumbes Memorial Pacific Railroad . 1850 . - Memorial Against Mr . Asa Whitneys Railroad Scheme . 1851 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": " - Robert Taft . John Plumbe , Americas First Nationally Known Photographer . American Photography 30 . January 1936 . - Alan Fern , John Plumbe and the Plumbeotype , Philadelphia Printmaking . American Prints Before 1860 , Robert F . Looney , ed . ( West Chester , Penn. : Tinicum Press , 1976 ) . - Library Company of Philadelphia . Annual Report . 1992 .", "title": "Works about Plumbe" }, { "text": " - WorldCat . Plumbe , John 1809-1857 - George Eastman House . Plumbe daguerreotype camera , c . 1845 . - Flickr . Col . W.W . Seaton , Mayor of Washington : plumbeotype from life - Flickr . Boy with Toy Horn by Plumbe", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "advocate for a trans-contintental railroad" ]

[ { "text": " John Plumbe Jr . ( occasionally Plumb ; July 13 , 1809 – May 29 , 1857 ) was a Welsh-born American entrepreneurial photographer , gallerist , publisher , and an early advocate of an American transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century . He established a franchise of photography studios in the 1840s in the U.S. , with additional branches in Paris and Liverpool . He created a lithographic process for reproducing photographic images , called the plumbeotype .", "title": "John Plumbe" }, { "text": " Plumbe was born in Castle Caereinion , Powys , Wales in 1809 , to John Plumbe and Frances Margaretta Atherton . The family moved to Philipsburg , Pennsylvania in 1821 , and later to Dubuque , Iowa . Vision for a transcontinental railroad .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He began his career as a civil engineer . He studied civil engineering while still in his late teens and by 1829 was surveying sites for future railroad routes in the southern and eastern portions of the country . About 1836 he relocated to the Wisconsin territory , where he became and advocate for a trans-contintental railroad . Plumbe reasoned that a transcontintental railroad would hasten the formation of dense settlements throughout the whole extent of the road , advance the sales of the public lands , afford increased facilities to the agricultural , commercial and mining interests of the", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "country...and enable the government to transport troops and munitions of war .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Throughout his life Plumbe would continue to press for the railroad , petitioning Congress and presenting his ideas in various newspapers and other publications . Daguerreotype galleries , 1840-1847 . Plumbe took up photography in 1840 after seeing the work of an itinerant daguerreotypist in Washington , D.C.—probably the work of John G . Stevenson .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In a short period of time , Plumbe established a string of daguerreotype studios and galleries , all bearing his name . Visitors to the galleries could view photographic works , receive training , or pay to have their portrait taken . Images produced in the Plumbe studios were credited to Plumbe , although the work was made by others , including his brother Richard Plumbe . Each of his galleries was staffed by a host of operators , colorists , and artisans , and many notable daguerreotypists received their training or honed their skills in Plumbes galleries , including", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Richard Carr , Marsena Cannon , Charles E . Johnson , Jacob Shew , Myron Shew , and William Shew . Others who learnt photographic arts through the Plumbe franchise included Ezra Chase , Samuel Masury , C.S . Middlebrook , and Gabriel Harrison .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In the 1840s in the United States there were Plumbe franchises in : - Arkansas—Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery - Galena , Illinois - Dubuque , Iowa - Kentucky : - Harrodsburg Springs , Kentucky - Louisville , Kentucky - New Orleans , Louisiana - Portland , Maine - Maryland : - Baltimore , Maryland—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , North St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Baltimore St . - Frederick , Maryland - Massachusetts :", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "- Boston , Mass . -- United States Photographic Institute ( 1841 ) ; Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Court St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Hanover St. ; Plumbes Daguerrean Rooms , Court Street ( 1849–1850 ) ; Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery , Washington Street ( 1850–1851 ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - Salem , Massachusetts - St . Louis , Missouri - Exeter , New Hampshire - New York : - Albany , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery - New York , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Saratoga Springs , New York—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Cincinnati , Ohio - Pennsylvania : - Harrisburg , Pennsylvania - Philadelphia , PA—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St . - Newport , Rhode Island—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Thames St . - Virginia :", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "- Alexandria , Virginia", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - Petersburg , Virginia - Washington , DC—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Pennsylvania Ave. , Main St. , Walnut St . Abroad , he opened branches in : - Liverpool , England—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Church St . - St . Catharines , Ontario , Canada - Paris , France—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Vieille Rue du Temple", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "By 1847-1848 Plumbe sold his part of the galleries hed established . He sold his New York gallery to William H . Butler , his head man there , in 1847 , and the other galleries soon changed ownership , though the name Plumbes Daguerrean Gallery was retained as late as 1852 in Boston ( John P . Nichols , proprietor ) , and 1850 in Washington ( Blanchard P . Paige , proprietor ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Plumbe entered his photographic work in several exhibitions , including : - Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association , Quincy Hall , Boston , 1844 . Plumbe exhibited 35 daguerreotypes , in frames . Peculiarly pleasing , and natural in expression . Silver medal . - Fair of the American Institute , NY ( 1845 )", "title": "Exhibitions" }, { "text": " In 1846 he founded the National Publishing Company which produced the weekly Popular Magazine ( Augustine J.H . Duganne , editor ) and other works . California and Iowa , 1849-1857 . Plumbe lived in California from 1849 to 1854 . In 1854 returned to Dubuque , Iowa . He may have worked for photographer Mathew Brady , c . 1855-1857 . He died in Iowa in 1857 , at age 48 .", "title": "Publishing" }, { "text": " - Sketches of Iowa and Wisconsin : embodying the experience of a residence of three years in those territories . St . Louis : Chambers , Harris & Knapp , 1839 . - Instructions for .. . Plumbes patent improved Daguerreotype apparatus . Boston . 1841 . - Popular Magazine . National Publishing Co. , 1846-1847 . - The National Plumbeotype Gallery , c . 1846-1847 . - Plumbes Project of a Railroad to the Pacific . The Emancipator ( Boston ) . 09-01-1847 . - The Plumbeian . 1847 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": "- A faithful translation of the papers respecting the grant made by Governor Alvarado to Mr . J.A . Sutter . Sacramento , CA : 1850 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": " - Plumbes Memorial Pacific Railroad . 1850 . - Memorial Against Mr . Asa Whitneys Railroad Scheme . 1851 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": " - Robert Taft . John Plumbe , Americas First Nationally Known Photographer . American Photography 30 . January 1936 . - Alan Fern , John Plumbe and the Plumbeotype , Philadelphia Printmaking . American Prints Before 1860 , Robert F . Looney , ed . ( West Chester , Penn. : Tinicum Press , 1976 ) . - Library Company of Philadelphia . Annual Report . 1992 .", "title": "Works about Plumbe" }, { "text": " - WorldCat . Plumbe , John 1809-1857 - George Eastman House . Plumbe daguerreotype camera , c . 1845 . - Flickr . Col . W.W . Seaton , Mayor of Washington : plumbeotype from life - Flickr . Boy with Toy Horn by Plumbe", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "photography" ]

[ { "text": " John Plumbe Jr . ( occasionally Plumb ; July 13 , 1809 – May 29 , 1857 ) was a Welsh-born American entrepreneurial photographer , gallerist , publisher , and an early advocate of an American transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century . He established a franchise of photography studios in the 1840s in the U.S. , with additional branches in Paris and Liverpool . He created a lithographic process for reproducing photographic images , called the plumbeotype .", "title": "John Plumbe" }, { "text": " Plumbe was born in Castle Caereinion , Powys , Wales in 1809 , to John Plumbe and Frances Margaretta Atherton . The family moved to Philipsburg , Pennsylvania in 1821 , and later to Dubuque , Iowa . Vision for a transcontinental railroad .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He began his career as a civil engineer . He studied civil engineering while still in his late teens and by 1829 was surveying sites for future railroad routes in the southern and eastern portions of the country . About 1836 he relocated to the Wisconsin territory , where he became and advocate for a trans-contintental railroad . Plumbe reasoned that a transcontintental railroad would hasten the formation of dense settlements throughout the whole extent of the road , advance the sales of the public lands , afford increased facilities to the agricultural , commercial and mining interests of the", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "country...and enable the government to transport troops and munitions of war .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Throughout his life Plumbe would continue to press for the railroad , petitioning Congress and presenting his ideas in various newspapers and other publications . Daguerreotype galleries , 1840-1847 . Plumbe took up photography in 1840 after seeing the work of an itinerant daguerreotypist in Washington , D.C.—probably the work of John G . Stevenson .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In a short period of time , Plumbe established a string of daguerreotype studios and galleries , all bearing his name . Visitors to the galleries could view photographic works , receive training , or pay to have their portrait taken . Images produced in the Plumbe studios were credited to Plumbe , although the work was made by others , including his brother Richard Plumbe . Each of his galleries was staffed by a host of operators , colorists , and artisans , and many notable daguerreotypists received their training or honed their skills in Plumbes galleries , including", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Richard Carr , Marsena Cannon , Charles E . Johnson , Jacob Shew , Myron Shew , and William Shew . Others who learnt photographic arts through the Plumbe franchise included Ezra Chase , Samuel Masury , C.S . Middlebrook , and Gabriel Harrison .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In the 1840s in the United States there were Plumbe franchises in : - Arkansas—Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery - Galena , Illinois - Dubuque , Iowa - Kentucky : - Harrodsburg Springs , Kentucky - Louisville , Kentucky - New Orleans , Louisiana - Portland , Maine - Maryland : - Baltimore , Maryland—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , North St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Baltimore St . - Frederick , Maryland - Massachusetts :", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "- Boston , Mass . -- United States Photographic Institute ( 1841 ) ; Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Court St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Hanover St. ; Plumbes Daguerrean Rooms , Court Street ( 1849–1850 ) ; Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery , Washington Street ( 1850–1851 ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - Salem , Massachusetts - St . Louis , Missouri - Exeter , New Hampshire - New York : - Albany , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery - New York , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Saratoga Springs , New York—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Cincinnati , Ohio - Pennsylvania : - Harrisburg , Pennsylvania - Philadelphia , PA—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St . - Newport , Rhode Island—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Thames St . - Virginia :", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "- Alexandria , Virginia", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - Petersburg , Virginia - Washington , DC—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Pennsylvania Ave. , Main St. , Walnut St . Abroad , he opened branches in : - Liverpool , England—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Church St . - St . Catharines , Ontario , Canada - Paris , France—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Vieille Rue du Temple", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "By 1847-1848 Plumbe sold his part of the galleries hed established . He sold his New York gallery to William H . Butler , his head man there , in 1847 , and the other galleries soon changed ownership , though the name Plumbes Daguerrean Gallery was retained as late as 1852 in Boston ( John P . Nichols , proprietor ) , and 1850 in Washington ( Blanchard P . Paige , proprietor ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Plumbe entered his photographic work in several exhibitions , including : - Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association , Quincy Hall , Boston , 1844 . Plumbe exhibited 35 daguerreotypes , in frames . Peculiarly pleasing , and natural in expression . Silver medal . - Fair of the American Institute , NY ( 1845 )", "title": "Exhibitions" }, { "text": " In 1846 he founded the National Publishing Company which produced the weekly Popular Magazine ( Augustine J.H . Duganne , editor ) and other works . California and Iowa , 1849-1857 . Plumbe lived in California from 1849 to 1854 . In 1854 returned to Dubuque , Iowa . He may have worked for photographer Mathew Brady , c . 1855-1857 . He died in Iowa in 1857 , at age 48 .", "title": "Publishing" }, { "text": " - Sketches of Iowa and Wisconsin : embodying the experience of a residence of three years in those territories . St . Louis : Chambers , Harris & Knapp , 1839 . - Instructions for .. . Plumbes patent improved Daguerreotype apparatus . Boston . 1841 . - Popular Magazine . National Publishing Co. , 1846-1847 . - The National Plumbeotype Gallery , c . 1846-1847 . - Plumbes Project of a Railroad to the Pacific . The Emancipator ( Boston ) . 09-01-1847 . - The Plumbeian . 1847 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": "- A faithful translation of the papers respecting the grant made by Governor Alvarado to Mr . J.A . Sutter . Sacramento , CA : 1850 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": " - Plumbes Memorial Pacific Railroad . 1850 . - Memorial Against Mr . Asa Whitneys Railroad Scheme . 1851 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": " - Robert Taft . John Plumbe , Americas First Nationally Known Photographer . American Photography 30 . January 1936 . - Alan Fern , John Plumbe and the Plumbeotype , Philadelphia Printmaking . American Prints Before 1860 , Robert F . Looney , ed . ( West Chester , Penn. : Tinicum Press , 1976 ) . - Library Company of Philadelphia . Annual Report . 1992 .", "title": "Works about Plumbe" }, { "text": " - WorldCat . Plumbe , John 1809-1857 - George Eastman House . Plumbe daguerreotype camera , c . 1845 . - Flickr . Col . W.W . Seaton , Mayor of Washington : plumbeotype from life - Flickr . Boy with Toy Horn by Plumbe", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "he founded the National Publishing Company" ]

[ { "text": " John Plumbe Jr . ( occasionally Plumb ; July 13 , 1809 – May 29 , 1857 ) was a Welsh-born American entrepreneurial photographer , gallerist , publisher , and an early advocate of an American transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century . He established a franchise of photography studios in the 1840s in the U.S. , with additional branches in Paris and Liverpool . He created a lithographic process for reproducing photographic images , called the plumbeotype .", "title": "John Plumbe" }, { "text": " Plumbe was born in Castle Caereinion , Powys , Wales in 1809 , to John Plumbe and Frances Margaretta Atherton . The family moved to Philipsburg , Pennsylvania in 1821 , and later to Dubuque , Iowa . Vision for a transcontinental railroad .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He began his career as a civil engineer . He studied civil engineering while still in his late teens and by 1829 was surveying sites for future railroad routes in the southern and eastern portions of the country . About 1836 he relocated to the Wisconsin territory , where he became and advocate for a trans-contintental railroad . Plumbe reasoned that a transcontintental railroad would hasten the formation of dense settlements throughout the whole extent of the road , advance the sales of the public lands , afford increased facilities to the agricultural , commercial and mining interests of the", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "country...and enable the government to transport troops and munitions of war .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Throughout his life Plumbe would continue to press for the railroad , petitioning Congress and presenting his ideas in various newspapers and other publications . Daguerreotype galleries , 1840-1847 . Plumbe took up photography in 1840 after seeing the work of an itinerant daguerreotypist in Washington , D.C.—probably the work of John G . Stevenson .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In a short period of time , Plumbe established a string of daguerreotype studios and galleries , all bearing his name . Visitors to the galleries could view photographic works , receive training , or pay to have their portrait taken . Images produced in the Plumbe studios were credited to Plumbe , although the work was made by others , including his brother Richard Plumbe . Each of his galleries was staffed by a host of operators , colorists , and artisans , and many notable daguerreotypists received their training or honed their skills in Plumbes galleries , including", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Richard Carr , Marsena Cannon , Charles E . Johnson , Jacob Shew , Myron Shew , and William Shew . Others who learnt photographic arts through the Plumbe franchise included Ezra Chase , Samuel Masury , C.S . Middlebrook , and Gabriel Harrison .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In the 1840s in the United States there were Plumbe franchises in : - Arkansas—Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery - Galena , Illinois - Dubuque , Iowa - Kentucky : - Harrodsburg Springs , Kentucky - Louisville , Kentucky - New Orleans , Louisiana - Portland , Maine - Maryland : - Baltimore , Maryland—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , North St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Baltimore St . - Frederick , Maryland - Massachusetts :", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "- Boston , Mass . -- United States Photographic Institute ( 1841 ) ; Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Court St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Hanover St. ; Plumbes Daguerrean Rooms , Court Street ( 1849–1850 ) ; Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery , Washington Street ( 1850–1851 ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - Salem , Massachusetts - St . Louis , Missouri - Exeter , New Hampshire - New York : - Albany , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery - New York , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Saratoga Springs , New York—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Cincinnati , Ohio - Pennsylvania : - Harrisburg , Pennsylvania - Philadelphia , PA—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St . - Newport , Rhode Island—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Thames St . - Virginia :", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "- Alexandria , Virginia", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - Petersburg , Virginia - Washington , DC—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Pennsylvania Ave. , Main St. , Walnut St . Abroad , he opened branches in : - Liverpool , England—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Church St . - St . Catharines , Ontario , Canada - Paris , France—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Vieille Rue du Temple", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "By 1847-1848 Plumbe sold his part of the galleries hed established . He sold his New York gallery to William H . Butler , his head man there , in 1847 , and the other galleries soon changed ownership , though the name Plumbes Daguerrean Gallery was retained as late as 1852 in Boston ( John P . Nichols , proprietor ) , and 1850 in Washington ( Blanchard P . Paige , proprietor ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Plumbe entered his photographic work in several exhibitions , including : - Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association , Quincy Hall , Boston , 1844 . Plumbe exhibited 35 daguerreotypes , in frames . Peculiarly pleasing , and natural in expression . Silver medal . - Fair of the American Institute , NY ( 1845 )", "title": "Exhibitions" }, { "text": " In 1846 he founded the National Publishing Company which produced the weekly Popular Magazine ( Augustine J.H . Duganne , editor ) and other works . California and Iowa , 1849-1857 . Plumbe lived in California from 1849 to 1854 . In 1854 returned to Dubuque , Iowa . He may have worked for photographer Mathew Brady , c . 1855-1857 . He died in Iowa in 1857 , at age 48 .", "title": "Publishing" }, { "text": " - Sketches of Iowa and Wisconsin : embodying the experience of a residence of three years in those territories . St . Louis : Chambers , Harris & Knapp , 1839 . - Instructions for .. . Plumbes patent improved Daguerreotype apparatus . Boston . 1841 . - Popular Magazine . National Publishing Co. , 1846-1847 . - The National Plumbeotype Gallery , c . 1846-1847 . - Plumbes Project of a Railroad to the Pacific . The Emancipator ( Boston ) . 09-01-1847 . - The Plumbeian . 1847 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": "- A faithful translation of the papers respecting the grant made by Governor Alvarado to Mr . J.A . Sutter . Sacramento , CA : 1850 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": " - Plumbes Memorial Pacific Railroad . 1850 . - Memorial Against Mr . Asa Whitneys Railroad Scheme . 1851 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": " - Robert Taft . John Plumbe , Americas First Nationally Known Photographer . American Photography 30 . January 1936 . - Alan Fern , John Plumbe and the Plumbeotype , Philadelphia Printmaking . American Prints Before 1860 , Robert F . Looney , ed . ( West Chester , Penn. : Tinicum Press , 1976 ) . - Library Company of Philadelphia . Annual Report . 1992 .", "title": "Works about Plumbe" }, { "text": " - WorldCat . Plumbe , John 1809-1857 - George Eastman House . Plumbe daguerreotype camera , c . 1845 . - Flickr . Col . W.W . Seaton , Mayor of Washington : plumbeotype from life - Flickr . Boy with Toy Horn by Plumbe", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " John Plumbe Jr . ( occasionally Plumb ; July 13 , 1809 – May 29 , 1857 ) was a Welsh-born American entrepreneurial photographer , gallerist , publisher , and an early advocate of an American transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century . He established a franchise of photography studios in the 1840s in the U.S. , with additional branches in Paris and Liverpool . He created a lithographic process for reproducing photographic images , called the plumbeotype .", "title": "John Plumbe" }, { "text": " Plumbe was born in Castle Caereinion , Powys , Wales in 1809 , to John Plumbe and Frances Margaretta Atherton . The family moved to Philipsburg , Pennsylvania in 1821 , and later to Dubuque , Iowa . Vision for a transcontinental railroad .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He began his career as a civil engineer . He studied civil engineering while still in his late teens and by 1829 was surveying sites for future railroad routes in the southern and eastern portions of the country . About 1836 he relocated to the Wisconsin territory , where he became and advocate for a trans-contintental railroad . Plumbe reasoned that a transcontintental railroad would hasten the formation of dense settlements throughout the whole extent of the road , advance the sales of the public lands , afford increased facilities to the agricultural , commercial and mining interests of the", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "country...and enable the government to transport troops and munitions of war .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Throughout his life Plumbe would continue to press for the railroad , petitioning Congress and presenting his ideas in various newspapers and other publications . Daguerreotype galleries , 1840-1847 . Plumbe took up photography in 1840 after seeing the work of an itinerant daguerreotypist in Washington , D.C.—probably the work of John G . Stevenson .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In a short period of time , Plumbe established a string of daguerreotype studios and galleries , all bearing his name . Visitors to the galleries could view photographic works , receive training , or pay to have their portrait taken . Images produced in the Plumbe studios were credited to Plumbe , although the work was made by others , including his brother Richard Plumbe . Each of his galleries was staffed by a host of operators , colorists , and artisans , and many notable daguerreotypists received their training or honed their skills in Plumbes galleries , including", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Richard Carr , Marsena Cannon , Charles E . Johnson , Jacob Shew , Myron Shew , and William Shew . Others who learnt photographic arts through the Plumbe franchise included Ezra Chase , Samuel Masury , C.S . Middlebrook , and Gabriel Harrison .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In the 1840s in the United States there were Plumbe franchises in : - Arkansas—Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery - Galena , Illinois - Dubuque , Iowa - Kentucky : - Harrodsburg Springs , Kentucky - Louisville , Kentucky - New Orleans , Louisiana - Portland , Maine - Maryland : - Baltimore , Maryland—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , North St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Baltimore St . - Frederick , Maryland - Massachusetts :", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "- Boston , Mass . -- United States Photographic Institute ( 1841 ) ; Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Court St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Hanover St. ; Plumbes Daguerrean Rooms , Court Street ( 1849–1850 ) ; Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery , Washington Street ( 1850–1851 ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - Salem , Massachusetts - St . Louis , Missouri - Exeter , New Hampshire - New York : - Albany , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery - New York , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Saratoga Springs , New York—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Cincinnati , Ohio - Pennsylvania : - Harrisburg , Pennsylvania - Philadelphia , PA—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St . - Newport , Rhode Island—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Thames St . - Virginia :", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "- Alexandria , Virginia", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - Petersburg , Virginia - Washington , DC—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Pennsylvania Ave. , Main St. , Walnut St . Abroad , he opened branches in : - Liverpool , England—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Church St . - St . Catharines , Ontario , Canada - Paris , France—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Vieille Rue du Temple", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "By 1847-1848 Plumbe sold his part of the galleries hed established . He sold his New York gallery to William H . Butler , his head man there , in 1847 , and the other galleries soon changed ownership , though the name Plumbes Daguerrean Gallery was retained as late as 1852 in Boston ( John P . Nichols , proprietor ) , and 1850 in Washington ( Blanchard P . Paige , proprietor ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Plumbe entered his photographic work in several exhibitions , including : - Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association , Quincy Hall , Boston , 1844 . Plumbe exhibited 35 daguerreotypes , in frames . Peculiarly pleasing , and natural in expression . Silver medal . - Fair of the American Institute , NY ( 1845 )", "title": "Exhibitions" }, { "text": " In 1846 he founded the National Publishing Company which produced the weekly Popular Magazine ( Augustine J.H . Duganne , editor ) and other works . California and Iowa , 1849-1857 . Plumbe lived in California from 1849 to 1854 . In 1854 returned to Dubuque , Iowa . He may have worked for photographer Mathew Brady , c . 1855-1857 . He died in Iowa in 1857 , at age 48 .", "title": "Publishing" }, { "text": " - Sketches of Iowa and Wisconsin : embodying the experience of a residence of three years in those territories . St . Louis : Chambers , Harris & Knapp , 1839 . - Instructions for .. . Plumbes patent improved Daguerreotype apparatus . Boston . 1841 . - Popular Magazine . National Publishing Co. , 1846-1847 . - The National Plumbeotype Gallery , c . 1846-1847 . - Plumbes Project of a Railroad to the Pacific . The Emancipator ( Boston ) . 09-01-1847 . - The Plumbeian . 1847 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": "- A faithful translation of the papers respecting the grant made by Governor Alvarado to Mr . J.A . Sutter . Sacramento , CA : 1850 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": " - Plumbes Memorial Pacific Railroad . 1850 . - Memorial Against Mr . Asa Whitneys Railroad Scheme . 1851 .", "title": "Publications by Plumbe" }, { "text": " - Robert Taft . John Plumbe , Americas First Nationally Known Photographer . American Photography 30 . January 1936 . - Alan Fern , John Plumbe and the Plumbeotype , Philadelphia Printmaking . American Prints Before 1860 , Robert F . Looney , ed . ( West Chester , Penn. : Tinicum Press , 1976 ) . - Library Company of Philadelphia . Annual Report . 1992 .", "title": "Works about Plumbe" }, { "text": " - WorldCat . Plumbe , John 1809-1857 - George Eastman House . Plumbe daguerreotype camera , c . 1845 . - Flickr . Col . W.W . Seaton , Mayor of Washington : plumbeotype from life - Flickr . Boy with Toy Horn by Plumbe", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District" ]

[ { "text": " James Gillis ( 1802–1864 ) was a Roman Catholic bishop who served as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland .", "title": "James Gillis ( bishop )" }, { "text": "Born in Montreal , Quebec , Canada on 7 April 1802 , the son of a Scottish father and English mother , he came to Fochabers with his parents in 1816 . The following year , he entered the Seminary of Aquhorties as an ecclesiastical student and a year later on 3 December 1818 , on the instructions of Bishop Alexander Cameron , he and four companions set off from Aquhorties for Paris . Once there , he entered the Seminary of St Nicholas on 16 December 1818 . He left St Nicholas in October 1823 and entered the Sulpicians", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Seminary of Issy , returning to Scotland in April 1826 after his health had given way . He was ordained a priest by Bishop Paterson at Aquhorties on 9 June 1827 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In 1831 , John Menzies of Pitfodels , having 3 years previously bestowed on the Catholic Church in Scotland his extensive estate of Blairs , near Aberdeen , came to reside permanently in Edinburgh and he persuaded Bishop Paterson to live with him at his home , 24 York Place . The Bishop took James Gillis with him , as his secretary .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "James Gillis was appointed the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District and Titular Bishop of Limyra by the Holy See on 28 July 1837 and consecrated to the Episcopate on 22 July 1838 . The principal consecrator was Bishop Peter Augustine Baines , and the principal co-consecrators were Bishop Andrew Scott and Bishop James Kyle . Following the death of Bishop Andrew Carruthers on 24 May 1852 , Gillis automatically succeeded as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland . He died in office on 24 February 1864 , aged 61 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the 1830s , the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland was not yet re-established . James Gillis was a young priest , without influence , experience or worldly means but he wanted to establish a convent and so was sent by Bishop Paterson to the Continent to raise funds . On his journey via London , he was introduced to Miss Ann Agnes Trail , the daughter of a minister of the Church of Scotland . Subsequently on his return to England , Miss Trail wrote to him offering herself as a member of his projected Community . The other", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Scottish lady , Miss Margaret Clapperton , who was to be one of the founding members of the Community , came from Fochabers and had known James Gillis for much of her life . It was agreed that Miss Trail and Miss Clapperton should go together to Chavagnes , the Mother House of the Ursulines of Jesus and they arrived there on 31 August 1833 . Meanwhile , James Gillis managed in June 1834 to purchase a suitable house , known as Whitehouse , for his proposed Convent with 2 acres of ground for £3,000 . The initial group of", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "eleven Sisters comprising Miss Trail ( now Sister Agnes Xavier ) , Miss Clapperton ( now Sister Margaret Teresa ) , The Reverend Mother St Hilaire , Mother St Paula , Sister St Damian , Sister Alexis , Sister John Chrysostom , Sister Mary Emily , Sister Angelina and two lay Sisters , Sister Stephen and Sister Eustelle then travelled to Scotland but had to live elsewhere for four months while the Convent was being made ready . On 26 December 1834 , the Community took possession of St Margarets Convent , which was the first post-Reformation convent in Scotland", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": ". At St Margarets , arrangements had been made for the reception of young lady boarders , whose education was to be the principal work of the Sisters . In 1835 , the Feast of St Margaret was kept on 16 June and the new St Margarets Chapel , which had been built alongside the Whitehouse Mansion House , was finished . In 1863 , this chapel went on to house a relic , given to them by Bishop Gillis , of St . Margaret of Scotland . For over 150 years , until it was closed in 1986 ,", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "it was well known in Edinburgh as St Margarets Convent and School under the ministry of the Ursulines of Jesus .", "title": "Biography" } ]

[ "Titular Bishop of Limyra by the Holy See" ]

[ { "text": " James Gillis ( 1802–1864 ) was a Roman Catholic bishop who served as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland .", "title": "James Gillis ( bishop )" }, { "text": "Born in Montreal , Quebec , Canada on 7 April 1802 , the son of a Scottish father and English mother , he came to Fochabers with his parents in 1816 . The following year , he entered the Seminary of Aquhorties as an ecclesiastical student and a year later on 3 December 1818 , on the instructions of Bishop Alexander Cameron , he and four companions set off from Aquhorties for Paris . Once there , he entered the Seminary of St Nicholas on 16 December 1818 . He left St Nicholas in October 1823 and entered the Sulpicians", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Seminary of Issy , returning to Scotland in April 1826 after his health had given way . He was ordained a priest by Bishop Paterson at Aquhorties on 9 June 1827 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In 1831 , John Menzies of Pitfodels , having 3 years previously bestowed on the Catholic Church in Scotland his extensive estate of Blairs , near Aberdeen , came to reside permanently in Edinburgh and he persuaded Bishop Paterson to live with him at his home , 24 York Place . The Bishop took James Gillis with him , as his secretary .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "James Gillis was appointed the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District and Titular Bishop of Limyra by the Holy See on 28 July 1837 and consecrated to the Episcopate on 22 July 1838 . The principal consecrator was Bishop Peter Augustine Baines , and the principal co-consecrators were Bishop Andrew Scott and Bishop James Kyle . Following the death of Bishop Andrew Carruthers on 24 May 1852 , Gillis automatically succeeded as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland . He died in office on 24 February 1864 , aged 61 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the 1830s , the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland was not yet re-established . James Gillis was a young priest , without influence , experience or worldly means but he wanted to establish a convent and so was sent by Bishop Paterson to the Continent to raise funds . On his journey via London , he was introduced to Miss Ann Agnes Trail , the daughter of a minister of the Church of Scotland . Subsequently on his return to England , Miss Trail wrote to him offering herself as a member of his projected Community . The other", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Scottish lady , Miss Margaret Clapperton , who was to be one of the founding members of the Community , came from Fochabers and had known James Gillis for much of her life . It was agreed that Miss Trail and Miss Clapperton should go together to Chavagnes , the Mother House of the Ursulines of Jesus and they arrived there on 31 August 1833 . Meanwhile , James Gillis managed in June 1834 to purchase a suitable house , known as Whitehouse , for his proposed Convent with 2 acres of ground for £3,000 . The initial group of", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "eleven Sisters comprising Miss Trail ( now Sister Agnes Xavier ) , Miss Clapperton ( now Sister Margaret Teresa ) , The Reverend Mother St Hilaire , Mother St Paula , Sister St Damian , Sister Alexis , Sister John Chrysostom , Sister Mary Emily , Sister Angelina and two lay Sisters , Sister Stephen and Sister Eustelle then travelled to Scotland but had to live elsewhere for four months while the Convent was being made ready . On 26 December 1834 , the Community took possession of St Margarets Convent , which was the first post-Reformation convent in Scotland", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": ". At St Margarets , arrangements had been made for the reception of young lady boarders , whose education was to be the principal work of the Sisters . In 1835 , the Feast of St Margaret was kept on 16 June and the new St Margarets Chapel , which had been built alongside the Whitehouse Mansion House , was finished . In 1863 , this chapel went on to house a relic , given to them by Bishop Gillis , of St . Margaret of Scotland . For over 150 years , until it was closed in 1986 ,", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "it was well known in Edinburgh as St Margarets Convent and School under the ministry of the Ursulines of Jesus .", "title": "Biography" } ]

[ "Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland" ]

[ { "text": " James Gillis ( 1802–1864 ) was a Roman Catholic bishop who served as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland .", "title": "James Gillis ( bishop )" }, { "text": "Born in Montreal , Quebec , Canada on 7 April 1802 , the son of a Scottish father and English mother , he came to Fochabers with his parents in 1816 . The following year , he entered the Seminary of Aquhorties as an ecclesiastical student and a year later on 3 December 1818 , on the instructions of Bishop Alexander Cameron , he and four companions set off from Aquhorties for Paris . Once there , he entered the Seminary of St Nicholas on 16 December 1818 . He left St Nicholas in October 1823 and entered the Sulpicians", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Seminary of Issy , returning to Scotland in April 1826 after his health had given way . He was ordained a priest by Bishop Paterson at Aquhorties on 9 June 1827 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In 1831 , John Menzies of Pitfodels , having 3 years previously bestowed on the Catholic Church in Scotland his extensive estate of Blairs , near Aberdeen , came to reside permanently in Edinburgh and he persuaded Bishop Paterson to live with him at his home , 24 York Place . The Bishop took James Gillis with him , as his secretary .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "James Gillis was appointed the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District and Titular Bishop of Limyra by the Holy See on 28 July 1837 and consecrated to the Episcopate on 22 July 1838 . The principal consecrator was Bishop Peter Augustine Baines , and the principal co-consecrators were Bishop Andrew Scott and Bishop James Kyle . Following the death of Bishop Andrew Carruthers on 24 May 1852 , Gillis automatically succeeded as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland . He died in office on 24 February 1864 , aged 61 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the 1830s , the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland was not yet re-established . James Gillis was a young priest , without influence , experience or worldly means but he wanted to establish a convent and so was sent by Bishop Paterson to the Continent to raise funds . On his journey via London , he was introduced to Miss Ann Agnes Trail , the daughter of a minister of the Church of Scotland . Subsequently on his return to England , Miss Trail wrote to him offering herself as a member of his projected Community . The other", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Scottish lady , Miss Margaret Clapperton , who was to be one of the founding members of the Community , came from Fochabers and had known James Gillis for much of her life . It was agreed that Miss Trail and Miss Clapperton should go together to Chavagnes , the Mother House of the Ursulines of Jesus and they arrived there on 31 August 1833 . Meanwhile , James Gillis managed in June 1834 to purchase a suitable house , known as Whitehouse , for his proposed Convent with 2 acres of ground for £3,000 . The initial group of", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "eleven Sisters comprising Miss Trail ( now Sister Agnes Xavier ) , Miss Clapperton ( now Sister Margaret Teresa ) , The Reverend Mother St Hilaire , Mother St Paula , Sister St Damian , Sister Alexis , Sister John Chrysostom , Sister Mary Emily , Sister Angelina and two lay Sisters , Sister Stephen and Sister Eustelle then travelled to Scotland but had to live elsewhere for four months while the Convent was being made ready . On 26 December 1834 , the Community took possession of St Margarets Convent , which was the first post-Reformation convent in Scotland", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": ". At St Margarets , arrangements had been made for the reception of young lady boarders , whose education was to be the principal work of the Sisters . In 1835 , the Feast of St Margaret was kept on 16 June and the new St Margarets Chapel , which had been built alongside the Whitehouse Mansion House , was finished . In 1863 , this chapel went on to house a relic , given to them by Bishop Gillis , of St . Margaret of Scotland . For over 150 years , until it was closed in 1986 ,", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "it was well known in Edinburgh as St Margarets Convent and School under the ministry of the Ursulines of Jesus .", "title": "Biography" } ]

[ "Kitano High School in Osaka City" ]

[ { "text": " Early life and education . Yoshino was born in Suita , Japan , on 30 January 1948 . He graduated from Kitano High School in Osaka City ( 1966 ) . He earned a B.S . ( 1970 ) and an M.S . ( 1972 ) in engineering from Kyoto University , and earned a doctorate in engineering from Osaka University in 2005 . During his college years , Yoshino had attended a course taught by Kenichi Fukui , the first Asian to become a Nobel Laureate in chemistry .", "title": "Akira Yoshino" }, { "text": "Yoshino spent his entire non-academic career at Asahi Kasei Corporation . Immediately after graduating with his masters degree in 1972 , Yoshino began working at Asahi Kasei . He began work in the Kawasaki Laboratory in 1982 and was promoted to manager of product development for ion batteries in 1992 . In 1994 , he became manager of technical development for the LIB manufacturer A&T Battery Corp. , a joint venture company of Asahi Kasei and Toshiba . Asahi Kasei made him a fellow in 2003 and , in 2005 , general manager of his own laboratory . Since 2017", "title": "Career" }, { "text": ", he has been a professor at Meijo University and his status at Asahi Kasei has changed to honorary fellow .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " In 1981 Yoshino began research on rechargeable batteries using polyacetylene . Polyacetylene is the electroconductive polymer discovered by Hideki Shirakawa , who later ( in 2000 ) would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for its discovery .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": "In 1983 Yoshino fabricated a prototype rechargeable battery using lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO ) ( discovered in 1979 by Godshall et al . at Stanford University , and John Goodenough and Koichi Mizushima at Oxford University ) as cathode and polyacetylene as anode . This prototype , in which the anode material itself contains no lithium , and lithium ions migrate from the LiCoO cathode into the anode during charging , was the direct precursor to the modern lithium-ion battery ( LIB ) .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " Polyacetylene had low real density which meant high capacity required large battery volume , and also had problems with instability , so Yoshino switched to carbonaceous material as anode and in 1985 fabricated the first prototype of the LIB and received the basic patent . This was the birth of the current lithium-ion battery . The LIB in this configuration was commercialized by Sony in 1991 and by A&T Battery in 1992 . Yoshino described challenges and history of the invention process in a book chapter from 2014 .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": "Yoshino discovered that carbonaceous material with a certain crystalline structure was suitable as anode material , and this is the anode material that was used in the first generation of commercial LIBs . Yoshino developed the aluminum foil current collector which formed a passivation layer to enable high cell voltage at low cost , and developed the functional separator membrane and the use of a positive temperature coefficient ( PTC ) device for additional safety .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " The LIBs coil-wound structure was conceived by Yoshino to provide large electrode surface area and enable high current discharge despite the low conductivity of the organic electrolyte . In 1986 Yoshino commissioned the manufacture of a batch of LIB prototypes . Based on safety test data from those prototypes , the United States Department of Transportation ( DOT ) issued a letter stating that the batteries were different from the metallic lithium battery .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " - 1998 Chemical Technology Prize from the Chemical Society of Japan - 1999 : Battery Division Technology Award from The Electrochemical Society - 2001 : Ichimura Prizes in Industry—Meritorious Achievement Prize - 2003 : Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology—Prize for Science and Technology , Development Category - 2004 : Medal with Purple Ribbon , from the Government of Japan - 2011 : Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize from the Foundation for Promotion of Material Science and Technology of Japan - 2011 : C&C Prize from the NEC C&C Foundation", "title": "Recognition" }, { "text": "- 2012 : IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies from the IEEE", "title": "Recognition" }, { "text": " - 2013 : Global Energy Prize - 2014 : Charles Stark Draper Prize - 2018 : Japan Prize - 2019 : European Inventor Award - 2019 : Nobel Prize in Chemistry - 2019 : Order of Culture", "title": "Recognition" }, { "text": " - The father of lithium-ion batteries ( Chemistry World , July 2018 ) - including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2019 Brief History and Future of Lithium-ion Batteries", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Kyoto University" ]

[ { "text": " Early life and education . Yoshino was born in Suita , Japan , on 30 January 1948 . He graduated from Kitano High School in Osaka City ( 1966 ) . He earned a B.S . ( 1970 ) and an M.S . ( 1972 ) in engineering from Kyoto University , and earned a doctorate in engineering from Osaka University in 2005 . During his college years , Yoshino had attended a course taught by Kenichi Fukui , the first Asian to become a Nobel Laureate in chemistry .", "title": "Akira Yoshino" }, { "text": "Yoshino spent his entire non-academic career at Asahi Kasei Corporation . Immediately after graduating with his masters degree in 1972 , Yoshino began working at Asahi Kasei . He began work in the Kawasaki Laboratory in 1982 and was promoted to manager of product development for ion batteries in 1992 . In 1994 , he became manager of technical development for the LIB manufacturer A&T Battery Corp. , a joint venture company of Asahi Kasei and Toshiba . Asahi Kasei made him a fellow in 2003 and , in 2005 , general manager of his own laboratory . Since 2017", "title": "Career" }, { "text": ", he has been a professor at Meijo University and his status at Asahi Kasei has changed to honorary fellow .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " In 1981 Yoshino began research on rechargeable batteries using polyacetylene . Polyacetylene is the electroconductive polymer discovered by Hideki Shirakawa , who later ( in 2000 ) would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for its discovery .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": "In 1983 Yoshino fabricated a prototype rechargeable battery using lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO ) ( discovered in 1979 by Godshall et al . at Stanford University , and John Goodenough and Koichi Mizushima at Oxford University ) as cathode and polyacetylene as anode . This prototype , in which the anode material itself contains no lithium , and lithium ions migrate from the LiCoO cathode into the anode during charging , was the direct precursor to the modern lithium-ion battery ( LIB ) .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " Polyacetylene had low real density which meant high capacity required large battery volume , and also had problems with instability , so Yoshino switched to carbonaceous material as anode and in 1985 fabricated the first prototype of the LIB and received the basic patent . This was the birth of the current lithium-ion battery . The LIB in this configuration was commercialized by Sony in 1991 and by A&T Battery in 1992 . Yoshino described challenges and history of the invention process in a book chapter from 2014 .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": "Yoshino discovered that carbonaceous material with a certain crystalline structure was suitable as anode material , and this is the anode material that was used in the first generation of commercial LIBs . Yoshino developed the aluminum foil current collector which formed a passivation layer to enable high cell voltage at low cost , and developed the functional separator membrane and the use of a positive temperature coefficient ( PTC ) device for additional safety .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " The LIBs coil-wound structure was conceived by Yoshino to provide large electrode surface area and enable high current discharge despite the low conductivity of the organic electrolyte . In 1986 Yoshino commissioned the manufacture of a batch of LIB prototypes . Based on safety test data from those prototypes , the United States Department of Transportation ( DOT ) issued a letter stating that the batteries were different from the metallic lithium battery .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " - 1998 Chemical Technology Prize from the Chemical Society of Japan - 1999 : Battery Division Technology Award from The Electrochemical Society - 2001 : Ichimura Prizes in Industry—Meritorious Achievement Prize - 2003 : Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology—Prize for Science and Technology , Development Category - 2004 : Medal with Purple Ribbon , from the Government of Japan - 2011 : Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize from the Foundation for Promotion of Material Science and Technology of Japan - 2011 : C&C Prize from the NEC C&C Foundation", "title": "Recognition" }, { "text": "- 2012 : IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies from the IEEE", "title": "Recognition" }, { "text": " - 2013 : Global Energy Prize - 2014 : Charles Stark Draper Prize - 2018 : Japan Prize - 2019 : European Inventor Award - 2019 : Nobel Prize in Chemistry - 2019 : Order of Culture", "title": "Recognition" }, { "text": " - The father of lithium-ion batteries ( Chemistry World , July 2018 ) - including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2019 Brief History and Future of Lithium-ion Batteries", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " Early life and education . Yoshino was born in Suita , Japan , on 30 January 1948 . He graduated from Kitano High School in Osaka City ( 1966 ) . He earned a B.S . ( 1970 ) and an M.S . ( 1972 ) in engineering from Kyoto University , and earned a doctorate in engineering from Osaka University in 2005 . During his college years , Yoshino had attended a course taught by Kenichi Fukui , the first Asian to become a Nobel Laureate in chemistry .", "title": "Akira Yoshino" }, { "text": "Yoshino spent his entire non-academic career at Asahi Kasei Corporation . Immediately after graduating with his masters degree in 1972 , Yoshino began working at Asahi Kasei . He began work in the Kawasaki Laboratory in 1982 and was promoted to manager of product development for ion batteries in 1992 . In 1994 , he became manager of technical development for the LIB manufacturer A&T Battery Corp. , a joint venture company of Asahi Kasei and Toshiba . Asahi Kasei made him a fellow in 2003 and , in 2005 , general manager of his own laboratory . Since 2017", "title": "Career" }, { "text": ", he has been a professor at Meijo University and his status at Asahi Kasei has changed to honorary fellow .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " In 1981 Yoshino began research on rechargeable batteries using polyacetylene . Polyacetylene is the electroconductive polymer discovered by Hideki Shirakawa , who later ( in 2000 ) would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for its discovery .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": "In 1983 Yoshino fabricated a prototype rechargeable battery using lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO ) ( discovered in 1979 by Godshall et al . at Stanford University , and John Goodenough and Koichi Mizushima at Oxford University ) as cathode and polyacetylene as anode . This prototype , in which the anode material itself contains no lithium , and lithium ions migrate from the LiCoO cathode into the anode during charging , was the direct precursor to the modern lithium-ion battery ( LIB ) .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " Polyacetylene had low real density which meant high capacity required large battery volume , and also had problems with instability , so Yoshino switched to carbonaceous material as anode and in 1985 fabricated the first prototype of the LIB and received the basic patent . This was the birth of the current lithium-ion battery . The LIB in this configuration was commercialized by Sony in 1991 and by A&T Battery in 1992 . Yoshino described challenges and history of the invention process in a book chapter from 2014 .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": "Yoshino discovered that carbonaceous material with a certain crystalline structure was suitable as anode material , and this is the anode material that was used in the first generation of commercial LIBs . Yoshino developed the aluminum foil current collector which formed a passivation layer to enable high cell voltage at low cost , and developed the functional separator membrane and the use of a positive temperature coefficient ( PTC ) device for additional safety .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " The LIBs coil-wound structure was conceived by Yoshino to provide large electrode surface area and enable high current discharge despite the low conductivity of the organic electrolyte . In 1986 Yoshino commissioned the manufacture of a batch of LIB prototypes . Based on safety test data from those prototypes , the United States Department of Transportation ( DOT ) issued a letter stating that the batteries were different from the metallic lithium battery .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " - 1998 Chemical Technology Prize from the Chemical Society of Japan - 1999 : Battery Division Technology Award from The Electrochemical Society - 2001 : Ichimura Prizes in Industry—Meritorious Achievement Prize - 2003 : Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology—Prize for Science and Technology , Development Category - 2004 : Medal with Purple Ribbon , from the Government of Japan - 2011 : Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize from the Foundation for Promotion of Material Science and Technology of Japan - 2011 : C&C Prize from the NEC C&C Foundation", "title": "Recognition" }, { "text": "- 2012 : IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies from the IEEE", "title": "Recognition" }, { "text": " - 2013 : Global Energy Prize - 2014 : Charles Stark Draper Prize - 2018 : Japan Prize - 2019 : European Inventor Award - 2019 : Nobel Prize in Chemistry - 2019 : Order of Culture", "title": "Recognition" }, { "text": " - The father of lithium-ion batteries ( Chemistry World , July 2018 ) - including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2019 Brief History and Future of Lithium-ion Batteries", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Kent" ]

[ { "text": " Francis Marchant ( 22 May 1864 – 13 April 1946 ) , known as Frank Marchant , was an English amateur cricketer . He was a right-handed batsman , an occasional wicket-keeper and the captain of Kent County Cricket Club from 1890 to 1897 .", "title": "Frank Marchant" }, { "text": " Marchant was born at Matfield House in Matfield , Kent , the fourth son of Stephen Marchant . After a term at Rugby School , he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College , Cambridge . He played cricket at both , winning a cricket Blue each season from 1884 to 1887 and a Blue in football in 1885 and 1886 . He captained the Cambridge side in his final year there .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Marchant made his first-class cricket debut in August 1883 after finishing at Eton and before going up to Cambridge . Lord Harris , the most influential figure in Kent cricket at the time , had happened to ask Marchant if he was eligible to play for Kent during a break in play at the Eton v Harrow match at Lords earlier in the summer , during which Marchant had scored 93 runs in a delightful display of batting . He played twice for Kent in that summer , making his debut against Lancashire at Gravesend . He went on to", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "play for both Kent and Cambridge over the next four seasons , winning his cricket Blue as a freshman in 1884 and his county cap the following season . His Wisden obituary said that he was rather disappointing for a player of such promise at Cambridge but went on to do some great things for Kent in county cricket .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "Marchant went on to appear regularly for Kent until 1898 , playing in 226 first-class matches for the county side as well as making 32 appearances for Cambridge . He scored seven of his eight centuries for Kent , including his highest score of 176 made against Sussex at Gravesend in 1889 . This was his maiden century and saw him score over 100 runs before lunch . In 1896 came close to scoring centuries in both innings of a match against Yorkshire . He has been described as being a brilliant hitter in front of the wicket , especially", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "on the leg side and a brilliant and stylish batsman . Writing in Wisden in 1907 , George Marsham was of the opinion that he should prefer to watch an innings of his when in his best form to that of any other batsman of his time and described Marchant as a magnificent field and a brilliant but uncertain batsman .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "From 1890 to 1893 Marchant captained the Kent side during the first half of each season , William Patterson taking over the captaincy during his summer holidays , his profession as a solicitor making it impossible for him to play a whole season . Kents fortunes at the time were mixed and after a successful first season captaining together , during with the touring Australians were beaten at Canterbury , 1891 was one of the worst in the clubs history . Between 1894 and 1897 Marchant captained the side alone before resigning as captain after a disappointing season in 1897", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "when he was rarely able to field the best Kent XI , Jack Mason taking over with Marchant continuing to play regularly in 1898 and 1899 . After not playing at all in 1900 , he played eight matches in each of 1901 and 1902 and then just three more before his final match in 1905 .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": " As well as matches for Kent and Cambridge , Marchant played six times for MCC , including in one match against the touring Australian side in 1893 when he scored 103 runs , an innings which Wisden called most famous performance . He played for the Gentlemen against the Players just once , in 1887 , and made occasional appearances for other first-class sides . In club cricket he played for amateur sides such as Band of Brothers , a team closely associated with Kent , Eton Ramblers , I Zingari and Free Foresters .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": " Marchant was President of Kent County Cricket Club in 1934 and professionally was a director of Saunders and Co , a paper making company . He was married to Torfrida Marchant . He died in 1946 at the age of 82 at Roehampton in London and was buried at Hayes in Kent .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Kent", "Cambridge" ]

[ { "text": " Francis Marchant ( 22 May 1864 – 13 April 1946 ) , known as Frank Marchant , was an English amateur cricketer . He was a right-handed batsman , an occasional wicket-keeper and the captain of Kent County Cricket Club from 1890 to 1897 .", "title": "Frank Marchant" }, { "text": " Marchant was born at Matfield House in Matfield , Kent , the fourth son of Stephen Marchant . After a term at Rugby School , he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College , Cambridge . He played cricket at both , winning a cricket Blue each season from 1884 to 1887 and a Blue in football in 1885 and 1886 . He captained the Cambridge side in his final year there .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Marchant made his first-class cricket debut in August 1883 after finishing at Eton and before going up to Cambridge . Lord Harris , the most influential figure in Kent cricket at the time , had happened to ask Marchant if he was eligible to play for Kent during a break in play at the Eton v Harrow match at Lords earlier in the summer , during which Marchant had scored 93 runs in a delightful display of batting . He played twice for Kent in that summer , making his debut against Lancashire at Gravesend . He went on to", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "play for both Kent and Cambridge over the next four seasons , winning his cricket Blue as a freshman in 1884 and his county cap the following season . His Wisden obituary said that he was rather disappointing for a player of such promise at Cambridge but went on to do some great things for Kent in county cricket .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "Marchant went on to appear regularly for Kent until 1898 , playing in 226 first-class matches for the county side as well as making 32 appearances for Cambridge . He scored seven of his eight centuries for Kent , including his highest score of 176 made against Sussex at Gravesend in 1889 . This was his maiden century and saw him score over 100 runs before lunch . In 1896 came close to scoring centuries in both innings of a match against Yorkshire . He has been described as being a brilliant hitter in front of the wicket , especially", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "on the leg side and a brilliant and stylish batsman . Writing in Wisden in 1907 , George Marsham was of the opinion that he should prefer to watch an innings of his when in his best form to that of any other batsman of his time and described Marchant as a magnificent field and a brilliant but uncertain batsman .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "From 1890 to 1893 Marchant captained the Kent side during the first half of each season , William Patterson taking over the captaincy during his summer holidays , his profession as a solicitor making it impossible for him to play a whole season . Kents fortunes at the time were mixed and after a successful first season captaining together , during with the touring Australians were beaten at Canterbury , 1891 was one of the worst in the clubs history . Between 1894 and 1897 Marchant captained the side alone before resigning as captain after a disappointing season in 1897", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "when he was rarely able to field the best Kent XI , Jack Mason taking over with Marchant continuing to play regularly in 1898 and 1899 . After not playing at all in 1900 , he played eight matches in each of 1901 and 1902 and then just three more before his final match in 1905 .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": " As well as matches for Kent and Cambridge , Marchant played six times for MCC , including in one match against the touring Australian side in 1893 when he scored 103 runs , an innings which Wisden called most famous performance . He played for the Gentlemen against the Players just once , in 1887 , and made occasional appearances for other first-class sides . In club cricket he played for amateur sides such as Band of Brothers , a team closely associated with Kent , Eton Ramblers , I Zingari and Free Foresters .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": " Marchant was President of Kent County Cricket Club in 1934 and professionally was a director of Saunders and Co , a paper making company . He was married to Torfrida Marchant . He died in 1946 at the age of 82 at Roehampton in London and was buried at Hayes in Kent .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "MCC" ]

[ { "text": " Francis Marchant ( 22 May 1864 – 13 April 1946 ) , known as Frank Marchant , was an English amateur cricketer . He was a right-handed batsman , an occasional wicket-keeper and the captain of Kent County Cricket Club from 1890 to 1897 .", "title": "Frank Marchant" }, { "text": " Marchant was born at Matfield House in Matfield , Kent , the fourth son of Stephen Marchant . After a term at Rugby School , he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College , Cambridge . He played cricket at both , winning a cricket Blue each season from 1884 to 1887 and a Blue in football in 1885 and 1886 . He captained the Cambridge side in his final year there .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Marchant made his first-class cricket debut in August 1883 after finishing at Eton and before going up to Cambridge . Lord Harris , the most influential figure in Kent cricket at the time , had happened to ask Marchant if he was eligible to play for Kent during a break in play at the Eton v Harrow match at Lords earlier in the summer , during which Marchant had scored 93 runs in a delightful display of batting . He played twice for Kent in that summer , making his debut against Lancashire at Gravesend . He went on to", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "play for both Kent and Cambridge over the next four seasons , winning his cricket Blue as a freshman in 1884 and his county cap the following season . His Wisden obituary said that he was rather disappointing for a player of such promise at Cambridge but went on to do some great things for Kent in county cricket .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "Marchant went on to appear regularly for Kent until 1898 , playing in 226 first-class matches for the county side as well as making 32 appearances for Cambridge . He scored seven of his eight centuries for Kent , including his highest score of 176 made against Sussex at Gravesend in 1889 . This was his maiden century and saw him score over 100 runs before lunch . In 1896 came close to scoring centuries in both innings of a match against Yorkshire . He has been described as being a brilliant hitter in front of the wicket , especially", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "on the leg side and a brilliant and stylish batsman . Writing in Wisden in 1907 , George Marsham was of the opinion that he should prefer to watch an innings of his when in his best form to that of any other batsman of his time and described Marchant as a magnificent field and a brilliant but uncertain batsman .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "From 1890 to 1893 Marchant captained the Kent side during the first half of each season , William Patterson taking over the captaincy during his summer holidays , his profession as a solicitor making it impossible for him to play a whole season . Kents fortunes at the time were mixed and after a successful first season captaining together , during with the touring Australians were beaten at Canterbury , 1891 was one of the worst in the clubs history . Between 1894 and 1897 Marchant captained the side alone before resigning as captain after a disappointing season in 1897", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": "when he was rarely able to field the best Kent XI , Jack Mason taking over with Marchant continuing to play regularly in 1898 and 1899 . After not playing at all in 1900 , he played eight matches in each of 1901 and 1902 and then just three more before his final match in 1905 .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": " As well as matches for Kent and Cambridge , Marchant played six times for MCC , including in one match against the touring Australian side in 1893 when he scored 103 runs , an innings which Wisden called most famous performance . He played for the Gentlemen against the Players just once , in 1887 , and made occasional appearances for other first-class sides . In club cricket he played for amateur sides such as Band of Brothers , a team closely associated with Kent , Eton Ramblers , I Zingari and Free Foresters .", "title": "Cricket" }, { "text": " Marchant was President of Kent County Cricket Club in 1934 and professionally was a director of Saunders and Co , a paper making company . He was married to Torfrida Marchant . He died in 1946 at the age of 82 at Roehampton in London and was buried at Hayes in Kent .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Saint Bedan" ]

[ { "text": " The Panagiotis ( ) is a shipwreck lying in the white sands of an exposed cove on the coast of Zakynthos , which is among the southernmost of the Ionian Islands of Greece . Navagio ( Shipwreck ) , the spot where she lies , is a tourist attraction on the north-western side of the island , with thousands of visitors each year . She was built in Scotland in 1937 as Saint Bedan and wrecked in 1980 .", "title": "MV Panagiotis" }, { "text": " The coaster Panagiotis was built in 1937 at Bowling on the River Clyde in Yard 341 by Scott & Sons , and fitted with a 532 bhp diesel engine made by British Auxiliaries Ltd . When built , she measured 157 feet in length and 26 feet in width . She had a draft of 14 feet , and a gross register tonnage of 452 . The Panagiotis changed hands and names since her construction .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "- 1937 - Originally named the MV Saint Bedan , she was launched on Thursday , 14 January 1937 for J . & A . Gardner and Co . Ltd . of Glasgow .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " - 1964 - Sold to Greek owners , M . Gigilinis and S . Kakassinas of Thessaloniki and renamed Meropi . - 1966 - Sold to N . S . Kalfas and renamed Charis . - 1975 - Sold to P . Lisikatos & Company of Piraeus and renamed Panagiotis . - 1980 - Beached on the island of Zakynthos , 2 October 1980 , and abandoned .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "A popular story regarding the wreck of the Panagiotis maintains that she spent the latter part of her life as a smuggling ship . In 1980 , during a time of record population lows on the island of Zakynthos , Panagiotis was allegedly making its way from Turkey with a freight of contraband cigarettes for the Italian Mafia , as some versions of the story assert . The crew was suspected by authorities , and so the Panagiotis was pursued by the Greek Navy . Encountering stormy weather , the ship ran aground in a shallow cove on the west", "title": "Wreck" }, { "text": "coast of Zakynthos , to the north of Porto Vromi , where the crew abandoned her to evade the pursuing Navy . This story was backed up when court documents and photos relating to the incident were recently released .", "title": "Wreck" }, { "text": " Another story maintains that the ship was carrying legitimate cargo from Argostoli to Durrës in Albania , when the crew were forced to beach her in the cove during a storm on 2 October 1980 . When part of the cargo and valuable equipment on the ship was looted , the captain , Charalambos Kompothekras-Kotsoros , alerted the authorities , and 29 locals were convicted of plundering the wreck . Kompothekras-Kotsoros was never charged with any offence The wreck remains at the site , which is now called Navagio , Greek for shipwreck .", "title": "Wreck" } ]

[ "Meropi" ]

[ { "text": " The Panagiotis ( ) is a shipwreck lying in the white sands of an exposed cove on the coast of Zakynthos , which is among the southernmost of the Ionian Islands of Greece . Navagio ( Shipwreck ) , the spot where she lies , is a tourist attraction on the north-western side of the island , with thousands of visitors each year . She was built in Scotland in 1937 as Saint Bedan and wrecked in 1980 .", "title": "MV Panagiotis" }, { "text": " The coaster Panagiotis was built in 1937 at Bowling on the River Clyde in Yard 341 by Scott & Sons , and fitted with a 532 bhp diesel engine made by British Auxiliaries Ltd . When built , she measured 157 feet in length and 26 feet in width . She had a draft of 14 feet , and a gross register tonnage of 452 . The Panagiotis changed hands and names since her construction .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "- 1937 - Originally named the MV Saint Bedan , she was launched on Thursday , 14 January 1937 for J . & A . Gardner and Co . Ltd . of Glasgow .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " - 1964 - Sold to Greek owners , M . Gigilinis and S . Kakassinas of Thessaloniki and renamed Meropi . - 1966 - Sold to N . S . Kalfas and renamed Charis . - 1975 - Sold to P . Lisikatos & Company of Piraeus and renamed Panagiotis . - 1980 - Beached on the island of Zakynthos , 2 October 1980 , and abandoned .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "A popular story regarding the wreck of the Panagiotis maintains that she spent the latter part of her life as a smuggling ship . In 1980 , during a time of record population lows on the island of Zakynthos , Panagiotis was allegedly making its way from Turkey with a freight of contraband cigarettes for the Italian Mafia , as some versions of the story assert . The crew was suspected by authorities , and so the Panagiotis was pursued by the Greek Navy . Encountering stormy weather , the ship ran aground in a shallow cove on the west", "title": "Wreck" }, { "text": "coast of Zakynthos , to the north of Porto Vromi , where the crew abandoned her to evade the pursuing Navy . This story was backed up when court documents and photos relating to the incident were recently released .", "title": "Wreck" }, { "text": " Another story maintains that the ship was carrying legitimate cargo from Argostoli to Durrës in Albania , when the crew were forced to beach her in the cove during a storm on 2 October 1980 . When part of the cargo and valuable equipment on the ship was looted , the captain , Charalambos Kompothekras-Kotsoros , alerted the authorities , and 29 locals were convicted of plundering the wreck . Kompothekras-Kotsoros was never charged with any offence The wreck remains at the site , which is now called Navagio , Greek for shipwreck .", "title": "Wreck" } ]

[ "Charis" ]

[ { "text": " The Panagiotis ( ) is a shipwreck lying in the white sands of an exposed cove on the coast of Zakynthos , which is among the southernmost of the Ionian Islands of Greece . Navagio ( Shipwreck ) , the spot where she lies , is a tourist attraction on the north-western side of the island , with thousands of visitors each year . She was built in Scotland in 1937 as Saint Bedan and wrecked in 1980 .", "title": "MV Panagiotis" }, { "text": " The coaster Panagiotis was built in 1937 at Bowling on the River Clyde in Yard 341 by Scott & Sons , and fitted with a 532 bhp diesel engine made by British Auxiliaries Ltd . When built , she measured 157 feet in length and 26 feet in width . She had a draft of 14 feet , and a gross register tonnage of 452 . The Panagiotis changed hands and names since her construction .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "- 1937 - Originally named the MV Saint Bedan , she was launched on Thursday , 14 January 1937 for J . & A . Gardner and Co . Ltd . of Glasgow .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " - 1964 - Sold to Greek owners , M . Gigilinis and S . Kakassinas of Thessaloniki and renamed Meropi . - 1966 - Sold to N . S . Kalfas and renamed Charis . - 1975 - Sold to P . Lisikatos & Company of Piraeus and renamed Panagiotis . - 1980 - Beached on the island of Zakynthos , 2 October 1980 , and abandoned .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "A popular story regarding the wreck of the Panagiotis maintains that she spent the latter part of her life as a smuggling ship . In 1980 , during a time of record population lows on the island of Zakynthos , Panagiotis was allegedly making its way from Turkey with a freight of contraband cigarettes for the Italian Mafia , as some versions of the story assert . The crew was suspected by authorities , and so the Panagiotis was pursued by the Greek Navy . Encountering stormy weather , the ship ran aground in a shallow cove on the west", "title": "Wreck" }, { "text": "coast of Zakynthos , to the north of Porto Vromi , where the crew abandoned her to evade the pursuing Navy . This story was backed up when court documents and photos relating to the incident were recently released .", "title": "Wreck" }, { "text": " Another story maintains that the ship was carrying legitimate cargo from Argostoli to Durrës in Albania , when the crew were forced to beach her in the cove during a storm on 2 October 1980 . When part of the cargo and valuable equipment on the ship was looted , the captain , Charalambos Kompothekras-Kotsoros , alerted the authorities , and 29 locals were convicted of plundering the wreck . Kompothekras-Kotsoros was never charged with any offence The wreck remains at the site , which is now called Navagio , Greek for shipwreck .", "title": "Wreck" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " The Panagiotis ( ) is a shipwreck lying in the white sands of an exposed cove on the coast of Zakynthos , which is among the southernmost of the Ionian Islands of Greece . Navagio ( Shipwreck ) , the spot where she lies , is a tourist attraction on the north-western side of the island , with thousands of visitors each year . She was built in Scotland in 1937 as Saint Bedan and wrecked in 1980 .", "title": "MV Panagiotis" }, { "text": " The coaster Panagiotis was built in 1937 at Bowling on the River Clyde in Yard 341 by Scott & Sons , and fitted with a 532 bhp diesel engine made by British Auxiliaries Ltd . When built , she measured 157 feet in length and 26 feet in width . She had a draft of 14 feet , and a gross register tonnage of 452 . The Panagiotis changed hands and names since her construction .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "- 1937 - Originally named the MV Saint Bedan , she was launched on Thursday , 14 January 1937 for J . & A . Gardner and Co . Ltd . of Glasgow .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " - 1964 - Sold to Greek owners , M . Gigilinis and S . Kakassinas of Thessaloniki and renamed Meropi . - 1966 - Sold to N . S . Kalfas and renamed Charis . - 1975 - Sold to P . Lisikatos & Company of Piraeus and renamed Panagiotis . - 1980 - Beached on the island of Zakynthos , 2 October 1980 , and abandoned .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "A popular story regarding the wreck of the Panagiotis maintains that she spent the latter part of her life as a smuggling ship . In 1980 , during a time of record population lows on the island of Zakynthos , Panagiotis was allegedly making its way from Turkey with a freight of contraband cigarettes for the Italian Mafia , as some versions of the story assert . The crew was suspected by authorities , and so the Panagiotis was pursued by the Greek Navy . Encountering stormy weather , the ship ran aground in a shallow cove on the west", "title": "Wreck" }, { "text": "coast of Zakynthos , to the north of Porto Vromi , where the crew abandoned her to evade the pursuing Navy . This story was backed up when court documents and photos relating to the incident were recently released .", "title": "Wreck" }, { "text": " Another story maintains that the ship was carrying legitimate cargo from Argostoli to Durrës in Albania , when the crew were forced to beach her in the cove during a storm on 2 October 1980 . When part of the cargo and valuable equipment on the ship was looted , the captain , Charalambos Kompothekras-Kotsoros , alerted the authorities , and 29 locals were convicted of plundering the wreck . Kompothekras-Kotsoros was never charged with any offence The wreck remains at the site , which is now called Navagio , Greek for shipwreck .", "title": "Wreck" } ]

[ "Sioux" ]

[ { "text": "Sioux was a steamship which was operated on Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca from 1912 to 1941 . From 1924 to 1941 , following reconstruction , the vessel operated as an auto ferry under the name Olympic . During the Second World War ( 1941-1945 ) this vessel was taken under the control of the U.S . Army and renamed the Franklin R . Leisenburg . The Liesenburg served as a ferry in the Panama Canal area under Army control , and then was sold to a firm which ran the vessel on the Surinam river", "title": "Sioux ( steamship )" }, { "text": "in South America .", "title": "Sioux ( steamship )" }, { "text": " Following the loss of the nearly-new but wooden steamship Clallam in 1904 , Joshua Green , president of the Puget Sound Navigation Company , owner of the Clallam and the dominant Puget Sound shipping concern , announced that the company would replace its wooden steamships with ones built of steel . As part of this effort , in 1910 , the steel steamers Sioux and Kulshan . were built nearly simultaneously in Seattle by the Seattle Construction and Drydock Company . Sol Duc was specifically designed for the Seattle – Tacoma .", "title": "Design and construction" }, { "text": "Dimensions for Sioux were 461 gross tons , length beam of and depth of hold of . Power was supplied by a four-cylinder , compound steam engine , with cylinder bores sized , and two ; stroke . Two oil-fired boilers produced steam at 250 pounds pressure , with whole power plant developing .", "title": "Design and construction" }, { "text": "Originally Sioux was intended to be placed on the route from Seattle to Irondale , where an important ironworks had been established , and which had provided much of the steel for the construction of the vessel . In May 1911 Sioux was placed on the Irondale route but only ran until July 1911 , when she was replaced by the City of Everett . The ironworks was in trouble financially and about to file bankruptcy , so the traffic on the route didnt appear to justify use of the new steamer . Instead , Sioux was placed on the", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "route from Seattle to the new municipal dock at Tacoma , alternating with the Indianapolis so that a steamer left Seattle every two hours bound for Tacoma .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Sioux was later placed on the Hood Canal route , running with the sternwheeler State of Washington for the rest of the summer of 1911 . Afterwards the steamships permanent route became Seattle-Edmonds-Everett . Sioux could make the run in two hours , not as fast as the Flyer , but still considered good time . When the Lake Washington Ship Canal was completed , the Sioux was the first commercial vessel to pass through the locks during the opening ceremony on July 4 , 1917 . 1912 Everett harbor accident .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "Sioux was involved in an accident at Everett on August 16 , 1912 , which as it was said , resulted in seriously depleting the local mosquito fleet . Steamships had no direct speed control from the bridge of the vessel . The captain signaled the engine room using a system of bells and dials called the engine room telegraph . Accidents could and did happen when engine telegraph signals were misinterpreted by the engine room . On this particular occasion , Sioux , coming in from Seattle , was approaching the Everett dock . From the bridge , Capt", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": ". William Thorton signaled the engine room for half astern to slow the vessel down . Instead the engine room gave him half ahead which caused the steamer to ram into the dock . Captain Thorton then signaled for full astern .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Another mistake was made and the Sioux went full ahead , smashing into the stern of the Camano , driving Camano forward into the gasoline launch Island Flyer which in turn struck another gasoline launch , the newly built Alverene . Island Flyer was sunk as a result and Alverene was seriously damaged . Camano then sank at the dock . The small launch Arrow was demolished and the steam launches Ranger and Daphne suffered lesser damage .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "It turned out that an engine room assistant , known as an oiler had been left in charge of the telegraph . No one was killed although there was at least one close call . The destruction showed the vulnerability of wooden-hulled steamers , one of the reasons why the Puget Sound Navigation Company switched to steel-hulled vessels .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Reconstruction as ferry Olympic . In 1923 , the Puget Sound Navigation Company decided to rebuild Sioux , then running the Seattle - Port Townsend route into an automobile ferry , and late in the year gave the reconstruction contract to the Todd Dry Dock corporation in Seattle . The reconstruction was completed in the first part of 1924 . Sioux was renamed Olympic .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "Sioux , renamed Olympic was placed on the Victoria , British Columbia to Port Angeles , Washington route across the Strait of Juan de Fuca , departed from Seattle on Saturday , June 14 , 1924 , making her first run on June 15 , 1924 , under Capt . Louis Van Bogaert , Chief Officer Harry Carter , and Chief Engineer I . Terado . Olympic had been scheduled to depart on Friday the 13th , but company management felt this supposedly ill-omened date would create too much adverse comment , and postponed the departure by one day .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Olympic is also reported to have been run on the Victoria , BC-Bellingham , Washington route .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " In 1941 , the U.S . Army bought Olympic from the Puget Sound Navigation Company and rebuilt her for service in the Panama Canal area as the Franklin R . Leisenburg . After the war the vessel was sold to a firm in Dutch Guiana for service out of Paramaribo on the Surinam River . As of the late 1950s the ship was reported to be still in operation on the Surinam river .", "title": "Later years" }, { "text": " - Faber , Jim , Steamers Wake -- Voyaging down the old marine highways of Puget Sound , British Columbia , and the Columbia River , Enetai Press , Seattle , WA 1985 - Kline , Mary S. , and Bayless , G.A. , Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound , Bayless Books , Seattle , WA 1983 - Newell , Gordon R. , ed. , H.W . McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 1966 )", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Newell , Gordon R. , Ships of the Inland Sea , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 2nd Ed . 1960 )", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Newell , Gordon R . and Williamson , Joe , Pacific Steamboats , Superior Publishing , Seattle WA ( 1958 ) .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - evergreen.com ( Olympic page ) ( accessed 06-04-11 ) ( provides several images of Sioux in service as ferry Olympic. ) - Photograph of Sioux , circa 1912 , probably in Seattle , University of Washington digital archives image TRA927 ( accessed 06-04-11 )", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Olympic" ]

[ { "text": "Sioux was a steamship which was operated on Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca from 1912 to 1941 . From 1924 to 1941 , following reconstruction , the vessel operated as an auto ferry under the name Olympic . During the Second World War ( 1941-1945 ) this vessel was taken under the control of the U.S . Army and renamed the Franklin R . Leisenburg . The Liesenburg served as a ferry in the Panama Canal area under Army control , and then was sold to a firm which ran the vessel on the Surinam river", "title": "Sioux ( steamship )" }, { "text": "in South America .", "title": "Sioux ( steamship )" }, { "text": " Following the loss of the nearly-new but wooden steamship Clallam in 1904 , Joshua Green , president of the Puget Sound Navigation Company , owner of the Clallam and the dominant Puget Sound shipping concern , announced that the company would replace its wooden steamships with ones built of steel . As part of this effort , in 1910 , the steel steamers Sioux and Kulshan . were built nearly simultaneously in Seattle by the Seattle Construction and Drydock Company . Sol Duc was specifically designed for the Seattle – Tacoma .", "title": "Design and construction" }, { "text": "Dimensions for Sioux were 461 gross tons , length beam of and depth of hold of . Power was supplied by a four-cylinder , compound steam engine , with cylinder bores sized , and two ; stroke . Two oil-fired boilers produced steam at 250 pounds pressure , with whole power plant developing .", "title": "Design and construction" }, { "text": "Originally Sioux was intended to be placed on the route from Seattle to Irondale , where an important ironworks had been established , and which had provided much of the steel for the construction of the vessel . In May 1911 Sioux was placed on the Irondale route but only ran until July 1911 , when she was replaced by the City of Everett . The ironworks was in trouble financially and about to file bankruptcy , so the traffic on the route didnt appear to justify use of the new steamer . Instead , Sioux was placed on the", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "route from Seattle to the new municipal dock at Tacoma , alternating with the Indianapolis so that a steamer left Seattle every two hours bound for Tacoma .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Sioux was later placed on the Hood Canal route , running with the sternwheeler State of Washington for the rest of the summer of 1911 . Afterwards the steamships permanent route became Seattle-Edmonds-Everett . Sioux could make the run in two hours , not as fast as the Flyer , but still considered good time . When the Lake Washington Ship Canal was completed , the Sioux was the first commercial vessel to pass through the locks during the opening ceremony on July 4 , 1917 . 1912 Everett harbor accident .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "Sioux was involved in an accident at Everett on August 16 , 1912 , which as it was said , resulted in seriously depleting the local mosquito fleet . Steamships had no direct speed control from the bridge of the vessel . The captain signaled the engine room using a system of bells and dials called the engine room telegraph . Accidents could and did happen when engine telegraph signals were misinterpreted by the engine room . On this particular occasion , Sioux , coming in from Seattle , was approaching the Everett dock . From the bridge , Capt", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": ". William Thorton signaled the engine room for half astern to slow the vessel down . Instead the engine room gave him half ahead which caused the steamer to ram into the dock . Captain Thorton then signaled for full astern .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Another mistake was made and the Sioux went full ahead , smashing into the stern of the Camano , driving Camano forward into the gasoline launch Island Flyer which in turn struck another gasoline launch , the newly built Alverene . Island Flyer was sunk as a result and Alverene was seriously damaged . Camano then sank at the dock . The small launch Arrow was demolished and the steam launches Ranger and Daphne suffered lesser damage .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "It turned out that an engine room assistant , known as an oiler had been left in charge of the telegraph . No one was killed although there was at least one close call . The destruction showed the vulnerability of wooden-hulled steamers , one of the reasons why the Puget Sound Navigation Company switched to steel-hulled vessels .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Reconstruction as ferry Olympic . In 1923 , the Puget Sound Navigation Company decided to rebuild Sioux , then running the Seattle - Port Townsend route into an automobile ferry , and late in the year gave the reconstruction contract to the Todd Dry Dock corporation in Seattle . The reconstruction was completed in the first part of 1924 . Sioux was renamed Olympic .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "Sioux , renamed Olympic was placed on the Victoria , British Columbia to Port Angeles , Washington route across the Strait of Juan de Fuca , departed from Seattle on Saturday , June 14 , 1924 , making her first run on June 15 , 1924 , under Capt . Louis Van Bogaert , Chief Officer Harry Carter , and Chief Engineer I . Terado . Olympic had been scheduled to depart on Friday the 13th , but company management felt this supposedly ill-omened date would create too much adverse comment , and postponed the departure by one day .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Olympic is also reported to have been run on the Victoria , BC-Bellingham , Washington route .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " In 1941 , the U.S . Army bought Olympic from the Puget Sound Navigation Company and rebuilt her for service in the Panama Canal area as the Franklin R . Leisenburg . After the war the vessel was sold to a firm in Dutch Guiana for service out of Paramaribo on the Surinam River . As of the late 1950s the ship was reported to be still in operation on the Surinam river .", "title": "Later years" }, { "text": " - Faber , Jim , Steamers Wake -- Voyaging down the old marine highways of Puget Sound , British Columbia , and the Columbia River , Enetai Press , Seattle , WA 1985 - Kline , Mary S. , and Bayless , G.A. , Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound , Bayless Books , Seattle , WA 1983 - Newell , Gordon R. , ed. , H.W . McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 1966 )", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Newell , Gordon R. , Ships of the Inland Sea , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 2nd Ed . 1960 )", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Newell , Gordon R . and Williamson , Joe , Pacific Steamboats , Superior Publishing , Seattle WA ( 1958 ) .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - evergreen.com ( Olympic page ) ( accessed 06-04-11 ) ( provides several images of Sioux in service as ferry Olympic. ) - Photograph of Sioux , circa 1912 , probably in Seattle , University of Washington digital archives image TRA927 ( accessed 06-04-11 )", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Franklin R . Leisenburg" ]

[ { "text": "Sioux was a steamship which was operated on Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca from 1912 to 1941 . From 1924 to 1941 , following reconstruction , the vessel operated as an auto ferry under the name Olympic . During the Second World War ( 1941-1945 ) this vessel was taken under the control of the U.S . Army and renamed the Franklin R . Leisenburg . The Liesenburg served as a ferry in the Panama Canal area under Army control , and then was sold to a firm which ran the vessel on the Surinam river", "title": "Sioux ( steamship )" }, { "text": "in South America .", "title": "Sioux ( steamship )" }, { "text": " Following the loss of the nearly-new but wooden steamship Clallam in 1904 , Joshua Green , president of the Puget Sound Navigation Company , owner of the Clallam and the dominant Puget Sound shipping concern , announced that the company would replace its wooden steamships with ones built of steel . As part of this effort , in 1910 , the steel steamers Sioux and Kulshan . were built nearly simultaneously in Seattle by the Seattle Construction and Drydock Company . Sol Duc was specifically designed for the Seattle – Tacoma .", "title": "Design and construction" }, { "text": "Dimensions for Sioux were 461 gross tons , length beam of and depth of hold of . Power was supplied by a four-cylinder , compound steam engine , with cylinder bores sized , and two ; stroke . Two oil-fired boilers produced steam at 250 pounds pressure , with whole power plant developing .", "title": "Design and construction" }, { "text": "Originally Sioux was intended to be placed on the route from Seattle to Irondale , where an important ironworks had been established , and which had provided much of the steel for the construction of the vessel . In May 1911 Sioux was placed on the Irondale route but only ran until July 1911 , when she was replaced by the City of Everett . The ironworks was in trouble financially and about to file bankruptcy , so the traffic on the route didnt appear to justify use of the new steamer . Instead , Sioux was placed on the", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "route from Seattle to the new municipal dock at Tacoma , alternating with the Indianapolis so that a steamer left Seattle every two hours bound for Tacoma .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Sioux was later placed on the Hood Canal route , running with the sternwheeler State of Washington for the rest of the summer of 1911 . Afterwards the steamships permanent route became Seattle-Edmonds-Everett . Sioux could make the run in two hours , not as fast as the Flyer , but still considered good time . When the Lake Washington Ship Canal was completed , the Sioux was the first commercial vessel to pass through the locks during the opening ceremony on July 4 , 1917 . 1912 Everett harbor accident .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "Sioux was involved in an accident at Everett on August 16 , 1912 , which as it was said , resulted in seriously depleting the local mosquito fleet . Steamships had no direct speed control from the bridge of the vessel . The captain signaled the engine room using a system of bells and dials called the engine room telegraph . Accidents could and did happen when engine telegraph signals were misinterpreted by the engine room . On this particular occasion , Sioux , coming in from Seattle , was approaching the Everett dock . From the bridge , Capt", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": ". William Thorton signaled the engine room for half astern to slow the vessel down . Instead the engine room gave him half ahead which caused the steamer to ram into the dock . Captain Thorton then signaled for full astern .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Another mistake was made and the Sioux went full ahead , smashing into the stern of the Camano , driving Camano forward into the gasoline launch Island Flyer which in turn struck another gasoline launch , the newly built Alverene . Island Flyer was sunk as a result and Alverene was seriously damaged . Camano then sank at the dock . The small launch Arrow was demolished and the steam launches Ranger and Daphne suffered lesser damage .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "It turned out that an engine room assistant , known as an oiler had been left in charge of the telegraph . No one was killed although there was at least one close call . The destruction showed the vulnerability of wooden-hulled steamers , one of the reasons why the Puget Sound Navigation Company switched to steel-hulled vessels .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Reconstruction as ferry Olympic . In 1923 , the Puget Sound Navigation Company decided to rebuild Sioux , then running the Seattle - Port Townsend route into an automobile ferry , and late in the year gave the reconstruction contract to the Todd Dry Dock corporation in Seattle . The reconstruction was completed in the first part of 1924 . Sioux was renamed Olympic .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "Sioux , renamed Olympic was placed on the Victoria , British Columbia to Port Angeles , Washington route across the Strait of Juan de Fuca , departed from Seattle on Saturday , June 14 , 1924 , making her first run on June 15 , 1924 , under Capt . Louis Van Bogaert , Chief Officer Harry Carter , and Chief Engineer I . Terado . Olympic had been scheduled to depart on Friday the 13th , but company management felt this supposedly ill-omened date would create too much adverse comment , and postponed the departure by one day .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " Olympic is also reported to have been run on the Victoria , BC-Bellingham , Washington route .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " In 1941 , the U.S . Army bought Olympic from the Puget Sound Navigation Company and rebuilt her for service in the Panama Canal area as the Franklin R . Leisenburg . After the war the vessel was sold to a firm in Dutch Guiana for service out of Paramaribo on the Surinam River . As of the late 1950s the ship was reported to be still in operation on the Surinam river .", "title": "Later years" }, { "text": " - Faber , Jim , Steamers Wake -- Voyaging down the old marine highways of Puget Sound , British Columbia , and the Columbia River , Enetai Press , Seattle , WA 1985 - Kline , Mary S. , and Bayless , G.A. , Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound , Bayless Books , Seattle , WA 1983 - Newell , Gordon R. , ed. , H.W . McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 1966 )", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Newell , Gordon R. , Ships of the Inland Sea , Superior Publishing Co. , Seattle , WA ( 2nd Ed . 1960 )", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Newell , Gordon R . and Williamson , Joe , Pacific Steamboats , Superior Publishing , Seattle WA ( 1958 ) .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - evergreen.com ( Olympic page ) ( accessed 06-04-11 ) ( provides several images of Sioux in service as ferry Olympic. ) - Photograph of Sioux , circa 1912 , probably in Seattle , University of Washington digital archives image TRA927 ( accessed 06-04-11 )", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Kyiv , Ukraine" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Moisevich Chaikov ( , also spelled , among other spellings , Tshaykov , Tchaikov , and Tchaikovsky ; 1888 – 1979 ) was a Russian Imperial and Soviet Russian sculptor , graphic designer and teacher of Ukrainian Jewish descent .", "title": "Joseph Chaikov" }, { "text": " Born in Kiev ( present-day Kyiv , Ukraine ) and initially trained as an engraver , Chaikov studied in Paris in the years 1910 through 1914 . In 1912 he co-founded a group of young Jewish artists called Mahmad , and published a Hebrew-language magazine with that name ; in 1913 he participated in the Salon dAutomne .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He returned to Kiev in 1914 . He was co-founder , along with El Lissitzky , Boris Aronson and others , of the Jewish socialist Kultur Lige in Kiev , led sculpture classes there , supervised a childrens art studio and illustrated childrens books , and in post-revolutionary Kiev focused on billboards and agitational propaganda . In 1921 he published the Yiddish-language book Skulptur , advocating avant-garde sculpture as a contribution to a new Jewish art . This book was also the first book on sculpture to be published in Yiddish .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Chaikov moved to Moscow to teach at Vkhutemas from 1923 to 1930 , alongside fellow sculptors Boris Korolev and Vera Mukhina . All three designed and taught cubist sculpture in the distinctively Russian Cubo-Futurism style , radically geometric and highly dynamic . From 1929 Chaikov was the head of the Society of Russian Sculptors . In 1932 , after the end of the period of artistic freedom , all of these cubists turned back to Socialist Realism and produced more classically styled work .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the 1930s his work was prominently shown at the two Soviet worlds fair pavilions , for the 1937 Paris Exposition and the 1939 New York Worlds Fair . His work in Paris was an extensive frieze of nine-foot figures , the People of the USSR , carved on two steles flanking the entrance to the pavilion . Fragments of the Paris work were unearthed in rural France in the 2000s , after having been presented to the French labor union after the fair , relocated to a holiday château , broken up by pro-Nazi youth during the occupation ,", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "and buried for 50 years .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Chaikov continued to work in a variety of genres , techniques and scales . He was named an Honored Artist of the USSR in 1959 , and his work is in the permanent collection of MOMA . He died in Moscow .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - People of the USSR – friezes on steles flanking the entrance to the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition , for architect Boris Iofan ( recently rediscovered ) - Bas reliefs for the Soviet Pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , for architect Iofan - The golden Friendship of the Nations fountain at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , Moscow , circa 1954 ( with fellow sculptors Z . Bazhenova , L . Bazhenova , A . Teneta , and Z . Rileeva )", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": " - online biography with images", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Paris" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Moisevich Chaikov ( , also spelled , among other spellings , Tshaykov , Tchaikov , and Tchaikovsky ; 1888 – 1979 ) was a Russian Imperial and Soviet Russian sculptor , graphic designer and teacher of Ukrainian Jewish descent .", "title": "Joseph Chaikov" }, { "text": " Born in Kiev ( present-day Kyiv , Ukraine ) and initially trained as an engraver , Chaikov studied in Paris in the years 1910 through 1914 . In 1912 he co-founded a group of young Jewish artists called Mahmad , and published a Hebrew-language magazine with that name ; in 1913 he participated in the Salon dAutomne .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He returned to Kiev in 1914 . He was co-founder , along with El Lissitzky , Boris Aronson and others , of the Jewish socialist Kultur Lige in Kiev , led sculpture classes there , supervised a childrens art studio and illustrated childrens books , and in post-revolutionary Kiev focused on billboards and agitational propaganda . In 1921 he published the Yiddish-language book Skulptur , advocating avant-garde sculpture as a contribution to a new Jewish art . This book was also the first book on sculpture to be published in Yiddish .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Chaikov moved to Moscow to teach at Vkhutemas from 1923 to 1930 , alongside fellow sculptors Boris Korolev and Vera Mukhina . All three designed and taught cubist sculpture in the distinctively Russian Cubo-Futurism style , radically geometric and highly dynamic . From 1929 Chaikov was the head of the Society of Russian Sculptors . In 1932 , after the end of the period of artistic freedom , all of these cubists turned back to Socialist Realism and produced more classically styled work .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the 1930s his work was prominently shown at the two Soviet worlds fair pavilions , for the 1937 Paris Exposition and the 1939 New York Worlds Fair . His work in Paris was an extensive frieze of nine-foot figures , the People of the USSR , carved on two steles flanking the entrance to the pavilion . Fragments of the Paris work were unearthed in rural France in the 2000s , after having been presented to the French labor union after the fair , relocated to a holiday château , broken up by pro-Nazi youth during the occupation ,", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "and buried for 50 years .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Chaikov continued to work in a variety of genres , techniques and scales . He was named an Honored Artist of the USSR in 1959 , and his work is in the permanent collection of MOMA . He died in Moscow .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - People of the USSR – friezes on steles flanking the entrance to the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition , for architect Boris Iofan ( recently rediscovered ) - Bas reliefs for the Soviet Pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , for architect Iofan - The golden Friendship of the Nations fountain at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , Moscow , circa 1954 ( with fellow sculptors Z . Bazhenova , L . Bazhenova , A . Teneta , and Z . Rileeva )", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": " - online biography with images", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Kyiv , Ukraine" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Moisevich Chaikov ( , also spelled , among other spellings , Tshaykov , Tchaikov , and Tchaikovsky ; 1888 – 1979 ) was a Russian Imperial and Soviet Russian sculptor , graphic designer and teacher of Ukrainian Jewish descent .", "title": "Joseph Chaikov" }, { "text": " Born in Kiev ( present-day Kyiv , Ukraine ) and initially trained as an engraver , Chaikov studied in Paris in the years 1910 through 1914 . In 1912 he co-founded a group of young Jewish artists called Mahmad , and published a Hebrew-language magazine with that name ; in 1913 he participated in the Salon dAutomne .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He returned to Kiev in 1914 . He was co-founder , along with El Lissitzky , Boris Aronson and others , of the Jewish socialist Kultur Lige in Kiev , led sculpture classes there , supervised a childrens art studio and illustrated childrens books , and in post-revolutionary Kiev focused on billboards and agitational propaganda . In 1921 he published the Yiddish-language book Skulptur , advocating avant-garde sculpture as a contribution to a new Jewish art . This book was also the first book on sculpture to be published in Yiddish .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Chaikov moved to Moscow to teach at Vkhutemas from 1923 to 1930 , alongside fellow sculptors Boris Korolev and Vera Mukhina . All three designed and taught cubist sculpture in the distinctively Russian Cubo-Futurism style , radically geometric and highly dynamic . From 1929 Chaikov was the head of the Society of Russian Sculptors . In 1932 , after the end of the period of artistic freedom , all of these cubists turned back to Socialist Realism and produced more classically styled work .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the 1930s his work was prominently shown at the two Soviet worlds fair pavilions , for the 1937 Paris Exposition and the 1939 New York Worlds Fair . His work in Paris was an extensive frieze of nine-foot figures , the People of the USSR , carved on two steles flanking the entrance to the pavilion . Fragments of the Paris work were unearthed in rural France in the 2000s , after having been presented to the French labor union after the fair , relocated to a holiday château , broken up by pro-Nazi youth during the occupation ,", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "and buried for 50 years .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Chaikov continued to work in a variety of genres , techniques and scales . He was named an Honored Artist of the USSR in 1959 , and his work is in the permanent collection of MOMA . He died in Moscow .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - People of the USSR – friezes on steles flanking the entrance to the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition , for architect Boris Iofan ( recently rediscovered ) - Bas reliefs for the Soviet Pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , for architect Iofan - The golden Friendship of the Nations fountain at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , Moscow , circa 1954 ( with fellow sculptors Z . Bazhenova , L . Bazhenova , A . Teneta , and Z . Rileeva )", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": " - online biography with images", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Moisevich Chaikov ( , also spelled , among other spellings , Tshaykov , Tchaikov , and Tchaikovsky ; 1888 – 1979 ) was a Russian Imperial and Soviet Russian sculptor , graphic designer and teacher of Ukrainian Jewish descent .", "title": "Joseph Chaikov" }, { "text": " Born in Kiev ( present-day Kyiv , Ukraine ) and initially trained as an engraver , Chaikov studied in Paris in the years 1910 through 1914 . In 1912 he co-founded a group of young Jewish artists called Mahmad , and published a Hebrew-language magazine with that name ; in 1913 he participated in the Salon dAutomne .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He returned to Kiev in 1914 . He was co-founder , along with El Lissitzky , Boris Aronson and others , of the Jewish socialist Kultur Lige in Kiev , led sculpture classes there , supervised a childrens art studio and illustrated childrens books , and in post-revolutionary Kiev focused on billboards and agitational propaganda . In 1921 he published the Yiddish-language book Skulptur , advocating avant-garde sculpture as a contribution to a new Jewish art . This book was also the first book on sculpture to be published in Yiddish .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Chaikov moved to Moscow to teach at Vkhutemas from 1923 to 1930 , alongside fellow sculptors Boris Korolev and Vera Mukhina . All three designed and taught cubist sculpture in the distinctively Russian Cubo-Futurism style , radically geometric and highly dynamic . From 1929 Chaikov was the head of the Society of Russian Sculptors . In 1932 , after the end of the period of artistic freedom , all of these cubists turned back to Socialist Realism and produced more classically styled work .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the 1930s his work was prominently shown at the two Soviet worlds fair pavilions , for the 1937 Paris Exposition and the 1939 New York Worlds Fair . His work in Paris was an extensive frieze of nine-foot figures , the People of the USSR , carved on two steles flanking the entrance to the pavilion . Fragments of the Paris work were unearthed in rural France in the 2000s , after having been presented to the French labor union after the fair , relocated to a holiday château , broken up by pro-Nazi youth during the occupation ,", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "and buried for 50 years .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Chaikov continued to work in a variety of genres , techniques and scales . He was named an Honored Artist of the USSR in 1959 , and his work is in the permanent collection of MOMA . He died in Moscow .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - People of the USSR – friezes on steles flanking the entrance to the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition , for architect Boris Iofan ( recently rediscovered ) - Bas reliefs for the Soviet Pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , for architect Iofan - The golden Friendship of the Nations fountain at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , Moscow , circa 1954 ( with fellow sculptors Z . Bazhenova , L . Bazhenova , A . Teneta , and Z . Rileeva )", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": " - online biography with images", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Moscow" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Moisevich Chaikov ( , also spelled , among other spellings , Tshaykov , Tchaikov , and Tchaikovsky ; 1888 – 1979 ) was a Russian Imperial and Soviet Russian sculptor , graphic designer and teacher of Ukrainian Jewish descent .", "title": "Joseph Chaikov" }, { "text": " Born in Kiev ( present-day Kyiv , Ukraine ) and initially trained as an engraver , Chaikov studied in Paris in the years 1910 through 1914 . In 1912 he co-founded a group of young Jewish artists called Mahmad , and published a Hebrew-language magazine with that name ; in 1913 he participated in the Salon dAutomne .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He returned to Kiev in 1914 . He was co-founder , along with El Lissitzky , Boris Aronson and others , of the Jewish socialist Kultur Lige in Kiev , led sculpture classes there , supervised a childrens art studio and illustrated childrens books , and in post-revolutionary Kiev focused on billboards and agitational propaganda . In 1921 he published the Yiddish-language book Skulptur , advocating avant-garde sculpture as a contribution to a new Jewish art . This book was also the first book on sculpture to be published in Yiddish .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Chaikov moved to Moscow to teach at Vkhutemas from 1923 to 1930 , alongside fellow sculptors Boris Korolev and Vera Mukhina . All three designed and taught cubist sculpture in the distinctively Russian Cubo-Futurism style , radically geometric and highly dynamic . From 1929 Chaikov was the head of the Society of Russian Sculptors . In 1932 , after the end of the period of artistic freedom , all of these cubists turned back to Socialist Realism and produced more classically styled work .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the 1930s his work was prominently shown at the two Soviet worlds fair pavilions , for the 1937 Paris Exposition and the 1939 New York Worlds Fair . His work in Paris was an extensive frieze of nine-foot figures , the People of the USSR , carved on two steles flanking the entrance to the pavilion . Fragments of the Paris work were unearthed in rural France in the 2000s , after having been presented to the French labor union after the fair , relocated to a holiday château , broken up by pro-Nazi youth during the occupation ,", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "and buried for 50 years .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Chaikov continued to work in a variety of genres , techniques and scales . He was named an Honored Artist of the USSR in 1959 , and his work is in the permanent collection of MOMA . He died in Moscow .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " - People of the USSR – friezes on steles flanking the entrance to the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition , for architect Boris Iofan ( recently rediscovered ) - Bas reliefs for the Soviet Pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , for architect Iofan - The golden Friendship of the Nations fountain at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , Moscow , circa 1954 ( with fellow sculptors Z . Bazhenova , L . Bazhenova , A . Teneta , and Z . Rileeva )", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": " - online biography with images", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Metropolitan Board of Works" ]

[ { "text": " The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year .", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": "A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": "Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand .", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": " The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular .", "title": "Services" }, { "text": "On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of", "title": "Services" }, { "text": "and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger .", "title": "Services" }, { "text": " The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock .", "title": "Nearest alternative crossings" }, { "text": "The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges .", "title": "Nearest alternative crossings" }, { "text": "There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": " The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "terminals were opened in 1966 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him .", "title": "Incidents" }, { "text": " The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": " Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": " The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic .", "title": "Passenger numbers" }, { "text": "For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry .", "title": "Passenger numbers" }, { "text": " The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": "Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue", "title": "Future" }, { "text": "to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": " Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": " The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames .", "title": "Media appearances" } ]

[ "London County Council" ]

[ { "text": " The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year .", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": "A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": "Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand .", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": " The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular .", "title": "Services" }, { "text": "On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of", "title": "Services" }, { "text": "and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger .", "title": "Services" }, { "text": " The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock .", "title": "Nearest alternative crossings" }, { "text": "The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges .", "title": "Nearest alternative crossings" }, { "text": "There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": " The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "terminals were opened in 1966 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him .", "title": "Incidents" }, { "text": " The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": " Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": " The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic .", "title": "Passenger numbers" }, { "text": "For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry .", "title": "Passenger numbers" }, { "text": " The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": "Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue", "title": "Future" }, { "text": "to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": " Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": " The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames .", "title": "Media appearances" } ]

[ "Greater London Council" ]

[ { "text": " The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year .", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": "A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": "Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand .", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": " The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular .", "title": "Services" }, { "text": "On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of", "title": "Services" }, { "text": "and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger .", "title": "Services" }, { "text": " The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock .", "title": "Nearest alternative crossings" }, { "text": "The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges .", "title": "Nearest alternative crossings" }, { "text": "There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": " The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "terminals were opened in 1966 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him .", "title": "Incidents" }, { "text": " The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": " Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": " The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic .", "title": "Passenger numbers" }, { "text": "For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry .", "title": "Passenger numbers" }, { "text": " The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": "Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue", "title": "Future" }, { "text": "to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": " Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": " The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames .", "title": "Media appearances" } ]

[ "Secretary of State for Transport" ]

[ { "text": " The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year .", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": "A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": "Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand .", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": " The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular .", "title": "Services" }, { "text": "On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of", "title": "Services" }, { "text": "and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger .", "title": "Services" }, { "text": " The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock .", "title": "Nearest alternative crossings" }, { "text": "The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges .", "title": "Nearest alternative crossings" }, { "text": "There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": " The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "terminals were opened in 1966 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him .", "title": "Incidents" }, { "text": " The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": " Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": " The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic .", "title": "Passenger numbers" }, { "text": "For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry .", "title": "Passenger numbers" }, { "text": " The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": "Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue", "title": "Future" }, { "text": "to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": " Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": " The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames .", "title": "Media appearances" } ]

[ "Transport for London" ]

[ { "text": " The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year .", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": "A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": "Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand .", "title": "Woolwich Ferry" }, { "text": " The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular .", "title": "Services" }, { "text": "On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of", "title": "Services" }, { "text": "and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger .", "title": "Services" }, { "text": " The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock .", "title": "Nearest alternative crossings" }, { "text": "The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges .", "title": "Nearest alternative crossings" }, { "text": "There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": "company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons .", "title": "Early services" }, { "text": " The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "terminals were opened in 1966 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": "the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services .", "title": "Modern service" }, { "text": " On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him .", "title": "Incidents" }, { "text": " The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": "vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": " Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 .", "title": "Fleet" }, { "text": " The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic .", "title": "Passenger numbers" }, { "text": "For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry .", "title": "Passenger numbers" }, { "text": " The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": "Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue", "title": "Future" }, { "text": "to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": " Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects .", "title": "Future" }, { "text": " The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames .", "title": "Media appearances" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode ( born 14 June 1963 ) was Governor of Lagos State , Nigeria . He was a civil servant for 27 years and a financial consultant before running for public office as Governor of Lagos State in 2015 .", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": "Ambode ran for office of the Governor of Lagos State in April 2015 as a member of the All Progressives Congress , the states ruling party . He won the election , just defeating the second-place candidate Jimi Agbaje of the People Democratic Party by 150,000 votes . He began his tenure as the governor of Lagos on the 29th of May 2015 , succeeding former governor Babatunde Fashola . In 2019 , Ambode lost in gubernatorial primary election to Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu , denying him an opportunity to run for second term . He eventually supported Babajide Sanwo-Olu campaign", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": "that brought about smooth transition in the state .", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode was born on the 14th of June 1963 in Epe General Hospital , into the family of Festus Akinwale Ambode and Christianah Oluleye Ambode . Akinwunmi Ambode is one of ten children of his father Festus Ambode .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode attended St . Judes Primary School , Ebute Metta , Lagos State , from 1969-1974 , where he sat for the National Common Entrance Examinations . From 1974-1981 , Ambode , attended Federal Government College , Warri , Delta State . From 1981-1984 , he attended University of Lagos where he studied Accounting , graduating at the age of 21 . He also has a masters degree in Accounting from the University of Lagos , and he qualified as a chartered accountant .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": "Ambode was awarded the Fulbright Program scholarship for the Hubert Humphries Fellowship Programme in Boston , Massachusetts . He also attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for Advanced Management Programme . Other institutions he attended for courses and programmes include Cranfield School of Management , Cranfield , England , the Institute of Management Development , Lausanne , Switzerland , INSEAD , Singapore . Moreover , he attended the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , Cambridge , USA .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": " From 1988-91 , Akinwunmi Ambode was the Assistant Treasurer , Badagry local government , Lagos State , Nigeria . In 1991 , he was posted to Somolu Local Government , Lagos State , as an auditor . He has also held the position of Council Treasurer in Shomolu Local Government in later years .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": "He also previously served as Council Treasurer at Alimosho Local Government , Lagos State . In 2001 , he became acting Auditor General for Local Government , Lagos State , Nigeria . This position was confirmed by the State House of Assembly . In January 2005 , Ambode was appointed the permanent secretary of the Lagos State Ministry of Finance .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": " From 2006- 2012 , Ambode was the accountant general for Lagos State , in charge of all the financial activities of the state and directly responsible for over 1400 accountants in the state service . Under his watch , the State Treasury Office ( STO ) revolutionized the way Lagos State finances were raised , budgeted , managed and planned . In his six years as the Lagos State accountant general , the states financial performance improved visibly with the budget performing at an average of 85% annually .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": " After 27 years in the civil service , Ambode voluntarily retired in August 2012 . He founded Brandsmiths Consulting Limited to provide Public Finance and Management Consulting services to government at all levels , its parastatals and agencies .", "title": "Consulting career" }, { "text": " Ambode is an active member of the Federal Government College Lagos , Warri Old Students Association ( FEGOCOWOSA ) and is credited with revitalizing the Lagos branch of the Association . Ambode was a two-time Chairman of the Lagos State Branch , and , until recently , was the National President of the Association , a position he held for three years . In those three years , he executed key projects in the school in conjunction with the alumni network to improve the educational and living standards of the students .", "title": "Memberships" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he founded the non-profit La Roche Leadership Foundation . Its recent goal is to install Nigerian and Lagos State flags in all government owned schools in Lagos State .", "title": "Non-profit organisation" }, { "text": " In 1991 , Ambode married Bolanle Patience Odukomaiya . They have twins , a boy and a girl . Ambode is a Christian .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "acting Auditor General for Local Government" ]

[ { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode ( born 14 June 1963 ) was Governor of Lagos State , Nigeria . He was a civil servant for 27 years and a financial consultant before running for public office as Governor of Lagos State in 2015 .", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": "Ambode ran for office of the Governor of Lagos State in April 2015 as a member of the All Progressives Congress , the states ruling party . He won the election , just defeating the second-place candidate Jimi Agbaje of the People Democratic Party by 150,000 votes . He began his tenure as the governor of Lagos on the 29th of May 2015 , succeeding former governor Babatunde Fashola . In 2019 , Ambode lost in gubernatorial primary election to Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu , denying him an opportunity to run for second term . He eventually supported Babajide Sanwo-Olu campaign", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": "that brought about smooth transition in the state .", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode was born on the 14th of June 1963 in Epe General Hospital , into the family of Festus Akinwale Ambode and Christianah Oluleye Ambode . Akinwunmi Ambode is one of ten children of his father Festus Ambode .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode attended St . Judes Primary School , Ebute Metta , Lagos State , from 1969-1974 , where he sat for the National Common Entrance Examinations . From 1974-1981 , Ambode , attended Federal Government College , Warri , Delta State . From 1981-1984 , he attended University of Lagos where he studied Accounting , graduating at the age of 21 . He also has a masters degree in Accounting from the University of Lagos , and he qualified as a chartered accountant .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": "Ambode was awarded the Fulbright Program scholarship for the Hubert Humphries Fellowship Programme in Boston , Massachusetts . He also attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for Advanced Management Programme . Other institutions he attended for courses and programmes include Cranfield School of Management , Cranfield , England , the Institute of Management Development , Lausanne , Switzerland , INSEAD , Singapore . Moreover , he attended the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , Cambridge , USA .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": " From 1988-91 , Akinwunmi Ambode was the Assistant Treasurer , Badagry local government , Lagos State , Nigeria . In 1991 , he was posted to Somolu Local Government , Lagos State , as an auditor . He has also held the position of Council Treasurer in Shomolu Local Government in later years .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": "He also previously served as Council Treasurer at Alimosho Local Government , Lagos State . In 2001 , he became acting Auditor General for Local Government , Lagos State , Nigeria . This position was confirmed by the State House of Assembly . In January 2005 , Ambode was appointed the permanent secretary of the Lagos State Ministry of Finance .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": " From 2006- 2012 , Ambode was the accountant general for Lagos State , in charge of all the financial activities of the state and directly responsible for over 1400 accountants in the state service . Under his watch , the State Treasury Office ( STO ) revolutionized the way Lagos State finances were raised , budgeted , managed and planned . In his six years as the Lagos State accountant general , the states financial performance improved visibly with the budget performing at an average of 85% annually .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": " After 27 years in the civil service , Ambode voluntarily retired in August 2012 . He founded Brandsmiths Consulting Limited to provide Public Finance and Management Consulting services to government at all levels , its parastatals and agencies .", "title": "Consulting career" }, { "text": " Ambode is an active member of the Federal Government College Lagos , Warri Old Students Association ( FEGOCOWOSA ) and is credited with revitalizing the Lagos branch of the Association . Ambode was a two-time Chairman of the Lagos State Branch , and , until recently , was the National President of the Association , a position he held for three years . In those three years , he executed key projects in the school in conjunction with the alumni network to improve the educational and living standards of the students .", "title": "Memberships" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he founded the non-profit La Roche Leadership Foundation . Its recent goal is to install Nigerian and Lagos State flags in all government owned schools in Lagos State .", "title": "Non-profit organisation" }, { "text": " In 1991 , Ambode married Bolanle Patience Odukomaiya . They have twins , a boy and a girl . Ambode is a Christian .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "permanent secretary" ]

[ { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode ( born 14 June 1963 ) was Governor of Lagos State , Nigeria . He was a civil servant for 27 years and a financial consultant before running for public office as Governor of Lagos State in 2015 .", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": "Ambode ran for office of the Governor of Lagos State in April 2015 as a member of the All Progressives Congress , the states ruling party . He won the election , just defeating the second-place candidate Jimi Agbaje of the People Democratic Party by 150,000 votes . He began his tenure as the governor of Lagos on the 29th of May 2015 , succeeding former governor Babatunde Fashola . In 2019 , Ambode lost in gubernatorial primary election to Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu , denying him an opportunity to run for second term . He eventually supported Babajide Sanwo-Olu campaign", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": "that brought about smooth transition in the state .", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode was born on the 14th of June 1963 in Epe General Hospital , into the family of Festus Akinwale Ambode and Christianah Oluleye Ambode . Akinwunmi Ambode is one of ten children of his father Festus Ambode .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode attended St . Judes Primary School , Ebute Metta , Lagos State , from 1969-1974 , where he sat for the National Common Entrance Examinations . From 1974-1981 , Ambode , attended Federal Government College , Warri , Delta State . From 1981-1984 , he attended University of Lagos where he studied Accounting , graduating at the age of 21 . He also has a masters degree in Accounting from the University of Lagos , and he qualified as a chartered accountant .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": "Ambode was awarded the Fulbright Program scholarship for the Hubert Humphries Fellowship Programme in Boston , Massachusetts . He also attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for Advanced Management Programme . Other institutions he attended for courses and programmes include Cranfield School of Management , Cranfield , England , the Institute of Management Development , Lausanne , Switzerland , INSEAD , Singapore . Moreover , he attended the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , Cambridge , USA .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": " From 1988-91 , Akinwunmi Ambode was the Assistant Treasurer , Badagry local government , Lagos State , Nigeria . In 1991 , he was posted to Somolu Local Government , Lagos State , as an auditor . He has also held the position of Council Treasurer in Shomolu Local Government in later years .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": "He also previously served as Council Treasurer at Alimosho Local Government , Lagos State . In 2001 , he became acting Auditor General for Local Government , Lagos State , Nigeria . This position was confirmed by the State House of Assembly . In January 2005 , Ambode was appointed the permanent secretary of the Lagos State Ministry of Finance .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": " From 2006- 2012 , Ambode was the accountant general for Lagos State , in charge of all the financial activities of the state and directly responsible for over 1400 accountants in the state service . Under his watch , the State Treasury Office ( STO ) revolutionized the way Lagos State finances were raised , budgeted , managed and planned . In his six years as the Lagos State accountant general , the states financial performance improved visibly with the budget performing at an average of 85% annually .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": " After 27 years in the civil service , Ambode voluntarily retired in August 2012 . He founded Brandsmiths Consulting Limited to provide Public Finance and Management Consulting services to government at all levels , its parastatals and agencies .", "title": "Consulting career" }, { "text": " Ambode is an active member of the Federal Government College Lagos , Warri Old Students Association ( FEGOCOWOSA ) and is credited with revitalizing the Lagos branch of the Association . Ambode was a two-time Chairman of the Lagos State Branch , and , until recently , was the National President of the Association , a position he held for three years . In those three years , he executed key projects in the school in conjunction with the alumni network to improve the educational and living standards of the students .", "title": "Memberships" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he founded the non-profit La Roche Leadership Foundation . Its recent goal is to install Nigerian and Lagos State flags in all government owned schools in Lagos State .", "title": "Non-profit organisation" }, { "text": " In 1991 , Ambode married Bolanle Patience Odukomaiya . They have twins , a boy and a girl . Ambode is a Christian .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "accountant general" ]

[ { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode ( born 14 June 1963 ) was Governor of Lagos State , Nigeria . He was a civil servant for 27 years and a financial consultant before running for public office as Governor of Lagos State in 2015 .", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": "Ambode ran for office of the Governor of Lagos State in April 2015 as a member of the All Progressives Congress , the states ruling party . He won the election , just defeating the second-place candidate Jimi Agbaje of the People Democratic Party by 150,000 votes . He began his tenure as the governor of Lagos on the 29th of May 2015 , succeeding former governor Babatunde Fashola . In 2019 , Ambode lost in gubernatorial primary election to Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu , denying him an opportunity to run for second term . He eventually supported Babajide Sanwo-Olu campaign", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": "that brought about smooth transition in the state .", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode was born on the 14th of June 1963 in Epe General Hospital , into the family of Festus Akinwale Ambode and Christianah Oluleye Ambode . Akinwunmi Ambode is one of ten children of his father Festus Ambode .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode attended St . Judes Primary School , Ebute Metta , Lagos State , from 1969-1974 , where he sat for the National Common Entrance Examinations . From 1974-1981 , Ambode , attended Federal Government College , Warri , Delta State . From 1981-1984 , he attended University of Lagos where he studied Accounting , graduating at the age of 21 . He also has a masters degree in Accounting from the University of Lagos , and he qualified as a chartered accountant .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": "Ambode was awarded the Fulbright Program scholarship for the Hubert Humphries Fellowship Programme in Boston , Massachusetts . He also attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for Advanced Management Programme . Other institutions he attended for courses and programmes include Cranfield School of Management , Cranfield , England , the Institute of Management Development , Lausanne , Switzerland , INSEAD , Singapore . Moreover , he attended the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , Cambridge , USA .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": " From 1988-91 , Akinwunmi Ambode was the Assistant Treasurer , Badagry local government , Lagos State , Nigeria . In 1991 , he was posted to Somolu Local Government , Lagos State , as an auditor . He has also held the position of Council Treasurer in Shomolu Local Government in later years .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": "He also previously served as Council Treasurer at Alimosho Local Government , Lagos State . In 2001 , he became acting Auditor General for Local Government , Lagos State , Nigeria . This position was confirmed by the State House of Assembly . In January 2005 , Ambode was appointed the permanent secretary of the Lagos State Ministry of Finance .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": " From 2006- 2012 , Ambode was the accountant general for Lagos State , in charge of all the financial activities of the state and directly responsible for over 1400 accountants in the state service . Under his watch , the State Treasury Office ( STO ) revolutionized the way Lagos State finances were raised , budgeted , managed and planned . In his six years as the Lagos State accountant general , the states financial performance improved visibly with the budget performing at an average of 85% annually .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": " After 27 years in the civil service , Ambode voluntarily retired in August 2012 . He founded Brandsmiths Consulting Limited to provide Public Finance and Management Consulting services to government at all levels , its parastatals and agencies .", "title": "Consulting career" }, { "text": " Ambode is an active member of the Federal Government College Lagos , Warri Old Students Association ( FEGOCOWOSA ) and is credited with revitalizing the Lagos branch of the Association . Ambode was a two-time Chairman of the Lagos State Branch , and , until recently , was the National President of the Association , a position he held for three years . In those three years , he executed key projects in the school in conjunction with the alumni network to improve the educational and living standards of the students .", "title": "Memberships" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he founded the non-profit La Roche Leadership Foundation . Its recent goal is to install Nigerian and Lagos State flags in all government owned schools in Lagos State .", "title": "Non-profit organisation" }, { "text": " In 1991 , Ambode married Bolanle Patience Odukomaiya . They have twins , a boy and a girl . Ambode is a Christian .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Governor of Lagos State" ]

[ { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode ( born 14 June 1963 ) was Governor of Lagos State , Nigeria . He was a civil servant for 27 years and a financial consultant before running for public office as Governor of Lagos State in 2015 .", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": "Ambode ran for office of the Governor of Lagos State in April 2015 as a member of the All Progressives Congress , the states ruling party . He won the election , just defeating the second-place candidate Jimi Agbaje of the People Democratic Party by 150,000 votes . He began his tenure as the governor of Lagos on the 29th of May 2015 , succeeding former governor Babatunde Fashola . In 2019 , Ambode lost in gubernatorial primary election to Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu , denying him an opportunity to run for second term . He eventually supported Babajide Sanwo-Olu campaign", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": "that brought about smooth transition in the state .", "title": "Akinwunmi Ambode" }, { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode was born on the 14th of June 1963 in Epe General Hospital , into the family of Festus Akinwale Ambode and Christianah Oluleye Ambode . Akinwunmi Ambode is one of ten children of his father Festus Ambode .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Akinwunmi Ambode attended St . Judes Primary School , Ebute Metta , Lagos State , from 1969-1974 , where he sat for the National Common Entrance Examinations . From 1974-1981 , Ambode , attended Federal Government College , Warri , Delta State . From 1981-1984 , he attended University of Lagos where he studied Accounting , graduating at the age of 21 . He also has a masters degree in Accounting from the University of Lagos , and he qualified as a chartered accountant .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": "Ambode was awarded the Fulbright Program scholarship for the Hubert Humphries Fellowship Programme in Boston , Massachusetts . He also attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania for Advanced Management Programme . Other institutions he attended for courses and programmes include Cranfield School of Management , Cranfield , England , the Institute of Management Development , Lausanne , Switzerland , INSEAD , Singapore . Moreover , he attended the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , Cambridge , USA .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": " From 1988-91 , Akinwunmi Ambode was the Assistant Treasurer , Badagry local government , Lagos State , Nigeria . In 1991 , he was posted to Somolu Local Government , Lagos State , as an auditor . He has also held the position of Council Treasurer in Shomolu Local Government in later years .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": "He also previously served as Council Treasurer at Alimosho Local Government , Lagos State . In 2001 , he became acting Auditor General for Local Government , Lagos State , Nigeria . This position was confirmed by the State House of Assembly . In January 2005 , Ambode was appointed the permanent secretary of the Lagos State Ministry of Finance .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": " From 2006- 2012 , Ambode was the accountant general for Lagos State , in charge of all the financial activities of the state and directly responsible for over 1400 accountants in the state service . Under his watch , the State Treasury Office ( STO ) revolutionized the way Lagos State finances were raised , budgeted , managed and planned . In his six years as the Lagos State accountant general , the states financial performance improved visibly with the budget performing at an average of 85% annually .", "title": "Civil service career" }, { "text": " After 27 years in the civil service , Ambode voluntarily retired in August 2012 . He founded Brandsmiths Consulting Limited to provide Public Finance and Management Consulting services to government at all levels , its parastatals and agencies .", "title": "Consulting career" }, { "text": " Ambode is an active member of the Federal Government College Lagos , Warri Old Students Association ( FEGOCOWOSA ) and is credited with revitalizing the Lagos branch of the Association . Ambode was a two-time Chairman of the Lagos State Branch , and , until recently , was the National President of the Association , a position he held for three years . In those three years , he executed key projects in the school in conjunction with the alumni network to improve the educational and living standards of the students .", "title": "Memberships" }, { "text": " In 2013 , he founded the non-profit La Roche Leadership Foundation . Its recent goal is to install Nigerian and Lagos State flags in all government owned schools in Lagos State .", "title": "Non-profit organisation" }, { "text": " In 1991 , Ambode married Bolanle Patience Odukomaiya . They have twins , a boy and a girl . Ambode is a Christian .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "Alderman" ]

[ { "text": " John Boydell ( ; 19 January 1720 – 12 December 1804 ) was a British publisher noted for his reproductions of engravings . He helped alter the trade imbalance between Britain and France in engravings and initiated a British tradition in the art form . A former engraver himself , Boydell promoted the interests of artists as well as patrons and as a result his business prospered .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "The son of a land surveyor , Boydell apprenticed himself to William Henry Toms , an artist he admired , and learned engraving . He established his own business in 1746 and published his first book of engravings around the same time . Boydell did not think much of his own artistic efforts and eventually started buying the works of others , becoming a print dealer as well as an artist . He became a successful importer of French prints during the 1750s but was frustrated by their refusal to trade prints in kind . To spark reciprocal trade ,", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "he commissioned William Wolletts spectacular engraving of Richard Wilsons The Destruction of the Children of Niobe , which revolutionised the print trade . Ten years later , largely as a result of Boydells initiative , the trade imbalance had shifted , and he was named a fellow of the Royal Society for his efforts .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": " In the 1790s , Boydell began a large Shakespeare venture that included the establishment of a Shakespeare Gallery , the publication of an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , and the release of a folio of prints depicting scenes from Shakespeares works . Some of the most illustrious painters of the day contributed , such as Benjamin West and Henry Fuseli .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "Throughout his life , Boydell dedicated time to civic projects : he donated art to government institutions and ran for public office . In 1790 he became Lord Mayor of London . The French Revolutionary Wars led to a cessation in Continental trade at the end of the 1790s . Without this business , Boydells firm declined and he was almost bankrupt at his death in 1804 .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "Boydell was born , according to his monument in St Olave Old Jewry , London , ( later removed to St Margaret Lothbury after St Olaves demolition ) at Dorrington , in the parish of Woore , Shropshire , to Josiah and Mary Boydell ( née Milnes ) and was educated at least partially at Merchant Taylors School . His father was a land surveyor and young Boydell , the oldest of seven children , was expected to follow in his footsteps . In 1731 , when Boydell was eleven , the family moved to Hawarden , Flintshire . In", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "1739 he became house steward to MP John Lawton and accompanied him to London . A year later , like many other enterprising young men of the time , Boydell resolved to sail to the East Indies in hopes of making his fortune , but he abandoned the scheme in favour of returning to Flintshire and Elizabeth Lloyd , the woman he was courting . Whether or not he intended to pursue land surveying at this time is unclear .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "In either 1740 or 1741 , Boydell saw a print of Hawarden Castle by William Henry Toms and was so delighted with it that he immediately set out again for London to learn printmaking and Lloyd promised to wait for him . Boydell apprenticed himself to Toms and enrolled in St Martins Lane Academy to learn drawing . Each day he worked about fourteen hours for Toms and then attended drawing classes at night . After six years , Boydells diligence allowed him to buy out the last year of his apprenticeship , and in 1746 he set up an", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "independent shop on the Strand that specialised in topographical prints that cost six pence for a cheap print or one shilling for an expensive print .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " Boydells willingness to assume responsibility for his own business so early in his career indicates that he had ambition and an enterprising spirit . Independent shops were risky in the 1740s because no strict copyright laws , other than the Engraving Copyright Act of 1734 ( known as Hogarths Act ) , had yet been instituted . The pirating of published books and prints became a profession in its own right and greatly decreased the profits of publishers such as Boydell .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "Around 1747 , Boydell published his first major work , The Bridge Book , for which he drew and cut each print himself . It cost one shilling and contained six landscapes in each of which , not surprisingly , a bridge featured prominently . A year later , in 1748 , Boydell , apparently financially secure , married Elizabeth Lloyd . The couple did not have any children and Elizabeth died in 1781 .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "Boydell realised early in his career that his engravings had little artistic merit , saying later that they were collected by others more to show the improvement of art in this country [ Britain ] , since the period of their publication , than from any idea of their own merits . This may explain why in 1751 , when he became a member of the Stationers Company , he started buying other artists plates and publishing them in addition to his own . Ordinarily an engraver , such as William Hogarth , had his own shop or took his", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "finished engravings to a publisher . In adopting the dual role of artist and print dealer , Boydell altered the traditional organisation of print shops . He was not subject to the whims of public taste : if his engraves did not sell well , he could supplement his earnings by trading in the prints of other artists . He also understood the concerns of both the engraver and the publisher . In fact , as a publisher , he did much to help raise the level of respect for engravers in addition to furnishing them with better paying commissions", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "In 1751 , with his large volume of prints , Boydell moved to larger premises at 90 Cheapside . By 1755 , he had published A Collection of One Hundred and Two Views , &C . in England and Wales . This cheap but successful book gave him capital to invest . He became increasingly immersed in the commercial side of the print business and like most print dealers began importing prints to sell . These included print reproductions of landscapes by artists such as Claude Lorrain and Salvator Rosa . The bulk of the imports came from the undisputed", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "masters of engraving during the 18th century : the French . Boydell made a small fortune in the 1750s from these imported prints . His early success was acknowledged in 1760 when he was named a member of the Royal Society . Winifred Friedman , who has written extensively on Boydell , explains that despite this success , [ w ] hat rankled Boydell was that the French would not extend credit , or exchange prints ; he was required to produce hard cash . Boydell took action , and this was the turning point .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "In 1761 , Boydell decided that he would attempt to trade with the French in kind—something they had refused in the past because of the poor quality of British engravings . To inaugurate this change , he had to have a truly spectacular print . To this end , he hired William Woollett , the foremost engraver in England , to engrave Richard Wilsons Destruction of the Children of Niobe . Woollett had already successfully engraved Claude Lorrains 1663 painting The Father of Psyche Sacrificing at the Temple of Apollo for Boydell in 1760 . Boydell paid him approximately £100", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "for the Niobe engraving , a staggering amount compared to the usual rates . This single act of patronage raised engravers fees throughout London . The print was wildly successful , but more importantly , the French accepted it as payment in kind . In fact , it was the first British print actively desired on the Continent . By 1770 , the British were exporting far more prints than they were importing , largely due to Boydell .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Boydells business flourished and he soon hired his nephew , Josiah Boydell , to assist him . Boydells biographer , Sven Bruntjen , hypothesizes that one of the reasons for Boydells early and phenomenal success was his specialisation . Unlike his competitors [ who sold manuals , atlases and other assorted books ] .. . his [ business had an ] almost exclusive concentration on the sale of reproductive prints . Bruntjen argues that despite the extensive sales of varied types of reproductive prints , it was the contemporary history print which accounted for the major part of Boydells success", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "as a print dealer . Most notable among these was the Death of General Wolfe a 1770 painting by Benjamin West , engraved by Woollett for Boydell in 1776 . As early as 1767 , Boydell had stopped engraving prints himself and began exclusively relying on commissions and trades and it was from these that he profited .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Boydell had opened up a new market with Niobe and he quickly followed up this success . With a prospering business and capital in reserve , he embarked on several ambitious projects , often simultaneously . In 1769 , he began A Collection of Prints , Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in England . Its last , and ninth volume , was finished in 1792 to great critical and financial success . In 1773 , he began A Set of Prints Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in the Collection of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress of Russia ,", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Lately in the Possession of the Earl of Orford at Houghton in Norfolk , which was finished in 1788 .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "In addition to these projects and in the middle of his Shakespeare undertaking Boydell experimented with aquatint in An History of the River Thames , published in 1796 . Bruntjen writes , although not the first colored aquatint book , [ it ] was the first major one , and it was to set an example for the type of illustration that was to enjoy widespread popularity in England for some forty years . Boydell also published The Original Work of William Hogarth in 1790 and The Poetical Works of John Milton and The Life of the Poet ( i.e.", "title": "Success" }, { "text": ", Milton ) in 1794 .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": " The productivity and profitability of Boydells firm spurred the British print industry in general . By 1785 , annual exports of British prints reached £200,000 while imports fell to £100 . Boydell was acknowledged and praised throughout England as the agent of this stunning economic reversal . In 1773 he was awarded the Royal Academy Gold Medal for his services in advancing the print trade . In 1789 , at the Royal Academy dinner , the Prince of Wales toasted an English tradesman who patronizes art better than the Grand Monarque , Alderman Boydell , the Commercial Maecenas .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": " Boydells crowning achievement was his Shakespeare project , which was to occupy much of the last two decades of his life . The project contained three parts : an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , a public gallery of paintings depicting scenes from the plays , and a folio of prints based on the paintings .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "The idea of a grand Shakespeare edition was conceived at a dinner at Josiah Boydells home in November 1786 . The guest list itself is evidence of Boydells extensive connections in the artistic world : Benjamin West , painter to King George III ; George Romney , a renowned painter ; George Nicol , bookseller to the king and painter ; William Hayley , a poet ; John Hoole , a scholar and translator of Tasso and Aristotle ; and Daniel Braithwaite , an engineer . Most sources also list the painter Paul Sandby . Although the initial idea for", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "the edition was probably not Boydells , he was the one to seize and pursue it . He wanted to use the edition to facilitate the development of a British school of history painting .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "The magnificent and accurate Shakespeare edition which Boydell began in 1786 was the focus of the enterprise . The print folio and the gallery were simply offshoots of the main project . In an advertisement prefacing the first volume of the edition , Nicol wrote that splendor and magnificence , united with correctness of text were the great objects of this Edition . Boydell was responsible for the splendor , and George Steevens , a renowned Shakespearean editor , was responsible for the correctness of text . The volumes themselves were handsome , with gilded pages . Even the quality", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "of the paper was extraordinarily high . The illustrations were printed independently and could be inserted and removed as the customer desired . The first volumes of the Dramatick Works were published in 1791 and the last in 1805 . The edition was financed through a subscription campaign in which the buyers would offer partial payment up front and then pay the remaining sum on delivery . This practice was necessitated by the fact that over £350,000—an enormous sum at the time—was eventually spent on the enterprise .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": " When it opened on 4 May 1789 at 52 Pall Mall , the Shakespeare Gallery contained 34 paintings and by the end of its run it had between 167 and 170 . The Gallery itself was a hit with the public and became a fashionable attraction . It took over the publics imagination and became an end in and of itself .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "To illustrate the edition and to provide images for the folio , Boydell obtained the assistance of the most eminent painters and engravers of the day . Artists included Richard Westall , Thomas Stothard , George Romney , Henry Fuseli , Benjamin West , Angelica Kauffman , Robert Smirke , John Opie , and Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell . Among the engravers were Francesco Bartolozzi and Thomas Kirk . Boydells relationships with his artists , particularly his illustrators , was generally congenial . James Northcote praised Boydells liberal payments . He wrote in an 1821 letter", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "that Boydell did more for the advancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of the nobility put together ! He paid me more nobly than any other person has done ; and his memory I shall every hold in reverence .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "At the beginning of the enterprise , reactions were generally positive . Two reviews from the most influential newspapers in London at the time solidified and validated the publics interest in the project and the artists efforts . However , there was also some criticism . In particular the satirical engraver James Gillray appears to have been peeved at not being commissioned to engrave any of the Shakespeare scenes and , in revenge , published Shakespeare Sacrificed : Or the Offering to Avarice just six weeks after the gallery opened . Gillray followed up with further cartoons such as Boydell", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "sacrificing the Works of Shakespeare to the Devil of Money-Bags . As the project dragged on , the criticism increased . Yet , Boydells project still inspired imitators . Thomas Macklin attempted to found a Poets Gallery similar to the Shakespeare Gallery and several histories of England on the scale of the Shakespeare edition were also started . However , like Boydells venture , they ultimately ended in financial disaster .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": " The folio , which collected together the engravings from the paintings , has been the most lasting legacy of the Boydell enterprise : it was reissued throughout the 19th century and scholars have described it as a precursor to the modern coffee table book .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "Amidst all of the work generated by these publishing enterprises , Boydell still found time to be alderman of Cheap ward in 1782 , master of the Stationers Company in 1783 , sheriff of London in 1785 , and Lord Mayor of London in 1790 . With both a dedicated civic spirit and an eye towards business promotion , Boydell took advantage of his public positions to advocate public and private patronage of the arts . He frequently donated paintings from his own collections to the Corporation of London to be hung in the Guildhall . He hoped that his", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "donation might spur others to similar generosity . However , he remained a solitary contributor . A catalogue was published in 1794 listing all of the works Boydell had donated to the Guildhall . In the preface , he explained why he had made such large gifts :", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " It may be a matter of wonder to some , what enducements I could have to present the City of London with so many expensive Pictures ; the principal reasons that influence me were these : First : to show my respect for the Corporation , and my Fellow Citizens , Secondly : to give pleasure to the Public , and Foreigners in general , Thirdly : to be of service to the Artists , by shewing their works to the greatest advantage : and , Fourthly : for the mere purpose of pleasing myself .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "In 1794 Boydell commissioned and donated Industry and Prudence by Robert Smirke . Most of the other works Boydell donated were similarly didactic . He was appealing to his fellow tradespeople and craftspeople with these gifts , a middle class which would have been only too pleased to see their values promoted by such a prominent figure .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " In a speech before the Council to advocate the renovation of a building for the purpose of displaying public art , Boydell made the striking claim that if the rich could be persuaded to patronise art , they would forgo their wicked ways :", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "one might be found amongst the many spendthrifts of the present age , instead of ruining themselves by gaming , or laying snares to debauch young Females , by their false promises and many other bad vices ; would be rejoiced at such an opportunity , of reclaiming themselves by withdrawing from the snares laid for them by bad and designing Men and Women , who constantly lay wait to lead astray the young and unwary that are possessed of large property , such might here have the pleasure and satisfaction to make a real Paradise on earth , by", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "illuminating a place that would for ever shine and display their generosity .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " Boydells middle-class consumers would have approved of his connection between morality and art . Business decline , death , and legacy .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "In 1789 , the French revolution broke out and four years later war erupted between Britain and France . Throughout the next tumultuous decade , trade with Europe became increasingly difficult . As Boydells business relied heavily on foreign trade , especially French , his livelihood was threatened . When this market was cut off due to war in 1793 , Boydells business declined substantially . He was forced to sell the Shakespeare Gallery , via a lottery , in order for his business to remain solvent . He died in December 1804 before the lottery was drawn , but", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "after all of its 22,000 tickets had been sold .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " According to Josiah , John Boydell caught a cold by going to the Old Bailey on a damp , foggy day to do his duty as an alderman . He died on 12 December 1804 almost bankrupt , but not without great public acclaim . He was buried on 19 December 1804 at the Church of St . Olave Old Jewry , his funeral attended by the Lord Mayor , aldermen , and several artists .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "Boydell had , almost single-handedly , made British prints a viable economic commodity and had demolished the French domination of the trade . In a letter to Sir John Anderson , asking Parliament for the private Lottery Act to sell off the Shakespeare Gallery , Boydell stated that it was sufficient to say , that the whole course of that commerce [ print trade ] is changed . The Times wrote on 7 May 1789 : Historical painting and engraving are almost exclusively indebted to Mr . Boydell for their present advancement . Boydell also played a part in changing", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "the nature of art patronage in Britain . Until he advocated public patronage in his various civic posts , the government had little to do with British art . According to Bruntjen , it was due to the enthusiasm of Boydell and others that the English government eventually provided funds for the establishment of the National Gallery in 1824 . Boydell helped to make artists independent of aristocratic patronage by providing commercial opportunities for them . He attempted to free artists from the traditional forms of state and aristocratic patronage by creating a public taste for reproductive prints of historical", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "subjects . Boydells entry in the Dictionary of National Biography ends with the assessment that no print publisher before or since has ever exerted as much influence on the course of British art .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell , continued his uncles business for some time at 90 Cheapside , but by 1818 , the business was wound up by Jane Boydell , and the assets purchased by Hurst , Robinson , and Co .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " - Boydells Shakespeare Prints : 90 Engravings of Famous Scenes from the Plays . Dover Publications , 2004 . . - Collection of Prints , From Pictures Painted for the Purpose of Illustrating the Dramatic Works of Shakspeare , by the Artists of Great-Britain . London : John and Josiah Boydell , 1805 . - Balston , Thomas . John Boydell , Publisher : The Commercial Maecenas . Signature 8 ( New Series 1949 ) : 3–22 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Bruntjen , Sven Hermann Arnold . John Boydell ( 1719–1804 ) : A Study of Art Patronage and Publishing in Georgian London . New York : Garland Publishing , 1985 . .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Clayton , Timothy . John Boydell ( 1720–1804 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( subscription required ) . Oxford University Press . 2004 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . . - Friedman , Winifred H . Boydells Shakespeare Gallery . New York : Garland Publishing Inc. , 1976 . . - Hartmann , Sadakichi . Shakespeare in Art . Art Lovers Ser . Boston : L . C . Page & Co. , 1901 . - ( 1908 edition 2:1012–1013. )", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Martineau , Jane and Desmond Shawe-Taylor , eds . Shakespeare in Art . London ; New York : Merrell , 2003 . .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Merchant , W . Moelwyn . Shakespeare and the Artist . London : Oxford University Press , 1959 . - Painting , Vivienne . John Boydell . Guildhall Art Gallery , 2005 . . - Salaman , Malcolm C . Shakespeare in Pictorial Art . Ed . Charles Holme . 1916 . New York : Benjamin Blom , Inc. , 1971 . - Santaniello , A . E . Introduction . The Boydell Shakespeare Prints . New York : Benjamin Bloom , 1968 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Sheppard , F . H . W. , ed . Pall Mall , North Side , Past Buildings . Survey of London . Vols . 29 and 30 : St James Westminster , Part 1 . London , 1960 . 325–338 . Retrieved on 21 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Taylor , Gary . Reinventing Shakespeare : A Cultural History , from the Restoration to the Present . New York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1989 . . - Thompson , Lawrence . The Boydell Shakespeare : An English Monument to Graphic Arts . Princeton University Library Chronicle 1.2 ( 1940 ) : 17–24 . - Thornbury , Walter . Cheapside : The central area . Old and New London . Vol . 1 . London : Centre for Metropolitan History , 1878 . 332–346 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Waddell , Roberta . James Gillray Checklist Part 7 . New York Public Library . 2004 . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - West , Shearer . John Boydell . Grove Dictionary of Art ( subscription required ) . Ed . Jane Turner . London ; New York : Grove/Macmillan , 1996 . . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Shakespeare illustration exhibition at the Special Collections of Lupton Library - Shakespeare Illustrated by Harry Rusche at Emory University", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "sheriff of London" ]

[ { "text": " John Boydell ( ; 19 January 1720 – 12 December 1804 ) was a British publisher noted for his reproductions of engravings . He helped alter the trade imbalance between Britain and France in engravings and initiated a British tradition in the art form . A former engraver himself , Boydell promoted the interests of artists as well as patrons and as a result his business prospered .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "The son of a land surveyor , Boydell apprenticed himself to William Henry Toms , an artist he admired , and learned engraving . He established his own business in 1746 and published his first book of engravings around the same time . Boydell did not think much of his own artistic efforts and eventually started buying the works of others , becoming a print dealer as well as an artist . He became a successful importer of French prints during the 1750s but was frustrated by their refusal to trade prints in kind . To spark reciprocal trade ,", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "he commissioned William Wolletts spectacular engraving of Richard Wilsons The Destruction of the Children of Niobe , which revolutionised the print trade . Ten years later , largely as a result of Boydells initiative , the trade imbalance had shifted , and he was named a fellow of the Royal Society for his efforts .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": " In the 1790s , Boydell began a large Shakespeare venture that included the establishment of a Shakespeare Gallery , the publication of an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , and the release of a folio of prints depicting scenes from Shakespeares works . Some of the most illustrious painters of the day contributed , such as Benjamin West and Henry Fuseli .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "Throughout his life , Boydell dedicated time to civic projects : he donated art to government institutions and ran for public office . In 1790 he became Lord Mayor of London . The French Revolutionary Wars led to a cessation in Continental trade at the end of the 1790s . Without this business , Boydells firm declined and he was almost bankrupt at his death in 1804 .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "Boydell was born , according to his monument in St Olave Old Jewry , London , ( later removed to St Margaret Lothbury after St Olaves demolition ) at Dorrington , in the parish of Woore , Shropshire , to Josiah and Mary Boydell ( née Milnes ) and was educated at least partially at Merchant Taylors School . His father was a land surveyor and young Boydell , the oldest of seven children , was expected to follow in his footsteps . In 1731 , when Boydell was eleven , the family moved to Hawarden , Flintshire . In", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "1739 he became house steward to MP John Lawton and accompanied him to London . A year later , like many other enterprising young men of the time , Boydell resolved to sail to the East Indies in hopes of making his fortune , but he abandoned the scheme in favour of returning to Flintshire and Elizabeth Lloyd , the woman he was courting . Whether or not he intended to pursue land surveying at this time is unclear .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "In either 1740 or 1741 , Boydell saw a print of Hawarden Castle by William Henry Toms and was so delighted with it that he immediately set out again for London to learn printmaking and Lloyd promised to wait for him . Boydell apprenticed himself to Toms and enrolled in St Martins Lane Academy to learn drawing . Each day he worked about fourteen hours for Toms and then attended drawing classes at night . After six years , Boydells diligence allowed him to buy out the last year of his apprenticeship , and in 1746 he set up an", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "independent shop on the Strand that specialised in topographical prints that cost six pence for a cheap print or one shilling for an expensive print .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " Boydells willingness to assume responsibility for his own business so early in his career indicates that he had ambition and an enterprising spirit . Independent shops were risky in the 1740s because no strict copyright laws , other than the Engraving Copyright Act of 1734 ( known as Hogarths Act ) , had yet been instituted . The pirating of published books and prints became a profession in its own right and greatly decreased the profits of publishers such as Boydell .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "Around 1747 , Boydell published his first major work , The Bridge Book , for which he drew and cut each print himself . It cost one shilling and contained six landscapes in each of which , not surprisingly , a bridge featured prominently . A year later , in 1748 , Boydell , apparently financially secure , married Elizabeth Lloyd . The couple did not have any children and Elizabeth died in 1781 .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "Boydell realised early in his career that his engravings had little artistic merit , saying later that they were collected by others more to show the improvement of art in this country [ Britain ] , since the period of their publication , than from any idea of their own merits . This may explain why in 1751 , when he became a member of the Stationers Company , he started buying other artists plates and publishing them in addition to his own . Ordinarily an engraver , such as William Hogarth , had his own shop or took his", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "finished engravings to a publisher . In adopting the dual role of artist and print dealer , Boydell altered the traditional organisation of print shops . He was not subject to the whims of public taste : if his engraves did not sell well , he could supplement his earnings by trading in the prints of other artists . He also understood the concerns of both the engraver and the publisher . In fact , as a publisher , he did much to help raise the level of respect for engravers in addition to furnishing them with better paying commissions", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "In 1751 , with his large volume of prints , Boydell moved to larger premises at 90 Cheapside . By 1755 , he had published A Collection of One Hundred and Two Views , &C . in England and Wales . This cheap but successful book gave him capital to invest . He became increasingly immersed in the commercial side of the print business and like most print dealers began importing prints to sell . These included print reproductions of landscapes by artists such as Claude Lorrain and Salvator Rosa . The bulk of the imports came from the undisputed", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "masters of engraving during the 18th century : the French . Boydell made a small fortune in the 1750s from these imported prints . His early success was acknowledged in 1760 when he was named a member of the Royal Society . Winifred Friedman , who has written extensively on Boydell , explains that despite this success , [ w ] hat rankled Boydell was that the French would not extend credit , or exchange prints ; he was required to produce hard cash . Boydell took action , and this was the turning point .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "In 1761 , Boydell decided that he would attempt to trade with the French in kind—something they had refused in the past because of the poor quality of British engravings . To inaugurate this change , he had to have a truly spectacular print . To this end , he hired William Woollett , the foremost engraver in England , to engrave Richard Wilsons Destruction of the Children of Niobe . Woollett had already successfully engraved Claude Lorrains 1663 painting The Father of Psyche Sacrificing at the Temple of Apollo for Boydell in 1760 . Boydell paid him approximately £100", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "for the Niobe engraving , a staggering amount compared to the usual rates . This single act of patronage raised engravers fees throughout London . The print was wildly successful , but more importantly , the French accepted it as payment in kind . In fact , it was the first British print actively desired on the Continent . By 1770 , the British were exporting far more prints than they were importing , largely due to Boydell .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Boydells business flourished and he soon hired his nephew , Josiah Boydell , to assist him . Boydells biographer , Sven Bruntjen , hypothesizes that one of the reasons for Boydells early and phenomenal success was his specialisation . Unlike his competitors [ who sold manuals , atlases and other assorted books ] .. . his [ business had an ] almost exclusive concentration on the sale of reproductive prints . Bruntjen argues that despite the extensive sales of varied types of reproductive prints , it was the contemporary history print which accounted for the major part of Boydells success", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "as a print dealer . Most notable among these was the Death of General Wolfe a 1770 painting by Benjamin West , engraved by Woollett for Boydell in 1776 . As early as 1767 , Boydell had stopped engraving prints himself and began exclusively relying on commissions and trades and it was from these that he profited .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Boydell had opened up a new market with Niobe and he quickly followed up this success . With a prospering business and capital in reserve , he embarked on several ambitious projects , often simultaneously . In 1769 , he began A Collection of Prints , Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in England . Its last , and ninth volume , was finished in 1792 to great critical and financial success . In 1773 , he began A Set of Prints Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in the Collection of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress of Russia ,", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Lately in the Possession of the Earl of Orford at Houghton in Norfolk , which was finished in 1788 .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "In addition to these projects and in the middle of his Shakespeare undertaking Boydell experimented with aquatint in An History of the River Thames , published in 1796 . Bruntjen writes , although not the first colored aquatint book , [ it ] was the first major one , and it was to set an example for the type of illustration that was to enjoy widespread popularity in England for some forty years . Boydell also published The Original Work of William Hogarth in 1790 and The Poetical Works of John Milton and The Life of the Poet ( i.e.", "title": "Success" }, { "text": ", Milton ) in 1794 .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": " The productivity and profitability of Boydells firm spurred the British print industry in general . By 1785 , annual exports of British prints reached £200,000 while imports fell to £100 . Boydell was acknowledged and praised throughout England as the agent of this stunning economic reversal . In 1773 he was awarded the Royal Academy Gold Medal for his services in advancing the print trade . In 1789 , at the Royal Academy dinner , the Prince of Wales toasted an English tradesman who patronizes art better than the Grand Monarque , Alderman Boydell , the Commercial Maecenas .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": " Boydells crowning achievement was his Shakespeare project , which was to occupy much of the last two decades of his life . The project contained three parts : an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , a public gallery of paintings depicting scenes from the plays , and a folio of prints based on the paintings .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "The idea of a grand Shakespeare edition was conceived at a dinner at Josiah Boydells home in November 1786 . The guest list itself is evidence of Boydells extensive connections in the artistic world : Benjamin West , painter to King George III ; George Romney , a renowned painter ; George Nicol , bookseller to the king and painter ; William Hayley , a poet ; John Hoole , a scholar and translator of Tasso and Aristotle ; and Daniel Braithwaite , an engineer . Most sources also list the painter Paul Sandby . Although the initial idea for", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "the edition was probably not Boydells , he was the one to seize and pursue it . He wanted to use the edition to facilitate the development of a British school of history painting .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "The magnificent and accurate Shakespeare edition which Boydell began in 1786 was the focus of the enterprise . The print folio and the gallery were simply offshoots of the main project . In an advertisement prefacing the first volume of the edition , Nicol wrote that splendor and magnificence , united with correctness of text were the great objects of this Edition . Boydell was responsible for the splendor , and George Steevens , a renowned Shakespearean editor , was responsible for the correctness of text . The volumes themselves were handsome , with gilded pages . Even the quality", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "of the paper was extraordinarily high . The illustrations were printed independently and could be inserted and removed as the customer desired . The first volumes of the Dramatick Works were published in 1791 and the last in 1805 . The edition was financed through a subscription campaign in which the buyers would offer partial payment up front and then pay the remaining sum on delivery . This practice was necessitated by the fact that over £350,000—an enormous sum at the time—was eventually spent on the enterprise .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": " When it opened on 4 May 1789 at 52 Pall Mall , the Shakespeare Gallery contained 34 paintings and by the end of its run it had between 167 and 170 . The Gallery itself was a hit with the public and became a fashionable attraction . It took over the publics imagination and became an end in and of itself .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "To illustrate the edition and to provide images for the folio , Boydell obtained the assistance of the most eminent painters and engravers of the day . Artists included Richard Westall , Thomas Stothard , George Romney , Henry Fuseli , Benjamin West , Angelica Kauffman , Robert Smirke , John Opie , and Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell . Among the engravers were Francesco Bartolozzi and Thomas Kirk . Boydells relationships with his artists , particularly his illustrators , was generally congenial . James Northcote praised Boydells liberal payments . He wrote in an 1821 letter", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "that Boydell did more for the advancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of the nobility put together ! He paid me more nobly than any other person has done ; and his memory I shall every hold in reverence .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "At the beginning of the enterprise , reactions were generally positive . Two reviews from the most influential newspapers in London at the time solidified and validated the publics interest in the project and the artists efforts . However , there was also some criticism . In particular the satirical engraver James Gillray appears to have been peeved at not being commissioned to engrave any of the Shakespeare scenes and , in revenge , published Shakespeare Sacrificed : Or the Offering to Avarice just six weeks after the gallery opened . Gillray followed up with further cartoons such as Boydell", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "sacrificing the Works of Shakespeare to the Devil of Money-Bags . As the project dragged on , the criticism increased . Yet , Boydells project still inspired imitators . Thomas Macklin attempted to found a Poets Gallery similar to the Shakespeare Gallery and several histories of England on the scale of the Shakespeare edition were also started . However , like Boydells venture , they ultimately ended in financial disaster .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": " The folio , which collected together the engravings from the paintings , has been the most lasting legacy of the Boydell enterprise : it was reissued throughout the 19th century and scholars have described it as a precursor to the modern coffee table book .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "Amidst all of the work generated by these publishing enterprises , Boydell still found time to be alderman of Cheap ward in 1782 , master of the Stationers Company in 1783 , sheriff of London in 1785 , and Lord Mayor of London in 1790 . With both a dedicated civic spirit and an eye towards business promotion , Boydell took advantage of his public positions to advocate public and private patronage of the arts . He frequently donated paintings from his own collections to the Corporation of London to be hung in the Guildhall . He hoped that his", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "donation might spur others to similar generosity . However , he remained a solitary contributor . A catalogue was published in 1794 listing all of the works Boydell had donated to the Guildhall . In the preface , he explained why he had made such large gifts :", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " It may be a matter of wonder to some , what enducements I could have to present the City of London with so many expensive Pictures ; the principal reasons that influence me were these : First : to show my respect for the Corporation , and my Fellow Citizens , Secondly : to give pleasure to the Public , and Foreigners in general , Thirdly : to be of service to the Artists , by shewing their works to the greatest advantage : and , Fourthly : for the mere purpose of pleasing myself .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "In 1794 Boydell commissioned and donated Industry and Prudence by Robert Smirke . Most of the other works Boydell donated were similarly didactic . He was appealing to his fellow tradespeople and craftspeople with these gifts , a middle class which would have been only too pleased to see their values promoted by such a prominent figure .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " In a speech before the Council to advocate the renovation of a building for the purpose of displaying public art , Boydell made the striking claim that if the rich could be persuaded to patronise art , they would forgo their wicked ways :", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "one might be found amongst the many spendthrifts of the present age , instead of ruining themselves by gaming , or laying snares to debauch young Females , by their false promises and many other bad vices ; would be rejoiced at such an opportunity , of reclaiming themselves by withdrawing from the snares laid for them by bad and designing Men and Women , who constantly lay wait to lead astray the young and unwary that are possessed of large property , such might here have the pleasure and satisfaction to make a real Paradise on earth , by", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "illuminating a place that would for ever shine and display their generosity .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " Boydells middle-class consumers would have approved of his connection between morality and art . Business decline , death , and legacy .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "In 1789 , the French revolution broke out and four years later war erupted between Britain and France . Throughout the next tumultuous decade , trade with Europe became increasingly difficult . As Boydells business relied heavily on foreign trade , especially French , his livelihood was threatened . When this market was cut off due to war in 1793 , Boydells business declined substantially . He was forced to sell the Shakespeare Gallery , via a lottery , in order for his business to remain solvent . He died in December 1804 before the lottery was drawn , but", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "after all of its 22,000 tickets had been sold .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " According to Josiah , John Boydell caught a cold by going to the Old Bailey on a damp , foggy day to do his duty as an alderman . He died on 12 December 1804 almost bankrupt , but not without great public acclaim . He was buried on 19 December 1804 at the Church of St . Olave Old Jewry , his funeral attended by the Lord Mayor , aldermen , and several artists .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "Boydell had , almost single-handedly , made British prints a viable economic commodity and had demolished the French domination of the trade . In a letter to Sir John Anderson , asking Parliament for the private Lottery Act to sell off the Shakespeare Gallery , Boydell stated that it was sufficient to say , that the whole course of that commerce [ print trade ] is changed . The Times wrote on 7 May 1789 : Historical painting and engraving are almost exclusively indebted to Mr . Boydell for their present advancement . Boydell also played a part in changing", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "the nature of art patronage in Britain . Until he advocated public patronage in his various civic posts , the government had little to do with British art . According to Bruntjen , it was due to the enthusiasm of Boydell and others that the English government eventually provided funds for the establishment of the National Gallery in 1824 . Boydell helped to make artists independent of aristocratic patronage by providing commercial opportunities for them . He attempted to free artists from the traditional forms of state and aristocratic patronage by creating a public taste for reproductive prints of historical", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "subjects . Boydells entry in the Dictionary of National Biography ends with the assessment that no print publisher before or since has ever exerted as much influence on the course of British art .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell , continued his uncles business for some time at 90 Cheapside , but by 1818 , the business was wound up by Jane Boydell , and the assets purchased by Hurst , Robinson , and Co .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " - Boydells Shakespeare Prints : 90 Engravings of Famous Scenes from the Plays . Dover Publications , 2004 . . - Collection of Prints , From Pictures Painted for the Purpose of Illustrating the Dramatic Works of Shakspeare , by the Artists of Great-Britain . London : John and Josiah Boydell , 1805 . - Balston , Thomas . John Boydell , Publisher : The Commercial Maecenas . Signature 8 ( New Series 1949 ) : 3–22 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Bruntjen , Sven Hermann Arnold . John Boydell ( 1719–1804 ) : A Study of Art Patronage and Publishing in Georgian London . New York : Garland Publishing , 1985 . .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Clayton , Timothy . John Boydell ( 1720–1804 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( subscription required ) . Oxford University Press . 2004 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . . - Friedman , Winifred H . Boydells Shakespeare Gallery . New York : Garland Publishing Inc. , 1976 . . - Hartmann , Sadakichi . Shakespeare in Art . Art Lovers Ser . Boston : L . C . Page & Co. , 1901 . - ( 1908 edition 2:1012–1013. )", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Martineau , Jane and Desmond Shawe-Taylor , eds . Shakespeare in Art . London ; New York : Merrell , 2003 . .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Merchant , W . Moelwyn . Shakespeare and the Artist . London : Oxford University Press , 1959 . - Painting , Vivienne . John Boydell . Guildhall Art Gallery , 2005 . . - Salaman , Malcolm C . Shakespeare in Pictorial Art . Ed . Charles Holme . 1916 . New York : Benjamin Blom , Inc. , 1971 . - Santaniello , A . E . Introduction . The Boydell Shakespeare Prints . New York : Benjamin Bloom , 1968 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Sheppard , F . H . W. , ed . Pall Mall , North Side , Past Buildings . Survey of London . Vols . 29 and 30 : St James Westminster , Part 1 . London , 1960 . 325–338 . Retrieved on 21 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Taylor , Gary . Reinventing Shakespeare : A Cultural History , from the Restoration to the Present . New York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1989 . . - Thompson , Lawrence . The Boydell Shakespeare : An English Monument to Graphic Arts . Princeton University Library Chronicle 1.2 ( 1940 ) : 17–24 . - Thornbury , Walter . Cheapside : The central area . Old and New London . Vol . 1 . London : Centre for Metropolitan History , 1878 . 332–346 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Waddell , Roberta . James Gillray Checklist Part 7 . New York Public Library . 2004 . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - West , Shearer . John Boydell . Grove Dictionary of Art ( subscription required ) . Ed . Jane Turner . London ; New York : Grove/Macmillan , 1996 . . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Shakespeare illustration exhibition at the Special Collections of Lupton Library - Shakespeare Illustrated by Harry Rusche at Emory University", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Lord Mayor of London" ]

[ { "text": " John Boydell ( ; 19 January 1720 – 12 December 1804 ) was a British publisher noted for his reproductions of engravings . He helped alter the trade imbalance between Britain and France in engravings and initiated a British tradition in the art form . A former engraver himself , Boydell promoted the interests of artists as well as patrons and as a result his business prospered .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "The son of a land surveyor , Boydell apprenticed himself to William Henry Toms , an artist he admired , and learned engraving . He established his own business in 1746 and published his first book of engravings around the same time . Boydell did not think much of his own artistic efforts and eventually started buying the works of others , becoming a print dealer as well as an artist . He became a successful importer of French prints during the 1750s but was frustrated by their refusal to trade prints in kind . To spark reciprocal trade ,", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "he commissioned William Wolletts spectacular engraving of Richard Wilsons The Destruction of the Children of Niobe , which revolutionised the print trade . Ten years later , largely as a result of Boydells initiative , the trade imbalance had shifted , and he was named a fellow of the Royal Society for his efforts .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": " In the 1790s , Boydell began a large Shakespeare venture that included the establishment of a Shakespeare Gallery , the publication of an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , and the release of a folio of prints depicting scenes from Shakespeares works . Some of the most illustrious painters of the day contributed , such as Benjamin West and Henry Fuseli .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "Throughout his life , Boydell dedicated time to civic projects : he donated art to government institutions and ran for public office . In 1790 he became Lord Mayor of London . The French Revolutionary Wars led to a cessation in Continental trade at the end of the 1790s . Without this business , Boydells firm declined and he was almost bankrupt at his death in 1804 .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "Boydell was born , according to his monument in St Olave Old Jewry , London , ( later removed to St Margaret Lothbury after St Olaves demolition ) at Dorrington , in the parish of Woore , Shropshire , to Josiah and Mary Boydell ( née Milnes ) and was educated at least partially at Merchant Taylors School . His father was a land surveyor and young Boydell , the oldest of seven children , was expected to follow in his footsteps . In 1731 , when Boydell was eleven , the family moved to Hawarden , Flintshire . In", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "1739 he became house steward to MP John Lawton and accompanied him to London . A year later , like many other enterprising young men of the time , Boydell resolved to sail to the East Indies in hopes of making his fortune , but he abandoned the scheme in favour of returning to Flintshire and Elizabeth Lloyd , the woman he was courting . Whether or not he intended to pursue land surveying at this time is unclear .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "In either 1740 or 1741 , Boydell saw a print of Hawarden Castle by William Henry Toms and was so delighted with it that he immediately set out again for London to learn printmaking and Lloyd promised to wait for him . Boydell apprenticed himself to Toms and enrolled in St Martins Lane Academy to learn drawing . Each day he worked about fourteen hours for Toms and then attended drawing classes at night . After six years , Boydells diligence allowed him to buy out the last year of his apprenticeship , and in 1746 he set up an", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "independent shop on the Strand that specialised in topographical prints that cost six pence for a cheap print or one shilling for an expensive print .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " Boydells willingness to assume responsibility for his own business so early in his career indicates that he had ambition and an enterprising spirit . Independent shops were risky in the 1740s because no strict copyright laws , other than the Engraving Copyright Act of 1734 ( known as Hogarths Act ) , had yet been instituted . The pirating of published books and prints became a profession in its own right and greatly decreased the profits of publishers such as Boydell .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "Around 1747 , Boydell published his first major work , The Bridge Book , for which he drew and cut each print himself . It cost one shilling and contained six landscapes in each of which , not surprisingly , a bridge featured prominently . A year later , in 1748 , Boydell , apparently financially secure , married Elizabeth Lloyd . The couple did not have any children and Elizabeth died in 1781 .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "Boydell realised early in his career that his engravings had little artistic merit , saying later that they were collected by others more to show the improvement of art in this country [ Britain ] , since the period of their publication , than from any idea of their own merits . This may explain why in 1751 , when he became a member of the Stationers Company , he started buying other artists plates and publishing them in addition to his own . Ordinarily an engraver , such as William Hogarth , had his own shop or took his", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "finished engravings to a publisher . In adopting the dual role of artist and print dealer , Boydell altered the traditional organisation of print shops . He was not subject to the whims of public taste : if his engraves did not sell well , he could supplement his earnings by trading in the prints of other artists . He also understood the concerns of both the engraver and the publisher . In fact , as a publisher , he did much to help raise the level of respect for engravers in addition to furnishing them with better paying commissions", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "In 1751 , with his large volume of prints , Boydell moved to larger premises at 90 Cheapside . By 1755 , he had published A Collection of One Hundred and Two Views , &C . in England and Wales . This cheap but successful book gave him capital to invest . He became increasingly immersed in the commercial side of the print business and like most print dealers began importing prints to sell . These included print reproductions of landscapes by artists such as Claude Lorrain and Salvator Rosa . The bulk of the imports came from the undisputed", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "masters of engraving during the 18th century : the French . Boydell made a small fortune in the 1750s from these imported prints . His early success was acknowledged in 1760 when he was named a member of the Royal Society . Winifred Friedman , who has written extensively on Boydell , explains that despite this success , [ w ] hat rankled Boydell was that the French would not extend credit , or exchange prints ; he was required to produce hard cash . Boydell took action , and this was the turning point .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "In 1761 , Boydell decided that he would attempt to trade with the French in kind—something they had refused in the past because of the poor quality of British engravings . To inaugurate this change , he had to have a truly spectacular print . To this end , he hired William Woollett , the foremost engraver in England , to engrave Richard Wilsons Destruction of the Children of Niobe . Woollett had already successfully engraved Claude Lorrains 1663 painting The Father of Psyche Sacrificing at the Temple of Apollo for Boydell in 1760 . Boydell paid him approximately £100", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "for the Niobe engraving , a staggering amount compared to the usual rates . This single act of patronage raised engravers fees throughout London . The print was wildly successful , but more importantly , the French accepted it as payment in kind . In fact , it was the first British print actively desired on the Continent . By 1770 , the British were exporting far more prints than they were importing , largely due to Boydell .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Boydells business flourished and he soon hired his nephew , Josiah Boydell , to assist him . Boydells biographer , Sven Bruntjen , hypothesizes that one of the reasons for Boydells early and phenomenal success was his specialisation . Unlike his competitors [ who sold manuals , atlases and other assorted books ] .. . his [ business had an ] almost exclusive concentration on the sale of reproductive prints . Bruntjen argues that despite the extensive sales of varied types of reproductive prints , it was the contemporary history print which accounted for the major part of Boydells success", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "as a print dealer . Most notable among these was the Death of General Wolfe a 1770 painting by Benjamin West , engraved by Woollett for Boydell in 1776 . As early as 1767 , Boydell had stopped engraving prints himself and began exclusively relying on commissions and trades and it was from these that he profited .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Boydell had opened up a new market with Niobe and he quickly followed up this success . With a prospering business and capital in reserve , he embarked on several ambitious projects , often simultaneously . In 1769 , he began A Collection of Prints , Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in England . Its last , and ninth volume , was finished in 1792 to great critical and financial success . In 1773 , he began A Set of Prints Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in the Collection of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress of Russia ,", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Lately in the Possession of the Earl of Orford at Houghton in Norfolk , which was finished in 1788 .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "In addition to these projects and in the middle of his Shakespeare undertaking Boydell experimented with aquatint in An History of the River Thames , published in 1796 . Bruntjen writes , although not the first colored aquatint book , [ it ] was the first major one , and it was to set an example for the type of illustration that was to enjoy widespread popularity in England for some forty years . Boydell also published The Original Work of William Hogarth in 1790 and The Poetical Works of John Milton and The Life of the Poet ( i.e.", "title": "Success" }, { "text": ", Milton ) in 1794 .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": " The productivity and profitability of Boydells firm spurred the British print industry in general . By 1785 , annual exports of British prints reached £200,000 while imports fell to £100 . Boydell was acknowledged and praised throughout England as the agent of this stunning economic reversal . In 1773 he was awarded the Royal Academy Gold Medal for his services in advancing the print trade . In 1789 , at the Royal Academy dinner , the Prince of Wales toasted an English tradesman who patronizes art better than the Grand Monarque , Alderman Boydell , the Commercial Maecenas .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": " Boydells crowning achievement was his Shakespeare project , which was to occupy much of the last two decades of his life . The project contained three parts : an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , a public gallery of paintings depicting scenes from the plays , and a folio of prints based on the paintings .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "The idea of a grand Shakespeare edition was conceived at a dinner at Josiah Boydells home in November 1786 . The guest list itself is evidence of Boydells extensive connections in the artistic world : Benjamin West , painter to King George III ; George Romney , a renowned painter ; George Nicol , bookseller to the king and painter ; William Hayley , a poet ; John Hoole , a scholar and translator of Tasso and Aristotle ; and Daniel Braithwaite , an engineer . Most sources also list the painter Paul Sandby . Although the initial idea for", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "the edition was probably not Boydells , he was the one to seize and pursue it . He wanted to use the edition to facilitate the development of a British school of history painting .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "The magnificent and accurate Shakespeare edition which Boydell began in 1786 was the focus of the enterprise . The print folio and the gallery were simply offshoots of the main project . In an advertisement prefacing the first volume of the edition , Nicol wrote that splendor and magnificence , united with correctness of text were the great objects of this Edition . Boydell was responsible for the splendor , and George Steevens , a renowned Shakespearean editor , was responsible for the correctness of text . The volumes themselves were handsome , with gilded pages . Even the quality", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "of the paper was extraordinarily high . The illustrations were printed independently and could be inserted and removed as the customer desired . The first volumes of the Dramatick Works were published in 1791 and the last in 1805 . The edition was financed through a subscription campaign in which the buyers would offer partial payment up front and then pay the remaining sum on delivery . This practice was necessitated by the fact that over £350,000—an enormous sum at the time—was eventually spent on the enterprise .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": " When it opened on 4 May 1789 at 52 Pall Mall , the Shakespeare Gallery contained 34 paintings and by the end of its run it had between 167 and 170 . The Gallery itself was a hit with the public and became a fashionable attraction . It took over the publics imagination and became an end in and of itself .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "To illustrate the edition and to provide images for the folio , Boydell obtained the assistance of the most eminent painters and engravers of the day . Artists included Richard Westall , Thomas Stothard , George Romney , Henry Fuseli , Benjamin West , Angelica Kauffman , Robert Smirke , John Opie , and Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell . Among the engravers were Francesco Bartolozzi and Thomas Kirk . Boydells relationships with his artists , particularly his illustrators , was generally congenial . James Northcote praised Boydells liberal payments . He wrote in an 1821 letter", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "that Boydell did more for the advancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of the nobility put together ! He paid me more nobly than any other person has done ; and his memory I shall every hold in reverence .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "At the beginning of the enterprise , reactions were generally positive . Two reviews from the most influential newspapers in London at the time solidified and validated the publics interest in the project and the artists efforts . However , there was also some criticism . In particular the satirical engraver James Gillray appears to have been peeved at not being commissioned to engrave any of the Shakespeare scenes and , in revenge , published Shakespeare Sacrificed : Or the Offering to Avarice just six weeks after the gallery opened . Gillray followed up with further cartoons such as Boydell", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "sacrificing the Works of Shakespeare to the Devil of Money-Bags . As the project dragged on , the criticism increased . Yet , Boydells project still inspired imitators . Thomas Macklin attempted to found a Poets Gallery similar to the Shakespeare Gallery and several histories of England on the scale of the Shakespeare edition were also started . However , like Boydells venture , they ultimately ended in financial disaster .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": " The folio , which collected together the engravings from the paintings , has been the most lasting legacy of the Boydell enterprise : it was reissued throughout the 19th century and scholars have described it as a precursor to the modern coffee table book .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "Amidst all of the work generated by these publishing enterprises , Boydell still found time to be alderman of Cheap ward in 1782 , master of the Stationers Company in 1783 , sheriff of London in 1785 , and Lord Mayor of London in 1790 . With both a dedicated civic spirit and an eye towards business promotion , Boydell took advantage of his public positions to advocate public and private patronage of the arts . He frequently donated paintings from his own collections to the Corporation of London to be hung in the Guildhall . He hoped that his", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "donation might spur others to similar generosity . However , he remained a solitary contributor . A catalogue was published in 1794 listing all of the works Boydell had donated to the Guildhall . In the preface , he explained why he had made such large gifts :", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " It may be a matter of wonder to some , what enducements I could have to present the City of London with so many expensive Pictures ; the principal reasons that influence me were these : First : to show my respect for the Corporation , and my Fellow Citizens , Secondly : to give pleasure to the Public , and Foreigners in general , Thirdly : to be of service to the Artists , by shewing their works to the greatest advantage : and , Fourthly : for the mere purpose of pleasing myself .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "In 1794 Boydell commissioned and donated Industry and Prudence by Robert Smirke . Most of the other works Boydell donated were similarly didactic . He was appealing to his fellow tradespeople and craftspeople with these gifts , a middle class which would have been only too pleased to see their values promoted by such a prominent figure .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " In a speech before the Council to advocate the renovation of a building for the purpose of displaying public art , Boydell made the striking claim that if the rich could be persuaded to patronise art , they would forgo their wicked ways :", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "one might be found amongst the many spendthrifts of the present age , instead of ruining themselves by gaming , or laying snares to debauch young Females , by their false promises and many other bad vices ; would be rejoiced at such an opportunity , of reclaiming themselves by withdrawing from the snares laid for them by bad and designing Men and Women , who constantly lay wait to lead astray the young and unwary that are possessed of large property , such might here have the pleasure and satisfaction to make a real Paradise on earth , by", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "illuminating a place that would for ever shine and display their generosity .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " Boydells middle-class consumers would have approved of his connection between morality and art . Business decline , death , and legacy .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "In 1789 , the French revolution broke out and four years later war erupted between Britain and France . Throughout the next tumultuous decade , trade with Europe became increasingly difficult . As Boydells business relied heavily on foreign trade , especially French , his livelihood was threatened . When this market was cut off due to war in 1793 , Boydells business declined substantially . He was forced to sell the Shakespeare Gallery , via a lottery , in order for his business to remain solvent . He died in December 1804 before the lottery was drawn , but", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "after all of its 22,000 tickets had been sold .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " According to Josiah , John Boydell caught a cold by going to the Old Bailey on a damp , foggy day to do his duty as an alderman . He died on 12 December 1804 almost bankrupt , but not without great public acclaim . He was buried on 19 December 1804 at the Church of St . Olave Old Jewry , his funeral attended by the Lord Mayor , aldermen , and several artists .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "Boydell had , almost single-handedly , made British prints a viable economic commodity and had demolished the French domination of the trade . In a letter to Sir John Anderson , asking Parliament for the private Lottery Act to sell off the Shakespeare Gallery , Boydell stated that it was sufficient to say , that the whole course of that commerce [ print trade ] is changed . The Times wrote on 7 May 1789 : Historical painting and engraving are almost exclusively indebted to Mr . Boydell for their present advancement . Boydell also played a part in changing", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "the nature of art patronage in Britain . Until he advocated public patronage in his various civic posts , the government had little to do with British art . According to Bruntjen , it was due to the enthusiasm of Boydell and others that the English government eventually provided funds for the establishment of the National Gallery in 1824 . Boydell helped to make artists independent of aristocratic patronage by providing commercial opportunities for them . He attempted to free artists from the traditional forms of state and aristocratic patronage by creating a public taste for reproductive prints of historical", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "subjects . Boydells entry in the Dictionary of National Biography ends with the assessment that no print publisher before or since has ever exerted as much influence on the course of British art .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell , continued his uncles business for some time at 90 Cheapside , but by 1818 , the business was wound up by Jane Boydell , and the assets purchased by Hurst , Robinson , and Co .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " - Boydells Shakespeare Prints : 90 Engravings of Famous Scenes from the Plays . Dover Publications , 2004 . . - Collection of Prints , From Pictures Painted for the Purpose of Illustrating the Dramatic Works of Shakspeare , by the Artists of Great-Britain . London : John and Josiah Boydell , 1805 . - Balston , Thomas . John Boydell , Publisher : The Commercial Maecenas . Signature 8 ( New Series 1949 ) : 3–22 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Bruntjen , Sven Hermann Arnold . John Boydell ( 1719–1804 ) : A Study of Art Patronage and Publishing in Georgian London . New York : Garland Publishing , 1985 . .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Clayton , Timothy . John Boydell ( 1720–1804 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( subscription required ) . Oxford University Press . 2004 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . . - Friedman , Winifred H . Boydells Shakespeare Gallery . New York : Garland Publishing Inc. , 1976 . . - Hartmann , Sadakichi . Shakespeare in Art . Art Lovers Ser . Boston : L . C . Page & Co. , 1901 . - ( 1908 edition 2:1012–1013. )", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Martineau , Jane and Desmond Shawe-Taylor , eds . Shakespeare in Art . London ; New York : Merrell , 2003 . .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Merchant , W . Moelwyn . Shakespeare and the Artist . London : Oxford University Press , 1959 . - Painting , Vivienne . John Boydell . Guildhall Art Gallery , 2005 . . - Salaman , Malcolm C . Shakespeare in Pictorial Art . Ed . Charles Holme . 1916 . New York : Benjamin Blom , Inc. , 1971 . - Santaniello , A . E . Introduction . The Boydell Shakespeare Prints . New York : Benjamin Bloom , 1968 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Sheppard , F . H . W. , ed . Pall Mall , North Side , Past Buildings . Survey of London . Vols . 29 and 30 : St James Westminster , Part 1 . London , 1960 . 325–338 . Retrieved on 21 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Taylor , Gary . Reinventing Shakespeare : A Cultural History , from the Restoration to the Present . New York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1989 . . - Thompson , Lawrence . The Boydell Shakespeare : An English Monument to Graphic Arts . Princeton University Library Chronicle 1.2 ( 1940 ) : 17–24 . - Thornbury , Walter . Cheapside : The central area . Old and New London . Vol . 1 . London : Centre for Metropolitan History , 1878 . 332–346 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Waddell , Roberta . James Gillray Checklist Part 7 . New York Public Library . 2004 . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - West , Shearer . John Boydell . Grove Dictionary of Art ( subscription required ) . Ed . Jane Turner . London ; New York : Grove/Macmillan , 1996 . . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Shakespeare illustration exhibition at the Special Collections of Lupton Library - Shakespeare Illustrated by Harry Rusche at Emory University", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " John Boydell ( ; 19 January 1720 – 12 December 1804 ) was a British publisher noted for his reproductions of engravings . He helped alter the trade imbalance between Britain and France in engravings and initiated a British tradition in the art form . A former engraver himself , Boydell promoted the interests of artists as well as patrons and as a result his business prospered .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "The son of a land surveyor , Boydell apprenticed himself to William Henry Toms , an artist he admired , and learned engraving . He established his own business in 1746 and published his first book of engravings around the same time . Boydell did not think much of his own artistic efforts and eventually started buying the works of others , becoming a print dealer as well as an artist . He became a successful importer of French prints during the 1750s but was frustrated by their refusal to trade prints in kind . To spark reciprocal trade ,", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "he commissioned William Wolletts spectacular engraving of Richard Wilsons The Destruction of the Children of Niobe , which revolutionised the print trade . Ten years later , largely as a result of Boydells initiative , the trade imbalance had shifted , and he was named a fellow of the Royal Society for his efforts .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": " In the 1790s , Boydell began a large Shakespeare venture that included the establishment of a Shakespeare Gallery , the publication of an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , and the release of a folio of prints depicting scenes from Shakespeares works . Some of the most illustrious painters of the day contributed , such as Benjamin West and Henry Fuseli .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "Throughout his life , Boydell dedicated time to civic projects : he donated art to government institutions and ran for public office . In 1790 he became Lord Mayor of London . The French Revolutionary Wars led to a cessation in Continental trade at the end of the 1790s . Without this business , Boydells firm declined and he was almost bankrupt at his death in 1804 .", "title": "John Boydell" }, { "text": "Boydell was born , according to his monument in St Olave Old Jewry , London , ( later removed to St Margaret Lothbury after St Olaves demolition ) at Dorrington , in the parish of Woore , Shropshire , to Josiah and Mary Boydell ( née Milnes ) and was educated at least partially at Merchant Taylors School . His father was a land surveyor and young Boydell , the oldest of seven children , was expected to follow in his footsteps . In 1731 , when Boydell was eleven , the family moved to Hawarden , Flintshire . In", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "1739 he became house steward to MP John Lawton and accompanied him to London . A year later , like many other enterprising young men of the time , Boydell resolved to sail to the East Indies in hopes of making his fortune , but he abandoned the scheme in favour of returning to Flintshire and Elizabeth Lloyd , the woman he was courting . Whether or not he intended to pursue land surveying at this time is unclear .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "In either 1740 or 1741 , Boydell saw a print of Hawarden Castle by William Henry Toms and was so delighted with it that he immediately set out again for London to learn printmaking and Lloyd promised to wait for him . Boydell apprenticed himself to Toms and enrolled in St Martins Lane Academy to learn drawing . Each day he worked about fourteen hours for Toms and then attended drawing classes at night . After six years , Boydells diligence allowed him to buy out the last year of his apprenticeship , and in 1746 he set up an", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "independent shop on the Strand that specialised in topographical prints that cost six pence for a cheap print or one shilling for an expensive print .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " Boydells willingness to assume responsibility for his own business so early in his career indicates that he had ambition and an enterprising spirit . Independent shops were risky in the 1740s because no strict copyright laws , other than the Engraving Copyright Act of 1734 ( known as Hogarths Act ) , had yet been instituted . The pirating of published books and prints became a profession in its own right and greatly decreased the profits of publishers such as Boydell .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "Around 1747 , Boydell published his first major work , The Bridge Book , for which he drew and cut each print himself . It cost one shilling and contained six landscapes in each of which , not surprisingly , a bridge featured prominently . A year later , in 1748 , Boydell , apparently financially secure , married Elizabeth Lloyd . The couple did not have any children and Elizabeth died in 1781 .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "Boydell realised early in his career that his engravings had little artistic merit , saying later that they were collected by others more to show the improvement of art in this country [ Britain ] , since the period of their publication , than from any idea of their own merits . This may explain why in 1751 , when he became a member of the Stationers Company , he started buying other artists plates and publishing them in addition to his own . Ordinarily an engraver , such as William Hogarth , had his own shop or took his", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "finished engravings to a publisher . In adopting the dual role of artist and print dealer , Boydell altered the traditional organisation of print shops . He was not subject to the whims of public taste : if his engraves did not sell well , he could supplement his earnings by trading in the prints of other artists . He also understood the concerns of both the engraver and the publisher . In fact , as a publisher , he did much to help raise the level of respect for engravers in addition to furnishing them with better paying commissions", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "In 1751 , with his large volume of prints , Boydell moved to larger premises at 90 Cheapside . By 1755 , he had published A Collection of One Hundred and Two Views , &C . in England and Wales . This cheap but successful book gave him capital to invest . He became increasingly immersed in the commercial side of the print business and like most print dealers began importing prints to sell . These included print reproductions of landscapes by artists such as Claude Lorrain and Salvator Rosa . The bulk of the imports came from the undisputed", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "masters of engraving during the 18th century : the French . Boydell made a small fortune in the 1750s from these imported prints . His early success was acknowledged in 1760 when he was named a member of the Royal Society . Winifred Friedman , who has written extensively on Boydell , explains that despite this success , [ w ] hat rankled Boydell was that the French would not extend credit , or exchange prints ; he was required to produce hard cash . Boydell took action , and this was the turning point .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "In 1761 , Boydell decided that he would attempt to trade with the French in kind—something they had refused in the past because of the poor quality of British engravings . To inaugurate this change , he had to have a truly spectacular print . To this end , he hired William Woollett , the foremost engraver in England , to engrave Richard Wilsons Destruction of the Children of Niobe . Woollett had already successfully engraved Claude Lorrains 1663 painting The Father of Psyche Sacrificing at the Temple of Apollo for Boydell in 1760 . Boydell paid him approximately £100", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "for the Niobe engraving , a staggering amount compared to the usual rates . This single act of patronage raised engravers fees throughout London . The print was wildly successful , but more importantly , the French accepted it as payment in kind . In fact , it was the first British print actively desired on the Continent . By 1770 , the British were exporting far more prints than they were importing , largely due to Boydell .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Boydells business flourished and he soon hired his nephew , Josiah Boydell , to assist him . Boydells biographer , Sven Bruntjen , hypothesizes that one of the reasons for Boydells early and phenomenal success was his specialisation . Unlike his competitors [ who sold manuals , atlases and other assorted books ] .. . his [ business had an ] almost exclusive concentration on the sale of reproductive prints . Bruntjen argues that despite the extensive sales of varied types of reproductive prints , it was the contemporary history print which accounted for the major part of Boydells success", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "as a print dealer . Most notable among these was the Death of General Wolfe a 1770 painting by Benjamin West , engraved by Woollett for Boydell in 1776 . As early as 1767 , Boydell had stopped engraving prints himself and began exclusively relying on commissions and trades and it was from these that he profited .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Boydell had opened up a new market with Niobe and he quickly followed up this success . With a prospering business and capital in reserve , he embarked on several ambitious projects , often simultaneously . In 1769 , he began A Collection of Prints , Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in England . Its last , and ninth volume , was finished in 1792 to great critical and financial success . In 1773 , he began A Set of Prints Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in the Collection of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress of Russia ,", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "Lately in the Possession of the Earl of Orford at Houghton in Norfolk , which was finished in 1788 .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": "In addition to these projects and in the middle of his Shakespeare undertaking Boydell experimented with aquatint in An History of the River Thames , published in 1796 . Bruntjen writes , although not the first colored aquatint book , [ it ] was the first major one , and it was to set an example for the type of illustration that was to enjoy widespread popularity in England for some forty years . Boydell also published The Original Work of William Hogarth in 1790 and The Poetical Works of John Milton and The Life of the Poet ( i.e.", "title": "Success" }, { "text": ", Milton ) in 1794 .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": " The productivity and profitability of Boydells firm spurred the British print industry in general . By 1785 , annual exports of British prints reached £200,000 while imports fell to £100 . Boydell was acknowledged and praised throughout England as the agent of this stunning economic reversal . In 1773 he was awarded the Royal Academy Gold Medal for his services in advancing the print trade . In 1789 , at the Royal Academy dinner , the Prince of Wales toasted an English tradesman who patronizes art better than the Grand Monarque , Alderman Boydell , the Commercial Maecenas .", "title": "Success" }, { "text": " Boydells crowning achievement was his Shakespeare project , which was to occupy much of the last two decades of his life . The project contained three parts : an illustrated edition of Shakespeares plays , a public gallery of paintings depicting scenes from the plays , and a folio of prints based on the paintings .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "The idea of a grand Shakespeare edition was conceived at a dinner at Josiah Boydells home in November 1786 . The guest list itself is evidence of Boydells extensive connections in the artistic world : Benjamin West , painter to King George III ; George Romney , a renowned painter ; George Nicol , bookseller to the king and painter ; William Hayley , a poet ; John Hoole , a scholar and translator of Tasso and Aristotle ; and Daniel Braithwaite , an engineer . Most sources also list the painter Paul Sandby . Although the initial idea for", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "the edition was probably not Boydells , he was the one to seize and pursue it . He wanted to use the edition to facilitate the development of a British school of history painting .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "The magnificent and accurate Shakespeare edition which Boydell began in 1786 was the focus of the enterprise . The print folio and the gallery were simply offshoots of the main project . In an advertisement prefacing the first volume of the edition , Nicol wrote that splendor and magnificence , united with correctness of text were the great objects of this Edition . Boydell was responsible for the splendor , and George Steevens , a renowned Shakespearean editor , was responsible for the correctness of text . The volumes themselves were handsome , with gilded pages . Even the quality", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "of the paper was extraordinarily high . The illustrations were printed independently and could be inserted and removed as the customer desired . The first volumes of the Dramatick Works were published in 1791 and the last in 1805 . The edition was financed through a subscription campaign in which the buyers would offer partial payment up front and then pay the remaining sum on delivery . This practice was necessitated by the fact that over £350,000—an enormous sum at the time—was eventually spent on the enterprise .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": " When it opened on 4 May 1789 at 52 Pall Mall , the Shakespeare Gallery contained 34 paintings and by the end of its run it had between 167 and 170 . The Gallery itself was a hit with the public and became a fashionable attraction . It took over the publics imagination and became an end in and of itself .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "To illustrate the edition and to provide images for the folio , Boydell obtained the assistance of the most eminent painters and engravers of the day . Artists included Richard Westall , Thomas Stothard , George Romney , Henry Fuseli , Benjamin West , Angelica Kauffman , Robert Smirke , John Opie , and Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell . Among the engravers were Francesco Bartolozzi and Thomas Kirk . Boydells relationships with his artists , particularly his illustrators , was generally congenial . James Northcote praised Boydells liberal payments . He wrote in an 1821 letter", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "that Boydell did more for the advancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of the nobility put together ! He paid me more nobly than any other person has done ; and his memory I shall every hold in reverence .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "At the beginning of the enterprise , reactions were generally positive . Two reviews from the most influential newspapers in London at the time solidified and validated the publics interest in the project and the artists efforts . However , there was also some criticism . In particular the satirical engraver James Gillray appears to have been peeved at not being commissioned to engrave any of the Shakespeare scenes and , in revenge , published Shakespeare Sacrificed : Or the Offering to Avarice just six weeks after the gallery opened . Gillray followed up with further cartoons such as Boydell", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "sacrificing the Works of Shakespeare to the Devil of Money-Bags . As the project dragged on , the criticism increased . Yet , Boydells project still inspired imitators . Thomas Macklin attempted to found a Poets Gallery similar to the Shakespeare Gallery and several histories of England on the scale of the Shakespeare edition were also started . However , like Boydells venture , they ultimately ended in financial disaster .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": " The folio , which collected together the engravings from the paintings , has been the most lasting legacy of the Boydell enterprise : it was reissued throughout the 19th century and scholars have described it as a precursor to the modern coffee table book .", "title": "Shakespeare venture" }, { "text": "Amidst all of the work generated by these publishing enterprises , Boydell still found time to be alderman of Cheap ward in 1782 , master of the Stationers Company in 1783 , sheriff of London in 1785 , and Lord Mayor of London in 1790 . With both a dedicated civic spirit and an eye towards business promotion , Boydell took advantage of his public positions to advocate public and private patronage of the arts . He frequently donated paintings from his own collections to the Corporation of London to be hung in the Guildhall . He hoped that his", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "donation might spur others to similar generosity . However , he remained a solitary contributor . A catalogue was published in 1794 listing all of the works Boydell had donated to the Guildhall . In the preface , he explained why he had made such large gifts :", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " It may be a matter of wonder to some , what enducements I could have to present the City of London with so many expensive Pictures ; the principal reasons that influence me were these : First : to show my respect for the Corporation , and my Fellow Citizens , Secondly : to give pleasure to the Public , and Foreigners in general , Thirdly : to be of service to the Artists , by shewing their works to the greatest advantage : and , Fourthly : for the mere purpose of pleasing myself .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "In 1794 Boydell commissioned and donated Industry and Prudence by Robert Smirke . Most of the other works Boydell donated were similarly didactic . He was appealing to his fellow tradespeople and craftspeople with these gifts , a middle class which would have been only too pleased to see their values promoted by such a prominent figure .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " In a speech before the Council to advocate the renovation of a building for the purpose of displaying public art , Boydell made the striking claim that if the rich could be persuaded to patronise art , they would forgo their wicked ways :", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "one might be found amongst the many spendthrifts of the present age , instead of ruining themselves by gaming , or laying snares to debauch young Females , by their false promises and many other bad vices ; would be rejoiced at such an opportunity , of reclaiming themselves by withdrawing from the snares laid for them by bad and designing Men and Women , who constantly lay wait to lead astray the young and unwary that are possessed of large property , such might here have the pleasure and satisfaction to make a real Paradise on earth , by", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "illuminating a place that would for ever shine and display their generosity .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " Boydells middle-class consumers would have approved of his connection between morality and art . Business decline , death , and legacy .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "In 1789 , the French revolution broke out and four years later war erupted between Britain and France . Throughout the next tumultuous decade , trade with Europe became increasingly difficult . As Boydells business relied heavily on foreign trade , especially French , his livelihood was threatened . When this market was cut off due to war in 1793 , Boydells business declined substantially . He was forced to sell the Shakespeare Gallery , via a lottery , in order for his business to remain solvent . He died in December 1804 before the lottery was drawn , but", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "after all of its 22,000 tickets had been sold .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " According to Josiah , John Boydell caught a cold by going to the Old Bailey on a damp , foggy day to do his duty as an alderman . He died on 12 December 1804 almost bankrupt , but not without great public acclaim . He was buried on 19 December 1804 at the Church of St . Olave Old Jewry , his funeral attended by the Lord Mayor , aldermen , and several artists .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "Boydell had , almost single-handedly , made British prints a viable economic commodity and had demolished the French domination of the trade . In a letter to Sir John Anderson , asking Parliament for the private Lottery Act to sell off the Shakespeare Gallery , Boydell stated that it was sufficient to say , that the whole course of that commerce [ print trade ] is changed . The Times wrote on 7 May 1789 : Historical painting and engraving are almost exclusively indebted to Mr . Boydell for their present advancement . Boydell also played a part in changing", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "the nature of art patronage in Britain . Until he advocated public patronage in his various civic posts , the government had little to do with British art . According to Bruntjen , it was due to the enthusiasm of Boydell and others that the English government eventually provided funds for the establishment of the National Gallery in 1824 . Boydell helped to make artists independent of aristocratic patronage by providing commercial opportunities for them . He attempted to free artists from the traditional forms of state and aristocratic patronage by creating a public taste for reproductive prints of historical", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": "subjects . Boydells entry in the Dictionary of National Biography ends with the assessment that no print publisher before or since has ever exerted as much influence on the course of British art .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " Boydells nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell , continued his uncles business for some time at 90 Cheapside , but by 1818 , the business was wound up by Jane Boydell , and the assets purchased by Hurst , Robinson , and Co .", "title": "Civic service" }, { "text": " - Boydells Shakespeare Prints : 90 Engravings of Famous Scenes from the Plays . Dover Publications , 2004 . . - Collection of Prints , From Pictures Painted for the Purpose of Illustrating the Dramatic Works of Shakspeare , by the Artists of Great-Britain . London : John and Josiah Boydell , 1805 . - Balston , Thomas . John Boydell , Publisher : The Commercial Maecenas . Signature 8 ( New Series 1949 ) : 3–22 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Bruntjen , Sven Hermann Arnold . John Boydell ( 1719–1804 ) : A Study of Art Patronage and Publishing in Georgian London . New York : Garland Publishing , 1985 . .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Clayton , Timothy . John Boydell ( 1720–1804 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( subscription required ) . Oxford University Press . 2004 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 . . - Friedman , Winifred H . Boydells Shakespeare Gallery . New York : Garland Publishing Inc. , 1976 . . - Hartmann , Sadakichi . Shakespeare in Art . Art Lovers Ser . Boston : L . C . Page & Co. , 1901 . - ( 1908 edition 2:1012–1013. )", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Martineau , Jane and Desmond Shawe-Taylor , eds . Shakespeare in Art . London ; New York : Merrell , 2003 . .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Merchant , W . Moelwyn . Shakespeare and the Artist . London : Oxford University Press , 1959 . - Painting , Vivienne . John Boydell . Guildhall Art Gallery , 2005 . . - Salaman , Malcolm C . Shakespeare in Pictorial Art . Ed . Charles Holme . 1916 . New York : Benjamin Blom , Inc. , 1971 . - Santaniello , A . E . Introduction . The Boydell Shakespeare Prints . New York : Benjamin Bloom , 1968 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Sheppard , F . H . W. , ed . Pall Mall , North Side , Past Buildings . Survey of London . Vols . 29 and 30 : St James Westminster , Part 1 . London , 1960 . 325–338 . Retrieved on 21 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Taylor , Gary . Reinventing Shakespeare : A Cultural History , from the Restoration to the Present . New York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1989 . . - Thompson , Lawrence . The Boydell Shakespeare : An English Monument to Graphic Arts . Princeton University Library Chronicle 1.2 ( 1940 ) : 17–24 . - Thornbury , Walter . Cheapside : The central area . Old and New London . Vol . 1 . London : Centre for Metropolitan History , 1878 . 332–346 . Retrieved on 19 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": "- Waddell , Roberta . James Gillray Checklist Part 7 . New York Public Library . 2004 . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - West , Shearer . John Boydell . Grove Dictionary of Art ( subscription required ) . Ed . Jane Turner . London ; New York : Grove/Macmillan , 1996 . . Retrieved on 26 November 2007 .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - Shakespeare illustration exhibition at the Special Collections of Lupton Library - Shakespeare Illustrated by Harry Rusche at Emory University", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "text": " Tidjane Thiam ( ; born 29 July 1962 ) is an Ivorian banker who was the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss bank Credit Suisse from March 2015 to February 2020 . He was the chief financial officer of British banking group Prudential from 2007 to 2009 , and then its CEO until 2015 . In 2019 , Thiam became a member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Born into a prominent political family in the Ivory Coast , he holds dual Ivorian and French citizenship . He studied advanced mathematics and physics in France before joining the management consultants McKinsey & Company in 1986 , where he worked until 1994 . From 1994 to 1999 he worked in the Ivory Coast first as chief executive of the National Bureau for Technical Studies ( BNETD ) . Following the 1999 Ivorian coup détat , he resumed a private sector career and rejoined McKinsey in Paris from 2000 to 2002 , then worked as a senior executive for Aviva", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "before being recruited by Prudential .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Thiam was born in the Ivory Coast ( Côte dIvoire ) on 29 July 1962 . He is a descendant of two prominent families from Senegal and Ivory Coast . On his mother’s side , he is a descendant of Queen Yamousso , after whom the capital of Côte dIvoire , Yamoussoukro , is named . Thiams mother , Marietou , was the niece of Chief Félix Houphouët-Boigny , the founder and first President of Côte dIvoire ( known for the quote People are surprised that I like gold . Its just that I was born in it ) .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": " His father , Amadou Thiam , a journalist , was born in Senegal and emigrated to Côte dIvoire in 1947 . He supported Houphouet-Boigny in his fight for the independence of the country and served more than ten years in the Ivorian cabinet after independence . Tidjane’s uncle , Habib Thiam , was Prime Minister of Senegal for more than 10 years and also served as President of the National Assembly .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "In 1982 Thiam was the first Ivorian to pass the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique in Paris . In 1984 , he graduated from the École Polytechnique and in 1986 from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris where he was top of his class . In 1986 he was offered a scholarship to study for an MBA at INSEAD and join the McKinsey Fellows Programme in Paris . He received an MBA from INSEAD in 1988 ( Deans list ) . In 1989 he took a one-year sabbatical from McKinsey to participate in the World Banks Young", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Professionals Program in Washington , D.C . He returned to McKinsey in 1990 , working first in New York City and then in Paris .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "In December 1993 , the first Ivorian President , Félix Houphouët-Boigny , died and was replaced by Henri Konan Bédié . In April 1994 , at the request of the new President , Thiam left France and McKinsey to go back to Abidjan and become the CEO of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development ( BNETD ) , an infrastructure development and economic advisory body with more than 4,000 staff , reporting directly to the President and the Prime Minister . In that role , which had cabinet rank , he was also handling key negotiations with the", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "International Monetary Fund and the World Bank . Thiam was also a key member of the Privatization Committee , in charge of privatising extensive state-owned assets .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "In August 1998 , in addition to his role at the BNETD , where he became chairman , Thiam formally joined the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Planning and Development . In his years in Côte dIvoire , Thiam promoted private sector involvement in infrastructure development . He implemented flagship projects including the Azito power plant ( nominated by the Financial Times as one of the boldest successful investment decisions in the world , the renovation of Abidjan airport and the construction of the Riviera Marcory toll bridge , whose financing was closed a few days before the 1999", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "coup . One of the first actions of the new President , Alassane Ouattara , in 2011 was to start the construction of that bridge as originally overseen by Thiam , with the same promoters .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "Thiam actively promoted an extensive privatisation programme which saw , between 1994 and 1999 , Côte dIvoire lead African countries by privatising its telephone , services , electric power generation , airports , railways and many companies in the agricultural sector . In 1998 , the World Economic Forum in Davos named him as one of the annual 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow , and in 1999 the Forum named him a member of the Dream Cabinet . In December 1999 , whilst Thiam was abroad , the Ivorian military seized control of the government . Thiam returned to the", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "country , where he was arrested and held for several weeks . General Guéï , the new head of state , offered him the position of chief of staff , but he declined and left the country in early 2000 .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "On returning to Europe , Thiam was offered a partnership by McKinsey in Paris , becoming one of the leaders of the companys financial institutions practice . In 2002 he joined Aviva , initially as group strategy and development director , then as managing director of Aviva International , chief executive of Aviva Europe and an executive director , sitting on the plc board . In January 2007 , after Richard Harvey announced he would step down as chief executive of Aviva , Thiam was tipped as a possible future head of the group . Thiam left Aviva in September", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "2007 to become chief financial officer of Prudential plc . In March 2009 , Thiam was named chief executive , effective from October , after Mark Tucker chose to step down . The appointment made him the first African to lead a FTSE 100 listed company . His departure from the role was announced on 10 March 2015 .", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "After he became chief executive , Prudential launched a bid for AIA , the Asian wing of the crisis-stricken AIG . A public battle ensued , with some investors complaining about the $35.5 billion price Prudential was offering to pay . The bid eventually failed , after the AIG board rejected a revised lower bid . AIA was later floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , and the value of the company quickly rose above Prudential’s original bid price . Thiam came under strong personal criticism following the failure of the bid , partly as a result of the", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "costs incurred by the company in pursuing the bid . However , he was re-elected as CEO at the May 2011 AGM with a 99.3 per cent vote . The companys performance since the bid appears not to have been damaged by its failure - in the first nine months of 2011 , Prudential delivered a 14 per cent increase in new business profits over the same period in 2010 , with total insurance sales increasing by 10 per cent , while in its full-year results for 2013 , Prudential delivered an IFRS operating profit of £2.95 billion , up", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "17 per cent from the year before . In March 2013 , the Financial Services Authority fined Prudential £30m and censured its CEO , Thiam , for failure to inform it of its plans to buy AIA and failure of dealing with the FSA in an open and cooperative manner .", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "Thiam was appointed the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss investment bank and financial services company , Credit Suisse Group AG on 10 March 2015 . An hour after his appointment was announced , the company stock increased by 7.5% . During his first two years , he led the bank through a restructuring process cutting costs and jobs . His compensation was US$9.9 million in 2016 and $10.2 million in 2017 . His pay was originally scheduled to be $11.2 million in 2017 , however it was reduced after shareholder backlash . From 2016 to 2019 ,", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "Under Thiam , Credit Suisse expanded their wealth management business and generated net new assets of CHF121bn ( €113.7bn ) , and their pre-tax profit from wealth management grew double-digit ( +15% ) for four years in a row , from €2.5bn in 2015 to €4.4bn in 2019 . In March 2018 , Thiam detailed a new profitability track for the company by stating : Weve been cleaning up a lot of undesirable trades that we should not have done.. . Theres no way to clean up the past , given the legacy we have , without generating losses .", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "We have profitable operations of the company .", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "In September 2019 , he became involved in a scandal with Iqbal Khan , a former employee of Credit Suisse who had transferred to UBS . Khan , Credit Suisses former head of Wealth Management , accused Thiam of sending spies after him . The two , who were also neighbors , were alleged to have fallen out over personal issues earlier on . In October 2019 , Credit Suisse cleared Thiam of ordering the botched surveillance . The Homburger inquiry presented its report to the Credit Suisse board and said that Bouée , not Thiam , had independently made", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "the call to follow Khan . Bouée resigned , although he has since said that he intends to sue the bank . Credit Suisses head of global security also resigned .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": " On February 7 , 2020 , Tidjane Thiam resigned amid a power struggle which followed the spying scandal . In a statement , Thiam said : I had no knowledge of the observation of two former colleagues . It undoubtedly disturbed Credit Suisse and caused anxiety and hurt . I regret that this happened and it should never have taken place , Thiam said in the statement .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "Shares in Credit Suisse more than halved from a late February high through a mid-March low as banks slumped on worries about the impact of sweeping lockdowns across most of Europe put in place to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus ( on February 8 , 2020 , UBS was at 70% of its March 2015 stock price , Credit Suisse 55% ) .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "In October 1999 Thiam was appointed by James Wolfensohn as one of 20 members of the External Advisory Council of the World Bank Institute , which the Institute relies on for advice and guidance . Thiam is a member of the Africa Progress Panel ( APP ) , a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa . Every year , the Panel releases a report , the Africa Progress Report , that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "In 2012 , the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs , Justice , and Equity .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "In January 2011 Thiam was appointed chairman of the G20s High Level Panel on Infrastructure Investment . Established by the Seoul G20 summit in 2010 , the panel was a grouping of figures from leading financial institutions and development agencies given the task of producing concrete proposals to encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects in emerging economies . The panel submitted its report to the G20 Summit meeting in Cannes in November 2011 . In 2013 Thiam was one of the authors of “A Partnership for the Future” , a report prepared at the request of the French Minister", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "for the Economy and Finance by five French and Franco-African political and economic experts . The report set out proposals for building a new economic partnership based on a business relationship between France and the African continent , particularly the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa . Thiam is a member of the UK Prime Ministers Business Advisory Group and he is one of UK Trade & Investments Business Ambassadors .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": " In November 2020 , Thiam was appointed by the cabinet of Rwanda to head the board of Rwanda Finance Limited . In early 2021 , he was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel ( HLIP ) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "Thiam was chairman of the Association of British Insurers between July 3 , 2012 , and October 1 , 2014 . Thiam is a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum . He was a non-executive director of the French chemicals company Arkema until November 2009 . In 2007 , Thiam was elected INSEAD Alumnus of the Year by the Insead Alumnus Association . In 2009 , he was nominated as one of 50 Alumni who changed the world as part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of INSEAD and its 38,000 graduates . He", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": "was ranked number one in both 2010 and 2011 by the annual publication the Powerlist , which ranks the 100 most influential Africans in the UK .", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": " In July 2011 , Thiam was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur by the French government in recognition of his significant contribution to civil life for more than 20 years . In 2013 , he was awarded the Grand Prix de l’Économie , organised by Les Échos and Radio Classique , in partnership with law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer . In July 2018 , business and finance magazine Euromoney named Thiam Banker of the Year 2018 , citing his radical three-year plan that had reinvented Credit Suisse .", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": " Tidjane was married to Annette Anthony Thiam , an African-American lawyer who used to work for Joe Biden , and they have two sons . Tidjanes eldest son Bilal Thiam died of cancer in May 2020 at the age of 24 . Tidjane and Annette separated in 2015 , and divorced in 2016 . A dual citizen of the Ivory Coast and France , he speaks English , French , and German fluently .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "École Polytechnique" ]

[ { "text": " Tidjane Thiam ( ; born 29 July 1962 ) is an Ivorian banker who was the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss bank Credit Suisse from March 2015 to February 2020 . He was the chief financial officer of British banking group Prudential from 2007 to 2009 , and then its CEO until 2015 . In 2019 , Thiam became a member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Born into a prominent political family in the Ivory Coast , he holds dual Ivorian and French citizenship . He studied advanced mathematics and physics in France before joining the management consultants McKinsey & Company in 1986 , where he worked until 1994 . From 1994 to 1999 he worked in the Ivory Coast first as chief executive of the National Bureau for Technical Studies ( BNETD ) . Following the 1999 Ivorian coup détat , he resumed a private sector career and rejoined McKinsey in Paris from 2000 to 2002 , then worked as a senior executive for Aviva", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "before being recruited by Prudential .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Thiam was born in the Ivory Coast ( Côte dIvoire ) on 29 July 1962 . He is a descendant of two prominent families from Senegal and Ivory Coast . On his mother’s side , he is a descendant of Queen Yamousso , after whom the capital of Côte dIvoire , Yamoussoukro , is named . Thiams mother , Marietou , was the niece of Chief Félix Houphouët-Boigny , the founder and first President of Côte dIvoire ( known for the quote People are surprised that I like gold . Its just that I was born in it ) .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": " His father , Amadou Thiam , a journalist , was born in Senegal and emigrated to Côte dIvoire in 1947 . He supported Houphouet-Boigny in his fight for the independence of the country and served more than ten years in the Ivorian cabinet after independence . Tidjane’s uncle , Habib Thiam , was Prime Minister of Senegal for more than 10 years and also served as President of the National Assembly .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "In 1982 Thiam was the first Ivorian to pass the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique in Paris . In 1984 , he graduated from the École Polytechnique and in 1986 from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris where he was top of his class . In 1986 he was offered a scholarship to study for an MBA at INSEAD and join the McKinsey Fellows Programme in Paris . He received an MBA from INSEAD in 1988 ( Deans list ) . In 1989 he took a one-year sabbatical from McKinsey to participate in the World Banks Young", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Professionals Program in Washington , D.C . He returned to McKinsey in 1990 , working first in New York City and then in Paris .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "In December 1993 , the first Ivorian President , Félix Houphouët-Boigny , died and was replaced by Henri Konan Bédié . In April 1994 , at the request of the new President , Thiam left France and McKinsey to go back to Abidjan and become the CEO of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development ( BNETD ) , an infrastructure development and economic advisory body with more than 4,000 staff , reporting directly to the President and the Prime Minister . In that role , which had cabinet rank , he was also handling key negotiations with the", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "International Monetary Fund and the World Bank . Thiam was also a key member of the Privatization Committee , in charge of privatising extensive state-owned assets .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "In August 1998 , in addition to his role at the BNETD , where he became chairman , Thiam formally joined the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Planning and Development . In his years in Côte dIvoire , Thiam promoted private sector involvement in infrastructure development . He implemented flagship projects including the Azito power plant ( nominated by the Financial Times as one of the boldest successful investment decisions in the world , the renovation of Abidjan airport and the construction of the Riviera Marcory toll bridge , whose financing was closed a few days before the 1999", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "coup . One of the first actions of the new President , Alassane Ouattara , in 2011 was to start the construction of that bridge as originally overseen by Thiam , with the same promoters .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "Thiam actively promoted an extensive privatisation programme which saw , between 1994 and 1999 , Côte dIvoire lead African countries by privatising its telephone , services , electric power generation , airports , railways and many companies in the agricultural sector . In 1998 , the World Economic Forum in Davos named him as one of the annual 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow , and in 1999 the Forum named him a member of the Dream Cabinet . In December 1999 , whilst Thiam was abroad , the Ivorian military seized control of the government . Thiam returned to the", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "country , where he was arrested and held for several weeks . General Guéï , the new head of state , offered him the position of chief of staff , but he declined and left the country in early 2000 .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "On returning to Europe , Thiam was offered a partnership by McKinsey in Paris , becoming one of the leaders of the companys financial institutions practice . In 2002 he joined Aviva , initially as group strategy and development director , then as managing director of Aviva International , chief executive of Aviva Europe and an executive director , sitting on the plc board . In January 2007 , after Richard Harvey announced he would step down as chief executive of Aviva , Thiam was tipped as a possible future head of the group . Thiam left Aviva in September", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "2007 to become chief financial officer of Prudential plc . In March 2009 , Thiam was named chief executive , effective from October , after Mark Tucker chose to step down . The appointment made him the first African to lead a FTSE 100 listed company . His departure from the role was announced on 10 March 2015 .", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "After he became chief executive , Prudential launched a bid for AIA , the Asian wing of the crisis-stricken AIG . A public battle ensued , with some investors complaining about the $35.5 billion price Prudential was offering to pay . The bid eventually failed , after the AIG board rejected a revised lower bid . AIA was later floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , and the value of the company quickly rose above Prudential’s original bid price . Thiam came under strong personal criticism following the failure of the bid , partly as a result of the", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "costs incurred by the company in pursuing the bid . However , he was re-elected as CEO at the May 2011 AGM with a 99.3 per cent vote . The companys performance since the bid appears not to have been damaged by its failure - in the first nine months of 2011 , Prudential delivered a 14 per cent increase in new business profits over the same period in 2010 , with total insurance sales increasing by 10 per cent , while in its full-year results for 2013 , Prudential delivered an IFRS operating profit of £2.95 billion , up", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "17 per cent from the year before . In March 2013 , the Financial Services Authority fined Prudential £30m and censured its CEO , Thiam , for failure to inform it of its plans to buy AIA and failure of dealing with the FSA in an open and cooperative manner .", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "Thiam was appointed the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss investment bank and financial services company , Credit Suisse Group AG on 10 March 2015 . An hour after his appointment was announced , the company stock increased by 7.5% . During his first two years , he led the bank through a restructuring process cutting costs and jobs . His compensation was US$9.9 million in 2016 and $10.2 million in 2017 . His pay was originally scheduled to be $11.2 million in 2017 , however it was reduced after shareholder backlash . From 2016 to 2019 ,", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "Under Thiam , Credit Suisse expanded their wealth management business and generated net new assets of CHF121bn ( €113.7bn ) , and their pre-tax profit from wealth management grew double-digit ( +15% ) for four years in a row , from €2.5bn in 2015 to €4.4bn in 2019 . In March 2018 , Thiam detailed a new profitability track for the company by stating : Weve been cleaning up a lot of undesirable trades that we should not have done.. . Theres no way to clean up the past , given the legacy we have , without generating losses .", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "We have profitable operations of the company .", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "In September 2019 , he became involved in a scandal with Iqbal Khan , a former employee of Credit Suisse who had transferred to UBS . Khan , Credit Suisses former head of Wealth Management , accused Thiam of sending spies after him . The two , who were also neighbors , were alleged to have fallen out over personal issues earlier on . In October 2019 , Credit Suisse cleared Thiam of ordering the botched surveillance . The Homburger inquiry presented its report to the Credit Suisse board and said that Bouée , not Thiam , had independently made", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "the call to follow Khan . Bouée resigned , although he has since said that he intends to sue the bank . Credit Suisses head of global security also resigned .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": " On February 7 , 2020 , Tidjane Thiam resigned amid a power struggle which followed the spying scandal . In a statement , Thiam said : I had no knowledge of the observation of two former colleagues . It undoubtedly disturbed Credit Suisse and caused anxiety and hurt . I regret that this happened and it should never have taken place , Thiam said in the statement .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "Shares in Credit Suisse more than halved from a late February high through a mid-March low as banks slumped on worries about the impact of sweeping lockdowns across most of Europe put in place to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus ( on February 8 , 2020 , UBS was at 70% of its March 2015 stock price , Credit Suisse 55% ) .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "In October 1999 Thiam was appointed by James Wolfensohn as one of 20 members of the External Advisory Council of the World Bank Institute , which the Institute relies on for advice and guidance . Thiam is a member of the Africa Progress Panel ( APP ) , a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa . Every year , the Panel releases a report , the Africa Progress Report , that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "In 2012 , the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs , Justice , and Equity .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "In January 2011 Thiam was appointed chairman of the G20s High Level Panel on Infrastructure Investment . Established by the Seoul G20 summit in 2010 , the panel was a grouping of figures from leading financial institutions and development agencies given the task of producing concrete proposals to encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects in emerging economies . The panel submitted its report to the G20 Summit meeting in Cannes in November 2011 . In 2013 Thiam was one of the authors of “A Partnership for the Future” , a report prepared at the request of the French Minister", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "for the Economy and Finance by five French and Franco-African political and economic experts . The report set out proposals for building a new economic partnership based on a business relationship between France and the African continent , particularly the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa . Thiam is a member of the UK Prime Ministers Business Advisory Group and he is one of UK Trade & Investments Business Ambassadors .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": " In November 2020 , Thiam was appointed by the cabinet of Rwanda to head the board of Rwanda Finance Limited . In early 2021 , he was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel ( HLIP ) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "Thiam was chairman of the Association of British Insurers between July 3 , 2012 , and October 1 , 2014 . Thiam is a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum . He was a non-executive director of the French chemicals company Arkema until November 2009 . In 2007 , Thiam was elected INSEAD Alumnus of the Year by the Insead Alumnus Association . In 2009 , he was nominated as one of 50 Alumni who changed the world as part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of INSEAD and its 38,000 graduates . He", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": "was ranked number one in both 2010 and 2011 by the annual publication the Powerlist , which ranks the 100 most influential Africans in the UK .", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": " In July 2011 , Thiam was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur by the French government in recognition of his significant contribution to civil life for more than 20 years . In 2013 , he was awarded the Grand Prix de l’Économie , organised by Les Échos and Radio Classique , in partnership with law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer . In July 2018 , business and finance magazine Euromoney named Thiam Banker of the Year 2018 , citing his radical three-year plan that had reinvented Credit Suisse .", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": " Tidjane was married to Annette Anthony Thiam , an African-American lawyer who used to work for Joe Biden , and they have two sons . Tidjanes eldest son Bilal Thiam died of cancer in May 2020 at the age of 24 . Tidjane and Annette separated in 2015 , and divorced in 2016 . A dual citizen of the Ivory Coast and France , he speaks English , French , and German fluently .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris" ]

[ { "text": " Tidjane Thiam ( ; born 29 July 1962 ) is an Ivorian banker who was the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss bank Credit Suisse from March 2015 to February 2020 . He was the chief financial officer of British banking group Prudential from 2007 to 2009 , and then its CEO until 2015 . In 2019 , Thiam became a member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Born into a prominent political family in the Ivory Coast , he holds dual Ivorian and French citizenship . He studied advanced mathematics and physics in France before joining the management consultants McKinsey & Company in 1986 , where he worked until 1994 . From 1994 to 1999 he worked in the Ivory Coast first as chief executive of the National Bureau for Technical Studies ( BNETD ) . Following the 1999 Ivorian coup détat , he resumed a private sector career and rejoined McKinsey in Paris from 2000 to 2002 , then worked as a senior executive for Aviva", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "before being recruited by Prudential .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Thiam was born in the Ivory Coast ( Côte dIvoire ) on 29 July 1962 . He is a descendant of two prominent families from Senegal and Ivory Coast . On his mother’s side , he is a descendant of Queen Yamousso , after whom the capital of Côte dIvoire , Yamoussoukro , is named . Thiams mother , Marietou , was the niece of Chief Félix Houphouët-Boigny , the founder and first President of Côte dIvoire ( known for the quote People are surprised that I like gold . Its just that I was born in it ) .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": " His father , Amadou Thiam , a journalist , was born in Senegal and emigrated to Côte dIvoire in 1947 . He supported Houphouet-Boigny in his fight for the independence of the country and served more than ten years in the Ivorian cabinet after independence . Tidjane’s uncle , Habib Thiam , was Prime Minister of Senegal for more than 10 years and also served as President of the National Assembly .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "In 1982 Thiam was the first Ivorian to pass the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique in Paris . In 1984 , he graduated from the École Polytechnique and in 1986 from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris where he was top of his class . In 1986 he was offered a scholarship to study for an MBA at INSEAD and join the McKinsey Fellows Programme in Paris . He received an MBA from INSEAD in 1988 ( Deans list ) . In 1989 he took a one-year sabbatical from McKinsey to participate in the World Banks Young", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Professionals Program in Washington , D.C . He returned to McKinsey in 1990 , working first in New York City and then in Paris .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "In December 1993 , the first Ivorian President , Félix Houphouët-Boigny , died and was replaced by Henri Konan Bédié . In April 1994 , at the request of the new President , Thiam left France and McKinsey to go back to Abidjan and become the CEO of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development ( BNETD ) , an infrastructure development and economic advisory body with more than 4,000 staff , reporting directly to the President and the Prime Minister . In that role , which had cabinet rank , he was also handling key negotiations with the", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "International Monetary Fund and the World Bank . Thiam was also a key member of the Privatization Committee , in charge of privatising extensive state-owned assets .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "In August 1998 , in addition to his role at the BNETD , where he became chairman , Thiam formally joined the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Planning and Development . In his years in Côte dIvoire , Thiam promoted private sector involvement in infrastructure development . He implemented flagship projects including the Azito power plant ( nominated by the Financial Times as one of the boldest successful investment decisions in the world , the renovation of Abidjan airport and the construction of the Riviera Marcory toll bridge , whose financing was closed a few days before the 1999", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "coup . One of the first actions of the new President , Alassane Ouattara , in 2011 was to start the construction of that bridge as originally overseen by Thiam , with the same promoters .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "Thiam actively promoted an extensive privatisation programme which saw , between 1994 and 1999 , Côte dIvoire lead African countries by privatising its telephone , services , electric power generation , airports , railways and many companies in the agricultural sector . In 1998 , the World Economic Forum in Davos named him as one of the annual 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow , and in 1999 the Forum named him a member of the Dream Cabinet . In December 1999 , whilst Thiam was abroad , the Ivorian military seized control of the government . Thiam returned to the", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "country , where he was arrested and held for several weeks . General Guéï , the new head of state , offered him the position of chief of staff , but he declined and left the country in early 2000 .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "On returning to Europe , Thiam was offered a partnership by McKinsey in Paris , becoming one of the leaders of the companys financial institutions practice . In 2002 he joined Aviva , initially as group strategy and development director , then as managing director of Aviva International , chief executive of Aviva Europe and an executive director , sitting on the plc board . In January 2007 , after Richard Harvey announced he would step down as chief executive of Aviva , Thiam was tipped as a possible future head of the group . Thiam left Aviva in September", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "2007 to become chief financial officer of Prudential plc . In March 2009 , Thiam was named chief executive , effective from October , after Mark Tucker chose to step down . The appointment made him the first African to lead a FTSE 100 listed company . His departure from the role was announced on 10 March 2015 .", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "After he became chief executive , Prudential launched a bid for AIA , the Asian wing of the crisis-stricken AIG . A public battle ensued , with some investors complaining about the $35.5 billion price Prudential was offering to pay . The bid eventually failed , after the AIG board rejected a revised lower bid . AIA was later floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , and the value of the company quickly rose above Prudential’s original bid price . Thiam came under strong personal criticism following the failure of the bid , partly as a result of the", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "costs incurred by the company in pursuing the bid . However , he was re-elected as CEO at the May 2011 AGM with a 99.3 per cent vote . The companys performance since the bid appears not to have been damaged by its failure - in the first nine months of 2011 , Prudential delivered a 14 per cent increase in new business profits over the same period in 2010 , with total insurance sales increasing by 10 per cent , while in its full-year results for 2013 , Prudential delivered an IFRS operating profit of £2.95 billion , up", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "17 per cent from the year before . In March 2013 , the Financial Services Authority fined Prudential £30m and censured its CEO , Thiam , for failure to inform it of its plans to buy AIA and failure of dealing with the FSA in an open and cooperative manner .", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "Thiam was appointed the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss investment bank and financial services company , Credit Suisse Group AG on 10 March 2015 . An hour after his appointment was announced , the company stock increased by 7.5% . During his first two years , he led the bank through a restructuring process cutting costs and jobs . His compensation was US$9.9 million in 2016 and $10.2 million in 2017 . His pay was originally scheduled to be $11.2 million in 2017 , however it was reduced after shareholder backlash . From 2016 to 2019 ,", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "Under Thiam , Credit Suisse expanded their wealth management business and generated net new assets of CHF121bn ( €113.7bn ) , and their pre-tax profit from wealth management grew double-digit ( +15% ) for four years in a row , from €2.5bn in 2015 to €4.4bn in 2019 . In March 2018 , Thiam detailed a new profitability track for the company by stating : Weve been cleaning up a lot of undesirable trades that we should not have done.. . Theres no way to clean up the past , given the legacy we have , without generating losses .", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "We have profitable operations of the company .", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "In September 2019 , he became involved in a scandal with Iqbal Khan , a former employee of Credit Suisse who had transferred to UBS . Khan , Credit Suisses former head of Wealth Management , accused Thiam of sending spies after him . The two , who were also neighbors , were alleged to have fallen out over personal issues earlier on . In October 2019 , Credit Suisse cleared Thiam of ordering the botched surveillance . The Homburger inquiry presented its report to the Credit Suisse board and said that Bouée , not Thiam , had independently made", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "the call to follow Khan . Bouée resigned , although he has since said that he intends to sue the bank . Credit Suisses head of global security also resigned .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": " On February 7 , 2020 , Tidjane Thiam resigned amid a power struggle which followed the spying scandal . In a statement , Thiam said : I had no knowledge of the observation of two former colleagues . It undoubtedly disturbed Credit Suisse and caused anxiety and hurt . I regret that this happened and it should never have taken place , Thiam said in the statement .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "Shares in Credit Suisse more than halved from a late February high through a mid-March low as banks slumped on worries about the impact of sweeping lockdowns across most of Europe put in place to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus ( on February 8 , 2020 , UBS was at 70% of its March 2015 stock price , Credit Suisse 55% ) .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "In October 1999 Thiam was appointed by James Wolfensohn as one of 20 members of the External Advisory Council of the World Bank Institute , which the Institute relies on for advice and guidance . Thiam is a member of the Africa Progress Panel ( APP ) , a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa . Every year , the Panel releases a report , the Africa Progress Report , that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "In 2012 , the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs , Justice , and Equity .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "In January 2011 Thiam was appointed chairman of the G20s High Level Panel on Infrastructure Investment . Established by the Seoul G20 summit in 2010 , the panel was a grouping of figures from leading financial institutions and development agencies given the task of producing concrete proposals to encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects in emerging economies . The panel submitted its report to the G20 Summit meeting in Cannes in November 2011 . In 2013 Thiam was one of the authors of “A Partnership for the Future” , a report prepared at the request of the French Minister", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "for the Economy and Finance by five French and Franco-African political and economic experts . The report set out proposals for building a new economic partnership based on a business relationship between France and the African continent , particularly the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa . Thiam is a member of the UK Prime Ministers Business Advisory Group and he is one of UK Trade & Investments Business Ambassadors .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": " In November 2020 , Thiam was appointed by the cabinet of Rwanda to head the board of Rwanda Finance Limited . In early 2021 , he was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel ( HLIP ) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "Thiam was chairman of the Association of British Insurers between July 3 , 2012 , and October 1 , 2014 . Thiam is a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum . He was a non-executive director of the French chemicals company Arkema until November 2009 . In 2007 , Thiam was elected INSEAD Alumnus of the Year by the Insead Alumnus Association . In 2009 , he was nominated as one of 50 Alumni who changed the world as part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of INSEAD and its 38,000 graduates . He", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": "was ranked number one in both 2010 and 2011 by the annual publication the Powerlist , which ranks the 100 most influential Africans in the UK .", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": " In July 2011 , Thiam was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur by the French government in recognition of his significant contribution to civil life for more than 20 years . In 2013 , he was awarded the Grand Prix de l’Économie , organised by Les Échos and Radio Classique , in partnership with law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer . In July 2018 , business and finance magazine Euromoney named Thiam Banker of the Year 2018 , citing his radical three-year plan that had reinvented Credit Suisse .", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": " Tidjane was married to Annette Anthony Thiam , an African-American lawyer who used to work for Joe Biden , and they have two sons . Tidjanes eldest son Bilal Thiam died of cancer in May 2020 at the age of 24 . Tidjane and Annette separated in 2015 , and divorced in 2016 . A dual citizen of the Ivory Coast and France , he speaks English , French , and German fluently .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

[ "INSEAD" ]

[ { "text": " Tidjane Thiam ( ; born 29 July 1962 ) is an Ivorian banker who was the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss bank Credit Suisse from March 2015 to February 2020 . He was the chief financial officer of British banking group Prudential from 2007 to 2009 , and then its CEO until 2015 . In 2019 , Thiam became a member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Born into a prominent political family in the Ivory Coast , he holds dual Ivorian and French citizenship . He studied advanced mathematics and physics in France before joining the management consultants McKinsey & Company in 1986 , where he worked until 1994 . From 1994 to 1999 he worked in the Ivory Coast first as chief executive of the National Bureau for Technical Studies ( BNETD ) . Following the 1999 Ivorian coup détat , he resumed a private sector career and rejoined McKinsey in Paris from 2000 to 2002 , then worked as a senior executive for Aviva", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "before being recruited by Prudential .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Thiam was born in the Ivory Coast ( Côte dIvoire ) on 29 July 1962 . He is a descendant of two prominent families from Senegal and Ivory Coast . On his mother’s side , he is a descendant of Queen Yamousso , after whom the capital of Côte dIvoire , Yamoussoukro , is named . Thiams mother , Marietou , was the niece of Chief Félix Houphouët-Boigny , the founder and first President of Côte dIvoire ( known for the quote People are surprised that I like gold . Its just that I was born in it ) .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": " His father , Amadou Thiam , a journalist , was born in Senegal and emigrated to Côte dIvoire in 1947 . He supported Houphouet-Boigny in his fight for the independence of the country and served more than ten years in the Ivorian cabinet after independence . Tidjane’s uncle , Habib Thiam , was Prime Minister of Senegal for more than 10 years and also served as President of the National Assembly .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "In 1982 Thiam was the first Ivorian to pass the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique in Paris . In 1984 , he graduated from the École Polytechnique and in 1986 from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris where he was top of his class . In 1986 he was offered a scholarship to study for an MBA at INSEAD and join the McKinsey Fellows Programme in Paris . He received an MBA from INSEAD in 1988 ( Deans list ) . In 1989 he took a one-year sabbatical from McKinsey to participate in the World Banks Young", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "Professionals Program in Washington , D.C . He returned to McKinsey in 1990 , working first in New York City and then in Paris .", "title": "Tidjane Thiam" }, { "text": "In December 1993 , the first Ivorian President , Félix Houphouët-Boigny , died and was replaced by Henri Konan Bédié . In April 1994 , at the request of the new President , Thiam left France and McKinsey to go back to Abidjan and become the CEO of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development ( BNETD ) , an infrastructure development and economic advisory body with more than 4,000 staff , reporting directly to the President and the Prime Minister . In that role , which had cabinet rank , he was also handling key negotiations with the", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "International Monetary Fund and the World Bank . Thiam was also a key member of the Privatization Committee , in charge of privatising extensive state-owned assets .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "In August 1998 , in addition to his role at the BNETD , where he became chairman , Thiam formally joined the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Planning and Development . In his years in Côte dIvoire , Thiam promoted private sector involvement in infrastructure development . He implemented flagship projects including the Azito power plant ( nominated by the Financial Times as one of the boldest successful investment decisions in the world , the renovation of Abidjan airport and the construction of the Riviera Marcory toll bridge , whose financing was closed a few days before the 1999", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "coup . One of the first actions of the new President , Alassane Ouattara , in 2011 was to start the construction of that bridge as originally overseen by Thiam , with the same promoters .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "Thiam actively promoted an extensive privatisation programme which saw , between 1994 and 1999 , Côte dIvoire lead African countries by privatising its telephone , services , electric power generation , airports , railways and many companies in the agricultural sector . In 1998 , the World Economic Forum in Davos named him as one of the annual 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow , and in 1999 the Forum named him a member of the Dream Cabinet . In December 1999 , whilst Thiam was abroad , the Ivorian military seized control of the government . Thiam returned to the", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "country , where he was arrested and held for several weeks . General Guéï , the new head of state , offered him the position of chief of staff , but he declined and left the country in early 2000 .", "title": "Government career" }, { "text": "On returning to Europe , Thiam was offered a partnership by McKinsey in Paris , becoming one of the leaders of the companys financial institutions practice . In 2002 he joined Aviva , initially as group strategy and development director , then as managing director of Aviva International , chief executive of Aviva Europe and an executive director , sitting on the plc board . In January 2007 , after Richard Harvey announced he would step down as chief executive of Aviva , Thiam was tipped as a possible future head of the group . Thiam left Aviva in September", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "2007 to become chief financial officer of Prudential plc . In March 2009 , Thiam was named chief executive , effective from October , after Mark Tucker chose to step down . The appointment made him the first African to lead a FTSE 100 listed company . His departure from the role was announced on 10 March 2015 .", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "After he became chief executive , Prudential launched a bid for AIA , the Asian wing of the crisis-stricken AIG . A public battle ensued , with some investors complaining about the $35.5 billion price Prudential was offering to pay . The bid eventually failed , after the AIG board rejected a revised lower bid . AIA was later floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , and the value of the company quickly rose above Prudential’s original bid price . Thiam came under strong personal criticism following the failure of the bid , partly as a result of the", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "costs incurred by the company in pursuing the bid . However , he was re-elected as CEO at the May 2011 AGM with a 99.3 per cent vote . The companys performance since the bid appears not to have been damaged by its failure - in the first nine months of 2011 , Prudential delivered a 14 per cent increase in new business profits over the same period in 2010 , with total insurance sales increasing by 10 per cent , while in its full-year results for 2013 , Prudential delivered an IFRS operating profit of £2.95 billion , up", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "17 per cent from the year before . In March 2013 , the Financial Services Authority fined Prudential £30m and censured its CEO , Thiam , for failure to inform it of its plans to buy AIA and failure of dealing with the FSA in an open and cooperative manner .", "title": "Prudential" }, { "text": "Thiam was appointed the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Swiss investment bank and financial services company , Credit Suisse Group AG on 10 March 2015 . An hour after his appointment was announced , the company stock increased by 7.5% . During his first two years , he led the bank through a restructuring process cutting costs and jobs . His compensation was US$9.9 million in 2016 and $10.2 million in 2017 . His pay was originally scheduled to be $11.2 million in 2017 , however it was reduced after shareholder backlash . From 2016 to 2019 ,", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "Under Thiam , Credit Suisse expanded their wealth management business and generated net new assets of CHF121bn ( €113.7bn ) , and their pre-tax profit from wealth management grew double-digit ( +15% ) for four years in a row , from €2.5bn in 2015 to €4.4bn in 2019 . In March 2018 , Thiam detailed a new profitability track for the company by stating : Weve been cleaning up a lot of undesirable trades that we should not have done.. . Theres no way to clean up the past , given the legacy we have , without generating losses .", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "We have profitable operations of the company .", "title": "Credit Suisse" }, { "text": "In September 2019 , he became involved in a scandal with Iqbal Khan , a former employee of Credit Suisse who had transferred to UBS . Khan , Credit Suisses former head of Wealth Management , accused Thiam of sending spies after him . The two , who were also neighbors , were alleged to have fallen out over personal issues earlier on . In October 2019 , Credit Suisse cleared Thiam of ordering the botched surveillance . The Homburger inquiry presented its report to the Credit Suisse board and said that Bouée , not Thiam , had independently made", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "the call to follow Khan . Bouée resigned , although he has since said that he intends to sue the bank . Credit Suisses head of global security also resigned .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": " On February 7 , 2020 , Tidjane Thiam resigned amid a power struggle which followed the spying scandal . In a statement , Thiam said : I had no knowledge of the observation of two former colleagues . It undoubtedly disturbed Credit Suisse and caused anxiety and hurt . I regret that this happened and it should never have taken place , Thiam said in the statement .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "Shares in Credit Suisse more than halved from a late February high through a mid-March low as banks slumped on worries about the impact of sweeping lockdowns across most of Europe put in place to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus ( on February 8 , 2020 , UBS was at 70% of its March 2015 stock price , Credit Suisse 55% ) .", "title": "Resignation" }, { "text": "In October 1999 Thiam was appointed by James Wolfensohn as one of 20 members of the External Advisory Council of the World Bank Institute , which the Institute relies on for advice and guidance . Thiam is a member of the Africa Progress Panel ( APP ) , a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa . Every year , the Panel releases a report , the Africa Progress Report , that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "In 2012 , the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs , Justice , and Equity .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "In January 2011 Thiam was appointed chairman of the G20s High Level Panel on Infrastructure Investment . Established by the Seoul G20 summit in 2010 , the panel was a grouping of figures from leading financial institutions and development agencies given the task of producing concrete proposals to encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects in emerging economies . The panel submitted its report to the G20 Summit meeting in Cannes in November 2011 . In 2013 Thiam was one of the authors of “A Partnership for the Future” , a report prepared at the request of the French Minister", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "for the Economy and Finance by five French and Franco-African political and economic experts . The report set out proposals for building a new economic partnership based on a business relationship between France and the African continent , particularly the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa . Thiam is a member of the UK Prime Ministers Business Advisory Group and he is one of UK Trade & Investments Business Ambassadors .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": " In November 2020 , Thiam was appointed by the cabinet of Rwanda to head the board of Rwanda Finance Limited . In early 2021 , he was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel ( HLIP ) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers .", "title": "International development" }, { "text": "Thiam was chairman of the Association of British Insurers between July 3 , 2012 , and October 1 , 2014 . Thiam is a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum . He was a non-executive director of the French chemicals company Arkema until November 2009 . In 2007 , Thiam was elected INSEAD Alumnus of the Year by the Insead Alumnus Association . In 2009 , he was nominated as one of 50 Alumni who changed the world as part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of INSEAD and its 38,000 graduates . He", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": "was ranked number one in both 2010 and 2011 by the annual publication the Powerlist , which ranks the 100 most influential Africans in the UK .", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": " In July 2011 , Thiam was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur by the French government in recognition of his significant contribution to civil life for more than 20 years . In 2013 , he was awarded the Grand Prix de l’Économie , organised by Les Échos and Radio Classique , in partnership with law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer . In July 2018 , business and finance magazine Euromoney named Thiam Banker of the Year 2018 , citing his radical three-year plan that had reinvented Credit Suisse .", "title": "Awards and honors" }, { "text": " Tidjane was married to Annette Anthony Thiam , an African-American lawyer who used to work for Joe Biden , and they have two sons . Tidjanes eldest son Bilal Thiam died of cancer in May 2020 at the age of 24 . Tidjane and Annette separated in 2015 , and divorced in 2016 . A dual citizen of the Ivory Coast and France , he speaks English , French , and German fluently .", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "text": " Jaime José de Matos da Gama , GCC , GCIH , GCL ( born 8 June 1947 ) is a Portuguese former politician . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Portugal from 1983 to 1985 and again from 1995 to 2002 , and he was President of the Assembly of the Republic from 2005 to 2011 . Since leaving politics , he has worked as Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm , and as Chairman of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores .", "title": "Jaime Gama" }, { "text": " Born at Senhora da Rosa , Fajã de Baixo , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores in 1947 , he is a son of Jaime da Rosa Ferreira da Gama ( Matriz , Horta , Faial , Azores , January 1914 – Lisbon , 29 July 2004 ) and wife Lucília Vaz do Rego de Matos ( São Sebastião , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores , 12 September 1916 – Hospital Militar , Estrela , Lisbon , 21 September 1987 ) .", "title": "Background" }, { "text": "He graduated as a Licentiate in Philosophy from the Faculty of Letters of the University of Lisbon . He was involved in the opposition to the fascist Estado Novo ( New State ) regime , since his youth , and was first arrested , aged only 18 , due to an article published in the local press . He was a member of the socialist CEUD in the campaign for the 1969 legislative elections , won by the National Union ( the regime party ) , due to massive fraud . He was a journalist of the opposition newspaper República", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": ", in the last years of the fascist regime .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": " He was a founder of the Socialist Party , in the German exile of Bad-Munstereifel . He was elected for his party as a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic for the Azores from 1975 and for Lisbon from 1983 .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": "In the 1st Constitutional Government , he was Minister of Internal Affairs ( 1976–1978 ) , and Minister of Foreign Affairs in the 9th Constitutional Government , from 1983 to 1985 . He returned to the same ministry , in António Guterres governments , from 1995 to 2002 , and was also Minister of State and Minister of National Defence , in 1999 , and Minister of State from 1999 to 2002 .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": " He was President of the United Nations Security Council during June 1998 . He was the chairman of the Presidency of the Council of Europe from 1 January 2002 until 6 April 2002 , when he lost his post as Foreign Minister when the new government of José Manuel Durão Barroso took office in Portugal . From 2005 to 2011 , he was President of the Assembly of the Republic .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": " As Minister of Foreign Affairs , Jaime Gama signed the Accession Treaty of Portugal to the European Communities , the Friendship , Cooperation and Consultation Treaty with Brazil , and initiated and concluded negotiations with China on the handover of Macau .", "title": "Foreign policy" }, { "text": "He negotiated and signed the New York Agreements between the UN , Indonesia , and Portugal that led to the self-determination and independence of East Timor . On several occasions , he managed crisis and peace and reconciliation efforts in Angola , Mozambique , and Guinea-Bissau . Jaime Gama was the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2002 when Angola reached peace after a 27-year civil war .", "title": "Foreign policy" }, { "text": " Jaime Gama proposed , negotiated and launched the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries ( CPLP ) . As Foreign Minister he proposed and organized , with Algeria and Egypt , the first Africa-EU Summit , paving the way for the Africa-EU Partnership . As Speaker of the Parliament he negotiated and implemented the Parliamentary Forum of the Ibero-American Community of Nations .", "title": "Foreign policy" }, { "text": " Jaime Gama is Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm led by former U.S . Secretary of State in the Clinton administration Madeleine Albright and former Commerce Secretary and Kellogg Company CEO Carlos Gutierrez . Presently , he is a member of the General Council of the University of Lisbon , of the Supervisory Board and of the Strategy Board of the Political Studies Institute , both of the Lisbon Catholic University , of the European Council on Foreign Relations and of the Aspen Ministers Forum .", "title": "Life after politics" }, { "text": "In addition , he is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores , Chairman of the Supervisory Board for the electronic newspaper “Observador and a member of the Board of Directors of the Francisco Manuel dos Santos Foundation .", "title": "Life after politics" }, { "text": " - Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 19 April 1986 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 2 June 1987 ) - Grand-Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Germany ( 9 May 1989 ) - Commander of the Legion of Honour , France ( 28 January 1991 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite , Morocco ( 6 February 1992 ) - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 12 August 1997 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": "- Commanders Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Poland ( 22 September 1997 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Grand-Cross of the Order of Civil Merit , Spain ( 17 June 1998 ) - Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour , France ( 29 November 1999 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Honour , Greece ( 17 March 2000 ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold I , Belgium ( 9 October 2000 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Chile ( 30 September 2001 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Italy ( 1 April 2002 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": "- First Class of the Order of the White Star , Estonia ( 29 March 2003 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Grand-Cross of the Order of the Star of Jordan , Jordan ( 28 May 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Royal Norwegian Order of Merit , Norway ( 25 September 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Order of St . Gregory the Great , Holy See ( 3 September 2010 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 4 October 2014 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " He married in Lisbon on 18 September 1971 to Alda Taborda and their son , João Taborda da Gama , born in 1977 , is a Tax Law Professor of the Law School of the Catholic University of Portugal . They have five grandchildren .", "title": "Family" }, { "text": " - Os Presidentes do Parlamento ( Presidents of the Portuguese Parliament ) , Assembly of the Republic", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "text": " Jaime José de Matos da Gama , GCC , GCIH , GCL ( born 8 June 1947 ) is a Portuguese former politician . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Portugal from 1983 to 1985 and again from 1995 to 2002 , and he was President of the Assembly of the Republic from 2005 to 2011 . Since leaving politics , he has worked as Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm , and as Chairman of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores .", "title": "Jaime Gama" }, { "text": " Born at Senhora da Rosa , Fajã de Baixo , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores in 1947 , he is a son of Jaime da Rosa Ferreira da Gama ( Matriz , Horta , Faial , Azores , January 1914 – Lisbon , 29 July 2004 ) and wife Lucília Vaz do Rego de Matos ( São Sebastião , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores , 12 September 1916 – Hospital Militar , Estrela , Lisbon , 21 September 1987 ) .", "title": "Background" }, { "text": "He graduated as a Licentiate in Philosophy from the Faculty of Letters of the University of Lisbon . He was involved in the opposition to the fascist Estado Novo ( New State ) regime , since his youth , and was first arrested , aged only 18 , due to an article published in the local press . He was a member of the socialist CEUD in the campaign for the 1969 legislative elections , won by the National Union ( the regime party ) , due to massive fraud . He was a journalist of the opposition newspaper República", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": ", in the last years of the fascist regime .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": " He was a founder of the Socialist Party , in the German exile of Bad-Munstereifel . He was elected for his party as a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic for the Azores from 1975 and for Lisbon from 1983 .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": "In the 1st Constitutional Government , he was Minister of Internal Affairs ( 1976–1978 ) , and Minister of Foreign Affairs in the 9th Constitutional Government , from 1983 to 1985 . He returned to the same ministry , in António Guterres governments , from 1995 to 2002 , and was also Minister of State and Minister of National Defence , in 1999 , and Minister of State from 1999 to 2002 .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": " He was President of the United Nations Security Council during June 1998 . He was the chairman of the Presidency of the Council of Europe from 1 January 2002 until 6 April 2002 , when he lost his post as Foreign Minister when the new government of José Manuel Durão Barroso took office in Portugal . From 2005 to 2011 , he was President of the Assembly of the Republic .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": " As Minister of Foreign Affairs , Jaime Gama signed the Accession Treaty of Portugal to the European Communities , the Friendship , Cooperation and Consultation Treaty with Brazil , and initiated and concluded negotiations with China on the handover of Macau .", "title": "Foreign policy" }, { "text": "He negotiated and signed the New York Agreements between the UN , Indonesia , and Portugal that led to the self-determination and independence of East Timor . On several occasions , he managed crisis and peace and reconciliation efforts in Angola , Mozambique , and Guinea-Bissau . Jaime Gama was the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2002 when Angola reached peace after a 27-year civil war .", "title": "Foreign policy" }, { "text": " Jaime Gama proposed , negotiated and launched the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries ( CPLP ) . As Foreign Minister he proposed and organized , with Algeria and Egypt , the first Africa-EU Summit , paving the way for the Africa-EU Partnership . As Speaker of the Parliament he negotiated and implemented the Parliamentary Forum of the Ibero-American Community of Nations .", "title": "Foreign policy" }, { "text": " Jaime Gama is Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm led by former U.S . Secretary of State in the Clinton administration Madeleine Albright and former Commerce Secretary and Kellogg Company CEO Carlos Gutierrez . Presently , he is a member of the General Council of the University of Lisbon , of the Supervisory Board and of the Strategy Board of the Political Studies Institute , both of the Lisbon Catholic University , of the European Council on Foreign Relations and of the Aspen Ministers Forum .", "title": "Life after politics" }, { "text": "In addition , he is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores , Chairman of the Supervisory Board for the electronic newspaper “Observador and a member of the Board of Directors of the Francisco Manuel dos Santos Foundation .", "title": "Life after politics" }, { "text": " - Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 19 April 1986 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 2 June 1987 ) - Grand-Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Germany ( 9 May 1989 ) - Commander of the Legion of Honour , France ( 28 January 1991 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite , Morocco ( 6 February 1992 ) - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 12 August 1997 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": "- Commanders Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Poland ( 22 September 1997 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Grand-Cross of the Order of Civil Merit , Spain ( 17 June 1998 ) - Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour , France ( 29 November 1999 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Honour , Greece ( 17 March 2000 ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold I , Belgium ( 9 October 2000 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Chile ( 30 September 2001 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Italy ( 1 April 2002 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": "- First Class of the Order of the White Star , Estonia ( 29 March 2003 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Grand-Cross of the Order of the Star of Jordan , Jordan ( 28 May 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Royal Norwegian Order of Merit , Norway ( 25 September 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Order of St . Gregory the Great , Holy See ( 3 September 2010 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 4 October 2014 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " He married in Lisbon on 18 September 1971 to Alda Taborda and their son , João Taborda da Gama , born in 1977 , is a Tax Law Professor of the Law School of the Catholic University of Portugal . They have five grandchildren .", "title": "Family" }, { "text": " - Os Presidentes do Parlamento ( Presidents of the Portuguese Parliament ) , Assembly of the Republic", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "text": " Jaime José de Matos da Gama , GCC , GCIH , GCL ( born 8 June 1947 ) is a Portuguese former politician . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Portugal from 1983 to 1985 and again from 1995 to 2002 , and he was President of the Assembly of the Republic from 2005 to 2011 . Since leaving politics , he has worked as Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm , and as Chairman of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores .", "title": "Jaime Gama" }, { "text": " Born at Senhora da Rosa , Fajã de Baixo , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores in 1947 , he is a son of Jaime da Rosa Ferreira da Gama ( Matriz , Horta , Faial , Azores , January 1914 – Lisbon , 29 July 2004 ) and wife Lucília Vaz do Rego de Matos ( São Sebastião , Ponta Delgada , São Miguel , Azores , 12 September 1916 – Hospital Militar , Estrela , Lisbon , 21 September 1987 ) .", "title": "Background" }, { "text": "He graduated as a Licentiate in Philosophy from the Faculty of Letters of the University of Lisbon . He was involved in the opposition to the fascist Estado Novo ( New State ) regime , since his youth , and was first arrested , aged only 18 , due to an article published in the local press . He was a member of the socialist CEUD in the campaign for the 1969 legislative elections , won by the National Union ( the regime party ) , due to massive fraud . He was a journalist of the opposition newspaper República", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": ", in the last years of the fascist regime .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": " He was a founder of the Socialist Party , in the German exile of Bad-Munstereifel . He was elected for his party as a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic for the Azores from 1975 and for Lisbon from 1983 .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": "In the 1st Constitutional Government , he was Minister of Internal Affairs ( 1976–1978 ) , and Minister of Foreign Affairs in the 9th Constitutional Government , from 1983 to 1985 . He returned to the same ministry , in António Guterres governments , from 1995 to 2002 , and was also Minister of State and Minister of National Defence , in 1999 , and Minister of State from 1999 to 2002 .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": " He was President of the United Nations Security Council during June 1998 . He was the chairman of the Presidency of the Council of Europe from 1 January 2002 until 6 April 2002 , when he lost his post as Foreign Minister when the new government of José Manuel Durão Barroso took office in Portugal . From 2005 to 2011 , he was President of the Assembly of the Republic .", "title": "Political life" }, { "text": " As Minister of Foreign Affairs , Jaime Gama signed the Accession Treaty of Portugal to the European Communities , the Friendship , Cooperation and Consultation Treaty with Brazil , and initiated and concluded negotiations with China on the handover of Macau .", "title": "Foreign policy" }, { "text": "He negotiated and signed the New York Agreements between the UN , Indonesia , and Portugal that led to the self-determination and independence of East Timor . On several occasions , he managed crisis and peace and reconciliation efforts in Angola , Mozambique , and Guinea-Bissau . Jaime Gama was the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2002 when Angola reached peace after a 27-year civil war .", "title": "Foreign policy" }, { "text": " Jaime Gama proposed , negotiated and launched the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries ( CPLP ) . As Foreign Minister he proposed and organized , with Algeria and Egypt , the first Africa-EU Summit , paving the way for the Africa-EU Partnership . As Speaker of the Parliament he negotiated and implemented the Parliamentary Forum of the Ibero-American Community of Nations .", "title": "Foreign policy" }, { "text": " Jaime Gama is Senior Strategic Counsel at the Albright Stonebridge Group , a global strategy and business advisory firm led by former U.S . Secretary of State in the Clinton administration Madeleine Albright and former Commerce Secretary and Kellogg Company CEO Carlos Gutierrez . Presently , he is a member of the General Council of the University of Lisbon , of the Supervisory Board and of the Strategy Board of the Political Studies Institute , both of the Lisbon Catholic University , of the European Council on Foreign Relations and of the Aspen Ministers Forum .", "title": "Life after politics" }, { "text": "In addition , he is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the bank Novo Banco dos Açores , Chairman of the Supervisory Board for the electronic newspaper “Observador and a member of the Board of Directors of the Francisco Manuel dos Santos Foundation .", "title": "Life after politics" }, { "text": " - Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry , Portugal ( 19 April 1986 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Christ , Portugal ( 2 June 1987 ) - Grand-Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Germany ( 9 May 1989 ) - Commander of the Legion of Honour , France ( 28 January 1991 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite , Morocco ( 6 February 1992 ) - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 12 August 1997 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": "- Commanders Cross with Star of the Order of Merit , Poland ( 22 September 1997 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Grand-Cross of the Order of Civil Merit , Spain ( 17 June 1998 ) - Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour , France ( 29 November 1999 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Honour , Greece ( 17 March 2000 ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold I , Belgium ( 9 October 2000 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Chile ( 30 September 2001 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit , Italy ( 1 April 2002 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": "- First Class of the Order of the White Star , Estonia ( 29 March 2003 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Grand-Cross of the Order of the Star of Jordan , Jordan ( 28 May 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Royal Norwegian Order of Merit , Norway ( 25 September 2009 ) - Grand-Cross of Order of St . Gregory the Great , Holy See ( 3 September 2010 ) - Grand-Cross of the Order of Liberty , Portugal ( 4 October 2014 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " He married in Lisbon on 18 September 1971 to Alda Taborda and their son , João Taborda da Gama , born in 1977 , is a Tax Law Professor of the Law School of the Catholic University of Portugal . They have five grandchildren .", "title": "Family" }, { "text": " - Os Presidentes do Parlamento ( Presidents of the Portuguese Parliament ) , Assembly of the Republic", "title": "References" } ]

[ "Paris" ]

[ { "text": "Edward Alfred Briscoe Drury ( 11 November 1856 – 24 December 1944 ) was an English architectural sculptor and artist active in the New Sculpture movement . During a long career Drury created a great number of decorative figures such as busts and statuettes plus larger monuments , war memorials , statues of royalty and architectural pieces . During the opening years of the 20th-century he was among the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain and in that period created the series of works in central London for which he is perhaps now best known . These include the figures", "title": "Alfred Drury" }, { "text": "on the Old War Office building in Whitehall , elements of the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and four of the colossal statues on Vauxhall Bridge .", "title": "Alfred Drury" }, { "text": "Drury was born in Islington , London but raised in Oxford , where his father was a pub landlord . Drury studied at the Oxford School of Art and then at the National Art Training School in South Kensington , where his teachers included Jules Dalou and , later , Édouard Lantéri . Drury won gold medals in National Art Competitions in 1879 , 1880 and 1881 before moving to Paris where he worked as an assistant to Dalou until 1885 . When he returned to London he worked as an assistant to the sculptor Joseph Edgar Boehm and began", "title": "Education and training" }, { "text": "establishing himself as an independent artist . In 1885 Drury showed his first work at the Royal Academy , a terracotta copy of a sculpture by Dilou , The Triumph of Silenus . While his early exhibition pieces , such as 1886s The First Lesson , clearly showed the impact of his time in France , Drury soon became associated with the British New Sculpture movement . Both Circe , from 1895 , and Griselda of 1896 were typical of the allegorical female figures from mythology and literature that were key subjects of the movement and both sculptures were reproduced", "title": "Education and training" }, { "text": "in several different sizes in both bronze and marble by Drury in subsequent years .", "title": "Education and training" }, { "text": "Alongside work on his exhibition pieces , Drury also began undertaking architectural commissions . In 1897 , for example , he created a set of terracotta spandrels , representing Art and Design , for a coach builders premises , now demolished , at Hammersmith in London and is thought to have completed other projects outside of London at this time for which records have been lost . He is known to have completed the two low-relief bronze plaques , featuring the head of a river god and female figures , installed to mark the opening of the Blackwall Tunnel in", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "1897 . He collaborated with the architect Inigo Thomas on a decorative scheme for the gardens at Barrow Court near Bristol . Tasked with providing sculptures for twelve pillars along a boundary wall , Drury carved a sequence of female heads from a baby to that of an old women to represent the months of the year from January to December . Drurys original life-size bronze version of Circe was purchased for a park in Leeds and is now in Leeds City Museum . This led to him receiving several commissions in that city , including for the eight lamp", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "standards representing Morning and Evening positioned in Leeds City Square . Drury was awarded a gold medal at the 1900 Paris International Exhibition for a version of Circe and for a bust of a child , The Age of Innocence . In 1905 Drury exhibited a new cast of the Evening head titled Spirit of the Night and in 1911 carved a marble version of the statue .", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "The architect John Belcher hired Drury , and others , to create the external decoration for Electra House at Moorgate in central London in 1902 , and he also employed him , the following year , to sculpt external features for the nearby offices of the Royal London Friendly Society in Finsbury Square . For the latter scheme Drury carved several female faces and half-figures including a large keystone figure above the main entrance , consisting of the head of a woman wearing a bronze helmet and framed by oak and ivy branches . The model for this composition was", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "shown at the Royal Academy in 1904 and was widely praised .", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": " By 1904 Drury had become established as one of the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain at the time and this led to the series of commissions for which he is perhaps best known , for the War Office in Whitehall , for the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and for Vauxhall Bridge .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "For the Old War Office Building on Horse Guards Avenue and Whitehall , Drury created four groups of two seated , twice life-size , female figures in Portland stone during 1904 and 1905 . The pairs were The Sorrow of Peace opposite The Winged Messinger of Peace , the Horrors of War against the Dignity of War , Truth and Justice plus Victory and Fame . The artistic choices Drury made with the pairings and the amount of detail he incorporated into the carvings drew much attention in the newspaper coverage of the new building . For example , the", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "War pairing contrasted a figure of Minerva holding a sword and shield with a more fearful figure holding a skull while some of the figures had gilded bronze attachments such as Victory who holds a small gilded statuette and Truth who has a gilded mirror . Although the works were 70 feet above street level it was reported that crowds of sightseers gathered to view them .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": " In late 1904 the London County Council commissioned Drury and F . W . Pomeroy to each create four colossal bronze figures for niches on the piers supporting the new Vauxhall Bridge . For the eastern , downstream , side of the bridge Drury created four female figures representing the Fine Arts , holding a statuette and palette , Science holding a globe , Education and Local Government .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "By March 1905 Aston Webb , the architect of the Cromwell Road extension to the Victoria and Albert Museum had commissioned over twenty sculptors to provide statues , carvings and decorations for the facade of the building . Webb allocated what he considered the", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "most prominent areas to Drury and George Frampton . The area over the main entrance arch was assigned to Frampton who created spandrel figures of Truth and Beauty for the space . The area under the arch and the remainder of the main entrance were allocated to Drury . Within the curve of entrance arch he created nine low-relief panels featuring kneeling or crouching female figures holding plaques with gold lettering that when read together form a quotation from Sir Joshua Reynolds . Below the arch , and immediately above the main entrance , is his statue of Albert ,", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "Prince Consort and above the arch is Drurys statue of Queen Victoria , carrying a staff and flanked by figures of St George and St Michael . Drurys work was singled out for praise in art press reviews when the overall scheme was completed in 1908 . The same year Webb commissioned Drury to produce a relief panel , of children at play , for the new offices of the Grand Trunk Railway Company in Cockspur Street in central London .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "Drury was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1900 and a full Academician in 1913 . He exhibited works at the Academy each year from 1885 to 1942 and at the Royal Scottish Academy between 1903 and 1917 . He also showed works at the Aberdeen Artists Society , the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts and at Leeds City Art Gallery on a regular basis . He was also a member of the International Society of Sculptors , Painters and Gravers . In 1932 Drury received the Royal Society of British Sculptors silver medal", "title": "Exhibition record" }, { "text": "for his statue of Joshua Reynolds in the courtyard of Burlington House in London .", "title": "Exhibition record" }, { "text": " - The Boer War Memorial , a plaque in deep relief , in the Cloisters at New College , Oxford - Rhodes University ( Grahamstown ) War Memorial to the 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 conflicts , depicting a medieval knight in armour and chain mail , with gauntletted hands resting on the hilt of his sword .", "title": "Other works" }, { "text": " - List of works by Drury on Victorian We", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "London" ]

[ { "text": "Edward Alfred Briscoe Drury ( 11 November 1856 – 24 December 1944 ) was an English architectural sculptor and artist active in the New Sculpture movement . During a long career Drury created a great number of decorative figures such as busts and statuettes plus larger monuments , war memorials , statues of royalty and architectural pieces . During the opening years of the 20th-century he was among the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain and in that period created the series of works in central London for which he is perhaps now best known . These include the figures", "title": "Alfred Drury" }, { "text": "on the Old War Office building in Whitehall , elements of the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and four of the colossal statues on Vauxhall Bridge .", "title": "Alfred Drury" }, { "text": "Drury was born in Islington , London but raised in Oxford , where his father was a pub landlord . Drury studied at the Oxford School of Art and then at the National Art Training School in South Kensington , where his teachers included Jules Dalou and , later , Édouard Lantéri . Drury won gold medals in National Art Competitions in 1879 , 1880 and 1881 before moving to Paris where he worked as an assistant to Dalou until 1885 . When he returned to London he worked as an assistant to the sculptor Joseph Edgar Boehm and began", "title": "Education and training" }, { "text": "establishing himself as an independent artist . In 1885 Drury showed his first work at the Royal Academy , a terracotta copy of a sculpture by Dilou , The Triumph of Silenus . While his early exhibition pieces , such as 1886s The First Lesson , clearly showed the impact of his time in France , Drury soon became associated with the British New Sculpture movement . Both Circe , from 1895 , and Griselda of 1896 were typical of the allegorical female figures from mythology and literature that were key subjects of the movement and both sculptures were reproduced", "title": "Education and training" }, { "text": "in several different sizes in both bronze and marble by Drury in subsequent years .", "title": "Education and training" }, { "text": "Alongside work on his exhibition pieces , Drury also began undertaking architectural commissions . In 1897 , for example , he created a set of terracotta spandrels , representing Art and Design , for a coach builders premises , now demolished , at Hammersmith in London and is thought to have completed other projects outside of London at this time for which records have been lost . He is known to have completed the two low-relief bronze plaques , featuring the head of a river god and female figures , installed to mark the opening of the Blackwall Tunnel in", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "1897 . He collaborated with the architect Inigo Thomas on a decorative scheme for the gardens at Barrow Court near Bristol . Tasked with providing sculptures for twelve pillars along a boundary wall , Drury carved a sequence of female heads from a baby to that of an old women to represent the months of the year from January to December . Drurys original life-size bronze version of Circe was purchased for a park in Leeds and is now in Leeds City Museum . This led to him receiving several commissions in that city , including for the eight lamp", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "standards representing Morning and Evening positioned in Leeds City Square . Drury was awarded a gold medal at the 1900 Paris International Exhibition for a version of Circe and for a bust of a child , The Age of Innocence . In 1905 Drury exhibited a new cast of the Evening head titled Spirit of the Night and in 1911 carved a marble version of the statue .", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "The architect John Belcher hired Drury , and others , to create the external decoration for Electra House at Moorgate in central London in 1902 , and he also employed him , the following year , to sculpt external features for the nearby offices of the Royal London Friendly Society in Finsbury Square . For the latter scheme Drury carved several female faces and half-figures including a large keystone figure above the main entrance , consisting of the head of a woman wearing a bronze helmet and framed by oak and ivy branches . The model for this composition was", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "shown at the Royal Academy in 1904 and was widely praised .", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": " By 1904 Drury had become established as one of the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain at the time and this led to the series of commissions for which he is perhaps best known , for the War Office in Whitehall , for the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and for Vauxhall Bridge .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "For the Old War Office Building on Horse Guards Avenue and Whitehall , Drury created four groups of two seated , twice life-size , female figures in Portland stone during 1904 and 1905 . The pairs were The Sorrow of Peace opposite The Winged Messinger of Peace , the Horrors of War against the Dignity of War , Truth and Justice plus Victory and Fame . The artistic choices Drury made with the pairings and the amount of detail he incorporated into the carvings drew much attention in the newspaper coverage of the new building . For example , the", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "War pairing contrasted a figure of Minerva holding a sword and shield with a more fearful figure holding a skull while some of the figures had gilded bronze attachments such as Victory who holds a small gilded statuette and Truth who has a gilded mirror . Although the works were 70 feet above street level it was reported that crowds of sightseers gathered to view them .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": " In late 1904 the London County Council commissioned Drury and F . W . Pomeroy to each create four colossal bronze figures for niches on the piers supporting the new Vauxhall Bridge . For the eastern , downstream , side of the bridge Drury created four female figures representing the Fine Arts , holding a statuette and palette , Science holding a globe , Education and Local Government .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "By March 1905 Aston Webb , the architect of the Cromwell Road extension to the Victoria and Albert Museum had commissioned over twenty sculptors to provide statues , carvings and decorations for the facade of the building . Webb allocated what he considered the", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "most prominent areas to Drury and George Frampton . The area over the main entrance arch was assigned to Frampton who created spandrel figures of Truth and Beauty for the space . The area under the arch and the remainder of the main entrance were allocated to Drury . Within the curve of entrance arch he created nine low-relief panels featuring kneeling or crouching female figures holding plaques with gold lettering that when read together form a quotation from Sir Joshua Reynolds . Below the arch , and immediately above the main entrance , is his statue of Albert ,", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "Prince Consort and above the arch is Drurys statue of Queen Victoria , carrying a staff and flanked by figures of St George and St Michael . Drurys work was singled out for praise in art press reviews when the overall scheme was completed in 1908 . The same year Webb commissioned Drury to produce a relief panel , of children at play , for the new offices of the Grand Trunk Railway Company in Cockspur Street in central London .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "Drury was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1900 and a full Academician in 1913 . He exhibited works at the Academy each year from 1885 to 1942 and at the Royal Scottish Academy between 1903 and 1917 . He also showed works at the Aberdeen Artists Society , the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts and at Leeds City Art Gallery on a regular basis . He was also a member of the International Society of Sculptors , Painters and Gravers . In 1932 Drury received the Royal Society of British Sculptors silver medal", "title": "Exhibition record" }, { "text": "for his statue of Joshua Reynolds in the courtyard of Burlington House in London .", "title": "Exhibition record" }, { "text": " - The Boer War Memorial , a plaque in deep relief , in the Cloisters at New College , Oxford - Rhodes University ( Grahamstown ) War Memorial to the 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 conflicts , depicting a medieval knight in armour and chain mail , with gauntletted hands resting on the hilt of his sword .", "title": "Other works" }, { "text": " - List of works by Drury on Victorian We", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": "Edward Alfred Briscoe Drury ( 11 November 1856 – 24 December 1944 ) was an English architectural sculptor and artist active in the New Sculpture movement . During a long career Drury created a great number of decorative figures such as busts and statuettes plus larger monuments , war memorials , statues of royalty and architectural pieces . During the opening years of the 20th-century he was among the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain and in that period created the series of works in central London for which he is perhaps now best known . These include the figures", "title": "Alfred Drury" }, { "text": "on the Old War Office building in Whitehall , elements of the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and four of the colossal statues on Vauxhall Bridge .", "title": "Alfred Drury" }, { "text": "Drury was born in Islington , London but raised in Oxford , where his father was a pub landlord . Drury studied at the Oxford School of Art and then at the National Art Training School in South Kensington , where his teachers included Jules Dalou and , later , Édouard Lantéri . Drury won gold medals in National Art Competitions in 1879 , 1880 and 1881 before moving to Paris where he worked as an assistant to Dalou until 1885 . When he returned to London he worked as an assistant to the sculptor Joseph Edgar Boehm and began", "title": "Education and training" }, { "text": "establishing himself as an independent artist . In 1885 Drury showed his first work at the Royal Academy , a terracotta copy of a sculpture by Dilou , The Triumph of Silenus . While his early exhibition pieces , such as 1886s The First Lesson , clearly showed the impact of his time in France , Drury soon became associated with the British New Sculpture movement . Both Circe , from 1895 , and Griselda of 1896 were typical of the allegorical female figures from mythology and literature that were key subjects of the movement and both sculptures were reproduced", "title": "Education and training" }, { "text": "in several different sizes in both bronze and marble by Drury in subsequent years .", "title": "Education and training" }, { "text": "Alongside work on his exhibition pieces , Drury also began undertaking architectural commissions . In 1897 , for example , he created a set of terracotta spandrels , representing Art and Design , for a coach builders premises , now demolished , at Hammersmith in London and is thought to have completed other projects outside of London at this time for which records have been lost . He is known to have completed the two low-relief bronze plaques , featuring the head of a river god and female figures , installed to mark the opening of the Blackwall Tunnel in", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "1897 . He collaborated with the architect Inigo Thomas on a decorative scheme for the gardens at Barrow Court near Bristol . Tasked with providing sculptures for twelve pillars along a boundary wall , Drury carved a sequence of female heads from a baby to that of an old women to represent the months of the year from January to December . Drurys original life-size bronze version of Circe was purchased for a park in Leeds and is now in Leeds City Museum . This led to him receiving several commissions in that city , including for the eight lamp", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "standards representing Morning and Evening positioned in Leeds City Square . Drury was awarded a gold medal at the 1900 Paris International Exhibition for a version of Circe and for a bust of a child , The Age of Innocence . In 1905 Drury exhibited a new cast of the Evening head titled Spirit of the Night and in 1911 carved a marble version of the statue .", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "The architect John Belcher hired Drury , and others , to create the external decoration for Electra House at Moorgate in central London in 1902 , and he also employed him , the following year , to sculpt external features for the nearby offices of the Royal London Friendly Society in Finsbury Square . For the latter scheme Drury carved several female faces and half-figures including a large keystone figure above the main entrance , consisting of the head of a woman wearing a bronze helmet and framed by oak and ivy branches . The model for this composition was", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": "shown at the Royal Academy in 1904 and was widely praised .", "title": "Early commissions" }, { "text": " By 1904 Drury had become established as one of the foremost architectural sculptors active in Britain at the time and this led to the series of commissions for which he is perhaps best known , for the War Office in Whitehall , for the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum and for Vauxhall Bridge .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "For the Old War Office Building on Horse Guards Avenue and Whitehall , Drury created four groups of two seated , twice life-size , female figures in Portland stone during 1904 and 1905 . The pairs were The Sorrow of Peace opposite The Winged Messinger of Peace , the Horrors of War against the Dignity of War , Truth and Justice plus Victory and Fame . The artistic choices Drury made with the pairings and the amount of detail he incorporated into the carvings drew much attention in the newspaper coverage of the new building . For example , the", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "War pairing contrasted a figure of Minerva holding a sword and shield with a more fearful figure holding a skull while some of the figures had gilded bronze attachments such as Victory who holds a small gilded statuette and Truth who has a gilded mirror . Although the works were 70 feet above street level it was reported that crowds of sightseers gathered to view them .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": " In late 1904 the London County Council commissioned Drury and F . W . Pomeroy to each create four colossal bronze figures for niches on the piers supporting the new Vauxhall Bridge . For the eastern , downstream , side of the bridge Drury created four female figures representing the Fine Arts , holding a statuette and palette , Science holding a globe , Education and Local Government .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "By March 1905 Aston Webb , the architect of the Cromwell Road extension to the Victoria and Albert Museum had commissioned over twenty sculptors to provide statues , carvings and decorations for the facade of the building . Webb allocated what he considered the", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "most prominent areas to Drury and George Frampton . The area over the main entrance arch was assigned to Frampton who created spandrel figures of Truth and Beauty for the space . The area under the arch and the remainder of the main entrance were allocated to Drury . Within the curve of entrance arch he created nine low-relief panels featuring kneeling or crouching female figures holding plaques with gold lettering that when read together form a quotation from Sir Joshua Reynolds . Below the arch , and immediately above the main entrance , is his statue of Albert ,", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "Prince Consort and above the arch is Drurys statue of Queen Victoria , carrying a staff and flanked by figures of St George and St Michael . Drurys work was singled out for praise in art press reviews when the overall scheme was completed in 1908 . The same year Webb commissioned Drury to produce a relief panel , of children at play , for the new offices of the Grand Trunk Railway Company in Cockspur Street in central London .", "title": "Major works" }, { "text": "Drury was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1900 and a full Academician in 1913 . He exhibited works at the Academy each year from 1885 to 1942 and at the Royal Scottish Academy between 1903 and 1917 . He also showed works at the Aberdeen Artists Society , the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts and at Leeds City Art Gallery on a regular basis . He was also a member of the International Society of Sculptors , Painters and Gravers . In 1932 Drury received the Royal Society of British Sculptors silver medal", "title": "Exhibition record" }, { "text": "for his statue of Joshua Reynolds in the courtyard of Burlington House in London .", "title": "Exhibition record" }, { "text": " - The Boer War Memorial , a plaque in deep relief , in the Cloisters at New College , Oxford - Rhodes University ( Grahamstown ) War Memorial to the 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 conflicts , depicting a medieval knight in armour and chain mail , with gauntletted hands resting on the hilt of his sword .", "title": "Other works" }, { "text": " - List of works by Drury on Victorian We", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " Olympiakos Nicosia ( , Olympiakos Lefkosias ) is a football club based in Nicosia , Cyprus and competes in the Cypriot First Division . The club was founded in 1931 , and is a founding member of the Cyprus Football Association . The club colors are black and green . Olympiakos home ground is the Makario Stadium , which has a 16,000-seat capacity . The teams main nickname is mavroprasini ( the green-blacks ) , and the clubs other nickname is Taktakalas , derived from the area of Nicosia where the club hails from .", "title": "Olympiakos Nicosia" }, { "text": "Olympiakos Nicosia has won three Cypriot First Division Championships , one Cypriot Cup and one Cyprus Super Cup .", "title": "Olympiakos Nicosia" }, { "text": " In the past the club also had track and field , basketball , volleyball , cycling , table tennis , weightlifting and futsal teams . It also in the past had an orchestra , choir and camping divisions ; the latter explaining why the clubs badge has a tent on it .", "title": "Olympiakos Nicosia" }, { "text": " The 1962–1972 decade is known as the Golden decade of Olympiakos as the club was champion of the Cypriot First Division three times , another three times it was runner-up , while it became the only Cyprus football club that participated three times in the Greek National 1st Division Championship .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "It all started in the 1961–62 season , when Olympiakos reached the cup final for the first time in the clubs history . Despite this , the team did not manage to win the cup trophy , as it lost from Anorthosis Famagusta FC with a score of 5–2 .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "The foundations had been laid however , in the 1964–65 season , Giorgos Paletsios an old Olympiakos football player for 18 years , who had also served as team captain , agreed to manage the team , without being paid a salary for his services . Paletsios proceeded to restructure the teams squad promoting to the first team young and talented players including : Kettenis , Limbouris , Argyrou . Bolstered with young enthusiasm , the team finished in second place in the championship , while in the same year the top scorer of the championship was Olympiakos player Kostakis", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "Pierides , scoring 21 goals .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " In the 1965–66 season Olympiakos was once again runner-up , with 49 points , one point less than the then champion Omonoia . Top scorer of the championship was again an Olympiakos player , Panikos Efthymiades scoring 23 goals .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "In the 1966–67 season Olympiakos dominated the Cypriot Championship , with Pambos Avraamidis as their manager , the team finished in first place and won the championship with 55 points as many as APOEL Nicosia , who in the last game of the season beat Aris Limassol with the huge score of 17–1 . The title was judged on goal difference and despite APOELs huge score in the last game of the season , Olympiakos still had a superior goal difference so that the club was crowned champion .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " In 1967 , the champion Olympiakos played against the Cup-winner Apollon Limassol , winning 1–0 therefore gaining the Pakkos Shield ( as the Super Cup/Shield was then known. ) In the 1968–69 season , Olympiakos won the championship for a second time , collecting 52 points the same number as AC Omonoia . Olympiakos was champion however because of the better goal difference . Top scorer of the championship was once again Panikos Efthymiades scoring 17 goals .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "The third Olympiakos championship came in the 1970–71 season with Englishman Rod Bradley as the manager , the team finished in first place with 31 points compared to 27 of runner up Digenis Morfou . The title of top scorer was shared by 3 footballers who all scored 11 goals amongst them once again Panikos Efthymiades .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " In the 1972–73 season Olympiakos finished runner-up , while in the 1974–75 season the team finished third . In 1971 Olympiakos won the Paligenesias cup that was organised by the Cyprus Football Association ( KOP ) , defeating Nea Salamis Famagusta FC . In this golden period , Olympiakos managers were : Pambos Avraamidis , Giorgos Paletsios , Takis Papaxeniou , Eric Brookes and Rod Bradley .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "Andreas Filotas , Varnavas Christofi , Nikos Theocharidis , Demos Flourentzou , Giorgos Hadjikonstantis , Dimitrakis Argyrou , Yiannis Xipolitas , Savvakis Constantinou , Michalakis Argyrou , Sotirakis Georgiou , Lakis Avraamidis , Markos Markou , Andreas Nicolaou ( Lympoyris ) , Vasilis Fragkiskou ( Katsis ) , Dimitriadis , Tasos Louka , Andreas Assiotis , Giorgos Kettenis , Panikos Efthymiades , Kostakis Pierides , Charalambos Partasidis , Giannos Pavlou , Takis Papettas , Kokos Michael , Nikos Mailos , Michalis Stavrou , Giorgos Aristeidou , Koullis Iliadis , Lakis Mitsidis , Panagiotis Prodromou , Giannis Serafeim were the footballers", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "of the great successes of this period .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " Olympiakos became the first Cypriot football team that participated in the Pan-Hellenic Championship , in the 1967–68 season , something which recurred twice more , in 1969–70 , and in 1971–72 , rendering the club the only Cypriot team that participated three times in the Greek National 1st Division Championship . Olympiakos has also taken part in all three European competitions .", "title": "Greek Experience" }, { "text": " In the European Champions Cup in 1967 the club faced FK Sarajevo Yugoslavia . In the first game the teams drew 2–2 , while in second game Olympiakos lost with 3–1 . Also in the European Champions Cup , Olympiakos Nicosia played against Real Madrid in 1969 , losing both matches with 8–0 and 6–1 . Olympiakos later played in the same competition in 1971 and met Feyenoord of the Netherlands and lost 8–0 and 9–0 .", "title": "European Experience" }, { "text": "In the Cup Winners Cup , Olympiakos took part once in 1977 playing against FC Universitatea Craiova Romania while in 1973 Olympiakos played against the German team VfB Stuttgart for the UEFA Cup .", "title": "European Experience" }, { "text": " In all these European games Olympiakos was forced to play both games away from home as at the time the Cypriot football stadia did not meet the European regulations .", "title": "European Experience" }, { "text": " In 1977 , Olympiakos Nicosia beat Alki Larnaca 2–0 to win the Cypriot Cup after two thunder bolts from English center half , captain and talisman Mreg Goffatt . In 1991 , Olympiakos Nicosia lost the Cypriot Cup in the finals losing 1–0 to AC Omonia . That was their last appearance in the Cypriot Cup finals .", "title": "Cup glory" }, { "text": " Olympiakos Nicosia also played in the UEFA Cup ( after finishing runner up in the Cypriot championship ) in the 2001–02 season against the Hungarian team Dunaferr FC ( drawing 2–2 in Nicosia and scoring a 2–4 away win , the first for the club in Europe ) and proceeded to the next round of the Uefa Cup to play against Club Brugge of Belgium and was eventually eliminated .", "title": "Glory days revisited" }, { "text": " With Olympiakos TV rights hastily agreed at the lowest amount for any Cypriot first division club in 2007 for 9 seasons and these rights assigned to repay old debts until 2016 the club has little cash inflow apart from gate receipts and commercial sponsorships .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "After a disastrous 2007–2008 season , where economic problems hindered the building of a strong squad , Olympiakos Nicosia finished bottom of the Cypriot First Division ( the first time the club finished bottom ) . The club was relegated for the third time in its history . In both the 1983–84 and 1997–98 seasons the club had spent just one season in the second tier of Cypriot football , only to win the Cypriot Second Division title each time and return to the Cypriot First Division .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": " The club tried to re-organise itself and to return to the top flight as quickly as possible . In the 2008–09 season the club finished fourth and missed the promotion to the Cypriot First Division on the last day of the season by one point .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "In the 2009–10 season , an old goalkeeper of Olympiakos Petros Savva , was appointed as the new chairman . Savva initially re-appointed Andros Kouloumbris , an old midfield player of Olympiakos , as manager . After the end of the first round , however , Kouloumbris was sacked due to the bad defensive record of the team , despite the team being in 3rd place .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": " The next coach for 7 games was Saša Jovanović who only managed two wins , with the team languishing in 5th place after some bad appearances , Saša Jovanović was removed to make way for old Olympiakos midfield player and ex-manager Nikodimos Papavasiliou .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "With Papavasiliou at the helm the team improved and entered the play-offs for promotion to the Cypriot First Division after finishing third at the end of the regular season . The club finished third at the end of the play-offs and therefore gained promotion , despite helping the team with winning promotion Nikodimos Papavasilious contract was not renewed at the end of the season .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "After 2 seasons Olympiakos returned to the top flight in the 2010–2011 season and Pambos Christodoulou an old Olympiakos midfield player and ex-manager of Doxa Katokopias was appointed as manager . Olympiakos showed good attacking football in the 2010–2011 season , easily avoiding relegation and having qualified for the Cup quarterfinals . The club played fluid attacking football having the third best attacking record after leaders APOEL and 3rd placed Anorthosis , playing with a 4–4–2 formation with pressing from within the opponents half , but the Achilles heel of the team was the bad defensive record with goals conceded", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "in most games and the third worst record in this area . Christodoulou decided to leave the club in 2011 to join AEL Limassol , one year before his contract expired . The club decided to pursue this breach in court ( in an out of court settlement AEL Limassol paid an undisclosed sum of money to Olympiakos to avoid sanctions against them and Pambos ) and Christodoulou angered both the club president and the supporters , as well as the Cypriot football fans in general , with his unprofessional conduct .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "In the 2011–2012 season there were a few changes in Olympiakos , the new Greek manager was ex Xanthi FC Nikos Papadopoulos who mainly brought in defensive players playing in the Greek league to strengthen this area of weakness . Few additions were made to the attacking mechanism of the team and some early warnings in the pre season friendlies indicated that after the departure of the previous seasons top scorer , the team would be less productive in scoring than last season , which was in fact the case . Papadopoulos was released by mutual consent at the end", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": "of February 2012 with the club in the cup quarterfinals but fourth from bottom in the league , although defensively the club was marginally better it lost its attacking flair and pressing style with majority ball possession and suffered from conceding goals right after scoring .", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": " Nikodimos Papavasiliou was again appointed as manager for 2012 , after lowering his wage by mutual consent with chairman Savva . It was announced that the budget would be reduced from the previous season and to achieve this only a few players from the previous seasons squad remained . The team started the season with a 3-point deduction after failing to meet the UEFA Financial fair play criteria . Papavasiliou received an offer from Apollon Limassol after 2 games in charge of Olympiakos and was released from his contract by mutual consent .", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": "Renos Demetriades an old Olympiakos Nicosia defensive player was appointed as the new coach . Olympiakos was close to mid-table with Demetriades and despite the loss of key players in the January transfer window was on track to keep its top level status , until an unexpected home loss which plunged the club in a battle for survival forced the club to replace Demetriades with Marios Constantinou .", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": " The club was relegated , for a fourth time in its history , on the last day of the 2012–2013 season , finishing third from bottom , while being level on points , but was demoted due to the inferior head to head record with Nea Salamis Famagusta FC .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "The club started the new 2013–2014 season with a 6-point deduction after failing to meet the UEFA Financial fair play criteria . Chairman Petros Savva resigned and Manager Marios Constantinou left making way for old Olympiakos Nicosia defensive midfielder Costas Seraphim . Old chairman Demos Georgiades stepped in as acting chairman and the club used the Makario stadium as the home ground . Seraphim who was offering his services for free , totally reorganised the club for the new season .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": " From the senior players only captain , defender Nikolas Nicolaou and midfielder , vice-captain Kyriacos Polycarpou remained . All the foreign players left . The young Olympiakos players such as forward Giannis Mavrou and goalkeeper Constantinos Panagi stepped up to fill in the places in the starting line up . Together with other local players all under 21 years old as well as 3 under 21 foreign players , the club was trying to reorganize and return to the top flight as soon as possible .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "After 4 games with 3 wins the club managed to erase the 6-point deduction and register a positive point tally . Had the penalty not been imposed the club would have been top of the league . After the positive start to the season , the young players were unable to take the pressure of the rugged Cypriot Second Division and six consecutive defeats and a further 3-point deduction , meant the resignation of coach Costas Seraphim in December 2013 , the replacement was Savvas Paraskeva , an ex Cypriot youth team national coach . The arrival of Paraskeva ,", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "did not arrest the clubs decline and the club finished 6th . After a further change of rules , with 14 teams playing in the second division , the club was spared the humiliation of third tier football and played in the second division for the 2014–2015 season . With around 1.6 million Euro of total legacy debt ( old players , banks , creditors and the state ) however , the future of the club was looking all the more uncertain .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2014–2015 season the club started with a 3-point deduction and was further hit with a 3-point deduction by December and spent a record third consecutive season in the second tier . The new Manager was ex Olympiakos attacking midfielder Goran Petkovski and the new chairman was Marios Mavrikios , an ex press spokesman of the club during the early 2000s . The club was again in survival mode , trying to survive the drop and pay down the old debts , with only 3 foreign players under 21 , two senior Cypriot players and all the rest being", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "Cypriot players under 21 . The new club board , managed to reduce the debt to 26 old players to around 600,000 Euro and the club survived in the last game of the season by winning in an away game .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2015–2016 season the club yet again started with a 3-point deduction however with the same Manager and chairman as the previous season , the club set as its goal to return to the Cypriot First Division . In order to achieve this , funds to pay down debts to old players and to lift the embargo of signing senior players was the first objective . Old captain , defensive midfielder and manager Costas Seraphim took over as chairman on 27 July , the embargo was lifted on 28 August by reducing debt to old players to 470,000 Euro", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "and the chairman announced the release of manager Goran Petkovski on 29 August and on 1 September hired Chrysis Michael . The club had a good season and was second for most of the season , falling to third with one game remaining . However , they drew in the last game , thus missing the promotion due to an inferior head to head record with Anagennisi Dherynia , thus staying in the second tier for a record fourth season .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2016–2017 season , the club set again as its goal to return to the Cypriot First Division . Chrysis Michael remained in his post . The new president was Dr Andreas Aristodemou . The debt to 22 old players was reduced to 420,000 Euro . Greek Giannis Georgaras was hired as Technical Director . On 24 July the contract with Chrysis Michael was terminated by mutual consent and ex-captain Nikolas Nicolaou took over as caretaker manager until 12 August 2016 when Savvas Paraskeva took over the helm . Nicolaou returned to his position of U21 manager . On", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "3 November 2016 the president resigned and Costas Seraphim retook the helm . He terminated the contract of manager Savvas Paraskeva by mutual consent as well as of the Technical Director and re hired Chrysis Michael as manager on 4 November 2016 . In early January to mid March the club was in third place and gained promotion to the first division after four seasons .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2017–2018 season , the clubs goal was to avoid relegation . FIFA had imposed an embargo on signing new players over 18 , so the club had to compete in the first division with its existing squad until January . The debt to old players was nevertheless reduced to 350,000 euro and the total legacy debt had been reduced to 1.2 million euro . At the end of the first round the club was in 11th place just above the relegation spots , falling to 12th place after 21 games and in the battle to survive relegation .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "The club finished in 12th place , avoiding direct relegation at the end of", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "the second round and earned the opportunity to avoid relegation in the third round . The debt to old players was reduced to 225,000 euro and the total legacy debt to below 1 million euro . With 7 games remaining and the club in the relegation spot , 9 points off safety , the contract with Chrysis Michael was terminated by mutual consent and Vesko Mihajlović was hired for the last 7 games of the season , with only one win and the club relegated for the fifth time , with 3 games remaining , Vesko Mihajlović resigned and captain", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "Kyriacos Polykarpou took over as caretaker manager , until the end of the season . The debt to old players was reduced to 125,000 euro and the total legacy debt to below 600,000 euro .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2018–2019 season Costas Seraphim remained president and was backed by the old president of the glory days of the early 2000s , Christopher Tornaritis , as head of the football department . Their first move is to hire Costas Malekkos as manager , with a view of returning to the top flight immediately . After two successive defeats in the first two games of the new season , Malekkos was replaced by Fangio Buyse who brought consecutive wins and the club was in first place after 11 games . Four games before the end of the season the", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "club dropped to third place outside the promotion spots and Buyse was replaced by Kyriacos Polycarpou , an old player of the club , as caretaker manager , who lifted the club to second place and promotion . The debt was stabilised .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2019–2020 season Seraphim and Tornaritis , with the club returning to the First Division , re- hired Pambos Christodoulou as manager . Pambos renewed the contracts of central defender Nani Soares from Guinea-Bissau , Cypriot defensive midfielder Andreas Pachipis , Portuguese winger Rogerio Silva , defensive midfielder Evgenios Antoniou , Venezuelan forward Jose Romo and Cypriot left back Constantinos Samaras . The latter three were subsequently loaned to other clubs . His first signings were Cypriot right back Paris Psaltis , Cameroonian defensive midfielder Eyong Enoh , central defender Sambinha from Guinea-Bissau , Cypriot defensive midfielder Giorgos Economides", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": ", goalkeepers Pavol Bajza from Slovakia and Mario Kirev from Bulgaria , Portuguese left back Kiko , Cameroonian winger Fabrice Kah , Cypriot defensive midfielder Evangelos Kyriacou , Cypriot Striker Panayiotis Zachariou , Venezuelan midfielder Rafael Acosta , Brazilian Forward Azulão and Ghanaian centre back Ousmane Sidibé . The season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus and Olympiakos achieved the 9th place , securing participation regarding the next seasons First Division .", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "During June 2020 , the director of football hired Greek Giannis Petrakis as the new head coach for the new season . The contracts of Guinea-Bissauan central defenders Sambinha and Nani Soares were renewed , as well as Cameroonian winger Fabrice Kah . Cypriot right backs Paris Psaltis and Evangelos Kyriacou stayed at the club . With Cypriot Defender Constantinos Soteriou and star winger Panayiotis Zachariou also staying . The first signings were Cypriot winger Marios Pechlivanis who returned to the club , Greek goalkeeper Christos Karadais , Cameroonian winger Edgar Salli and goalkeeper Neofytos Michael who also returned to", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "his boyhood club .", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "Giannis Petrakis left the club in November , for Apollon Limassol after receiving an offer against the buyout clause in his contract . This angered the Olympiakos Nicosia supporters and Director of Football Tornaritis , who demanded a higher payout to release him . This was achieved via Giannis Petrakis returning pre-paid bonuses . Costas Seraphim the Technical Director took over as caretaker manager for 5 games . Initially after achieving two wins he was made permanent manager , but a draw and two losses forced him to return to his old post . Leonidas Vokolos took over debuting with", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "a draw at home versus Ermis Aradippou . The new manager faces injuries and suspensions in his effort to retain the club in the top six . After being in charge for 8 games scoring only two draws , Leonidas Vokolos was replaced by Cedomir Janevski . Cedomir Janevski led the club to the top 6 championship group gaining 13 points in the playoffs . Moreover , he also led the club to the first cup final in 30 years where Olympiakos lost 2-1 to Anorthosis Famagusta during the extra-time period .", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": " Since 2013 , the club has played at the Makario Stadium , where they also played in 1998–1999 and 2008–2009 . Previously Olympiakos had played at the old GSP Stadium ( 1934–1998 ) and the new GSP Stadium ( 2000–2008 ) ( 2009–2013 ) . Both stadiums were also shared with APOEL and Omonoia but Olympiakos was the only club playing at the old GSP Stadium between 1978 and 1998 as Apoel and Omonoia had both moved to Makario .", "title": "Stadium" }, { "text": " Olympiakos supporters since 2004 are organised under the Panhellenic Fans Association Taktakalas 1931 which takes its name from the area of old Nicosia where the clubhouse and the original training ground and now football academy Promahonas ( near the old Venetian Walls of Nicosia ) are located . 1931 refers to the date of foundation of the football club .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "Traditionally Olympiakos was supported by residents of the inner old part of Nicosia within the Venetian Walls , the attendance at home games peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s when fans from all over Cyprus would attend Olympiakos home games at the old GSP stadium filling it to its 12,000 capacity , especially when the club participated three times in the Greek First Division . After 1977 when the club won its last major title , the fanbase started to shrink . From a position where it could rival the other two Nicosia clubs , the fanbase dwindled", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "for two reasons . Firstly outward migration from the Nicosia city centre to the suburbs after 1974 meant that the neighbourhoods of traditional Olympiakos supporters were becoming less populated , despite this trend the club made a conscious decision to leave the new clubhouse on the green line dividing Nicosia . Also the Turkish invasion spelt economic problems for the club and the fact that it was located in an inner city area next to the green line only made things harder . Up until the late 1990s many traditional Olympiakos supporters out of frustration for the lack of titles", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "either stopped going to games and others switched allegiances to other Nicosia clubs that were richer and could still afford to win titles such as APOEL . It could be said that the club did not transition well from the era of amateur to semi-professional football in Cyprus beginning in the early 1980s mainly for the reasons mentioned above . Also the younger generation of Cypriots did not grow up with Olympiakos as a major power in the Cyprus league and despite their parents supporting Olympiakos they would often choose to support another side that won titles in the 1980", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "to 2000 years .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": " In general Olympiakos supporters tend to be of an older age and very rarely engage in trouble with other fans unless severely provoked . They also tend to be right wing politically , although not officially affiliated to any political party , and speak fondly of the time when Olympiakos played with other Greek teams in the Greek First Division .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "In the early 2000s , with the shift from semi-professional to professional status in Cyprus football and with a wealthy President at the helm , a brief revival of the club fortunes with an UEFA cup participation , as the club finished second , after 25 years , increased the fans at the New GSP to around 5000 in the two home European games .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "Olympiakos fans although now less than those of the other Nicosia , Limassol teams and Anorthosis are nevertheless fiercely loyal to their team . Even when the club fell to the Second Division between 2008 and 2010 due to economic problems , 300 supporters would follow the club to even the most remote village of Cyprus , with home attendance varying between 500 and 750 . At home games now in the First Division around 1000 to 2000 Olympiakos supporters will cheer the team on and are quite demanding for their team due to its past glories , one could", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "say as demanding as other teams that have recently won silverware .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": " - Eli Fuchs ( 1968–69 ) - Constantin Cernăianu ( 1983–85 ) - David Kipiani ( 1992–93 ) - Ronnie Whelan ( 2000–02 ) - Svetozar Šapurić ( July 2002 – June 2003 ) - Mpampis Tennes ( 2003 ) - Giorgos Foiros ( 2003–04 ) - Nikolay Kostov ( 2004–05 ) , ( 2006–07 ) - Rainer Rauffmann ( May 2005 – Nov 2005 ) - Diethelm Ferner ( 2005–06 ) - Juan Ramón Rocha ( 2007–08 ) - Jorge Barrios ( 2008 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": "- Nikodimos Papavasiliou ( 2008–09 ) , ( Nov 2009 – June 2010 ) , ( Feb 2012 – Sep 2012 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": " - Saša Jovanović ( 2010 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( July 2010 – March 2011 ) - Nikos Papadopoulos ( Aug 2011 – Feb 2012 ) - Renos Demetriades ( Sep 2012 – Feb 2013 ) - Marios Constantinou ( Feb 2013 – June 2013 ) - Costas Seraphim ( June 2013 – December 2013 ) - Savvas Paraskeva ( December 2013 – April 2014 ) - Goran Petkovski ( July 2014 – August 2015 ) - Chrysis Michael ( September 2015 – July 2016 ) - Savvas Paraskeva ( August 2016 –November 2016 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": "- Chrysis Michael ( November 2016 – March 2018 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": " - Vesko Mihajlovic ( March 2018;-April 2018 ) - Costas Malekkos ( June 2018;-September 2018 ) - Fangio Buyse ( September 2018;-April 2019 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( June 2019;-May 2020 ) - Giannis Petrakis ( June 2020;-November 2020 ) - Costas Seraphim ( November 2020;-December 2020 ) - Leonidas Vokolos ( January 2021;-January 2021 ) - Čedomir Janevski ( February 2021;- )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": " - Cypriot Championship : 3 - Cypriot Cup : 1 - Cypriot Super Cup : 1 - Cypriot Second Division", "title": "Football" }, { "text": " - Official website - Official Fans website", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "text": " Olympiakos Nicosia ( , Olympiakos Lefkosias ) is a football club based in Nicosia , Cyprus and competes in the Cypriot First Division . The club was founded in 1931 , and is a founding member of the Cyprus Football Association . The club colors are black and green . Olympiakos home ground is the Makario Stadium , which has a 16,000-seat capacity . The teams main nickname is mavroprasini ( the green-blacks ) , and the clubs other nickname is Taktakalas , derived from the area of Nicosia where the club hails from .", "title": "Olympiakos Nicosia" }, { "text": "Olympiakos Nicosia has won three Cypriot First Division Championships , one Cypriot Cup and one Cyprus Super Cup .", "title": "Olympiakos Nicosia" }, { "text": " In the past the club also had track and field , basketball , volleyball , cycling , table tennis , weightlifting and futsal teams . It also in the past had an orchestra , choir and camping divisions ; the latter explaining why the clubs badge has a tent on it .", "title": "Olympiakos Nicosia" }, { "text": " The 1962–1972 decade is known as the Golden decade of Olympiakos as the club was champion of the Cypriot First Division three times , another three times it was runner-up , while it became the only Cyprus football club that participated three times in the Greek National 1st Division Championship .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "It all started in the 1961–62 season , when Olympiakos reached the cup final for the first time in the clubs history . Despite this , the team did not manage to win the cup trophy , as it lost from Anorthosis Famagusta FC with a score of 5–2 .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "The foundations had been laid however , in the 1964–65 season , Giorgos Paletsios an old Olympiakos football player for 18 years , who had also served as team captain , agreed to manage the team , without being paid a salary for his services . Paletsios proceeded to restructure the teams squad promoting to the first team young and talented players including : Kettenis , Limbouris , Argyrou . Bolstered with young enthusiasm , the team finished in second place in the championship , while in the same year the top scorer of the championship was Olympiakos player Kostakis", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "Pierides , scoring 21 goals .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " In the 1965–66 season Olympiakos was once again runner-up , with 49 points , one point less than the then champion Omonoia . Top scorer of the championship was again an Olympiakos player , Panikos Efthymiades scoring 23 goals .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "In the 1966–67 season Olympiakos dominated the Cypriot Championship , with Pambos Avraamidis as their manager , the team finished in first place and won the championship with 55 points as many as APOEL Nicosia , who in the last game of the season beat Aris Limassol with the huge score of 17–1 . The title was judged on goal difference and despite APOELs huge score in the last game of the season , Olympiakos still had a superior goal difference so that the club was crowned champion .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " In 1967 , the champion Olympiakos played against the Cup-winner Apollon Limassol , winning 1–0 therefore gaining the Pakkos Shield ( as the Super Cup/Shield was then known. ) In the 1968–69 season , Olympiakos won the championship for a second time , collecting 52 points the same number as AC Omonoia . Olympiakos was champion however because of the better goal difference . Top scorer of the championship was once again Panikos Efthymiades scoring 17 goals .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "The third Olympiakos championship came in the 1970–71 season with Englishman Rod Bradley as the manager , the team finished in first place with 31 points compared to 27 of runner up Digenis Morfou . The title of top scorer was shared by 3 footballers who all scored 11 goals amongst them once again Panikos Efthymiades .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " In the 1972–73 season Olympiakos finished runner-up , while in the 1974–75 season the team finished third . In 1971 Olympiakos won the Paligenesias cup that was organised by the Cyprus Football Association ( KOP ) , defeating Nea Salamis Famagusta FC . In this golden period , Olympiakos managers were : Pambos Avraamidis , Giorgos Paletsios , Takis Papaxeniou , Eric Brookes and Rod Bradley .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "Andreas Filotas , Varnavas Christofi , Nikos Theocharidis , Demos Flourentzou , Giorgos Hadjikonstantis , Dimitrakis Argyrou , Yiannis Xipolitas , Savvakis Constantinou , Michalakis Argyrou , Sotirakis Georgiou , Lakis Avraamidis , Markos Markou , Andreas Nicolaou ( Lympoyris ) , Vasilis Fragkiskou ( Katsis ) , Dimitriadis , Tasos Louka , Andreas Assiotis , Giorgos Kettenis , Panikos Efthymiades , Kostakis Pierides , Charalambos Partasidis , Giannos Pavlou , Takis Papettas , Kokos Michael , Nikos Mailos , Michalis Stavrou , Giorgos Aristeidou , Koullis Iliadis , Lakis Mitsidis , Panagiotis Prodromou , Giannis Serafeim were the footballers", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "of the great successes of this period .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " Olympiakos became the first Cypriot football team that participated in the Pan-Hellenic Championship , in the 1967–68 season , something which recurred twice more , in 1969–70 , and in 1971–72 , rendering the club the only Cypriot team that participated three times in the Greek National 1st Division Championship . Olympiakos has also taken part in all three European competitions .", "title": "Greek Experience" }, { "text": " In the European Champions Cup in 1967 the club faced FK Sarajevo Yugoslavia . In the first game the teams drew 2–2 , while in second game Olympiakos lost with 3–1 . Also in the European Champions Cup , Olympiakos Nicosia played against Real Madrid in 1969 , losing both matches with 8–0 and 6–1 . Olympiakos later played in the same competition in 1971 and met Feyenoord of the Netherlands and lost 8–0 and 9–0 .", "title": "European Experience" }, { "text": "In the Cup Winners Cup , Olympiakos took part once in 1977 playing against FC Universitatea Craiova Romania while in 1973 Olympiakos played against the German team VfB Stuttgart for the UEFA Cup .", "title": "European Experience" }, { "text": " In all these European games Olympiakos was forced to play both games away from home as at the time the Cypriot football stadia did not meet the European regulations .", "title": "European Experience" }, { "text": " In 1977 , Olympiakos Nicosia beat Alki Larnaca 2–0 to win the Cypriot Cup after two thunder bolts from English center half , captain and talisman Mreg Goffatt . In 1991 , Olympiakos Nicosia lost the Cypriot Cup in the finals losing 1–0 to AC Omonia . That was their last appearance in the Cypriot Cup finals .", "title": "Cup glory" }, { "text": " Olympiakos Nicosia also played in the UEFA Cup ( after finishing runner up in the Cypriot championship ) in the 2001–02 season against the Hungarian team Dunaferr FC ( drawing 2–2 in Nicosia and scoring a 2–4 away win , the first for the club in Europe ) and proceeded to the next round of the Uefa Cup to play against Club Brugge of Belgium and was eventually eliminated .", "title": "Glory days revisited" }, { "text": " With Olympiakos TV rights hastily agreed at the lowest amount for any Cypriot first division club in 2007 for 9 seasons and these rights assigned to repay old debts until 2016 the club has little cash inflow apart from gate receipts and commercial sponsorships .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "After a disastrous 2007–2008 season , where economic problems hindered the building of a strong squad , Olympiakos Nicosia finished bottom of the Cypriot First Division ( the first time the club finished bottom ) . The club was relegated for the third time in its history . In both the 1983–84 and 1997–98 seasons the club had spent just one season in the second tier of Cypriot football , only to win the Cypriot Second Division title each time and return to the Cypriot First Division .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": " The club tried to re-organise itself and to return to the top flight as quickly as possible . In the 2008–09 season the club finished fourth and missed the promotion to the Cypriot First Division on the last day of the season by one point .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "In the 2009–10 season , an old goalkeeper of Olympiakos Petros Savva , was appointed as the new chairman . Savva initially re-appointed Andros Kouloumbris , an old midfield player of Olympiakos , as manager . After the end of the first round , however , Kouloumbris was sacked due to the bad defensive record of the team , despite the team being in 3rd place .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": " The next coach for 7 games was Saša Jovanović who only managed two wins , with the team languishing in 5th place after some bad appearances , Saša Jovanović was removed to make way for old Olympiakos midfield player and ex-manager Nikodimos Papavasiliou .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "With Papavasiliou at the helm the team improved and entered the play-offs for promotion to the Cypriot First Division after finishing third at the end of the regular season . The club finished third at the end of the play-offs and therefore gained promotion , despite helping the team with winning promotion Nikodimos Papavasilious contract was not renewed at the end of the season .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "After 2 seasons Olympiakos returned to the top flight in the 2010–2011 season and Pambos Christodoulou an old Olympiakos midfield player and ex-manager of Doxa Katokopias was appointed as manager . Olympiakos showed good attacking football in the 2010–2011 season , easily avoiding relegation and having qualified for the Cup quarterfinals . The club played fluid attacking football having the third best attacking record after leaders APOEL and 3rd placed Anorthosis , playing with a 4–4–2 formation with pressing from within the opponents half , but the Achilles heel of the team was the bad defensive record with goals conceded", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "in most games and the third worst record in this area . Christodoulou decided to leave the club in 2011 to join AEL Limassol , one year before his contract expired . The club decided to pursue this breach in court ( in an out of court settlement AEL Limassol paid an undisclosed sum of money to Olympiakos to avoid sanctions against them and Pambos ) and Christodoulou angered both the club president and the supporters , as well as the Cypriot football fans in general , with his unprofessional conduct .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "In the 2011–2012 season there were a few changes in Olympiakos , the new Greek manager was ex Xanthi FC Nikos Papadopoulos who mainly brought in defensive players playing in the Greek league to strengthen this area of weakness . Few additions were made to the attacking mechanism of the team and some early warnings in the pre season friendlies indicated that after the departure of the previous seasons top scorer , the team would be less productive in scoring than last season , which was in fact the case . Papadopoulos was released by mutual consent at the end", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": "of February 2012 with the club in the cup quarterfinals but fourth from bottom in the league , although defensively the club was marginally better it lost its attacking flair and pressing style with majority ball possession and suffered from conceding goals right after scoring .", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": " Nikodimos Papavasiliou was again appointed as manager for 2012 , after lowering his wage by mutual consent with chairman Savva . It was announced that the budget would be reduced from the previous season and to achieve this only a few players from the previous seasons squad remained . The team started the season with a 3-point deduction after failing to meet the UEFA Financial fair play criteria . Papavasiliou received an offer from Apollon Limassol after 2 games in charge of Olympiakos and was released from his contract by mutual consent .", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": "Renos Demetriades an old Olympiakos Nicosia defensive player was appointed as the new coach . Olympiakos was close to mid-table with Demetriades and despite the loss of key players in the January transfer window was on track to keep its top level status , until an unexpected home loss which plunged the club in a battle for survival forced the club to replace Demetriades with Marios Constantinou .", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": " The club was relegated , for a fourth time in its history , on the last day of the 2012–2013 season , finishing third from bottom , while being level on points , but was demoted due to the inferior head to head record with Nea Salamis Famagusta FC .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "The club started the new 2013–2014 season with a 6-point deduction after failing to meet the UEFA Financial fair play criteria . Chairman Petros Savva resigned and Manager Marios Constantinou left making way for old Olympiakos Nicosia defensive midfielder Costas Seraphim . Old chairman Demos Georgiades stepped in as acting chairman and the club used the Makario stadium as the home ground . Seraphim who was offering his services for free , totally reorganised the club for the new season .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": " From the senior players only captain , defender Nikolas Nicolaou and midfielder , vice-captain Kyriacos Polycarpou remained . All the foreign players left . The young Olympiakos players such as forward Giannis Mavrou and goalkeeper Constantinos Panagi stepped up to fill in the places in the starting line up . Together with other local players all under 21 years old as well as 3 under 21 foreign players , the club was trying to reorganize and return to the top flight as soon as possible .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "After 4 games with 3 wins the club managed to erase the 6-point deduction and register a positive point tally . Had the penalty not been imposed the club would have been top of the league . After the positive start to the season , the young players were unable to take the pressure of the rugged Cypriot Second Division and six consecutive defeats and a further 3-point deduction , meant the resignation of coach Costas Seraphim in December 2013 , the replacement was Savvas Paraskeva , an ex Cypriot youth team national coach . The arrival of Paraskeva ,", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "did not arrest the clubs decline and the club finished 6th . After a further change of rules , with 14 teams playing in the second division , the club was spared the humiliation of third tier football and played in the second division for the 2014–2015 season . With around 1.6 million Euro of total legacy debt ( old players , banks , creditors and the state ) however , the future of the club was looking all the more uncertain .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2014–2015 season the club started with a 3-point deduction and was further hit with a 3-point deduction by December and spent a record third consecutive season in the second tier . The new Manager was ex Olympiakos attacking midfielder Goran Petkovski and the new chairman was Marios Mavrikios , an ex press spokesman of the club during the early 2000s . The club was again in survival mode , trying to survive the drop and pay down the old debts , with only 3 foreign players under 21 , two senior Cypriot players and all the rest being", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "Cypriot players under 21 . The new club board , managed to reduce the debt to 26 old players to around 600,000 Euro and the club survived in the last game of the season by winning in an away game .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2015–2016 season the club yet again started with a 3-point deduction however with the same Manager and chairman as the previous season , the club set as its goal to return to the Cypriot First Division . In order to achieve this , funds to pay down debts to old players and to lift the embargo of signing senior players was the first objective . Old captain , defensive midfielder and manager Costas Seraphim took over as chairman on 27 July , the embargo was lifted on 28 August by reducing debt to old players to 470,000 Euro", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "and the chairman announced the release of manager Goran Petkovski on 29 August and on 1 September hired Chrysis Michael . The club had a good season and was second for most of the season , falling to third with one game remaining . However , they drew in the last game , thus missing the promotion due to an inferior head to head record with Anagennisi Dherynia , thus staying in the second tier for a record fourth season .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2016–2017 season , the club set again as its goal to return to the Cypriot First Division . Chrysis Michael remained in his post . The new president was Dr Andreas Aristodemou . The debt to 22 old players was reduced to 420,000 Euro . Greek Giannis Georgaras was hired as Technical Director . On 24 July the contract with Chrysis Michael was terminated by mutual consent and ex-captain Nikolas Nicolaou took over as caretaker manager until 12 August 2016 when Savvas Paraskeva took over the helm . Nicolaou returned to his position of U21 manager . On", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "3 November 2016 the president resigned and Costas Seraphim retook the helm . He terminated the contract of manager Savvas Paraskeva by mutual consent as well as of the Technical Director and re hired Chrysis Michael as manager on 4 November 2016 . In early January to mid March the club was in third place and gained promotion to the first division after four seasons .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2017–2018 season , the clubs goal was to avoid relegation . FIFA had imposed an embargo on signing new players over 18 , so the club had to compete in the first division with its existing squad until January . The debt to old players was nevertheless reduced to 350,000 euro and the total legacy debt had been reduced to 1.2 million euro . At the end of the first round the club was in 11th place just above the relegation spots , falling to 12th place after 21 games and in the battle to survive relegation .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "The club finished in 12th place , avoiding direct relegation at the end of", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "the second round and earned the opportunity to avoid relegation in the third round . The debt to old players was reduced to 225,000 euro and the total legacy debt to below 1 million euro . With 7 games remaining and the club in the relegation spot , 9 points off safety , the contract with Chrysis Michael was terminated by mutual consent and Vesko Mihajlović was hired for the last 7 games of the season , with only one win and the club relegated for the fifth time , with 3 games remaining , Vesko Mihajlović resigned and captain", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "Kyriacos Polykarpou took over as caretaker manager , until the end of the season . The debt to old players was reduced to 125,000 euro and the total legacy debt to below 600,000 euro .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2018–2019 season Costas Seraphim remained president and was backed by the old president of the glory days of the early 2000s , Christopher Tornaritis , as head of the football department . Their first move is to hire Costas Malekkos as manager , with a view of returning to the top flight immediately . After two successive defeats in the first two games of the new season , Malekkos was replaced by Fangio Buyse who brought consecutive wins and the club was in first place after 11 games . Four games before the end of the season the", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "club dropped to third place outside the promotion spots and Buyse was replaced by Kyriacos Polycarpou , an old player of the club , as caretaker manager , who lifted the club to second place and promotion . The debt was stabilised .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2019–2020 season Seraphim and Tornaritis , with the club returning to the First Division , re- hired Pambos Christodoulou as manager . Pambos renewed the contracts of central defender Nani Soares from Guinea-Bissau , Cypriot defensive midfielder Andreas Pachipis , Portuguese winger Rogerio Silva , defensive midfielder Evgenios Antoniou , Venezuelan forward Jose Romo and Cypriot left back Constantinos Samaras . The latter three were subsequently loaned to other clubs . His first signings were Cypriot right back Paris Psaltis , Cameroonian defensive midfielder Eyong Enoh , central defender Sambinha from Guinea-Bissau , Cypriot defensive midfielder Giorgos Economides", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": ", goalkeepers Pavol Bajza from Slovakia and Mario Kirev from Bulgaria , Portuguese left back Kiko , Cameroonian winger Fabrice Kah , Cypriot defensive midfielder Evangelos Kyriacou , Cypriot Striker Panayiotis Zachariou , Venezuelan midfielder Rafael Acosta , Brazilian Forward Azulão and Ghanaian centre back Ousmane Sidibé . The season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus and Olympiakos achieved the 9th place , securing participation regarding the next seasons First Division .", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "During June 2020 , the director of football hired Greek Giannis Petrakis as the new head coach for the new season . The contracts of Guinea-Bissauan central defenders Sambinha and Nani Soares were renewed , as well as Cameroonian winger Fabrice Kah . Cypriot right backs Paris Psaltis and Evangelos Kyriacou stayed at the club . With Cypriot Defender Constantinos Soteriou and star winger Panayiotis Zachariou also staying . The first signings were Cypriot winger Marios Pechlivanis who returned to the club , Greek goalkeeper Christos Karadais , Cameroonian winger Edgar Salli and goalkeeper Neofytos Michael who also returned to", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "his boyhood club .", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "Giannis Petrakis left the club in November , for Apollon Limassol after receiving an offer against the buyout clause in his contract . This angered the Olympiakos Nicosia supporters and Director of Football Tornaritis , who demanded a higher payout to release him . This was achieved via Giannis Petrakis returning pre-paid bonuses . Costas Seraphim the Technical Director took over as caretaker manager for 5 games . Initially after achieving two wins he was made permanent manager , but a draw and two losses forced him to return to his old post . Leonidas Vokolos took over debuting with", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "a draw at home versus Ermis Aradippou . The new manager faces injuries and suspensions in his effort to retain the club in the top six . After being in charge for 8 games scoring only two draws , Leonidas Vokolos was replaced by Cedomir Janevski . Cedomir Janevski led the club to the top 6 championship group gaining 13 points in the playoffs . Moreover , he also led the club to the first cup final in 30 years where Olympiakos lost 2-1 to Anorthosis Famagusta during the extra-time period .", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": " Since 2013 , the club has played at the Makario Stadium , where they also played in 1998–1999 and 2008–2009 . Previously Olympiakos had played at the old GSP Stadium ( 1934–1998 ) and the new GSP Stadium ( 2000–2008 ) ( 2009–2013 ) . Both stadiums were also shared with APOEL and Omonoia but Olympiakos was the only club playing at the old GSP Stadium between 1978 and 1998 as Apoel and Omonoia had both moved to Makario .", "title": "Stadium" }, { "text": " Olympiakos supporters since 2004 are organised under the Panhellenic Fans Association Taktakalas 1931 which takes its name from the area of old Nicosia where the clubhouse and the original training ground and now football academy Promahonas ( near the old Venetian Walls of Nicosia ) are located . 1931 refers to the date of foundation of the football club .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "Traditionally Olympiakos was supported by residents of the inner old part of Nicosia within the Venetian Walls , the attendance at home games peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s when fans from all over Cyprus would attend Olympiakos home games at the old GSP stadium filling it to its 12,000 capacity , especially when the club participated three times in the Greek First Division . After 1977 when the club won its last major title , the fanbase started to shrink . From a position where it could rival the other two Nicosia clubs , the fanbase dwindled", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "for two reasons . Firstly outward migration from the Nicosia city centre to the suburbs after 1974 meant that the neighbourhoods of traditional Olympiakos supporters were becoming less populated , despite this trend the club made a conscious decision to leave the new clubhouse on the green line dividing Nicosia . Also the Turkish invasion spelt economic problems for the club and the fact that it was located in an inner city area next to the green line only made things harder . Up until the late 1990s many traditional Olympiakos supporters out of frustration for the lack of titles", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "either stopped going to games and others switched allegiances to other Nicosia clubs that were richer and could still afford to win titles such as APOEL . It could be said that the club did not transition well from the era of amateur to semi-professional football in Cyprus beginning in the early 1980s mainly for the reasons mentioned above . Also the younger generation of Cypriots did not grow up with Olympiakos as a major power in the Cyprus league and despite their parents supporting Olympiakos they would often choose to support another side that won titles in the 1980", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "to 2000 years .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": " In general Olympiakos supporters tend to be of an older age and very rarely engage in trouble with other fans unless severely provoked . They also tend to be right wing politically , although not officially affiliated to any political party , and speak fondly of the time when Olympiakos played with other Greek teams in the Greek First Division .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "In the early 2000s , with the shift from semi-professional to professional status in Cyprus football and with a wealthy President at the helm , a brief revival of the club fortunes with an UEFA cup participation , as the club finished second , after 25 years , increased the fans at the New GSP to around 5000 in the two home European games .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "Olympiakos fans although now less than those of the other Nicosia , Limassol teams and Anorthosis are nevertheless fiercely loyal to their team . Even when the club fell to the Second Division between 2008 and 2010 due to economic problems , 300 supporters would follow the club to even the most remote village of Cyprus , with home attendance varying between 500 and 750 . At home games now in the First Division around 1000 to 2000 Olympiakos supporters will cheer the team on and are quite demanding for their team due to its past glories , one could", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "say as demanding as other teams that have recently won silverware .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": " - Eli Fuchs ( 1968–69 ) - Constantin Cernăianu ( 1983–85 ) - David Kipiani ( 1992–93 ) - Ronnie Whelan ( 2000–02 ) - Svetozar Šapurić ( July 2002 – June 2003 ) - Mpampis Tennes ( 2003 ) - Giorgos Foiros ( 2003–04 ) - Nikolay Kostov ( 2004–05 ) , ( 2006–07 ) - Rainer Rauffmann ( May 2005 – Nov 2005 ) - Diethelm Ferner ( 2005–06 ) - Juan Ramón Rocha ( 2007–08 ) - Jorge Barrios ( 2008 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": "- Nikodimos Papavasiliou ( 2008–09 ) , ( Nov 2009 – June 2010 ) , ( Feb 2012 – Sep 2012 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": " - Saša Jovanović ( 2010 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( July 2010 – March 2011 ) - Nikos Papadopoulos ( Aug 2011 – Feb 2012 ) - Renos Demetriades ( Sep 2012 – Feb 2013 ) - Marios Constantinou ( Feb 2013 – June 2013 ) - Costas Seraphim ( June 2013 – December 2013 ) - Savvas Paraskeva ( December 2013 – April 2014 ) - Goran Petkovski ( July 2014 – August 2015 ) - Chrysis Michael ( September 2015 – July 2016 ) - Savvas Paraskeva ( August 2016 –November 2016 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": "- Chrysis Michael ( November 2016 – March 2018 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": " - Vesko Mihajlovic ( March 2018;-April 2018 ) - Costas Malekkos ( June 2018;-September 2018 ) - Fangio Buyse ( September 2018;-April 2019 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( June 2019;-May 2020 ) - Giannis Petrakis ( June 2020;-November 2020 ) - Costas Seraphim ( November 2020;-December 2020 ) - Leonidas Vokolos ( January 2021;-January 2021 ) - Čedomir Janevski ( February 2021;- )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": " - Cypriot Championship : 3 - Cypriot Cup : 1 - Cypriot Super Cup : 1 - Cypriot Second Division", "title": "Football" }, { "text": " - Official website - Official Fans website", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "text": " Olympiakos Nicosia ( , Olympiakos Lefkosias ) is a football club based in Nicosia , Cyprus and competes in the Cypriot First Division . The club was founded in 1931 , and is a founding member of the Cyprus Football Association . The club colors are black and green . Olympiakos home ground is the Makario Stadium , which has a 16,000-seat capacity . The teams main nickname is mavroprasini ( the green-blacks ) , and the clubs other nickname is Taktakalas , derived from the area of Nicosia where the club hails from .", "title": "Olympiakos Nicosia" }, { "text": "Olympiakos Nicosia has won three Cypriot First Division Championships , one Cypriot Cup and one Cyprus Super Cup .", "title": "Olympiakos Nicosia" }, { "text": " In the past the club also had track and field , basketball , volleyball , cycling , table tennis , weightlifting and futsal teams . It also in the past had an orchestra , choir and camping divisions ; the latter explaining why the clubs badge has a tent on it .", "title": "Olympiakos Nicosia" }, { "text": " The 1962–1972 decade is known as the Golden decade of Olympiakos as the club was champion of the Cypriot First Division three times , another three times it was runner-up , while it became the only Cyprus football club that participated three times in the Greek National 1st Division Championship .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "It all started in the 1961–62 season , when Olympiakos reached the cup final for the first time in the clubs history . Despite this , the team did not manage to win the cup trophy , as it lost from Anorthosis Famagusta FC with a score of 5–2 .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "The foundations had been laid however , in the 1964–65 season , Giorgos Paletsios an old Olympiakos football player for 18 years , who had also served as team captain , agreed to manage the team , without being paid a salary for his services . Paletsios proceeded to restructure the teams squad promoting to the first team young and talented players including : Kettenis , Limbouris , Argyrou . Bolstered with young enthusiasm , the team finished in second place in the championship , while in the same year the top scorer of the championship was Olympiakos player Kostakis", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "Pierides , scoring 21 goals .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " In the 1965–66 season Olympiakos was once again runner-up , with 49 points , one point less than the then champion Omonoia . Top scorer of the championship was again an Olympiakos player , Panikos Efthymiades scoring 23 goals .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "In the 1966–67 season Olympiakos dominated the Cypriot Championship , with Pambos Avraamidis as their manager , the team finished in first place and won the championship with 55 points as many as APOEL Nicosia , who in the last game of the season beat Aris Limassol with the huge score of 17–1 . The title was judged on goal difference and despite APOELs huge score in the last game of the season , Olympiakos still had a superior goal difference so that the club was crowned champion .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " In 1967 , the champion Olympiakos played against the Cup-winner Apollon Limassol , winning 1–0 therefore gaining the Pakkos Shield ( as the Super Cup/Shield was then known. ) In the 1968–69 season , Olympiakos won the championship for a second time , collecting 52 points the same number as AC Omonoia . Olympiakos was champion however because of the better goal difference . Top scorer of the championship was once again Panikos Efthymiades scoring 17 goals .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "The third Olympiakos championship came in the 1970–71 season with Englishman Rod Bradley as the manager , the team finished in first place with 31 points compared to 27 of runner up Digenis Morfou . The title of top scorer was shared by 3 footballers who all scored 11 goals amongst them once again Panikos Efthymiades .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " In the 1972–73 season Olympiakos finished runner-up , while in the 1974–75 season the team finished third . In 1971 Olympiakos won the Paligenesias cup that was organised by the Cyprus Football Association ( KOP ) , defeating Nea Salamis Famagusta FC . In this golden period , Olympiakos managers were : Pambos Avraamidis , Giorgos Paletsios , Takis Papaxeniou , Eric Brookes and Rod Bradley .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "Andreas Filotas , Varnavas Christofi , Nikos Theocharidis , Demos Flourentzou , Giorgos Hadjikonstantis , Dimitrakis Argyrou , Yiannis Xipolitas , Savvakis Constantinou , Michalakis Argyrou , Sotirakis Georgiou , Lakis Avraamidis , Markos Markou , Andreas Nicolaou ( Lympoyris ) , Vasilis Fragkiskou ( Katsis ) , Dimitriadis , Tasos Louka , Andreas Assiotis , Giorgos Kettenis , Panikos Efthymiades , Kostakis Pierides , Charalambos Partasidis , Giannos Pavlou , Takis Papettas , Kokos Michael , Nikos Mailos , Michalis Stavrou , Giorgos Aristeidou , Koullis Iliadis , Lakis Mitsidis , Panagiotis Prodromou , Giannis Serafeim were the footballers", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": "of the great successes of this period .", "title": "The Golden Decade" }, { "text": " Olympiakos became the first Cypriot football team that participated in the Pan-Hellenic Championship , in the 1967–68 season , something which recurred twice more , in 1969–70 , and in 1971–72 , rendering the club the only Cypriot team that participated three times in the Greek National 1st Division Championship . Olympiakos has also taken part in all three European competitions .", "title": "Greek Experience" }, { "text": " In the European Champions Cup in 1967 the club faced FK Sarajevo Yugoslavia . In the first game the teams drew 2–2 , while in second game Olympiakos lost with 3–1 . Also in the European Champions Cup , Olympiakos Nicosia played against Real Madrid in 1969 , losing both matches with 8–0 and 6–1 . Olympiakos later played in the same competition in 1971 and met Feyenoord of the Netherlands and lost 8–0 and 9–0 .", "title": "European Experience" }, { "text": "In the Cup Winners Cup , Olympiakos took part once in 1977 playing against FC Universitatea Craiova Romania while in 1973 Olympiakos played against the German team VfB Stuttgart for the UEFA Cup .", "title": "European Experience" }, { "text": " In all these European games Olympiakos was forced to play both games away from home as at the time the Cypriot football stadia did not meet the European regulations .", "title": "European Experience" }, { "text": " In 1977 , Olympiakos Nicosia beat Alki Larnaca 2–0 to win the Cypriot Cup after two thunder bolts from English center half , captain and talisman Mreg Goffatt . In 1991 , Olympiakos Nicosia lost the Cypriot Cup in the finals losing 1–0 to AC Omonia . That was their last appearance in the Cypriot Cup finals .", "title": "Cup glory" }, { "text": " Olympiakos Nicosia also played in the UEFA Cup ( after finishing runner up in the Cypriot championship ) in the 2001–02 season against the Hungarian team Dunaferr FC ( drawing 2–2 in Nicosia and scoring a 2–4 away win , the first for the club in Europe ) and proceeded to the next round of the Uefa Cup to play against Club Brugge of Belgium and was eventually eliminated .", "title": "Glory days revisited" }, { "text": " With Olympiakos TV rights hastily agreed at the lowest amount for any Cypriot first division club in 2007 for 9 seasons and these rights assigned to repay old debts until 2016 the club has little cash inflow apart from gate receipts and commercial sponsorships .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "After a disastrous 2007–2008 season , where economic problems hindered the building of a strong squad , Olympiakos Nicosia finished bottom of the Cypriot First Division ( the first time the club finished bottom ) . The club was relegated for the third time in its history . In both the 1983–84 and 1997–98 seasons the club had spent just one season in the second tier of Cypriot football , only to win the Cypriot Second Division title each time and return to the Cypriot First Division .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": " The club tried to re-organise itself and to return to the top flight as quickly as possible . In the 2008–09 season the club finished fourth and missed the promotion to the Cypriot First Division on the last day of the season by one point .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "In the 2009–10 season , an old goalkeeper of Olympiakos Petros Savva , was appointed as the new chairman . Savva initially re-appointed Andros Kouloumbris , an old midfield player of Olympiakos , as manager . After the end of the first round , however , Kouloumbris was sacked due to the bad defensive record of the team , despite the team being in 3rd place .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": " The next coach for 7 games was Saša Jovanović who only managed two wins , with the team languishing in 5th place after some bad appearances , Saša Jovanović was removed to make way for old Olympiakos midfield player and ex-manager Nikodimos Papavasiliou .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "With Papavasiliou at the helm the team improved and entered the play-offs for promotion to the Cypriot First Division after finishing third at the end of the regular season . The club finished third at the end of the play-offs and therefore gained promotion , despite helping the team with winning promotion Nikodimos Papavasilious contract was not renewed at the end of the season .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "After 2 seasons Olympiakos returned to the top flight in the 2010–2011 season and Pambos Christodoulou an old Olympiakos midfield player and ex-manager of Doxa Katokopias was appointed as manager . Olympiakos showed good attacking football in the 2010–2011 season , easily avoiding relegation and having qualified for the Cup quarterfinals . The club played fluid attacking football having the third best attacking record after leaders APOEL and 3rd placed Anorthosis , playing with a 4–4–2 formation with pressing from within the opponents half , but the Achilles heel of the team was the bad defensive record with goals conceded", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "in most games and the third worst record in this area . Christodoulou decided to leave the club in 2011 to join AEL Limassol , one year before his contract expired . The club decided to pursue this breach in court ( in an out of court settlement AEL Limassol paid an undisclosed sum of money to Olympiakos to avoid sanctions against them and Pambos ) and Christodoulou angered both the club president and the supporters , as well as the Cypriot football fans in general , with his unprofessional conduct .", "title": "Recent decline" }, { "text": "In the 2011–2012 season there were a few changes in Olympiakos , the new Greek manager was ex Xanthi FC Nikos Papadopoulos who mainly brought in defensive players playing in the Greek league to strengthen this area of weakness . Few additions were made to the attacking mechanism of the team and some early warnings in the pre season friendlies indicated that after the departure of the previous seasons top scorer , the team would be less productive in scoring than last season , which was in fact the case . Papadopoulos was released by mutual consent at the end", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": "of February 2012 with the club in the cup quarterfinals but fourth from bottom in the league , although defensively the club was marginally better it lost its attacking flair and pressing style with majority ball possession and suffered from conceding goals right after scoring .", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": " Nikodimos Papavasiliou was again appointed as manager for 2012 , after lowering his wage by mutual consent with chairman Savva . It was announced that the budget would be reduced from the previous season and to achieve this only a few players from the previous seasons squad remained . The team started the season with a 3-point deduction after failing to meet the UEFA Financial fair play criteria . Papavasiliou received an offer from Apollon Limassol after 2 games in charge of Olympiakos and was released from his contract by mutual consent .", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": "Renos Demetriades an old Olympiakos Nicosia defensive player was appointed as the new coach . Olympiakos was close to mid-table with Demetriades and despite the loss of key players in the January transfer window was on track to keep its top level status , until an unexpected home loss which plunged the club in a battle for survival forced the club to replace Demetriades with Marios Constantinou .", "title": "Striving for Stability" }, { "text": " The club was relegated , for a fourth time in its history , on the last day of the 2012–2013 season , finishing third from bottom , while being level on points , but was demoted due to the inferior head to head record with Nea Salamis Famagusta FC .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "The club started the new 2013–2014 season with a 6-point deduction after failing to meet the UEFA Financial fair play criteria . Chairman Petros Savva resigned and Manager Marios Constantinou left making way for old Olympiakos Nicosia defensive midfielder Costas Seraphim . Old chairman Demos Georgiades stepped in as acting chairman and the club used the Makario stadium as the home ground . Seraphim who was offering his services for free , totally reorganised the club for the new season .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": " From the senior players only captain , defender Nikolas Nicolaou and midfielder , vice-captain Kyriacos Polycarpou remained . All the foreign players left . The young Olympiakos players such as forward Giannis Mavrou and goalkeeper Constantinos Panagi stepped up to fill in the places in the starting line up . Together with other local players all under 21 years old as well as 3 under 21 foreign players , the club was trying to reorganize and return to the top flight as soon as possible .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "After 4 games with 3 wins the club managed to erase the 6-point deduction and register a positive point tally . Had the penalty not been imposed the club would have been top of the league . After the positive start to the season , the young players were unable to take the pressure of the rugged Cypriot Second Division and six consecutive defeats and a further 3-point deduction , meant the resignation of coach Costas Seraphim in December 2013 , the replacement was Savvas Paraskeva , an ex Cypriot youth team national coach . The arrival of Paraskeva ,", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "did not arrest the clubs decline and the club finished 6th . After a further change of rules , with 14 teams playing in the second division , the club was spared the humiliation of third tier football and played in the second division for the 2014–2015 season . With around 1.6 million Euro of total legacy debt ( old players , banks , creditors and the state ) however , the future of the club was looking all the more uncertain .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2014–2015 season the club started with a 3-point deduction and was further hit with a 3-point deduction by December and spent a record third consecutive season in the second tier . The new Manager was ex Olympiakos attacking midfielder Goran Petkovski and the new chairman was Marios Mavrikios , an ex press spokesman of the club during the early 2000s . The club was again in survival mode , trying to survive the drop and pay down the old debts , with only 3 foreign players under 21 , two senior Cypriot players and all the rest being", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "Cypriot players under 21 . The new club board , managed to reduce the debt to 26 old players to around 600,000 Euro and the club survived in the last game of the season by winning in an away game .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2015–2016 season the club yet again started with a 3-point deduction however with the same Manager and chairman as the previous season , the club set as its goal to return to the Cypriot First Division . In order to achieve this , funds to pay down debts to old players and to lift the embargo of signing senior players was the first objective . Old captain , defensive midfielder and manager Costas Seraphim took over as chairman on 27 July , the embargo was lifted on 28 August by reducing debt to old players to 470,000 Euro", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "and the chairman announced the release of manager Goran Petkovski on 29 August and on 1 September hired Chrysis Michael . The club had a good season and was second for most of the season , falling to third with one game remaining . However , they drew in the last game , thus missing the promotion due to an inferior head to head record with Anagennisi Dherynia , thus staying in the second tier for a record fourth season .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2016–2017 season , the club set again as its goal to return to the Cypriot First Division . Chrysis Michael remained in his post . The new president was Dr Andreas Aristodemou . The debt to 22 old players was reduced to 420,000 Euro . Greek Giannis Georgaras was hired as Technical Director . On 24 July the contract with Chrysis Michael was terminated by mutual consent and ex-captain Nikolas Nicolaou took over as caretaker manager until 12 August 2016 when Savvas Paraskeva took over the helm . Nicolaou returned to his position of U21 manager . On", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "3 November 2016 the president resigned and Costas Seraphim retook the helm . He terminated the contract of manager Savvas Paraskeva by mutual consent as well as of the Technical Director and re hired Chrysis Michael as manager on 4 November 2016 . In early January to mid March the club was in third place and gained promotion to the first division after four seasons .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2017–2018 season , the clubs goal was to avoid relegation . FIFA had imposed an embargo on signing new players over 18 , so the club had to compete in the first division with its existing squad until January . The debt to old players was nevertheless reduced to 350,000 euro and the total legacy debt had been reduced to 1.2 million euro . At the end of the first round the club was in 11th place just above the relegation spots , falling to 12th place after 21 games and in the battle to survive relegation .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "The club finished in 12th place , avoiding direct relegation at the end of", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "the second round and earned the opportunity to avoid relegation in the third round . The debt to old players was reduced to 225,000 euro and the total legacy debt to below 1 million euro . With 7 games remaining and the club in the relegation spot , 9 points off safety , the contract with Chrysis Michael was terminated by mutual consent and Vesko Mihajlović was hired for the last 7 games of the season , with only one win and the club relegated for the fifth time , with 3 games remaining , Vesko Mihajlović resigned and captain", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "Kyriacos Polykarpou took over as caretaker manager , until the end of the season . The debt to old players was reduced to 125,000 euro and the total legacy debt to below 600,000 euro .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2018–2019 season Costas Seraphim remained president and was backed by the old president of the glory days of the early 2000s , Christopher Tornaritis , as head of the football department . Their first move is to hire Costas Malekkos as manager , with a view of returning to the top flight immediately . After two successive defeats in the first two games of the new season , Malekkos was replaced by Fangio Buyse who brought consecutive wins and the club was in first place after 11 games . Four games before the end of the season the", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "club dropped to third place outside the promotion spots and Buyse was replaced by Kyriacos Polycarpou , an old player of the club , as caretaker manager , who lifted the club to second place and promotion . The debt was stabilised .", "title": "Economic Decline" }, { "text": "In the 2019–2020 season Seraphim and Tornaritis , with the club returning to the First Division , re- hired Pambos Christodoulou as manager . Pambos renewed the contracts of central defender Nani Soares from Guinea-Bissau , Cypriot defensive midfielder Andreas Pachipis , Portuguese winger Rogerio Silva , defensive midfielder Evgenios Antoniou , Venezuelan forward Jose Romo and Cypriot left back Constantinos Samaras . The latter three were subsequently loaned to other clubs . His first signings were Cypriot right back Paris Psaltis , Cameroonian defensive midfielder Eyong Enoh , central defender Sambinha from Guinea-Bissau , Cypriot defensive midfielder Giorgos Economides", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": ", goalkeepers Pavol Bajza from Slovakia and Mario Kirev from Bulgaria , Portuguese left back Kiko , Cameroonian winger Fabrice Kah , Cypriot defensive midfielder Evangelos Kyriacou , Cypriot Striker Panayiotis Zachariou , Venezuelan midfielder Rafael Acosta , Brazilian Forward Azulão and Ghanaian centre back Ousmane Sidibé . The season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus and Olympiakos achieved the 9th place , securing participation regarding the next seasons First Division .", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "During June 2020 , the director of football hired Greek Giannis Petrakis as the new head coach for the new season . The contracts of Guinea-Bissauan central defenders Sambinha and Nani Soares were renewed , as well as Cameroonian winger Fabrice Kah . Cypriot right backs Paris Psaltis and Evangelos Kyriacou stayed at the club . With Cypriot Defender Constantinos Soteriou and star winger Panayiotis Zachariou also staying . The first signings were Cypriot winger Marios Pechlivanis who returned to the club , Greek goalkeeper Christos Karadais , Cameroonian winger Edgar Salli and goalkeeper Neofytos Michael who also returned to", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "his boyhood club .", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "Giannis Petrakis left the club in November , for Apollon Limassol after receiving an offer against the buyout clause in his contract . This angered the Olympiakos Nicosia supporters and Director of Football Tornaritis , who demanded a higher payout to release him . This was achieved via Giannis Petrakis returning pre-paid bonuses . Costas Seraphim the Technical Director took over as caretaker manager for 5 games . Initially after achieving two wins he was made permanent manager , but a draw and two losses forced him to return to his old post . Leonidas Vokolos took over debuting with", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": "a draw at home versus Ermis Aradippou . The new manager faces injuries and suspensions in his effort to retain the club in the top six . After being in charge for 8 games scoring only two draws , Leonidas Vokolos was replaced by Cedomir Janevski . Cedomir Janevski led the club to the top 6 championship group gaining 13 points in the playoffs . Moreover , he also led the club to the first cup final in 30 years where Olympiakos lost 2-1 to Anorthosis Famagusta during the extra-time period .", "title": "Stability Regained" }, { "text": " Since 2013 , the club has played at the Makario Stadium , where they also played in 1998–1999 and 2008–2009 . Previously Olympiakos had played at the old GSP Stadium ( 1934–1998 ) and the new GSP Stadium ( 2000–2008 ) ( 2009–2013 ) . Both stadiums were also shared with APOEL and Omonoia but Olympiakos was the only club playing at the old GSP Stadium between 1978 and 1998 as Apoel and Omonoia had both moved to Makario .", "title": "Stadium" }, { "text": " Olympiakos supporters since 2004 are organised under the Panhellenic Fans Association Taktakalas 1931 which takes its name from the area of old Nicosia where the clubhouse and the original training ground and now football academy Promahonas ( near the old Venetian Walls of Nicosia ) are located . 1931 refers to the date of foundation of the football club .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "Traditionally Olympiakos was supported by residents of the inner old part of Nicosia within the Venetian Walls , the attendance at home games peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s when fans from all over Cyprus would attend Olympiakos home games at the old GSP stadium filling it to its 12,000 capacity , especially when the club participated three times in the Greek First Division . After 1977 when the club won its last major title , the fanbase started to shrink . From a position where it could rival the other two Nicosia clubs , the fanbase dwindled", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "for two reasons . Firstly outward migration from the Nicosia city centre to the suburbs after 1974 meant that the neighbourhoods of traditional Olympiakos supporters were becoming less populated , despite this trend the club made a conscious decision to leave the new clubhouse on the green line dividing Nicosia . Also the Turkish invasion spelt economic problems for the club and the fact that it was located in an inner city area next to the green line only made things harder . Up until the late 1990s many traditional Olympiakos supporters out of frustration for the lack of titles", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "either stopped going to games and others switched allegiances to other Nicosia clubs that were richer and could still afford to win titles such as APOEL . It could be said that the club did not transition well from the era of amateur to semi-professional football in Cyprus beginning in the early 1980s mainly for the reasons mentioned above . Also the younger generation of Cypriots did not grow up with Olympiakos as a major power in the Cyprus league and despite their parents supporting Olympiakos they would often choose to support another side that won titles in the 1980", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "to 2000 years .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": " In general Olympiakos supporters tend to be of an older age and very rarely engage in trouble with other fans unless severely provoked . They also tend to be right wing politically , although not officially affiliated to any political party , and speak fondly of the time when Olympiakos played with other Greek teams in the Greek First Division .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "In the early 2000s , with the shift from semi-professional to professional status in Cyprus football and with a wealthy President at the helm , a brief revival of the club fortunes with an UEFA cup participation , as the club finished second , after 25 years , increased the fans at the New GSP to around 5000 in the two home European games .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "Olympiakos fans although now less than those of the other Nicosia , Limassol teams and Anorthosis are nevertheless fiercely loyal to their team . Even when the club fell to the Second Division between 2008 and 2010 due to economic problems , 300 supporters would follow the club to even the most remote village of Cyprus , with home attendance varying between 500 and 750 . At home games now in the First Division around 1000 to 2000 Olympiakos supporters will cheer the team on and are quite demanding for their team due to its past glories , one could", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": "say as demanding as other teams that have recently won silverware .", "title": "Supporters" }, { "text": " - Eli Fuchs ( 1968–69 ) - Constantin Cernăianu ( 1983–85 ) - David Kipiani ( 1992–93 ) - Ronnie Whelan ( 2000–02 ) - Svetozar Šapurić ( July 2002 – June 2003 ) - Mpampis Tennes ( 2003 ) - Giorgos Foiros ( 2003–04 ) - Nikolay Kostov ( 2004–05 ) , ( 2006–07 ) - Rainer Rauffmann ( May 2005 – Nov 2005 ) - Diethelm Ferner ( 2005–06 ) - Juan Ramón Rocha ( 2007–08 ) - Jorge Barrios ( 2008 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": "- Nikodimos Papavasiliou ( 2008–09 ) , ( Nov 2009 – June 2010 ) , ( Feb 2012 – Sep 2012 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": " - Saša Jovanović ( 2010 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( July 2010 – March 2011 ) - Nikos Papadopoulos ( Aug 2011 – Feb 2012 ) - Renos Demetriades ( Sep 2012 – Feb 2013 ) - Marios Constantinou ( Feb 2013 – June 2013 ) - Costas Seraphim ( June 2013 – December 2013 ) - Savvas Paraskeva ( December 2013 – April 2014 ) - Goran Petkovski ( July 2014 – August 2015 ) - Chrysis Michael ( September 2015 – July 2016 ) - Savvas Paraskeva ( August 2016 –November 2016 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": "- Chrysis Michael ( November 2016 – March 2018 )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": " - Vesko Mihajlovic ( March 2018;-April 2018 ) - Costas Malekkos ( June 2018;-September 2018 ) - Fangio Buyse ( September 2018;-April 2019 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( June 2019;-May 2020 ) - Giannis Petrakis ( June 2020;-November 2020 ) - Costas Seraphim ( November 2020;-December 2020 ) - Leonidas Vokolos ( January 2021;-January 2021 ) - Čedomir Janevski ( February 2021;- )", "title": "Managerial history" }, { "text": " - Cypriot Championship : 3 - Cypriot Cup : 1 - Cypriot Super Cup : 1 - Cypriot Second Division", "title": "Football" }, { "text": " - Official website - Official Fans website", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Smith College" ]

[ { "text": "Natalie Zemon Davis , ( born 8 November 1928 ) is a Canadian and American historian of the early modern period . She is currently an Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto in Canada . Her work originally focused on France , but has since broadened to include other parts of Europe , North America , and the Caribbean . For example , Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) views Italy , Spain , Morocco and other parts of North Africa and West Africa through the lens of Leo Africanuss pioneering", "title": "Natalie Zemon Davis" }, { "text": "geography . It has appeared in four translations , with three more on the way . Davis books have all been translated into other languages : twenty-two for The Return of Martin Guerre . She was the second female president of the American Historical Association ( the first , Nellie Neilson , was in 1943 ) and someone who has not lost the integrity and commitment to radical thought which marked her early career .", "title": "Natalie Zemon Davis" }, { "text": " She has been awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize and National Humanities Medal and been named Companion of the Order of Canada .", "title": "Natalie Zemon Davis" }, { "text": " Natalie Zemon Davis was born in Detroit , Michigan in 1928 to a middle-class Jewish family . She traces her intellectual path to her Jewish heritage , although her work hasnt centered on Jewish issues . Davis attended Kingswood School Cranbrook and was subsequently educated at Smith College , Radcliffe College , Harvard University , and the University of Michigan , from which she received her PhD in 1959 . In 1948 , she married Chandler Davis .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "She and Davis had difficulties in the U.S . during the era of the Red Scare . He lost his professorship in Michigan , and in the 1960s , they moved to Canada ( Toronto ) with their three children .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Natalie Zemon Davis subsequently taught at Brown University , the University of Toronto , the University of California at Berkeley , and from 1978 to her retirement in 1996 , at Princeton University , where she became the Henry Charles Lea Professor of History and director of the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies . In addition to courses in the history of early modern France , she has taught or co-taught courses in history and anthropology , early modern Jewish social history , and history and film . She has also been an important figure in the study", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "of the history of women and gender , founding with Jill Ker Conway a course in that subject in 1971 at the University of Toronto : one of the first in North America . Since her retirement , she has been living in Toronto , where she is Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Natalie Davis main interests are in social and cultural history , especially of those previously ignored by historians . She makes use of numerous sources such as judicial records , plays , notarial records , tax rolls , early printed books and pamphlets , autobiographies and folk tales . She is a proponent of cross-disciplinary history , which consists of combining history with disciplines such as anthropology , ethnography and literary theory . In her Society and Culture in Early Modern France ( 1975 ) , she explored the lives of artisans and peasants : their relation to the Protestant", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Reformation , their carnivals , uprisings , and religious violence , and the impact of printing on their ways of thinking .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "In her book best known to the public , The Return of Martin Guerre ( 1983 ) , she followed a celebrated case of a 16th-century impostor in a village in the Pyrénées so as to see how peasants thought about personal identity . Often linked with Carlo Ginzburgs microhistory The Cheese and the Worms about the radical miller Menocchio , Daviss book grew out of her experience as historical consultant for Daniel Vignes film Le retour de Martin Guerre . Her book first appeared in French in 1982 at the same time as the premiere of the film .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Daviss interest in story-telling continued with her book , Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in 16th-century France ( 1987 ) , a study of the stories people of all classes told to the king to get pardoned for homicide in the days before manslaughter was a possible plea . In her Women on the Margins ( 1995 ) , she looked at the autobiographical accounts of three 17th-century women – the Jewish merchant Glikl Hamel , the Catholic nun Marie de lIncarnation , who came to New France , and the Protestant entomologist-artist Maria Sibylla", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Merian—and discussed the role of religion in their lives .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Her book on The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France ( 2000 ) is both a picture of gifts and bribes in the 16th century and a discussion of a viable mode of exchange different from the market . In Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) , she describes how the early 16th-century North African Muslim Leo Africanus ( Hasan al-Wazzan ) managed to live as a Christian in Italy after he was kidnapped by Christian pirates and also sees his writings as an example of the possibility of communication and curiosity in a world divided by violence . In 2017 , she", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "served as historical consultant for Wajdi Mouawads new play Tous des Oiseaux that premiered in Paris at the Théâtre de La Colline . Set in present-day New York and Jerusalem , the play follows a German/Israeli family riven by conflict when the geneticist son wants to marry an Arab-American woman who is doing her doctoral dissertation on Hassan al-Wazzan/Leo Africanus , the subject of Davis Trickster Travels Her book ( in-process ) , Braided Histories on 18th-century Suriname studies networks of communication and association among families , both slave and free , on the plantations of Christian and Jewish settlers", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Though Daviss historical writings are extensively researched , she sometimes resorts to speculation , using analogous evidence and inserting words like perhaps and phrases like she may have thought . Some critics of her work find this troubling and think that this practice threatens the empirical base of the historians profession . Daviss answer to this is suggested in her 1992 essay Stories and the Hunger to Know , where she argues both for the role of interpretation by historians and their essential quest for evidence about the past : both must be present and acknowledged to keep people from", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "claiming that they have an absolute handle on truth . She opened her Women on the Margins with an imaginary dialogue , in which her three subjects upbraid her for her approach and for putting them in the same book . In her Slaves on Screen ( 2000 ) , Davis maintains that feature films can provide a valuable way of telling about the past , what she calls thought experiments , but only so long as they are connected with general historical evidence .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": " In 2010 , Davis was awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize , worth 4.5 million Norwegian kroner ( ~$700,000 US ) , for her narrative approach to the field of history . The awards citation described her as one of the most creative historians writing today who inspired younger generations of historians and promoted cross-fertilization between disciplines . The citation said her compelling narrative shows how particular events can be narrated and analyzed so as to reveal deeper historical tendencies and underlying patterns of thought and action .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "In 2011 , Davis was elected to the American Philosophical Society .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " On 29 June 2012 , Davis was named Companion of the Order of Canada , the highest class within the order . On 10 July 2013 , Davis was awarded the 2012 National Humanities Medal by President Barack Obama for her insights into the study of history and her exacting eloquence in bringing the past into focus . On 13 September 2013 , Davis was awarded an honorary degree from the University of St Andrews .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " - Society and Culture in Early Modern France : Eight Essays , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1975 . - Womens History in Transition : the European Case pages 83–103 from Volume 3 , Issue 3 , Feminist Studies , 1975 . - Ghosts , Kin , and Progeny : Some Features of Family Life in Early Modern France pages 87–114 from Daedalus , Volume 106 , Issue #2 , 1977 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Gender and Genre : Women as Historical Writers , 1400–1820 pages 123–144 from University of Ottawa Quarterly , Volume 50 , Issue #1 , 1980 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Anthropology and History in the 1980s : the Possibilities of the Pastpages 267–275 from Journal of Interdisciplinary History , Volume 12 , Issue #2 , 1981 . - The Sacred and the Body Social in Sixteenth-century Lyon , pages 40–70 from Past and Present , Volume 90 , 1981 . - Women in the Crafts in Sixteenth-century Lyon pagers 47–80 , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , from Feminist Studies , 1982 . - Beyond the Market : Books as Gifts in Sixteenth-century France pages 69–88 from Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Volume 33 , 1983 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- The Return of Martin Guerre , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Frauen und Gesellschaft am Beginn der Neuzeit , Berlin : Wagenbach , 1986 . - `Any Resemblance to Persons Living or Dead : Film and the Challenge of Authenticity pages 457–482 from The Yale Review , Volume 76 , Issue #4 , 1987 . - Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in Sixteenth Century France , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1987 . - Fame and Secrecy : Leon Modenas Life as an Early Modern Autobiography pages 103–118 from History and Theory , Volume 27 , Issue #4 , 1988 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Historys Two Bodies pages 1–13 from the American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #1 , 1988 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - On the Lame pages 572–603 from American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Rabelais among the Censors ( 1940s , 1540s ) pages 1–32 from Representations , Volume 32 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 . - The Shapes of Social History pages 28–32 from Storia della Storiographia Volume 17 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Gender in the academy : women and learning from Plato to Princeton : an exhibition celebrating the 20th anniversary of undergraduate coeducation at Princeton University / organized by Natalie Zemon Davis .. . [ et al. ] , Princeton : Princeton University Library , 1990", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Women and the World of Annales pages 121–137 from Volume 33 , History Workshop Journal , 1992 . - Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes , co-edited with Arlette Farge , Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press , 1993 . Volume III of A History of Women in the West . [ Originally published in Italian in 1991. ] - Women on the Margins : Three Seventeenth-century Lives , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1995 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- A Life of Learning : Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 , New York : American Council of Learned Societies , 1997 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Religion and Capitalism Once Again ? Jewish Merchant Culture in the Seventeenth Century from Representations No . 59 ( Summer , 1997 ) . - Remaking Imposters : From Martin Guerre to Sommersby , Egham , Surrey , UK : Royal Holloway Publications Unit , 1997 . - Beyond Evolution : Comparative History and its Goals pages 149–158 from Swiat Historii edited by W . Wrzoska , Poznan : Instytut Historii , 1998 . - The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France , University of Wisconsin Press 2000", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Slaves on Screen : Film and Historical Vision , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2002", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Adams , R.M . Review of Fiction in the Archives page 35 from New York Review of Books , Volume 34 , Issue No . 4 , March 16 , 1989 . - Adelson , R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 405–422 from Historian Volume 53 , Issue No . 3 , 1991 . - Benson , E . The Look of the Past : Le Retour de Martin Guerre pages 125–135 from Radical History Review , Volume 28 , 1984 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- Bossy , J . As it Happened : Review of Fiction in the Archives , pages 359 from Times Literacy Supplement , Issue 4488 , April 7 , 1989 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Chartier , Roger Cultural History Between Practices and Representations , Cambridge : Polity Press , 1988 . - Coffin , J . & Harding . R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 99–122 from Visions of History edited by H . Abelove , B . Blackmar , P.Dimock & J . Schneer , Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press , 1984 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- Diefendorf , Barbara and Hesse , Carla ( editors ) Culture and Identity in Early Modern France ( 1500–1800 ) : Essays in Honor of Natalie Zemon Davis , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1993 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Finlay , R . The Refashioning of Martin Guerre pages 553–571 from American Historical Review Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Guneratne , A . Cinehistory and the Puzzling Case of Martin Guerre pages 2–19 from Film and History , Volume 21 , Issue # 1 , 1991 . - Le Roy Ladurie , Emmanuel Double Trouble : Review of The Return of Martin Guerre pages 12–13 from The New York Review of Books , Volume 30 , Issue #20 , December 22 , 1983 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- OConnor , J.E ( editor ) Images as Artifact : the Historical Analysis of Film and Television , Malabar , Florida : R.E . Krieger , 1990 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Orest , R . Review of Women on the Margins pages 808–810 from American Historical Review , Volume 102 , Issue #3 , 1997 . - Quinn , A . Review of Women on the Margins page 18 from New York Times Review of Books , December 10 , 1995 . - Roelker , N.L . Review of Fiction in the Archives pages 1392–1393 from American Historical Review Volume 94 , Issue #5 , 1989 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- Roper , L . Review of Women on the Margins pages 4–5 from Times Literacy Supplement 4868 , July 19 , 1996 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Snowman , Daniel Natalie Zemon Davis pages 18–20 from History Today Volume 52 Issue 10 October 2002 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis – interviewed in May 2007 , from Medievalists.net - Natalie Zemon Davis : A Life of Learning ( Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 ) - A Star Historian Opens a New Chapter : Jewish Slaveowners , The Jewish Forward , August 17 , 2006 .", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Radcliffe College" ]

[ { "text": "Natalie Zemon Davis , ( born 8 November 1928 ) is a Canadian and American historian of the early modern period . She is currently an Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto in Canada . Her work originally focused on France , but has since broadened to include other parts of Europe , North America , and the Caribbean . For example , Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) views Italy , Spain , Morocco and other parts of North Africa and West Africa through the lens of Leo Africanuss pioneering", "title": "Natalie Zemon Davis" }, { "text": "geography . It has appeared in four translations , with three more on the way . Davis books have all been translated into other languages : twenty-two for The Return of Martin Guerre . She was the second female president of the American Historical Association ( the first , Nellie Neilson , was in 1943 ) and someone who has not lost the integrity and commitment to radical thought which marked her early career .", "title": "Natalie Zemon Davis" }, { "text": " She has been awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize and National Humanities Medal and been named Companion of the Order of Canada .", "title": "Natalie Zemon Davis" }, { "text": " Natalie Zemon Davis was born in Detroit , Michigan in 1928 to a middle-class Jewish family . She traces her intellectual path to her Jewish heritage , although her work hasnt centered on Jewish issues . Davis attended Kingswood School Cranbrook and was subsequently educated at Smith College , Radcliffe College , Harvard University , and the University of Michigan , from which she received her PhD in 1959 . In 1948 , she married Chandler Davis .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "She and Davis had difficulties in the U.S . during the era of the Red Scare . He lost his professorship in Michigan , and in the 1960s , they moved to Canada ( Toronto ) with their three children .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Natalie Zemon Davis subsequently taught at Brown University , the University of Toronto , the University of California at Berkeley , and from 1978 to her retirement in 1996 , at Princeton University , where she became the Henry Charles Lea Professor of History and director of the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies . In addition to courses in the history of early modern France , she has taught or co-taught courses in history and anthropology , early modern Jewish social history , and history and film . She has also been an important figure in the study", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "of the history of women and gender , founding with Jill Ker Conway a course in that subject in 1971 at the University of Toronto : one of the first in North America . Since her retirement , she has been living in Toronto , where she is Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Natalie Davis main interests are in social and cultural history , especially of those previously ignored by historians . She makes use of numerous sources such as judicial records , plays , notarial records , tax rolls , early printed books and pamphlets , autobiographies and folk tales . She is a proponent of cross-disciplinary history , which consists of combining history with disciplines such as anthropology , ethnography and literary theory . In her Society and Culture in Early Modern France ( 1975 ) , she explored the lives of artisans and peasants : their relation to the Protestant", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Reformation , their carnivals , uprisings , and religious violence , and the impact of printing on their ways of thinking .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "In her book best known to the public , The Return of Martin Guerre ( 1983 ) , she followed a celebrated case of a 16th-century impostor in a village in the Pyrénées so as to see how peasants thought about personal identity . Often linked with Carlo Ginzburgs microhistory The Cheese and the Worms about the radical miller Menocchio , Daviss book grew out of her experience as historical consultant for Daniel Vignes film Le retour de Martin Guerre . Her book first appeared in French in 1982 at the same time as the premiere of the film .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Daviss interest in story-telling continued with her book , Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in 16th-century France ( 1987 ) , a study of the stories people of all classes told to the king to get pardoned for homicide in the days before manslaughter was a possible plea . In her Women on the Margins ( 1995 ) , she looked at the autobiographical accounts of three 17th-century women – the Jewish merchant Glikl Hamel , the Catholic nun Marie de lIncarnation , who came to New France , and the Protestant entomologist-artist Maria Sibylla", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Merian—and discussed the role of religion in their lives .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Her book on The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France ( 2000 ) is both a picture of gifts and bribes in the 16th century and a discussion of a viable mode of exchange different from the market . In Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) , she describes how the early 16th-century North African Muslim Leo Africanus ( Hasan al-Wazzan ) managed to live as a Christian in Italy after he was kidnapped by Christian pirates and also sees his writings as an example of the possibility of communication and curiosity in a world divided by violence . In 2017 , she", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "served as historical consultant for Wajdi Mouawads new play Tous des Oiseaux that premiered in Paris at the Théâtre de La Colline . Set in present-day New York and Jerusalem , the play follows a German/Israeli family riven by conflict when the geneticist son wants to marry an Arab-American woman who is doing her doctoral dissertation on Hassan al-Wazzan/Leo Africanus , the subject of Davis Trickster Travels Her book ( in-process ) , Braided Histories on 18th-century Suriname studies networks of communication and association among families , both slave and free , on the plantations of Christian and Jewish settlers", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Though Daviss historical writings are extensively researched , she sometimes resorts to speculation , using analogous evidence and inserting words like perhaps and phrases like she may have thought . Some critics of her work find this troubling and think that this practice threatens the empirical base of the historians profession . Daviss answer to this is suggested in her 1992 essay Stories and the Hunger to Know , where she argues both for the role of interpretation by historians and their essential quest for evidence about the past : both must be present and acknowledged to keep people from", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "claiming that they have an absolute handle on truth . She opened her Women on the Margins with an imaginary dialogue , in which her three subjects upbraid her for her approach and for putting them in the same book . In her Slaves on Screen ( 2000 ) , Davis maintains that feature films can provide a valuable way of telling about the past , what she calls thought experiments , but only so long as they are connected with general historical evidence .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": " In 2010 , Davis was awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize , worth 4.5 million Norwegian kroner ( ~$700,000 US ) , for her narrative approach to the field of history . The awards citation described her as one of the most creative historians writing today who inspired younger generations of historians and promoted cross-fertilization between disciplines . The citation said her compelling narrative shows how particular events can be narrated and analyzed so as to reveal deeper historical tendencies and underlying patterns of thought and action .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "In 2011 , Davis was elected to the American Philosophical Society .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " On 29 June 2012 , Davis was named Companion of the Order of Canada , the highest class within the order . On 10 July 2013 , Davis was awarded the 2012 National Humanities Medal by President Barack Obama for her insights into the study of history and her exacting eloquence in bringing the past into focus . On 13 September 2013 , Davis was awarded an honorary degree from the University of St Andrews .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " - Society and Culture in Early Modern France : Eight Essays , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1975 . - Womens History in Transition : the European Case pages 83–103 from Volume 3 , Issue 3 , Feminist Studies , 1975 . - Ghosts , Kin , and Progeny : Some Features of Family Life in Early Modern France pages 87–114 from Daedalus , Volume 106 , Issue #2 , 1977 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Gender and Genre : Women as Historical Writers , 1400–1820 pages 123–144 from University of Ottawa Quarterly , Volume 50 , Issue #1 , 1980 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Anthropology and History in the 1980s : the Possibilities of the Pastpages 267–275 from Journal of Interdisciplinary History , Volume 12 , Issue #2 , 1981 . - The Sacred and the Body Social in Sixteenth-century Lyon , pages 40–70 from Past and Present , Volume 90 , 1981 . - Women in the Crafts in Sixteenth-century Lyon pagers 47–80 , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , from Feminist Studies , 1982 . - Beyond the Market : Books as Gifts in Sixteenth-century France pages 69–88 from Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Volume 33 , 1983 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- The Return of Martin Guerre , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Frauen und Gesellschaft am Beginn der Neuzeit , Berlin : Wagenbach , 1986 . - `Any Resemblance to Persons Living or Dead : Film and the Challenge of Authenticity pages 457–482 from The Yale Review , Volume 76 , Issue #4 , 1987 . - Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in Sixteenth Century France , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1987 . - Fame and Secrecy : Leon Modenas Life as an Early Modern Autobiography pages 103–118 from History and Theory , Volume 27 , Issue #4 , 1988 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Historys Two Bodies pages 1–13 from the American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #1 , 1988 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - On the Lame pages 572–603 from American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Rabelais among the Censors ( 1940s , 1540s ) pages 1–32 from Representations , Volume 32 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 . - The Shapes of Social History pages 28–32 from Storia della Storiographia Volume 17 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Gender in the academy : women and learning from Plato to Princeton : an exhibition celebrating the 20th anniversary of undergraduate coeducation at Princeton University / organized by Natalie Zemon Davis .. . [ et al. ] , Princeton : Princeton University Library , 1990", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Women and the World of Annales pages 121–137 from Volume 33 , History Workshop Journal , 1992 . - Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes , co-edited with Arlette Farge , Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press , 1993 . Volume III of A History of Women in the West . [ Originally published in Italian in 1991. ] - Women on the Margins : Three Seventeenth-century Lives , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1995 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- A Life of Learning : Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 , New York : American Council of Learned Societies , 1997 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Religion and Capitalism Once Again ? Jewish Merchant Culture in the Seventeenth Century from Representations No . 59 ( Summer , 1997 ) . - Remaking Imposters : From Martin Guerre to Sommersby , Egham , Surrey , UK : Royal Holloway Publications Unit , 1997 . - Beyond Evolution : Comparative History and its Goals pages 149–158 from Swiat Historii edited by W . Wrzoska , Poznan : Instytut Historii , 1998 . - The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France , University of Wisconsin Press 2000", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Slaves on Screen : Film and Historical Vision , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2002", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Adams , R.M . Review of Fiction in the Archives page 35 from New York Review of Books , Volume 34 , Issue No . 4 , March 16 , 1989 . - Adelson , R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 405–422 from Historian Volume 53 , Issue No . 3 , 1991 . - Benson , E . The Look of the Past : Le Retour de Martin Guerre pages 125–135 from Radical History Review , Volume 28 , 1984 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- Bossy , J . As it Happened : Review of Fiction in the Archives , pages 359 from Times Literacy Supplement , Issue 4488 , April 7 , 1989 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Chartier , Roger Cultural History Between Practices and Representations , Cambridge : Polity Press , 1988 . - Coffin , J . & Harding . R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 99–122 from Visions of History edited by H . Abelove , B . Blackmar , P.Dimock & J . Schneer , Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press , 1984 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- Diefendorf , Barbara and Hesse , Carla ( editors ) Culture and Identity in Early Modern France ( 1500–1800 ) : Essays in Honor of Natalie Zemon Davis , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1993 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Finlay , R . The Refashioning of Martin Guerre pages 553–571 from American Historical Review Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Guneratne , A . Cinehistory and the Puzzling Case of Martin Guerre pages 2–19 from Film and History , Volume 21 , Issue # 1 , 1991 . - Le Roy Ladurie , Emmanuel Double Trouble : Review of The Return of Martin Guerre pages 12–13 from The New York Review of Books , Volume 30 , Issue #20 , December 22 , 1983 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- OConnor , J.E ( editor ) Images as Artifact : the Historical Analysis of Film and Television , Malabar , Florida : R.E . Krieger , 1990 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Orest , R . Review of Women on the Margins pages 808–810 from American Historical Review , Volume 102 , Issue #3 , 1997 . - Quinn , A . Review of Women on the Margins page 18 from New York Times Review of Books , December 10 , 1995 . - Roelker , N.L . Review of Fiction in the Archives pages 1392–1393 from American Historical Review Volume 94 , Issue #5 , 1989 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- Roper , L . Review of Women on the Margins pages 4–5 from Times Literacy Supplement 4868 , July 19 , 1996 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Snowman , Daniel Natalie Zemon Davis pages 18–20 from History Today Volume 52 Issue 10 October 2002 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis – interviewed in May 2007 , from Medievalists.net - Natalie Zemon Davis : A Life of Learning ( Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 ) - A Star Historian Opens a New Chapter : Jewish Slaveowners , The Jewish Forward , August 17 , 2006 .", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Harvard University", "University of Michigan" ]

[ { "text": "Natalie Zemon Davis , ( born 8 November 1928 ) is a Canadian and American historian of the early modern period . She is currently an Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto in Canada . Her work originally focused on France , but has since broadened to include other parts of Europe , North America , and the Caribbean . For example , Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) views Italy , Spain , Morocco and other parts of North Africa and West Africa through the lens of Leo Africanuss pioneering", "title": "Natalie Zemon Davis" }, { "text": "geography . It has appeared in four translations , with three more on the way . Davis books have all been translated into other languages : twenty-two for The Return of Martin Guerre . She was the second female president of the American Historical Association ( the first , Nellie Neilson , was in 1943 ) and someone who has not lost the integrity and commitment to radical thought which marked her early career .", "title": "Natalie Zemon Davis" }, { "text": " She has been awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize and National Humanities Medal and been named Companion of the Order of Canada .", "title": "Natalie Zemon Davis" }, { "text": " Natalie Zemon Davis was born in Detroit , Michigan in 1928 to a middle-class Jewish family . She traces her intellectual path to her Jewish heritage , although her work hasnt centered on Jewish issues . Davis attended Kingswood School Cranbrook and was subsequently educated at Smith College , Radcliffe College , Harvard University , and the University of Michigan , from which she received her PhD in 1959 . In 1948 , she married Chandler Davis .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "She and Davis had difficulties in the U.S . during the era of the Red Scare . He lost his professorship in Michigan , and in the 1960s , they moved to Canada ( Toronto ) with their three children .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Natalie Zemon Davis subsequently taught at Brown University , the University of Toronto , the University of California at Berkeley , and from 1978 to her retirement in 1996 , at Princeton University , where she became the Henry Charles Lea Professor of History and director of the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies . In addition to courses in the history of early modern France , she has taught or co-taught courses in history and anthropology , early modern Jewish social history , and history and film . She has also been an important figure in the study", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "of the history of women and gender , founding with Jill Ker Conway a course in that subject in 1971 at the University of Toronto : one of the first in North America . Since her retirement , she has been living in Toronto , where she is Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Natalie Davis main interests are in social and cultural history , especially of those previously ignored by historians . She makes use of numerous sources such as judicial records , plays , notarial records , tax rolls , early printed books and pamphlets , autobiographies and folk tales . She is a proponent of cross-disciplinary history , which consists of combining history with disciplines such as anthropology , ethnography and literary theory . In her Society and Culture in Early Modern France ( 1975 ) , she explored the lives of artisans and peasants : their relation to the Protestant", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Reformation , their carnivals , uprisings , and religious violence , and the impact of printing on their ways of thinking .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "In her book best known to the public , The Return of Martin Guerre ( 1983 ) , she followed a celebrated case of a 16th-century impostor in a village in the Pyrénées so as to see how peasants thought about personal identity . Often linked with Carlo Ginzburgs microhistory The Cheese and the Worms about the radical miller Menocchio , Daviss book grew out of her experience as historical consultant for Daniel Vignes film Le retour de Martin Guerre . Her book first appeared in French in 1982 at the same time as the premiere of the film .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Daviss interest in story-telling continued with her book , Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in 16th-century France ( 1987 ) , a study of the stories people of all classes told to the king to get pardoned for homicide in the days before manslaughter was a possible plea . In her Women on the Margins ( 1995 ) , she looked at the autobiographical accounts of three 17th-century women – the Jewish merchant Glikl Hamel , the Catholic nun Marie de lIncarnation , who came to New France , and the Protestant entomologist-artist Maria Sibylla", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Merian—and discussed the role of religion in their lives .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Her book on The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France ( 2000 ) is both a picture of gifts and bribes in the 16th century and a discussion of a viable mode of exchange different from the market . In Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) , she describes how the early 16th-century North African Muslim Leo Africanus ( Hasan al-Wazzan ) managed to live as a Christian in Italy after he was kidnapped by Christian pirates and also sees his writings as an example of the possibility of communication and curiosity in a world divided by violence . In 2017 , she", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "served as historical consultant for Wajdi Mouawads new play Tous des Oiseaux that premiered in Paris at the Théâtre de La Colline . Set in present-day New York and Jerusalem , the play follows a German/Israeli family riven by conflict when the geneticist son wants to marry an Arab-American woman who is doing her doctoral dissertation on Hassan al-Wazzan/Leo Africanus , the subject of Davis Trickster Travels Her book ( in-process ) , Braided Histories on 18th-century Suriname studies networks of communication and association among families , both slave and free , on the plantations of Christian and Jewish settlers", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "Though Daviss historical writings are extensively researched , she sometimes resorts to speculation , using analogous evidence and inserting words like perhaps and phrases like she may have thought . Some critics of her work find this troubling and think that this practice threatens the empirical base of the historians profession . Daviss answer to this is suggested in her 1992 essay Stories and the Hunger to Know , where she argues both for the role of interpretation by historians and their essential quest for evidence about the past : both must be present and acknowledged to keep people from", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": "claiming that they have an absolute handle on truth . She opened her Women on the Margins with an imaginary dialogue , in which her three subjects upbraid her for her approach and for putting them in the same book . In her Slaves on Screen ( 2000 ) , Davis maintains that feature films can provide a valuable way of telling about the past , what she calls thought experiments , but only so long as they are connected with general historical evidence .", "title": "Research interests" }, { "text": " In 2010 , Davis was awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize , worth 4.5 million Norwegian kroner ( ~$700,000 US ) , for her narrative approach to the field of history . The awards citation described her as one of the most creative historians writing today who inspired younger generations of historians and promoted cross-fertilization between disciplines . The citation said her compelling narrative shows how particular events can be narrated and analyzed so as to reveal deeper historical tendencies and underlying patterns of thought and action .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "In 2011 , Davis was elected to the American Philosophical Society .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " On 29 June 2012 , Davis was named Companion of the Order of Canada , the highest class within the order . On 10 July 2013 , Davis was awarded the 2012 National Humanities Medal by President Barack Obama for her insights into the study of history and her exacting eloquence in bringing the past into focus . On 13 September 2013 , Davis was awarded an honorary degree from the University of St Andrews .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " - Society and Culture in Early Modern France : Eight Essays , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1975 . - Womens History in Transition : the European Case pages 83–103 from Volume 3 , Issue 3 , Feminist Studies , 1975 . - Ghosts , Kin , and Progeny : Some Features of Family Life in Early Modern France pages 87–114 from Daedalus , Volume 106 , Issue #2 , 1977 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Gender and Genre : Women as Historical Writers , 1400–1820 pages 123–144 from University of Ottawa Quarterly , Volume 50 , Issue #1 , 1980 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Anthropology and History in the 1980s : the Possibilities of the Pastpages 267–275 from Journal of Interdisciplinary History , Volume 12 , Issue #2 , 1981 . - The Sacred and the Body Social in Sixteenth-century Lyon , pages 40–70 from Past and Present , Volume 90 , 1981 . - Women in the Crafts in Sixteenth-century Lyon pagers 47–80 , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , from Feminist Studies , 1982 . - Beyond the Market : Books as Gifts in Sixteenth-century France pages 69–88 from Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Volume 33 , 1983 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- The Return of Martin Guerre , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Frauen und Gesellschaft am Beginn der Neuzeit , Berlin : Wagenbach , 1986 . - `Any Resemblance to Persons Living or Dead : Film and the Challenge of Authenticity pages 457–482 from The Yale Review , Volume 76 , Issue #4 , 1987 . - Fiction in the Archives : Pardon Tales and their Tellers in Sixteenth Century France , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1987 . - Fame and Secrecy : Leon Modenas Life as an Early Modern Autobiography pages 103–118 from History and Theory , Volume 27 , Issue #4 , 1988 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Historys Two Bodies pages 1–13 from the American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #1 , 1988 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - On the Lame pages 572–603 from American Historical Review , Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Rabelais among the Censors ( 1940s , 1540s ) pages 1–32 from Representations , Volume 32 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 . - The Shapes of Social History pages 28–32 from Storia della Storiographia Volume 17 , Issue No . 1 , 1990 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Gender in the academy : women and learning from Plato to Princeton : an exhibition celebrating the 20th anniversary of undergraduate coeducation at Princeton University / organized by Natalie Zemon Davis .. . [ et al. ] , Princeton : Princeton University Library , 1990", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Women and the World of Annales pages 121–137 from Volume 33 , History Workshop Journal , 1992 . - Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes , co-edited with Arlette Farge , Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press , 1993 . Volume III of A History of Women in the West . [ Originally published in Italian in 1991. ] - Women on the Margins : Three Seventeenth-century Lives , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1995 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- A Life of Learning : Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 , New York : American Council of Learned Societies , 1997 .", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Religion and Capitalism Once Again ? Jewish Merchant Culture in the Seventeenth Century from Representations No . 59 ( Summer , 1997 ) . - Remaking Imposters : From Martin Guerre to Sommersby , Egham , Surrey , UK : Royal Holloway Publications Unit , 1997 . - Beyond Evolution : Comparative History and its Goals pages 149–158 from Swiat Historii edited by W . Wrzoska , Poznan : Instytut Historii , 1998 . - The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France , University of Wisconsin Press 2000", "title": "Works" }, { "text": "- Slaves on Screen : Film and Historical Vision , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2002", "title": "Works" }, { "text": " - Adams , R.M . Review of Fiction in the Archives page 35 from New York Review of Books , Volume 34 , Issue No . 4 , March 16 , 1989 . - Adelson , R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 405–422 from Historian Volume 53 , Issue No . 3 , 1991 . - Benson , E . The Look of the Past : Le Retour de Martin Guerre pages 125–135 from Radical History Review , Volume 28 , 1984 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- Bossy , J . As it Happened : Review of Fiction in the Archives , pages 359 from Times Literacy Supplement , Issue 4488 , April 7 , 1989 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Chartier , Roger Cultural History Between Practices and Representations , Cambridge : Polity Press , 1988 . - Coffin , J . & Harding . R . Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis pages 99–122 from Visions of History edited by H . Abelove , B . Blackmar , P.Dimock & J . Schneer , Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press , 1984 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- Diefendorf , Barbara and Hesse , Carla ( editors ) Culture and Identity in Early Modern France ( 1500–1800 ) : Essays in Honor of Natalie Zemon Davis , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1993 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Finlay , R . The Refashioning of Martin Guerre pages 553–571 from American Historical Review Volume 93 , Issue #3 , 1988 . - Guneratne , A . Cinehistory and the Puzzling Case of Martin Guerre pages 2–19 from Film and History , Volume 21 , Issue # 1 , 1991 . - Le Roy Ladurie , Emmanuel Double Trouble : Review of The Return of Martin Guerre pages 12–13 from The New York Review of Books , Volume 30 , Issue #20 , December 22 , 1983 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- OConnor , J.E ( editor ) Images as Artifact : the Historical Analysis of Film and Television , Malabar , Florida : R.E . Krieger , 1990 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Orest , R . Review of Women on the Margins pages 808–810 from American Historical Review , Volume 102 , Issue #3 , 1997 . - Quinn , A . Review of Women on the Margins page 18 from New York Times Review of Books , December 10 , 1995 . - Roelker , N.L . Review of Fiction in the Archives pages 1392–1393 from American Historical Review Volume 94 , Issue #5 , 1989 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": "- Roper , L . Review of Women on the Margins pages 4–5 from Times Literacy Supplement 4868 , July 19 , 1996 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Snowman , Daniel Natalie Zemon Davis pages 18–20 from History Today Volume 52 Issue 10 October 2002 .", "title": "Sources" }, { "text": " - Interview with Natalie Zemon Davis – interviewed in May 2007 , from Medievalists.net - Natalie Zemon Davis : A Life of Learning ( Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1997 ) - A Star Historian Opens a New Chapter : Jewish Slaveowners , The Jewish Forward , August 17 , 2006 .", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Brighton Works" ]

[ { "text": " The London , Brighton and South Coast Railway E4 Class is a class of 0-6-2T side tank steam locomotive designed by Robert Billinton . They were introduced in 1897 and were essentially a larger version of the E3 Class . The cylinder diameter was reduced from by the Southern Railway .", "title": "LB&amp;SCR E4 class" }, { "text": "The E4 class of radial tanks were powerful for their size and were stalwarts of local passenger , freight and branch work for more than fifty years . They were very similar to the E3 tank engines from 1891 , but the key differences were that their driving wheels were enlarged from 4 foot 6 inches to 5 foot and their boiler pressure was increased to 160 lb . Several were named after towns , villages and geographical features in the LB&SCR area , for example No . 469 Beachy Head . Some of their names would be re-used for", "title": "History" }, { "text": "H2 Atlantics a few years later . They were so successful that they were more commonly assigned to passenger trains as opposed to freight work , which is what they were originally intended for . During World War I the Railway Operating Division borrowed several members of the class include Nos . 470 , 481 , 498 , 504 , 506 , 518 , 519 , 562 , 563 , 564 , 565 , 577 and 580 for work in France . They first worked at an ammunition dump in Audruicq , France in November 1917 and were later sent", "title": "History" }, { "text": "to the Arras area in February 1918 . All of them were returned to England in 1919 . After Grouping they were primarily to be found around the Central section of the Southern Railway , with some going away from their traditional routes to places like Waterloo , Eastleigh and Tonbridge .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Seventy-five members of the class were built by Brighton Works between December 1897 and September 1903 . All of the class survived to enter Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . One example , No . 2483 Hellingly , was severely damaged as a result of enemy action against Eastbourne motive power depot in 1942 during a Luftwaffe air raid event known as the Baedeker Blitz . Hellingly was scrapped in July 1944 . One engine , No . 2510 , was tested on the railways of the Isle of Wright in 1947 , albeit unsuccessfully . The class continued in", "title": "History" }, { "text": "regular use following the nationalisation of the Southern Railway as part of British Railways in 1948 . However , with the arrival of diesel multiple units and the reduction in the number of branch lines after The Reshaping of British Railways in 1963 , the locomotives gradually became surplus to requirements , and withdrawals commenced in 1955 . Most of the class were withdrawn between 1958 and 1964 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " - Locomotive No . 32468 ran into the buffers at station , Brighton , East Sussex - date unknown .", "title": "Accidents and incidents" }, { "text": " The E4 class were initially used on local passenger and freight services , and on branch lines .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "Later in British Railways days , several examples were found new jobs as station pilots , most famously at London Waterloo , where they brought empty carriage rakes into the station from the yards at Clapham Junction . They were also used on services such as the locally famous Lancing Belle , which ran from Brighton to the Lancing Carriage Works of the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway , often double-headed with members of the same class or the larger E6 class .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " In 1909 , four locomotives were rebuilt by D . E . Marsh with larger boilers and designated E4X . These became BR numbers 32466 , 32477 , 32478 and 32489 .", "title": "E4X class" }, { "text": "One of the last survivors in 1963 was No . 32473 . This was purchased by a group of preservationists and brought to the Bluebell Railway in East Sussex , where it has remained ever since , except for visits to other lines such as the Severn Valley Railway and Isle of Wight Steam Railway . The engine was withdrawn from traffic in 1971 and dismantled . Work however did not start in earnest until the 1980s and following a long overhaul , she returned to traffic in 1997 to celebrate her centenary in 1998 . After a short period", "title": "Preservation" }, { "text": "running in the genuine LB&SCR livery it carried after 1912 , with the companys initials painted on the side tanks , these were re-lettered with its earlier LB&SCR name of Birch Grove . In 2005 she was repainted into British Railways lined black mixed traffic livery . Following withdrawal from service in May 2008 , the locomotive was soon brought into the Bluebell workshops for a fast track overhaul , including a repaint into 1920s Southern Railway green to match much of the lines coaching stock . This was completed during January 2010 , with the engine relaunched into traffic", "title": "Preservation" }, { "text": "on 30 January 2010 . 32473 is the only ex LB&SCR preserved locomotive not to be designed by William Stroudley .", "title": "Preservation" }, { "text": " Bachmann branchlines produce several models of the E4 tank including examples in SR olive green , BR black and LBSCR umber livery .", "title": "Models" }, { "text": " - Sources - Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives , 1949 , part 2 , page 35 - Bradley , D.L . ( 1974 ) Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway , Part 3 . Railway Correspondence and Travel Society .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - E4 Class ( SEMG gallery ) - Railuk database , E4 - Railuk database , E4X - Bluebell Railway page on Birch Grove - Bluebell Railway Villa Team page covering 1983-1998 overhaul", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Southern Railway" ]

[ { "text": " The London , Brighton and South Coast Railway E4 Class is a class of 0-6-2T side tank steam locomotive designed by Robert Billinton . They were introduced in 1897 and were essentially a larger version of the E3 Class . The cylinder diameter was reduced from by the Southern Railway .", "title": "LB&amp;SCR E4 class" }, { "text": "The E4 class of radial tanks were powerful for their size and were stalwarts of local passenger , freight and branch work for more than fifty years . They were very similar to the E3 tank engines from 1891 , but the key differences were that their driving wheels were enlarged from 4 foot 6 inches to 5 foot and their boiler pressure was increased to 160 lb . Several were named after towns , villages and geographical features in the LB&SCR area , for example No . 469 Beachy Head . Some of their names would be re-used for", "title": "History" }, { "text": "H2 Atlantics a few years later . They were so successful that they were more commonly assigned to passenger trains as opposed to freight work , which is what they were originally intended for . During World War I the Railway Operating Division borrowed several members of the class include Nos . 470 , 481 , 498 , 504 , 506 , 518 , 519 , 562 , 563 , 564 , 565 , 577 and 580 for work in France . They first worked at an ammunition dump in Audruicq , France in November 1917 and were later sent", "title": "History" }, { "text": "to the Arras area in February 1918 . All of them were returned to England in 1919 . After Grouping they were primarily to be found around the Central section of the Southern Railway , with some going away from their traditional routes to places like Waterloo , Eastleigh and Tonbridge .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Seventy-five members of the class were built by Brighton Works between December 1897 and September 1903 . All of the class survived to enter Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . One example , No . 2483 Hellingly , was severely damaged as a result of enemy action against Eastbourne motive power depot in 1942 during a Luftwaffe air raid event known as the Baedeker Blitz . Hellingly was scrapped in July 1944 . One engine , No . 2510 , was tested on the railways of the Isle of Wright in 1947 , albeit unsuccessfully . The class continued in", "title": "History" }, { "text": "regular use following the nationalisation of the Southern Railway as part of British Railways in 1948 . However , with the arrival of diesel multiple units and the reduction in the number of branch lines after The Reshaping of British Railways in 1963 , the locomotives gradually became surplus to requirements , and withdrawals commenced in 1955 . Most of the class were withdrawn between 1958 and 1964 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " - Locomotive No . 32468 ran into the buffers at station , Brighton , East Sussex - date unknown .", "title": "Accidents and incidents" }, { "text": " The E4 class were initially used on local passenger and freight services , and on branch lines .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "Later in British Railways days , several examples were found new jobs as station pilots , most famously at London Waterloo , where they brought empty carriage rakes into the station from the yards at Clapham Junction . They were also used on services such as the locally famous Lancing Belle , which ran from Brighton to the Lancing Carriage Works of the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway , often double-headed with members of the same class or the larger E6 class .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " In 1909 , four locomotives were rebuilt by D . E . Marsh with larger boilers and designated E4X . These became BR numbers 32466 , 32477 , 32478 and 32489 .", "title": "E4X class" }, { "text": "One of the last survivors in 1963 was No . 32473 . This was purchased by a group of preservationists and brought to the Bluebell Railway in East Sussex , where it has remained ever since , except for visits to other lines such as the Severn Valley Railway and Isle of Wight Steam Railway . The engine was withdrawn from traffic in 1971 and dismantled . Work however did not start in earnest until the 1980s and following a long overhaul , she returned to traffic in 1997 to celebrate her centenary in 1998 . After a short period", "title": "Preservation" }, { "text": "running in the genuine LB&SCR livery it carried after 1912 , with the companys initials painted on the side tanks , these were re-lettered with its earlier LB&SCR name of Birch Grove . In 2005 she was repainted into British Railways lined black mixed traffic livery . Following withdrawal from service in May 2008 , the locomotive was soon brought into the Bluebell workshops for a fast track overhaul , including a repaint into 1920s Southern Railway green to match much of the lines coaching stock . This was completed during January 2010 , with the engine relaunched into traffic", "title": "Preservation" }, { "text": "on 30 January 2010 . 32473 is the only ex LB&SCR preserved locomotive not to be designed by William Stroudley .", "title": "Preservation" }, { "text": " Bachmann branchlines produce several models of the E4 tank including examples in SR olive green , BR black and LBSCR umber livery .", "title": "Models" }, { "text": " - Sources - Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives , 1949 , part 2 , page 35 - Bradley , D.L . ( 1974 ) Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway , Part 3 . Railway Correspondence and Travel Society .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - E4 Class ( SEMG gallery ) - Railuk database , E4 - Railuk database , E4X - Bluebell Railway page on Birch Grove - Bluebell Railway Villa Team page covering 1983-1998 overhaul", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "British Railways" ]

[ { "text": " The London , Brighton and South Coast Railway E4 Class is a class of 0-6-2T side tank steam locomotive designed by Robert Billinton . They were introduced in 1897 and were essentially a larger version of the E3 Class . The cylinder diameter was reduced from by the Southern Railway .", "title": "LB&amp;SCR E4 class" }, { "text": "The E4 class of radial tanks were powerful for their size and were stalwarts of local passenger , freight and branch work for more than fifty years . They were very similar to the E3 tank engines from 1891 , but the key differences were that their driving wheels were enlarged from 4 foot 6 inches to 5 foot and their boiler pressure was increased to 160 lb . Several were named after towns , villages and geographical features in the LB&SCR area , for example No . 469 Beachy Head . Some of their names would be re-used for", "title": "History" }, { "text": "H2 Atlantics a few years later . They were so successful that they were more commonly assigned to passenger trains as opposed to freight work , which is what they were originally intended for . During World War I the Railway Operating Division borrowed several members of the class include Nos . 470 , 481 , 498 , 504 , 506 , 518 , 519 , 562 , 563 , 564 , 565 , 577 and 580 for work in France . They first worked at an ammunition dump in Audruicq , France in November 1917 and were later sent", "title": "History" }, { "text": "to the Arras area in February 1918 . All of them were returned to England in 1919 . After Grouping they were primarily to be found around the Central section of the Southern Railway , with some going away from their traditional routes to places like Waterloo , Eastleigh and Tonbridge .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Seventy-five members of the class were built by Brighton Works between December 1897 and September 1903 . All of the class survived to enter Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . One example , No . 2483 Hellingly , was severely damaged as a result of enemy action against Eastbourne motive power depot in 1942 during a Luftwaffe air raid event known as the Baedeker Blitz . Hellingly was scrapped in July 1944 . One engine , No . 2510 , was tested on the railways of the Isle of Wright in 1947 , albeit unsuccessfully . The class continued in", "title": "History" }, { "text": "regular use following the nationalisation of the Southern Railway as part of British Railways in 1948 . However , with the arrival of diesel multiple units and the reduction in the number of branch lines after The Reshaping of British Railways in 1963 , the locomotives gradually became surplus to requirements , and withdrawals commenced in 1955 . Most of the class were withdrawn between 1958 and 1964 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " - Locomotive No . 32468 ran into the buffers at station , Brighton , East Sussex - date unknown .", "title": "Accidents and incidents" }, { "text": " The E4 class were initially used on local passenger and freight services , and on branch lines .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": "Later in British Railways days , several examples were found new jobs as station pilots , most famously at London Waterloo , where they brought empty carriage rakes into the station from the yards at Clapham Junction . They were also used on services such as the locally famous Lancing Belle , which ran from Brighton to the Lancing Carriage Works of the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway , often double-headed with members of the same class or the larger E6 class .", "title": "Operations" }, { "text": " In 1909 , four locomotives were rebuilt by D . E . Marsh with larger boilers and designated E4X . These became BR numbers 32466 , 32477 , 32478 and 32489 .", "title": "E4X class" }, { "text": "One of the last survivors in 1963 was No . 32473 . This was purchased by a group of preservationists and brought to the Bluebell Railway in East Sussex , where it has remained ever since , except for visits to other lines such as the Severn Valley Railway and Isle of Wight Steam Railway . The engine was withdrawn from traffic in 1971 and dismantled . Work however did not start in earnest until the 1980s and following a long overhaul , she returned to traffic in 1997 to celebrate her centenary in 1998 . After a short period", "title": "Preservation" }, { "text": "running in the genuine LB&SCR livery it carried after 1912 , with the companys initials painted on the side tanks , these were re-lettered with its earlier LB&SCR name of Birch Grove . In 2005 she was repainted into British Railways lined black mixed traffic livery . Following withdrawal from service in May 2008 , the locomotive was soon brought into the Bluebell workshops for a fast track overhaul , including a repaint into 1920s Southern Railway green to match much of the lines coaching stock . This was completed during January 2010 , with the engine relaunched into traffic", "title": "Preservation" }, { "text": "on 30 January 2010 . 32473 is the only ex LB&SCR preserved locomotive not to be designed by William Stroudley .", "title": "Preservation" }, { "text": " Bachmann branchlines produce several models of the E4 tank including examples in SR olive green , BR black and LBSCR umber livery .", "title": "Models" }, { "text": " - Sources - Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives , 1949 , part 2 , page 35 - Bradley , D.L . ( 1974 ) Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway , Part 3 . Railway Correspondence and Travel Society .", "title": "References" }, { "text": " - E4 Class ( SEMG gallery ) - Railuk database , E4 - Railuk database , E4X - Bluebell Railway page on Birch Grove - Bluebell Railway Villa Team page covering 1983-1998 overhaul", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " Dorothea Sally Eilers ( December 11 , 1908 – January 5 , 1978 ) was an American actress .", "title": "Sally Eilers" }, { "text": "Eilers was born in New York City to a Jewish-American mother , Paula or Pauline Schoenberger , and a German-American father , Hio Peter Eilers ( an inventor ) . She had one sibling , a brother , Hio Peter Eilers Jr . When Eilers was young , she moved to Los Angeles with her parents , and in 1927 she graduated from Fairfax High School . She went into films because so many of her friends were in pictures . She studied for the stage , specializing in dancing . Her first try was a failure , so she", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "tried typing , but then went back into pictures and succeeded .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "She made her film debut in 1927 in The Red Mill , directed by Roscoe Arbuckle . After several minor roles as an extra , in 1927-1928 she found work with Mack Sennett as one of his flaming youth comedians in several comedy short subjects , along with Carole Lombard , who had been a school friend . In 1928 , she was voted as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars , a yearly list of young actresses selected by publicity people in the film business , with selection based on the actresses having shown the most promise during the", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "past 12 months .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " Eilers was a popular figure in early-1930s Hollywood , known for her high spirits and vivacity . Her films were mostly comedies and crime melodramas such as Quick Millions ( 1931 ) with Spencer Tracy and George Raft . By the end of the decade , her popularity had waned , and her subsequent film appearances were few . She made her final film appearance in Stage to Tucson ( 1950 ) .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " She was married four times , beginning with Western actor Hoot Gibson . She and her second husband , Harry Joe Brown , had one child , a son , Harry Joe Brown Jr . ( 1934-2006 ) . She lived in a mansion in Beverly Hills , California designed by architect Paul R . Williams . Eilers was a Democrat who supported Adlai Stevensons campaign during the 1952 presidential election . Like her mother , Eilers adhered to Judaism .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " During her final years , Eilers suffered poor health , and died from a heart attack on January 5 , 1978 , in Woodland Hills , California , at the age of 69 . She was cremated and her remains were interred in a small niche in the Freedom Mausoleum , Columbarium of Understanding , Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery , Glendale , California .", "title": "Death" }, { "text": " - The Red Mill ( 1927 ) ( uncredited ) - ( 1927 ) - Paid to Love ( 1927 ) - The Cradle Snatchers ( 1927 ) - The Campus Vamp ( 1928 ) ( short subject ) - Fazil ( 1928 ) - The Good-Bye Kiss ( 1928 ) - The Crowd ( 1928 ) - Dry Martini ( 1928 ) - Broadway Babies ( 1929 ) - Weary River ( 1929 ) - Sailors Holiday ( 1929 ) - The Long Long Trail ( 1929 ) - The Show of Shows ( 1929 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- She Couldnt Say No ( 1930 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Let Us Be Gay ( 1930 ) - Doughboys ( 1930 ) - Trigger Tricks ( 1930 ) - Roaring Ranch ( 1930 ) - Clearing the Range ( 1931 ) - Parlor , Bedroom and Bath ( 1931 ) - Quick Millions ( 1931 ) - The Black Camel ( 1931 ) - A Holy Terror ( 1931 ) - Over the Hill ( 1931 ) - Reducing ( 1931 ) - Bad Girl ( 1931 ) - Disorderly Conduct ( 1932 ) - Hat Check Girl ( 1932 ) - Hold Me Tight ( 1933 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- Made on Broadway ( 1933 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Sailors Luck ( 1933 ) - Second Hand Wife ( 1933 ) - Central Airport ( 1933 ) - State Fair ( 1933 ) - Walls of Gold ( 1933 ) - She Made Her Bed ( 1934 ) - Three on a Honeymoon ( 1934 ) - I Spy ( 1934 ) - Pursuit ( 1935 ) - Alias Mary Dow ( 1935 ) - Carnival ( 1935 ) - Remember Last Night ? ( 1935 ) - Dont Get Personal ( 1936 ) - Talk of the Devil ( 1936 ) ( British )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- Without Orders ( 1936 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Strike Me Pink ( 1936 ) - Danger Patrol ( 1937 ) - We Have Our Moments ( 1937 ) - Lady Behave ! ( 1937 ) - Tarnished Angel ( 1938 ) - Condemned Women ( 1938 ) - Everybodys Doing It ( 1938 ) - The Nurse from Brooklyn ( 1938 ) - Full Confession ( 1939 ) - They Made Her a Spy ( 1939 ) - I Was a Prisoner on Devils Island ( 1941 ) - First Aid ( 1943 ) ( short subject )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- A Wave , a WAC and a Marine ( 1944 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Photographs of Sally Eilers", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " Dorothea Sally Eilers ( December 11 , 1908 – January 5 , 1978 ) was an American actress .", "title": "Sally Eilers" }, { "text": "Eilers was born in New York City to a Jewish-American mother , Paula or Pauline Schoenberger , and a German-American father , Hio Peter Eilers ( an inventor ) . She had one sibling , a brother , Hio Peter Eilers Jr . When Eilers was young , she moved to Los Angeles with her parents , and in 1927 she graduated from Fairfax High School . She went into films because so many of her friends were in pictures . She studied for the stage , specializing in dancing . Her first try was a failure , so she", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "tried typing , but then went back into pictures and succeeded .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "She made her film debut in 1927 in The Red Mill , directed by Roscoe Arbuckle . After several minor roles as an extra , in 1927-1928 she found work with Mack Sennett as one of his flaming youth comedians in several comedy short subjects , along with Carole Lombard , who had been a school friend . In 1928 , she was voted as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars , a yearly list of young actresses selected by publicity people in the film business , with selection based on the actresses having shown the most promise during the", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "past 12 months .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " Eilers was a popular figure in early-1930s Hollywood , known for her high spirits and vivacity . Her films were mostly comedies and crime melodramas such as Quick Millions ( 1931 ) with Spencer Tracy and George Raft . By the end of the decade , her popularity had waned , and her subsequent film appearances were few . She made her final film appearance in Stage to Tucson ( 1950 ) .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " She was married four times , beginning with Western actor Hoot Gibson . She and her second husband , Harry Joe Brown , had one child , a son , Harry Joe Brown Jr . ( 1934-2006 ) . She lived in a mansion in Beverly Hills , California designed by architect Paul R . Williams . Eilers was a Democrat who supported Adlai Stevensons campaign during the 1952 presidential election . Like her mother , Eilers adhered to Judaism .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " During her final years , Eilers suffered poor health , and died from a heart attack on January 5 , 1978 , in Woodland Hills , California , at the age of 69 . She was cremated and her remains were interred in a small niche in the Freedom Mausoleum , Columbarium of Understanding , Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery , Glendale , California .", "title": "Death" }, { "text": " - The Red Mill ( 1927 ) ( uncredited ) - ( 1927 ) - Paid to Love ( 1927 ) - The Cradle Snatchers ( 1927 ) - The Campus Vamp ( 1928 ) ( short subject ) - Fazil ( 1928 ) - The Good-Bye Kiss ( 1928 ) - The Crowd ( 1928 ) - Dry Martini ( 1928 ) - Broadway Babies ( 1929 ) - Weary River ( 1929 ) - Sailors Holiday ( 1929 ) - The Long Long Trail ( 1929 ) - The Show of Shows ( 1929 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- She Couldnt Say No ( 1930 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Let Us Be Gay ( 1930 ) - Doughboys ( 1930 ) - Trigger Tricks ( 1930 ) - Roaring Ranch ( 1930 ) - Clearing the Range ( 1931 ) - Parlor , Bedroom and Bath ( 1931 ) - Quick Millions ( 1931 ) - The Black Camel ( 1931 ) - A Holy Terror ( 1931 ) - Over the Hill ( 1931 ) - Reducing ( 1931 ) - Bad Girl ( 1931 ) - Disorderly Conduct ( 1932 ) - Hat Check Girl ( 1932 ) - Hold Me Tight ( 1933 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- Made on Broadway ( 1933 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Sailors Luck ( 1933 ) - Second Hand Wife ( 1933 ) - Central Airport ( 1933 ) - State Fair ( 1933 ) - Walls of Gold ( 1933 ) - She Made Her Bed ( 1934 ) - Three on a Honeymoon ( 1934 ) - I Spy ( 1934 ) - Pursuit ( 1935 ) - Alias Mary Dow ( 1935 ) - Carnival ( 1935 ) - Remember Last Night ? ( 1935 ) - Dont Get Personal ( 1936 ) - Talk of the Devil ( 1936 ) ( British )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- Without Orders ( 1936 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Strike Me Pink ( 1936 ) - Danger Patrol ( 1937 ) - We Have Our Moments ( 1937 ) - Lady Behave ! ( 1937 ) - Tarnished Angel ( 1938 ) - Condemned Women ( 1938 ) - Everybodys Doing It ( 1938 ) - The Nurse from Brooklyn ( 1938 ) - Full Confession ( 1939 ) - They Made Her a Spy ( 1939 ) - I Was a Prisoner on Devils Island ( 1941 ) - First Aid ( 1943 ) ( short subject )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- A Wave , a WAC and a Marine ( 1944 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Photographs of Sally Eilers", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " Dorothea Sally Eilers ( December 11 , 1908 – January 5 , 1978 ) was an American actress .", "title": "Sally Eilers" }, { "text": "Eilers was born in New York City to a Jewish-American mother , Paula or Pauline Schoenberger , and a German-American father , Hio Peter Eilers ( an inventor ) . She had one sibling , a brother , Hio Peter Eilers Jr . When Eilers was young , she moved to Los Angeles with her parents , and in 1927 she graduated from Fairfax High School . She went into films because so many of her friends were in pictures . She studied for the stage , specializing in dancing . Her first try was a failure , so she", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "tried typing , but then went back into pictures and succeeded .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "She made her film debut in 1927 in The Red Mill , directed by Roscoe Arbuckle . After several minor roles as an extra , in 1927-1928 she found work with Mack Sennett as one of his flaming youth comedians in several comedy short subjects , along with Carole Lombard , who had been a school friend . In 1928 , she was voted as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars , a yearly list of young actresses selected by publicity people in the film business , with selection based on the actresses having shown the most promise during the", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "past 12 months .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " Eilers was a popular figure in early-1930s Hollywood , known for her high spirits and vivacity . Her films were mostly comedies and crime melodramas such as Quick Millions ( 1931 ) with Spencer Tracy and George Raft . By the end of the decade , her popularity had waned , and her subsequent film appearances were few . She made her final film appearance in Stage to Tucson ( 1950 ) .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " She was married four times , beginning with Western actor Hoot Gibson . She and her second husband , Harry Joe Brown , had one child , a son , Harry Joe Brown Jr . ( 1934-2006 ) . She lived in a mansion in Beverly Hills , California designed by architect Paul R . Williams . Eilers was a Democrat who supported Adlai Stevensons campaign during the 1952 presidential election . Like her mother , Eilers adhered to Judaism .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " During her final years , Eilers suffered poor health , and died from a heart attack on January 5 , 1978 , in Woodland Hills , California , at the age of 69 . She was cremated and her remains were interred in a small niche in the Freedom Mausoleum , Columbarium of Understanding , Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery , Glendale , California .", "title": "Death" }, { "text": " - The Red Mill ( 1927 ) ( uncredited ) - ( 1927 ) - Paid to Love ( 1927 ) - The Cradle Snatchers ( 1927 ) - The Campus Vamp ( 1928 ) ( short subject ) - Fazil ( 1928 ) - The Good-Bye Kiss ( 1928 ) - The Crowd ( 1928 ) - Dry Martini ( 1928 ) - Broadway Babies ( 1929 ) - Weary River ( 1929 ) - Sailors Holiday ( 1929 ) - The Long Long Trail ( 1929 ) - The Show of Shows ( 1929 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- She Couldnt Say No ( 1930 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Let Us Be Gay ( 1930 ) - Doughboys ( 1930 ) - Trigger Tricks ( 1930 ) - Roaring Ranch ( 1930 ) - Clearing the Range ( 1931 ) - Parlor , Bedroom and Bath ( 1931 ) - Quick Millions ( 1931 ) - The Black Camel ( 1931 ) - A Holy Terror ( 1931 ) - Over the Hill ( 1931 ) - Reducing ( 1931 ) - Bad Girl ( 1931 ) - Disorderly Conduct ( 1932 ) - Hat Check Girl ( 1932 ) - Hold Me Tight ( 1933 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- Made on Broadway ( 1933 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Sailors Luck ( 1933 ) - Second Hand Wife ( 1933 ) - Central Airport ( 1933 ) - State Fair ( 1933 ) - Walls of Gold ( 1933 ) - She Made Her Bed ( 1934 ) - Three on a Honeymoon ( 1934 ) - I Spy ( 1934 ) - Pursuit ( 1935 ) - Alias Mary Dow ( 1935 ) - Carnival ( 1935 ) - Remember Last Night ? ( 1935 ) - Dont Get Personal ( 1936 ) - Talk of the Devil ( 1936 ) ( British )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- Without Orders ( 1936 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Strike Me Pink ( 1936 ) - Danger Patrol ( 1937 ) - We Have Our Moments ( 1937 ) - Lady Behave ! ( 1937 ) - Tarnished Angel ( 1938 ) - Condemned Women ( 1938 ) - Everybodys Doing It ( 1938 ) - The Nurse from Brooklyn ( 1938 ) - Full Confession ( 1939 ) - They Made Her a Spy ( 1939 ) - I Was a Prisoner on Devils Island ( 1941 ) - First Aid ( 1943 ) ( short subject )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": "- A Wave , a WAC and a Marine ( 1944 )", "title": "Partial filmography" }, { "text": " - Photographs of Sally Eilers", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "London" ]

[ { "text": " James Parmentier ( 1658 – 2 December 1730 ) , also known as Jacques Parmentier was a French painter who spent much of his career in England , partly in London and partly in Yorkshire .", "title": "James Parmentier" }, { "text": "Parmentier was born in France in 1658 . He initially studied art under his uncle , Sébastien Bourdon , who died in 1671 . After some further instruction from another relation , Parmentier went to England in September 1676 , to work under the decorative painter Charles de La Fosse , who was then painting the ceilings at Montagu House in Bloomsbury . He came to the attention of William III , who sent him to work at his palace of Het Loo in Holland , but his employment there came to a premature end following a dispute with Daniel", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Marot , then surveyor of the royal palaces in Holland . While in the Netherlands Parmentier painted the ceiling and two chimney-pieces in the chief room of the royal palace at Binnenhof . He was a member of the guild of St Luke at The Hague , becoming a master on 1 December 1698 .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Parmentier returned to London , but unable to find sufficient patronage there , he accepted an invitation to go to Yorkshire , where he painted many portraits . In 1711 he was paid £50 to paint an altarpiece showing the Last Supper for the church of the Holy Trinity Church at Hull . It survives , although in a mutilated condition . He also executed a ceiling painting on the theme of Moses receiving the law for St . Peters Church at Leeds , and decorated staircases at Worksop Manor for the Duke of Norfolk , and at the house", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "of John Atkinson , a former mayor of Leeds .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Following the death of Louis Laguerre in 1721 Parmentier returned to London , hoping to succeed to his practice as a decorative painter . During this London sojourn he became a member of a masonic music club called the Philo-musicae et -architecturae societas Apollini , which met at the Queens Head tavern on Fleet Street near Temple Bar . Parmentier may have been hoping that freemasonry might provide a viable source of patronage for him , and it is known that he did get some work through the club , as its minute-book records that when the tavern changed its", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "name to the Apollo tavern in recognition of its musical clientele , Parmentier painted the new sign . He did not , however , achieve his hoped-for success in London , and was on the point of returning to the Netherlands , where he had been invited to spend the rest of his life with relatives at Amsterdam , when he died on 2 December 1730 . He was buried in St Pauls , Covent Garden .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " His paintings of Charles II and of Charles de Marquetel de Saint-Evremond are in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery , London ; another of St Evremond ( 1701 ) is at Knole .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " Images of works by James Parmentier at the National Portrait Gallery , London", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " James Parmentier ( 1658 – 2 December 1730 ) , also known as Jacques Parmentier was a French painter who spent much of his career in England , partly in London and partly in Yorkshire .", "title": "James Parmentier" }, { "text": "Parmentier was born in France in 1658 . He initially studied art under his uncle , Sébastien Bourdon , who died in 1671 . After some further instruction from another relation , Parmentier went to England in September 1676 , to work under the decorative painter Charles de La Fosse , who was then painting the ceilings at Montagu House in Bloomsbury . He came to the attention of William III , who sent him to work at his palace of Het Loo in Holland , but his employment there came to a premature end following a dispute with Daniel", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Marot , then surveyor of the royal palaces in Holland . While in the Netherlands Parmentier painted the ceiling and two chimney-pieces in the chief room of the royal palace at Binnenhof . He was a member of the guild of St Luke at The Hague , becoming a master on 1 December 1698 .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Parmentier returned to London , but unable to find sufficient patronage there , he accepted an invitation to go to Yorkshire , where he painted many portraits . In 1711 he was paid £50 to paint an altarpiece showing the Last Supper for the church of the Holy Trinity Church at Hull . It survives , although in a mutilated condition . He also executed a ceiling painting on the theme of Moses receiving the law for St . Peters Church at Leeds , and decorated staircases at Worksop Manor for the Duke of Norfolk , and at the house", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "of John Atkinson , a former mayor of Leeds .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Following the death of Louis Laguerre in 1721 Parmentier returned to London , hoping to succeed to his practice as a decorative painter . During this London sojourn he became a member of a masonic music club called the Philo-musicae et -architecturae societas Apollini , which met at the Queens Head tavern on Fleet Street near Temple Bar . Parmentier may have been hoping that freemasonry might provide a viable source of patronage for him , and it is known that he did get some work through the club , as its minute-book records that when the tavern changed its", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "name to the Apollo tavern in recognition of its musical clientele , Parmentier painted the new sign . He did not , however , achieve his hoped-for success in London , and was on the point of returning to the Netherlands , where he had been invited to spend the rest of his life with relatives at Amsterdam , when he died on 2 December 1730 . He was buried in St Pauls , Covent Garden .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " His paintings of Charles II and of Charles de Marquetel de Saint-Evremond are in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery , London ; another of St Evremond ( 1701 ) is at Knole .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " Images of works by James Parmentier at the National Portrait Gallery , London", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "Hull" ]

[ { "text": " James Parmentier ( 1658 – 2 December 1730 ) , also known as Jacques Parmentier was a French painter who spent much of his career in England , partly in London and partly in Yorkshire .", "title": "James Parmentier" }, { "text": "Parmentier was born in France in 1658 . He initially studied art under his uncle , Sébastien Bourdon , who died in 1671 . After some further instruction from another relation , Parmentier went to England in September 1676 , to work under the decorative painter Charles de La Fosse , who was then painting the ceilings at Montagu House in Bloomsbury . He came to the attention of William III , who sent him to work at his palace of Het Loo in Holland , but his employment there came to a premature end following a dispute with Daniel", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Marot , then surveyor of the royal palaces in Holland . While in the Netherlands Parmentier painted the ceiling and two chimney-pieces in the chief room of the royal palace at Binnenhof . He was a member of the guild of St Luke at The Hague , becoming a master on 1 December 1698 .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Parmentier returned to London , but unable to find sufficient patronage there , he accepted an invitation to go to Yorkshire , where he painted many portraits . In 1711 he was paid £50 to paint an altarpiece showing the Last Supper for the church of the Holy Trinity Church at Hull . It survives , although in a mutilated condition . He also executed a ceiling painting on the theme of Moses receiving the law for St . Peters Church at Leeds , and decorated staircases at Worksop Manor for the Duke of Norfolk , and at the house", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "of John Atkinson , a former mayor of Leeds .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Following the death of Louis Laguerre in 1721 Parmentier returned to London , hoping to succeed to his practice as a decorative painter . During this London sojourn he became a member of a masonic music club called the Philo-musicae et -architecturae societas Apollini , which met at the Queens Head tavern on Fleet Street near Temple Bar . Parmentier may have been hoping that freemasonry might provide a viable source of patronage for him , and it is known that he did get some work through the club , as its minute-book records that when the tavern changed its", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "name to the Apollo tavern in recognition of its musical clientele , Parmentier painted the new sign . He did not , however , achieve his hoped-for success in London , and was on the point of returning to the Netherlands , where he had been invited to spend the rest of his life with relatives at Amsterdam , when he died on 2 December 1730 . He was buried in St Pauls , Covent Garden .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " His paintings of Charles II and of Charles de Marquetel de Saint-Evremond are in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery , London ; another of St Evremond ( 1701 ) is at Knole .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " Images of works by James Parmentier at the National Portrait Gallery , London", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "London" ]

[ { "text": " James Parmentier ( 1658 – 2 December 1730 ) , also known as Jacques Parmentier was a French painter who spent much of his career in England , partly in London and partly in Yorkshire .", "title": "James Parmentier" }, { "text": "Parmentier was born in France in 1658 . He initially studied art under his uncle , Sébastien Bourdon , who died in 1671 . After some further instruction from another relation , Parmentier went to England in September 1676 , to work under the decorative painter Charles de La Fosse , who was then painting the ceilings at Montagu House in Bloomsbury . He came to the attention of William III , who sent him to work at his palace of Het Loo in Holland , but his employment there came to a premature end following a dispute with Daniel", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Marot , then surveyor of the royal palaces in Holland . While in the Netherlands Parmentier painted the ceiling and two chimney-pieces in the chief room of the royal palace at Binnenhof . He was a member of the guild of St Luke at The Hague , becoming a master on 1 December 1698 .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Parmentier returned to London , but unable to find sufficient patronage there , he accepted an invitation to go to Yorkshire , where he painted many portraits . In 1711 he was paid £50 to paint an altarpiece showing the Last Supper for the church of the Holy Trinity Church at Hull . It survives , although in a mutilated condition . He also executed a ceiling painting on the theme of Moses receiving the law for St . Peters Church at Leeds , and decorated staircases at Worksop Manor for the Duke of Norfolk , and at the house", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "of John Atkinson , a former mayor of Leeds .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "Following the death of Louis Laguerre in 1721 Parmentier returned to London , hoping to succeed to his practice as a decorative painter . During this London sojourn he became a member of a masonic music club called the Philo-musicae et -architecturae societas Apollini , which met at the Queens Head tavern on Fleet Street near Temple Bar . Parmentier may have been hoping that freemasonry might provide a viable source of patronage for him , and it is known that he did get some work through the club , as its minute-book records that when the tavern changed its", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "name to the Apollo tavern in recognition of its musical clientele , Parmentier painted the new sign . He did not , however , achieve his hoped-for success in London , and was on the point of returning to the Netherlands , where he had been invited to spend the rest of his life with relatives at Amsterdam , when he died on 2 December 1730 . He was buried in St Pauls , Covent Garden .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " His paintings of Charles II and of Charles de Marquetel de Saint-Evremond are in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery , London ; another of St Evremond ( 1701 ) is at Knole .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " Images of works by James Parmentier at the National Portrait Gallery , London", "title": "External links" } ]

[ "member of the Home Rule League" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Gillis Biggar ( c . 1828 – 19 February 1890 ) , commonly known as Joe Biggar or J . G . Biggar , was an Irish nationalist politician from Belfast . He served as an MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as member of the Home Rule League and later Irish Parliamentary Party for Cavan from 1874 to 1885 and West Cavan from 1885 to his death in 1890 .", "title": "Joseph Biggar" }, { "text": " He was the eldest son of Joseph Biggar , merchant and chairman of the Ulster bank , by Isabella , daughter of William Houston of Ballyearl , Antrim . He was educated at the Belfast Academy , and , entering his fathers business of a provision merchant , became head of the firm in 1861 , and carried it on till 1880 . His parents were Presbyterians , but Biggar was in 1877 received into the Roman Catholic Church .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": "His surname was originally spelled Bigger , but he changed the spelling upon conversion and taking up his political career ; which caused some confusion about his namesake ( also a Protestant nationalist from Belfast , and Joseph Gillis cousin once removed ) Francis Joseph Bigger .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": " He became a wealthy Belfast provision merchant and city councillor . He is believed to have converted to Catholicism in 1875 in solidarity with Irish nationalism . He lacked physical presence , being a diminutive hunchback . From 1869 onwards , he took an active part in local politics at Belfast . In 1871 , he was elected a town councillor , and he acted for several years as chairman of the Belfast Water Commission .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": "He is known for introducing in 1874 a new , more aggressive form of obstructionism in the British House of Commons . This new form was directed not just at the Government but at the institution of parliament itself , and lacked the previous traditional restraint exercised by oppositions who realised that they could expect like treatment when they attained government . This involved giving long speeches to delay passage ( also known as filibustering ) of Irish coercion acts and to generally obstruct the business of the House to force the Liberals and Conservatives to negotiate with Irish nationalists", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": ". Obstruction was opposed by Home Rule Party leader Isaac Butt but approved of by most Irish nationalists .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": " T . P . OConnor refers to Biggars attributes : ...Joe Biggar , his [ Parnells ] associate , was also able to speak in any circumstances with exactly the same ease of spirit . To him , speaking was but a means to an end , and whether people listened to him or not – stopped to hang on his words or fled before his grating voice and Ulster accent – it was all one to him . The Freemans Journal reported Biggars obstruction of the Threshing Machines Bill on 27 February 1877 :", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "With sturdy Northern resolution , Mr . Biggar in the last hour of the sitting of the House of Commons yesterday , assailed and defeated the Threshing Machines Bill . If your readers ask me why Mr . Biggar defeated the Threshing Machines Bill , I really must confess my inability to inform them . Perhaps it was that the Bill was proposed by Mr . Chaplin , and perhaps Mr . Biggar wished to punish Mr . Chaplin for his attack on Mr . Gladstone . It was a daring thing to do – I mean it was daring", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "in one to get up with the knowledge that you must talk for a half an hour on Threshing Machines . But Mr . Biggar triumphed . Once or twice I really fancied all was over with the hon . member . He , to all appearance , had exhausted every possible branch of his subject , and Mr . Chaplin was already chuckling in anticipation of the break-down of his foe . But no ! Mr . Biggar bethought him of the old flail . It was a moment of inspiration . Who could not talk for fifteen minutes", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "on the old flail . A groan of mortal anguish escaped Mr . Chaplin as , in eloquently rounded periods , the honourable member for Cavan turned over , ogled , turned over again , and genially touched upon the beauties of flails . At length the hour struck . Mr . Biggar sank down victorious , and Mr . Chaplin rushed in anger from the House .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "Of course he could not get the materials for his lengthy discourses all out of his own head but he knew whence there was a perfect mine of such matter , and thence he provided himself with supplies . He brought into the House from the Library bundles of parliamentary papers and Blue Books , and from these he proceeded to read copious extracts . Once when he had been at his work for more than two hours , without a pause – except to take an occasional sip of water – the chairman ( the House being in Committee", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": ") , thought to get him to resume his seat by telling him that his observations had become almost inaudible and unintelligible to the chair . Mr . Biggar tendered respectful apologies , said he felt conscious that his voice was growing somewhat indistinct , remarked that he was at rather too great a distance from the chair , but said he would be happy to improve matters by drawing nearer . Thereupon he gathered up his books and papers and moved up , with all the ease and confidence in the world , to the front bench on the", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "opposition side , facing the table of the house – a place reserved by immemorial custom for ex-ministers and their leading supporters . Then , before resuming the thread , or rather the chain-cable- of his discourse , he informed the astonished functionary that if there was any part of his argument which had not reached his ears , he was quite willing to go over it again .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "Biggar sympathised with Fenianism but considered reliance on physical force against Britain to be unrealistic . He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood after his election to parliament in 1874 and accepted a seat on its Supreme Council , but only with a view to winning fenian support for parliamentary politics . However , his involvement in constitutional politics did not sit well with his more radical IRB colleagues and he was expelled from its Supreme Council in 1876 according to Jackson . According to T . W . Moody he was expelled in March 1877 on the expiration of the", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "August 1876 ultimatum of the I.R.B.s supreme council to its members to cease involvement with the home rule movement .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": " In March 1879 , in a meeting arranged by Michael Davitt , Biggar and fellow MP Charles Stewart Parnell met in Boulogne with John Devoy , the head of what was then the main Fenian organisation in America , Clan na Gael . Devoy described a new departure for the Fenians . They would abandon plans for armed revolt and support the drive for Irish Home Rule , provided the Home Rule League backed the campaign of tenant farmers against landlords .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "At the meeting , Devoy recalls bringing up the subject of Biggars conversion to Catholicism : [ I said ] I was sorry he had turned Catholic.. . Biggar asked sharply , Why ? and I replied that he could be more useful as a Presbyterian . Now , I said , when young Protestants in Ulster showed a tendency towards Nationality their mothers would say to them : The next thing well know is that youve turned Papish like Joe Biggar . And what about my soul ? asked Biggar . Oh , Id be willing to see you", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "damned for the sake of Ireland , I said jocularly . Biggar laughed and then.. . began a discussion of the Presbyterian doctrine of Predestination .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": " Biggar served as a nominal joint treasurer on the executive of the Irish National Land League from its formation on 21 October 1879 , and was charged on 2 November 1880 , together with the other Land League leaders , with conspiracy to prevent the payment of rent as violence broke out in the Land War . As part of Parnells attempt to widen the area of land reform agitation while remaining within constitutional bounds , Biggar on 26 March 1882 was elected to the executive committee of the new National Land League of Great Britain .", "title": "Land War" }, { "text": " In early 1886 Parnell insisted on nominating Captain OShea , the separated husband of Katharine OShea with whom he lived in a family relationship , as the nationalist candidate for Galway – a move widely viewed as an attempt to buy OSheas silence . T.M . Healy , who initially opposed the nomination together with Biggar , describes Biggars attitude to the issue :", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "Parnells intrigue should not , Biggar said , be allowed to stand in the way of political obligations , and no seat should be sold to a worthless womans husband . Biggar was not a purist , but urged that private vices should be kept private , and ought not to be imported into political issues . He was prepared to bring about the downfall of Parnell , in spite of the fact that Gladstone was in treaty with him for a Home Rule Bill . I differed .", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "On 9 February 1886 Parnell declared to the voters of Galway that If my candidate is defeated , the news will spread round the universe that a disaster has overwhelmed Ireland . The world will say , Parnell is beaten . Ireland has no longer a leader . Biggar split with Parnell over this , declaring Mr . Chairman , all I have to say is , I cant agree with what you state , and if Mr . Lynch [ OSheas opponent ] goes to the poll Ill support him! . Despite their differences , Biggar and Parnell retained", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "their close alliance in subsequent years . Biggar died from heart disease in London - some months before the OShea scandal ended Parnells career - and was buried in his native Belfast .", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": " The first GAA club in Ulster was founded in Ballyconnell in 1885 and named Ballyconnell Joe Biggars in his honour .", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Attribution", "title": "Notes" } ]

[ "" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Gillis Biggar ( c . 1828 – 19 February 1890 ) , commonly known as Joe Biggar or J . G . Biggar , was an Irish nationalist politician from Belfast . He served as an MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as member of the Home Rule League and later Irish Parliamentary Party for Cavan from 1874 to 1885 and West Cavan from 1885 to his death in 1890 .", "title": "Joseph Biggar" }, { "text": " He was the eldest son of Joseph Biggar , merchant and chairman of the Ulster bank , by Isabella , daughter of William Houston of Ballyearl , Antrim . He was educated at the Belfast Academy , and , entering his fathers business of a provision merchant , became head of the firm in 1861 , and carried it on till 1880 . His parents were Presbyterians , but Biggar was in 1877 received into the Roman Catholic Church .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": "His surname was originally spelled Bigger , but he changed the spelling upon conversion and taking up his political career ; which caused some confusion about his namesake ( also a Protestant nationalist from Belfast , and Joseph Gillis cousin once removed ) Francis Joseph Bigger .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": " He became a wealthy Belfast provision merchant and city councillor . He is believed to have converted to Catholicism in 1875 in solidarity with Irish nationalism . He lacked physical presence , being a diminutive hunchback . From 1869 onwards , he took an active part in local politics at Belfast . In 1871 , he was elected a town councillor , and he acted for several years as chairman of the Belfast Water Commission .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": "He is known for introducing in 1874 a new , more aggressive form of obstructionism in the British House of Commons . This new form was directed not just at the Government but at the institution of parliament itself , and lacked the previous traditional restraint exercised by oppositions who realised that they could expect like treatment when they attained government . This involved giving long speeches to delay passage ( also known as filibustering ) of Irish coercion acts and to generally obstruct the business of the House to force the Liberals and Conservatives to negotiate with Irish nationalists", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": ". Obstruction was opposed by Home Rule Party leader Isaac Butt but approved of by most Irish nationalists .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": " T . P . OConnor refers to Biggars attributes : ...Joe Biggar , his [ Parnells ] associate , was also able to speak in any circumstances with exactly the same ease of spirit . To him , speaking was but a means to an end , and whether people listened to him or not – stopped to hang on his words or fled before his grating voice and Ulster accent – it was all one to him . The Freemans Journal reported Biggars obstruction of the Threshing Machines Bill on 27 February 1877 :", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "With sturdy Northern resolution , Mr . Biggar in the last hour of the sitting of the House of Commons yesterday , assailed and defeated the Threshing Machines Bill . If your readers ask me why Mr . Biggar defeated the Threshing Machines Bill , I really must confess my inability to inform them . Perhaps it was that the Bill was proposed by Mr . Chaplin , and perhaps Mr . Biggar wished to punish Mr . Chaplin for his attack on Mr . Gladstone . It was a daring thing to do – I mean it was daring", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "in one to get up with the knowledge that you must talk for a half an hour on Threshing Machines . But Mr . Biggar triumphed . Once or twice I really fancied all was over with the hon . member . He , to all appearance , had exhausted every possible branch of his subject , and Mr . Chaplin was already chuckling in anticipation of the break-down of his foe . But no ! Mr . Biggar bethought him of the old flail . It was a moment of inspiration . Who could not talk for fifteen minutes", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "on the old flail . A groan of mortal anguish escaped Mr . Chaplin as , in eloquently rounded periods , the honourable member for Cavan turned over , ogled , turned over again , and genially touched upon the beauties of flails . At length the hour struck . Mr . Biggar sank down victorious , and Mr . Chaplin rushed in anger from the House .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "Of course he could not get the materials for his lengthy discourses all out of his own head but he knew whence there was a perfect mine of such matter , and thence he provided himself with supplies . He brought into the House from the Library bundles of parliamentary papers and Blue Books , and from these he proceeded to read copious extracts . Once when he had been at his work for more than two hours , without a pause – except to take an occasional sip of water – the chairman ( the House being in Committee", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": ") , thought to get him to resume his seat by telling him that his observations had become almost inaudible and unintelligible to the chair . Mr . Biggar tendered respectful apologies , said he felt conscious that his voice was growing somewhat indistinct , remarked that he was at rather too great a distance from the chair , but said he would be happy to improve matters by drawing nearer . Thereupon he gathered up his books and papers and moved up , with all the ease and confidence in the world , to the front bench on the", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "opposition side , facing the table of the house – a place reserved by immemorial custom for ex-ministers and their leading supporters . Then , before resuming the thread , or rather the chain-cable- of his discourse , he informed the astonished functionary that if there was any part of his argument which had not reached his ears , he was quite willing to go over it again .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "Biggar sympathised with Fenianism but considered reliance on physical force against Britain to be unrealistic . He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood after his election to parliament in 1874 and accepted a seat on its Supreme Council , but only with a view to winning fenian support for parliamentary politics . However , his involvement in constitutional politics did not sit well with his more radical IRB colleagues and he was expelled from its Supreme Council in 1876 according to Jackson . According to T . W . Moody he was expelled in March 1877 on the expiration of the", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "August 1876 ultimatum of the I.R.B.s supreme council to its members to cease involvement with the home rule movement .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": " In March 1879 , in a meeting arranged by Michael Davitt , Biggar and fellow MP Charles Stewart Parnell met in Boulogne with John Devoy , the head of what was then the main Fenian organisation in America , Clan na Gael . Devoy described a new departure for the Fenians . They would abandon plans for armed revolt and support the drive for Irish Home Rule , provided the Home Rule League backed the campaign of tenant farmers against landlords .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "At the meeting , Devoy recalls bringing up the subject of Biggars conversion to Catholicism : [ I said ] I was sorry he had turned Catholic.. . Biggar asked sharply , Why ? and I replied that he could be more useful as a Presbyterian . Now , I said , when young Protestants in Ulster showed a tendency towards Nationality their mothers would say to them : The next thing well know is that youve turned Papish like Joe Biggar . And what about my soul ? asked Biggar . Oh , Id be willing to see you", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "damned for the sake of Ireland , I said jocularly . Biggar laughed and then.. . began a discussion of the Presbyterian doctrine of Predestination .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": " Biggar served as a nominal joint treasurer on the executive of the Irish National Land League from its formation on 21 October 1879 , and was charged on 2 November 1880 , together with the other Land League leaders , with conspiracy to prevent the payment of rent as violence broke out in the Land War . As part of Parnells attempt to widen the area of land reform agitation while remaining within constitutional bounds , Biggar on 26 March 1882 was elected to the executive committee of the new National Land League of Great Britain .", "title": "Land War" }, { "text": " In early 1886 Parnell insisted on nominating Captain OShea , the separated husband of Katharine OShea with whom he lived in a family relationship , as the nationalist candidate for Galway – a move widely viewed as an attempt to buy OSheas silence . T.M . Healy , who initially opposed the nomination together with Biggar , describes Biggars attitude to the issue :", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "Parnells intrigue should not , Biggar said , be allowed to stand in the way of political obligations , and no seat should be sold to a worthless womans husband . Biggar was not a purist , but urged that private vices should be kept private , and ought not to be imported into political issues . He was prepared to bring about the downfall of Parnell , in spite of the fact that Gladstone was in treaty with him for a Home Rule Bill . I differed .", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "On 9 February 1886 Parnell declared to the voters of Galway that If my candidate is defeated , the news will spread round the universe that a disaster has overwhelmed Ireland . The world will say , Parnell is beaten . Ireland has no longer a leader . Biggar split with Parnell over this , declaring Mr . Chairman , all I have to say is , I cant agree with what you state , and if Mr . Lynch [ OSheas opponent ] goes to the poll Ill support him! . Despite their differences , Biggar and Parnell retained", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "their close alliance in subsequent years . Biggar died from heart disease in London - some months before the OShea scandal ended Parnells career - and was buried in his native Belfast .", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": " The first GAA club in Ulster was founded in Ballyconnell in 1885 and named Ballyconnell Joe Biggars in his honour .", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Attribution", "title": "Notes" } ]

[ "member of the Home Rule League" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Gillis Biggar ( c . 1828 – 19 February 1890 ) , commonly known as Joe Biggar or J . G . Biggar , was an Irish nationalist politician from Belfast . He served as an MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as member of the Home Rule League and later Irish Parliamentary Party for Cavan from 1874 to 1885 and West Cavan from 1885 to his death in 1890 .", "title": "Joseph Biggar" }, { "text": " He was the eldest son of Joseph Biggar , merchant and chairman of the Ulster bank , by Isabella , daughter of William Houston of Ballyearl , Antrim . He was educated at the Belfast Academy , and , entering his fathers business of a provision merchant , became head of the firm in 1861 , and carried it on till 1880 . His parents were Presbyterians , but Biggar was in 1877 received into the Roman Catholic Church .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": "His surname was originally spelled Bigger , but he changed the spelling upon conversion and taking up his political career ; which caused some confusion about his namesake ( also a Protestant nationalist from Belfast , and Joseph Gillis cousin once removed ) Francis Joseph Bigger .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": " He became a wealthy Belfast provision merchant and city councillor . He is believed to have converted to Catholicism in 1875 in solidarity with Irish nationalism . He lacked physical presence , being a diminutive hunchback . From 1869 onwards , he took an active part in local politics at Belfast . In 1871 , he was elected a town councillor , and he acted for several years as chairman of the Belfast Water Commission .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": "He is known for introducing in 1874 a new , more aggressive form of obstructionism in the British House of Commons . This new form was directed not just at the Government but at the institution of parliament itself , and lacked the previous traditional restraint exercised by oppositions who realised that they could expect like treatment when they attained government . This involved giving long speeches to delay passage ( also known as filibustering ) of Irish coercion acts and to generally obstruct the business of the House to force the Liberals and Conservatives to negotiate with Irish nationalists", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": ". Obstruction was opposed by Home Rule Party leader Isaac Butt but approved of by most Irish nationalists .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": " T . P . OConnor refers to Biggars attributes : ...Joe Biggar , his [ Parnells ] associate , was also able to speak in any circumstances with exactly the same ease of spirit . To him , speaking was but a means to an end , and whether people listened to him or not – stopped to hang on his words or fled before his grating voice and Ulster accent – it was all one to him . The Freemans Journal reported Biggars obstruction of the Threshing Machines Bill on 27 February 1877 :", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "With sturdy Northern resolution , Mr . Biggar in the last hour of the sitting of the House of Commons yesterday , assailed and defeated the Threshing Machines Bill . If your readers ask me why Mr . Biggar defeated the Threshing Machines Bill , I really must confess my inability to inform them . Perhaps it was that the Bill was proposed by Mr . Chaplin , and perhaps Mr . Biggar wished to punish Mr . Chaplin for his attack on Mr . Gladstone . It was a daring thing to do – I mean it was daring", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "in one to get up with the knowledge that you must talk for a half an hour on Threshing Machines . But Mr . Biggar triumphed . Once or twice I really fancied all was over with the hon . member . He , to all appearance , had exhausted every possible branch of his subject , and Mr . Chaplin was already chuckling in anticipation of the break-down of his foe . But no ! Mr . Biggar bethought him of the old flail . It was a moment of inspiration . Who could not talk for fifteen minutes", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "on the old flail . A groan of mortal anguish escaped Mr . Chaplin as , in eloquently rounded periods , the honourable member for Cavan turned over , ogled , turned over again , and genially touched upon the beauties of flails . At length the hour struck . Mr . Biggar sank down victorious , and Mr . Chaplin rushed in anger from the House .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "Of course he could not get the materials for his lengthy discourses all out of his own head but he knew whence there was a perfect mine of such matter , and thence he provided himself with supplies . He brought into the House from the Library bundles of parliamentary papers and Blue Books , and from these he proceeded to read copious extracts . Once when he had been at his work for more than two hours , without a pause – except to take an occasional sip of water – the chairman ( the House being in Committee", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": ") , thought to get him to resume his seat by telling him that his observations had become almost inaudible and unintelligible to the chair . Mr . Biggar tendered respectful apologies , said he felt conscious that his voice was growing somewhat indistinct , remarked that he was at rather too great a distance from the chair , but said he would be happy to improve matters by drawing nearer . Thereupon he gathered up his books and papers and moved up , with all the ease and confidence in the world , to the front bench on the", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "opposition side , facing the table of the house – a place reserved by immemorial custom for ex-ministers and their leading supporters . Then , before resuming the thread , or rather the chain-cable- of his discourse , he informed the astonished functionary that if there was any part of his argument which had not reached his ears , he was quite willing to go over it again .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "Biggar sympathised with Fenianism but considered reliance on physical force against Britain to be unrealistic . He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood after his election to parliament in 1874 and accepted a seat on its Supreme Council , but only with a view to winning fenian support for parliamentary politics . However , his involvement in constitutional politics did not sit well with his more radical IRB colleagues and he was expelled from its Supreme Council in 1876 according to Jackson . According to T . W . Moody he was expelled in March 1877 on the expiration of the", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "August 1876 ultimatum of the I.R.B.s supreme council to its members to cease involvement with the home rule movement .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": " In March 1879 , in a meeting arranged by Michael Davitt , Biggar and fellow MP Charles Stewart Parnell met in Boulogne with John Devoy , the head of what was then the main Fenian organisation in America , Clan na Gael . Devoy described a new departure for the Fenians . They would abandon plans for armed revolt and support the drive for Irish Home Rule , provided the Home Rule League backed the campaign of tenant farmers against landlords .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "At the meeting , Devoy recalls bringing up the subject of Biggars conversion to Catholicism : [ I said ] I was sorry he had turned Catholic.. . Biggar asked sharply , Why ? and I replied that he could be more useful as a Presbyterian . Now , I said , when young Protestants in Ulster showed a tendency towards Nationality their mothers would say to them : The next thing well know is that youve turned Papish like Joe Biggar . And what about my soul ? asked Biggar . Oh , Id be willing to see you", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "damned for the sake of Ireland , I said jocularly . Biggar laughed and then.. . began a discussion of the Presbyterian doctrine of Predestination .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": " Biggar served as a nominal joint treasurer on the executive of the Irish National Land League from its formation on 21 October 1879 , and was charged on 2 November 1880 , together with the other Land League leaders , with conspiracy to prevent the payment of rent as violence broke out in the Land War . As part of Parnells attempt to widen the area of land reform agitation while remaining within constitutional bounds , Biggar on 26 March 1882 was elected to the executive committee of the new National Land League of Great Britain .", "title": "Land War" }, { "text": " In early 1886 Parnell insisted on nominating Captain OShea , the separated husband of Katharine OShea with whom he lived in a family relationship , as the nationalist candidate for Galway – a move widely viewed as an attempt to buy OSheas silence . T.M . Healy , who initially opposed the nomination together with Biggar , describes Biggars attitude to the issue :", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "Parnells intrigue should not , Biggar said , be allowed to stand in the way of political obligations , and no seat should be sold to a worthless womans husband . Biggar was not a purist , but urged that private vices should be kept private , and ought not to be imported into political issues . He was prepared to bring about the downfall of Parnell , in spite of the fact that Gladstone was in treaty with him for a Home Rule Bill . I differed .", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "On 9 February 1886 Parnell declared to the voters of Galway that If my candidate is defeated , the news will spread round the universe that a disaster has overwhelmed Ireland . The world will say , Parnell is beaten . Ireland has no longer a leader . Biggar split with Parnell over this , declaring Mr . Chairman , all I have to say is , I cant agree with what you state , and if Mr . Lynch [ OSheas opponent ] goes to the poll Ill support him! . Despite their differences , Biggar and Parnell retained", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "their close alliance in subsequent years . Biggar died from heart disease in London - some months before the OShea scandal ended Parnells career - and was buried in his native Belfast .", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": " The first GAA club in Ulster was founded in Ballyconnell in 1885 and named Ballyconnell Joe Biggars in his honour .", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Attribution", "title": "Notes" } ]

[ "member of the Home Rule League" ]

[ { "text": " Joseph Gillis Biggar ( c . 1828 – 19 February 1890 ) , commonly known as Joe Biggar or J . G . Biggar , was an Irish nationalist politician from Belfast . He served as an MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as member of the Home Rule League and later Irish Parliamentary Party for Cavan from 1874 to 1885 and West Cavan from 1885 to his death in 1890 .", "title": "Joseph Biggar" }, { "text": " He was the eldest son of Joseph Biggar , merchant and chairman of the Ulster bank , by Isabella , daughter of William Houston of Ballyearl , Antrim . He was educated at the Belfast Academy , and , entering his fathers business of a provision merchant , became head of the firm in 1861 , and carried it on till 1880 . His parents were Presbyterians , but Biggar was in 1877 received into the Roman Catholic Church .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": "His surname was originally spelled Bigger , but he changed the spelling upon conversion and taking up his political career ; which caused some confusion about his namesake ( also a Protestant nationalist from Belfast , and Joseph Gillis cousin once removed ) Francis Joseph Bigger .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": " He became a wealthy Belfast provision merchant and city councillor . He is believed to have converted to Catholicism in 1875 in solidarity with Irish nationalism . He lacked physical presence , being a diminutive hunchback . From 1869 onwards , he took an active part in local politics at Belfast . In 1871 , he was elected a town councillor , and he acted for several years as chairman of the Belfast Water Commission .", "title": "Origins" }, { "text": "He is known for introducing in 1874 a new , more aggressive form of obstructionism in the British House of Commons . This new form was directed not just at the Government but at the institution of parliament itself , and lacked the previous traditional restraint exercised by oppositions who realised that they could expect like treatment when they attained government . This involved giving long speeches to delay passage ( also known as filibustering ) of Irish coercion acts and to generally obstruct the business of the House to force the Liberals and Conservatives to negotiate with Irish nationalists", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": ". Obstruction was opposed by Home Rule Party leader Isaac Butt but approved of by most Irish nationalists .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": " T . P . OConnor refers to Biggars attributes : ...Joe Biggar , his [ Parnells ] associate , was also able to speak in any circumstances with exactly the same ease of spirit . To him , speaking was but a means to an end , and whether people listened to him or not – stopped to hang on his words or fled before his grating voice and Ulster accent – it was all one to him . The Freemans Journal reported Biggars obstruction of the Threshing Machines Bill on 27 February 1877 :", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "With sturdy Northern resolution , Mr . Biggar in the last hour of the sitting of the House of Commons yesterday , assailed and defeated the Threshing Machines Bill . If your readers ask me why Mr . Biggar defeated the Threshing Machines Bill , I really must confess my inability to inform them . Perhaps it was that the Bill was proposed by Mr . Chaplin , and perhaps Mr . Biggar wished to punish Mr . Chaplin for his attack on Mr . Gladstone . It was a daring thing to do – I mean it was daring", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "in one to get up with the knowledge that you must talk for a half an hour on Threshing Machines . But Mr . Biggar triumphed . Once or twice I really fancied all was over with the hon . member . He , to all appearance , had exhausted every possible branch of his subject , and Mr . Chaplin was already chuckling in anticipation of the break-down of his foe . But no ! Mr . Biggar bethought him of the old flail . It was a moment of inspiration . Who could not talk for fifteen minutes", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "on the old flail . A groan of mortal anguish escaped Mr . Chaplin as , in eloquently rounded periods , the honourable member for Cavan turned over , ogled , turned over again , and genially touched upon the beauties of flails . At length the hour struck . Mr . Biggar sank down victorious , and Mr . Chaplin rushed in anger from the House .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "Of course he could not get the materials for his lengthy discourses all out of his own head but he knew whence there was a perfect mine of such matter , and thence he provided himself with supplies . He brought into the House from the Library bundles of parliamentary papers and Blue Books , and from these he proceeded to read copious extracts . Once when he had been at his work for more than two hours , without a pause – except to take an occasional sip of water – the chairman ( the House being in Committee", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": ") , thought to get him to resume his seat by telling him that his observations had become almost inaudible and unintelligible to the chair . Mr . Biggar tendered respectful apologies , said he felt conscious that his voice was growing somewhat indistinct , remarked that he was at rather too great a distance from the chair , but said he would be happy to improve matters by drawing nearer . Thereupon he gathered up his books and papers and moved up , with all the ease and confidence in the world , to the front bench on the", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "opposition side , facing the table of the house – a place reserved by immemorial custom for ex-ministers and their leading supporters . Then , before resuming the thread , or rather the chain-cable- of his discourse , he informed the astonished functionary that if there was any part of his argument which had not reached his ears , he was quite willing to go over it again .", "title": "Obstructionism" }, { "text": "Biggar sympathised with Fenianism but considered reliance on physical force against Britain to be unrealistic . He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood after his election to parliament in 1874 and accepted a seat on its Supreme Council , but only with a view to winning fenian support for parliamentary politics . However , his involvement in constitutional politics did not sit well with his more radical IRB colleagues and he was expelled from its Supreme Council in 1876 according to Jackson . According to T . W . Moody he was expelled in March 1877 on the expiration of the", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "August 1876 ultimatum of the I.R.B.s supreme council to its members to cease involvement with the home rule movement .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": " In March 1879 , in a meeting arranged by Michael Davitt , Biggar and fellow MP Charles Stewart Parnell met in Boulogne with John Devoy , the head of what was then the main Fenian organisation in America , Clan na Gael . Devoy described a new departure for the Fenians . They would abandon plans for armed revolt and support the drive for Irish Home Rule , provided the Home Rule League backed the campaign of tenant farmers against landlords .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "At the meeting , Devoy recalls bringing up the subject of Biggars conversion to Catholicism : [ I said ] I was sorry he had turned Catholic.. . Biggar asked sharply , Why ? and I replied that he could be more useful as a Presbyterian . Now , I said , when young Protestants in Ulster showed a tendency towards Nationality their mothers would say to them : The next thing well know is that youve turned Papish like Joe Biggar . And what about my soul ? asked Biggar . Oh , Id be willing to see you", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": "damned for the sake of Ireland , I said jocularly . Biggar laughed and then.. . began a discussion of the Presbyterian doctrine of Predestination .", "title": "Fenianism" }, { "text": " Biggar served as a nominal joint treasurer on the executive of the Irish National Land League from its formation on 21 October 1879 , and was charged on 2 November 1880 , together with the other Land League leaders , with conspiracy to prevent the payment of rent as violence broke out in the Land War . As part of Parnells attempt to widen the area of land reform agitation while remaining within constitutional bounds , Biggar on 26 March 1882 was elected to the executive committee of the new National Land League of Great Britain .", "title": "Land War" }, { "text": " In early 1886 Parnell insisted on nominating Captain OShea , the separated husband of Katharine OShea with whom he lived in a family relationship , as the nationalist candidate for Galway – a move widely viewed as an attempt to buy OSheas silence . T.M . Healy , who initially opposed the nomination together with Biggar , describes Biggars attitude to the issue :", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "Parnells intrigue should not , Biggar said , be allowed to stand in the way of political obligations , and no seat should be sold to a worthless womans husband . Biggar was not a purist , but urged that private vices should be kept private , and ought not to be imported into political issues . He was prepared to bring about the downfall of Parnell , in spite of the fact that Gladstone was in treaty with him for a Home Rule Bill . I differed .", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "On 9 February 1886 Parnell declared to the voters of Galway that If my candidate is defeated , the news will spread round the universe that a disaster has overwhelmed Ireland . The world will say , Parnell is beaten . Ireland has no longer a leader . Biggar split with Parnell over this , declaring Mr . Chairman , all I have to say is , I cant agree with what you state , and if Mr . Lynch [ OSheas opponent ] goes to the poll Ill support him! . Despite their differences , Biggar and Parnell retained", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": "their close alliance in subsequent years . Biggar died from heart disease in London - some months before the OShea scandal ended Parnells career - and was buried in his native Belfast .", "title": "Captain OShea" }, { "text": " The first GAA club in Ulster was founded in Ballyconnell in 1885 and named Ballyconnell Joe Biggars in his honour .", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Attribution", "title": "Notes" } ]

[ "American Lacrosse Conference" ]

[ { "text": "The Florida Gators womens lacrosse team represents the University of Florida in the sport of college lacrosse . The Gators compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and are single-sport members of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which they joined in 2018 after four seasons in the Big East Conference . Before joining Big East womens lacrosse , the Gators were members of the American Lacrosse Conference ( ALC ) , which folded after the 2014 season due to aftereffects of conference realignment . They play their home games in", "title": "Florida Gators womens lacrosse" }, { "text": "Donald R . Dizney Stadium on the universitys Gainesville , Florida campus , and are currently led by head coach Amanda OLeary . The Gators have won regular-season conference titles in nine of the 10 completed seasons of the womens lacrosse programs existence , with four each in the ALC and Big East plus one in The American . Additionally , they have won seven conference tournament titles ( two ALC , four Big East , one American ) and advanced to the quarterfinals of the NCAA tournament five times ( 2011–2014 and 2018 ) , with their best NCAA", "title": "Florida Gators womens lacrosse" }, { "text": "finish being a semifinal berth in 2012 .", "title": "Florida Gators womens lacrosse" }, { "text": "The University Athletic Association ( UAA ) quickly proceeded from new idea to reality in the creation of its newest sports program—it decided to create a womens lacrosse program in 2005 , publicly announced the new program in 2006 , hired a head coach and joined a conference in 2007 , and announced its first recruiting class and began construction of a dedicated lacrosse stadium in 2008 . UAA officials selected womens lacrosse for its newest expansion sport because of the booming popularity of lacrosse at the high school level and the rapidly increasing competition available among Division I athletic", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "programs .", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "Although the University of Florida is a long-time member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) for the other 20 NCAA sports in which it fields varsity teams , the Florida Gators womens lacrosse team competed in the American Lacrosse Conference from 2011 through 2014 . Among the other 13 SEC member schools , only Vanderbilt University currently sponsors a varsity womens lacrosse team . Following the dissolution of the ALC after the 2014 season , Florida and Vanderbilt joined the Big East Conference , as associate members in womens lacrosse only , starting with the 2015 season . In", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "October 2017 , The American announced that it would start a womens lacrosse league in the 2019 season , with Florida and Vanderbilt joining four full conference members .", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "The first Gators recruiting class of 24 players included seven US Lacrosse first-team high school All-Americans—Caroline Chesterman , Katie Ciaci , Brittany Dashiell , Samantha Farrell , Janine Hiller , Jamie Reeg and Julie Schindel , and US Lacrosse named another five as All-American Honorable Mentions—Ashley Bruns , Lelan Bailey , Jenna Hildebrand , Hayley Katzenberger and Mikey Meagher . Dashiell , Bruns and Farrell , plus Kitty Cullen , Colby Rhea and Haydon Judge , were also named Under Armour All-Americans . Amanda Wedekind was previously named an Under Armour All-American as a rising sophomore in 2006 . The", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "Gators 2009–2010 recruiting class was rated best in the nation .", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "The inaugural Florida Gators team played teams from fellow ALC member schools Johns Hopkins , Ohio State , Penn State , Vanderbilt and defending NCAA champion Northwestern , as well as non-conference opponents Cornell , Georgetown , Navy and New Hampshire during the spring 2010 semester . The Gators played their first regular season game on February 20 , 2010 , posting a 16–6 victory over the Jacksonville Dolphins . The young Gators finished their inaugural season 10–8 , including ALC wins over Penn State and Johns Hopkins , and were ranked eighteenth in the country in LaxPowers final power", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "ratings .", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "In only their second season of NCAA competition , the sixth-ranked Gators clinched their first ALC regular season championship by defeating the defending conference champion and second-ranked Northwestern Wildcats 13–11 on April 14 , 2011 . The Gators completed a perfect 5–0 ALC season three days later when they defeated the seventeenth-ranked Vanderbilt Commodores 8–7 . The Northwestern Wildcats edged the Gators 10–9 in the ALC Tournament final , after the Gators defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes 16–13 in the semifinal round . The Gators received their first NCAA Tournament bid , seeded fourth in the sixteen-team field on May", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "9 , 2011 , and defeated the Stanford Cardinal womens team 13–11 in the first round of the NCAA tournament five days later . The young Gators eventually fell to the veteran Duke Blue Devils 13–9 in the quarterfinals ( Elite Eight ) of the 2011 NCAA Tournament , finishing their second season with an overall win-loss record of 16–4 .", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "In advance of the spring 2012 season , Lacrosse Magazine ranked the Gators as the preseason No . 2 team in the nation . After defeating the No . 1 ranked Northwestern Wildcats , the No . 5 Gators finished the 2012 regular season with a 15–2 overall win-loss record and a perfect 5–0 in the ALC , winning their second regular season conference championship in only their third year of play . The No . 3 Gators made it a clean sweep by trouncing the No . 1 Wildcats 14–7 in the final of the ALC Tournament , and", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "winning their first-ever conference tournament title . Afterward , the Gators were selected as the No . 1 seed in the 2012 NCAA Division I Womens Lacrosse Tournament . The Gators defeated the Albany Great Danes 6–4 in the opening round of the tournament , and overwhelmed the Penn State Nittany Lions 15–2 in the quarterfinals . After leading 12–5 in the tournament semifinal , the teams season ended with a 14–13 sudden-death loss to the Syracuse Orange in double-overtime .", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": " Florida named Amanda OLeary as its inaugural head coach on June 22 , 2007 . Before she became Floridas first head coach , OLeary served as the head coach at Yale University for fourteen seasons , and was previously an assistant coach at the University of Maryland and the University of Delaware . As a collegiate player , OLeary was honored as a two-time All-American midfielder at Temple University , where she led her Temple Owls team to an NCAA Championship in 1988 .", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "Assistant coach Erica LaGrow is a fourth-year Gators assistant . She was a first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) midfielder for the North Carolina Tar Heels , and graduated from the University of North Carolina in 2008 . LaGrow currently plays for the U.S . Womens Elite Lacrosse team , and was a key player on the U.S . national team that defeated Australia in the gold medal game of the 2009 Federation of International Lacrosse ( FIL ) Womens World Cup .", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "Assistant coach Caitlyn McFadden is a second-year Gators assistant . She played for the Maryland Terrapins , and graduated from the University of Maryland in 2010 after leading the Terps to the 2010 NCAA Championship . McFadden was an IWLCA first-team All-American midfielder in her junior and senior seasons . As a senior , she was the recipient of the Tewaarton Award and Honda Sports Award , and was named the ACC Player of the Year , the NCAA Tournament Most Valuable Player , and the IWLCA National Midfielder of the Year . The Maryland Terrapins sports program honored her", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "with its Suzanne Tyler Award , given to the University of Maryland female athlete of the year .", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "Completed during the summer of 2009 , Donald R . Dizney Stadium hosts the Gators womens lacrosse team . The facility includes a 1,500-seat stadium that runs the length of the game field . The $15 million construction cost was funded entirely by private donors . The facility also includes a second practice field , concessions stands , locker rooms , a training room , and other amenities . At the Gators first home game , an overflow crowd of 2,214 was present in Dizney Stadium for the Gators 16–6 win over the Jacksonville Dolphins .", "title": "Coaching staff" } ]

[ "Big East" ]

[ { "text": "The Florida Gators womens lacrosse team represents the University of Florida in the sport of college lacrosse . The Gators compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and are single-sport members of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which they joined in 2018 after four seasons in the Big East Conference . Before joining Big East womens lacrosse , the Gators were members of the American Lacrosse Conference ( ALC ) , which folded after the 2014 season due to aftereffects of conference realignment . They play their home games in", "title": "Florida Gators womens lacrosse" }, { "text": "Donald R . Dizney Stadium on the universitys Gainesville , Florida campus , and are currently led by head coach Amanda OLeary . The Gators have won regular-season conference titles in nine of the 10 completed seasons of the womens lacrosse programs existence , with four each in the ALC and Big East plus one in The American . Additionally , they have won seven conference tournament titles ( two ALC , four Big East , one American ) and advanced to the quarterfinals of the NCAA tournament five times ( 2011–2014 and 2018 ) , with their best NCAA", "title": "Florida Gators womens lacrosse" }, { "text": "finish being a semifinal berth in 2012 .", "title": "Florida Gators womens lacrosse" }, { "text": "The University Athletic Association ( UAA ) quickly proceeded from new idea to reality in the creation of its newest sports program—it decided to create a womens lacrosse program in 2005 , publicly announced the new program in 2006 , hired a head coach and joined a conference in 2007 , and announced its first recruiting class and began construction of a dedicated lacrosse stadium in 2008 . UAA officials selected womens lacrosse for its newest expansion sport because of the booming popularity of lacrosse at the high school level and the rapidly increasing competition available among Division I athletic", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "programs .", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "Although the University of Florida is a long-time member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) for the other 20 NCAA sports in which it fields varsity teams , the Florida Gators womens lacrosse team competed in the American Lacrosse Conference from 2011 through 2014 . Among the other 13 SEC member schools , only Vanderbilt University currently sponsors a varsity womens lacrosse team . Following the dissolution of the ALC after the 2014 season , Florida and Vanderbilt joined the Big East Conference , as associate members in womens lacrosse only , starting with the 2015 season . In", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "October 2017 , The American announced that it would start a womens lacrosse league in the 2019 season , with Florida and Vanderbilt joining four full conference members .", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "The first Gators recruiting class of 24 players included seven US Lacrosse first-team high school All-Americans—Caroline Chesterman , Katie Ciaci , Brittany Dashiell , Samantha Farrell , Janine Hiller , Jamie Reeg and Julie Schindel , and US Lacrosse named another five as All-American Honorable Mentions—Ashley Bruns , Lelan Bailey , Jenna Hildebrand , Hayley Katzenberger and Mikey Meagher . Dashiell , Bruns and Farrell , plus Kitty Cullen , Colby Rhea and Haydon Judge , were also named Under Armour All-Americans . Amanda Wedekind was previously named an Under Armour All-American as a rising sophomore in 2006 . The", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "Gators 2009–2010 recruiting class was rated best in the nation .", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "The inaugural Florida Gators team played teams from fellow ALC member schools Johns Hopkins , Ohio State , Penn State , Vanderbilt and defending NCAA champion Northwestern , as well as non-conference opponents Cornell , Georgetown , Navy and New Hampshire during the spring 2010 semester . The Gators played their first regular season game on February 20 , 2010 , posting a 16–6 victory over the Jacksonville Dolphins . The young Gators finished their inaugural season 10–8 , including ALC wins over Penn State and Johns Hopkins , and were ranked eighteenth in the country in LaxPowers final power", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "ratings .", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "In only their second season of NCAA competition , the sixth-ranked Gators clinched their first ALC regular season championship by defeating the defending conference champion and second-ranked Northwestern Wildcats 13–11 on April 14 , 2011 . The Gators completed a perfect 5–0 ALC season three days later when they defeated the seventeenth-ranked Vanderbilt Commodores 8–7 . The Northwestern Wildcats edged the Gators 10–9 in the ALC Tournament final , after the Gators defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes 16–13 in the semifinal round . The Gators received their first NCAA Tournament bid , seeded fourth in the sixteen-team field on May", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "9 , 2011 , and defeated the Stanford Cardinal womens team 13–11 in the first round of the NCAA tournament five days later . The young Gators eventually fell to the veteran Duke Blue Devils 13–9 in the quarterfinals ( Elite Eight ) of the 2011 NCAA Tournament , finishing their second season with an overall win-loss record of 16–4 .", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "In advance of the spring 2012 season , Lacrosse Magazine ranked the Gators as the preseason No . 2 team in the nation . After defeating the No . 1 ranked Northwestern Wildcats , the No . 5 Gators finished the 2012 regular season with a 15–2 overall win-loss record and a perfect 5–0 in the ALC , winning their second regular season conference championship in only their third year of play . The No . 3 Gators made it a clean sweep by trouncing the No . 1 Wildcats 14–7 in the final of the ALC Tournament , and", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "winning their first-ever conference tournament title . Afterward , the Gators were selected as the No . 1 seed in the 2012 NCAA Division I Womens Lacrosse Tournament . The Gators defeated the Albany Great Danes 6–4 in the opening round of the tournament , and overwhelmed the Penn State Nittany Lions 15–2 in the quarterfinals . After leading 12–5 in the tournament semifinal , the teams season ended with a 14–13 sudden-death loss to the Syracuse Orange in double-overtime .", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": " Florida named Amanda OLeary as its inaugural head coach on June 22 , 2007 . Before she became Floridas first head coach , OLeary served as the head coach at Yale University for fourteen seasons , and was previously an assistant coach at the University of Maryland and the University of Delaware . As a collegiate player , OLeary was honored as a two-time All-American midfielder at Temple University , where she led her Temple Owls team to an NCAA Championship in 1988 .", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "Assistant coach Erica LaGrow is a fourth-year Gators assistant . She was a first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) midfielder for the North Carolina Tar Heels , and graduated from the University of North Carolina in 2008 . LaGrow currently plays for the U.S . Womens Elite Lacrosse team , and was a key player on the U.S . national team that defeated Australia in the gold medal game of the 2009 Federation of International Lacrosse ( FIL ) Womens World Cup .", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "Assistant coach Caitlyn McFadden is a second-year Gators assistant . She played for the Maryland Terrapins , and graduated from the University of Maryland in 2010 after leading the Terps to the 2010 NCAA Championship . McFadden was an IWLCA first-team All-American midfielder in her junior and senior seasons . As a senior , she was the recipient of the Tewaarton Award and Honda Sports Award , and was named the ACC Player of the Year , the NCAA Tournament Most Valuable Player , and the IWLCA National Midfielder of the Year . The Maryland Terrapins sports program honored her", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "with its Suzanne Tyler Award , given to the University of Maryland female athlete of the year .", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "Completed during the summer of 2009 , Donald R . Dizney Stadium hosts the Gators womens lacrosse team . The facility includes a 1,500-seat stadium that runs the length of the game field . The $15 million construction cost was funded entirely by private donors . The facility also includes a second practice field , concessions stands , locker rooms , a training room , and other amenities . At the Gators first home game , an overflow crowd of 2,214 was present in Dizney Stadium for the Gators 16–6 win over the Jacksonville Dolphins .", "title": "Coaching staff" } ]

[ "American Athletic Conference" ]

[ { "text": "The Florida Gators womens lacrosse team represents the University of Florida in the sport of college lacrosse . The Gators compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and are single-sport members of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which they joined in 2018 after four seasons in the Big East Conference . Before joining Big East womens lacrosse , the Gators were members of the American Lacrosse Conference ( ALC ) , which folded after the 2014 season due to aftereffects of conference realignment . They play their home games in", "title": "Florida Gators womens lacrosse" }, { "text": "Donald R . Dizney Stadium on the universitys Gainesville , Florida campus , and are currently led by head coach Amanda OLeary . The Gators have won regular-season conference titles in nine of the 10 completed seasons of the womens lacrosse programs existence , with four each in the ALC and Big East plus one in The American . Additionally , they have won seven conference tournament titles ( two ALC , four Big East , one American ) and advanced to the quarterfinals of the NCAA tournament five times ( 2011–2014 and 2018 ) , with their best NCAA", "title": "Florida Gators womens lacrosse" }, { "text": "finish being a semifinal berth in 2012 .", "title": "Florida Gators womens lacrosse" }, { "text": "The University Athletic Association ( UAA ) quickly proceeded from new idea to reality in the creation of its newest sports program—it decided to create a womens lacrosse program in 2005 , publicly announced the new program in 2006 , hired a head coach and joined a conference in 2007 , and announced its first recruiting class and began construction of a dedicated lacrosse stadium in 2008 . UAA officials selected womens lacrosse for its newest expansion sport because of the booming popularity of lacrosse at the high school level and the rapidly increasing competition available among Division I athletic", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "programs .", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "Although the University of Florida is a long-time member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) for the other 20 NCAA sports in which it fields varsity teams , the Florida Gators womens lacrosse team competed in the American Lacrosse Conference from 2011 through 2014 . Among the other 13 SEC member schools , only Vanderbilt University currently sponsors a varsity womens lacrosse team . Following the dissolution of the ALC after the 2014 season , Florida and Vanderbilt joined the Big East Conference , as associate members in womens lacrosse only , starting with the 2015 season . In", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "October 2017 , The American announced that it would start a womens lacrosse league in the 2019 season , with Florida and Vanderbilt joining four full conference members .", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "The first Gators recruiting class of 24 players included seven US Lacrosse first-team high school All-Americans—Caroline Chesterman , Katie Ciaci , Brittany Dashiell , Samantha Farrell , Janine Hiller , Jamie Reeg and Julie Schindel , and US Lacrosse named another five as All-American Honorable Mentions—Ashley Bruns , Lelan Bailey , Jenna Hildebrand , Hayley Katzenberger and Mikey Meagher . Dashiell , Bruns and Farrell , plus Kitty Cullen , Colby Rhea and Haydon Judge , were also named Under Armour All-Americans . Amanda Wedekind was previously named an Under Armour All-American as a rising sophomore in 2006 . The", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "Gators 2009–2010 recruiting class was rated best in the nation .", "title": "Background and overview" }, { "text": "The inaugural Florida Gators team played teams from fellow ALC member schools Johns Hopkins , Ohio State , Penn State , Vanderbilt and defending NCAA champion Northwestern , as well as non-conference opponents Cornell , Georgetown , Navy and New Hampshire during the spring 2010 semester . The Gators played their first regular season game on February 20 , 2010 , posting a 16–6 victory over the Jacksonville Dolphins . The young Gators finished their inaugural season 10–8 , including ALC wins over Penn State and Johns Hopkins , and were ranked eighteenth in the country in LaxPowers final power", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "ratings .", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "In only their second season of NCAA competition , the sixth-ranked Gators clinched their first ALC regular season championship by defeating the defending conference champion and second-ranked Northwestern Wildcats 13–11 on April 14 , 2011 . The Gators completed a perfect 5–0 ALC season three days later when they defeated the seventeenth-ranked Vanderbilt Commodores 8–7 . The Northwestern Wildcats edged the Gators 10–9 in the ALC Tournament final , after the Gators defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes 16–13 in the semifinal round . The Gators received their first NCAA Tournament bid , seeded fourth in the sixteen-team field on May", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "9 , 2011 , and defeated the Stanford Cardinal womens team 13–11 in the first round of the NCAA tournament five days later . The young Gators eventually fell to the veteran Duke Blue Devils 13–9 in the quarterfinals ( Elite Eight ) of the 2011 NCAA Tournament , finishing their second season with an overall win-loss record of 16–4 .", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "In advance of the spring 2012 season , Lacrosse Magazine ranked the Gators as the preseason No . 2 team in the nation . After defeating the No . 1 ranked Northwestern Wildcats , the No . 5 Gators finished the 2012 regular season with a 15–2 overall win-loss record and a perfect 5–0 in the ALC , winning their second regular season conference championship in only their third year of play . The No . 3 Gators made it a clean sweep by trouncing the No . 1 Wildcats 14–7 in the final of the ALC Tournament , and", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": "winning their first-ever conference tournament title . Afterward , the Gators were selected as the No . 1 seed in the 2012 NCAA Division I Womens Lacrosse Tournament . The Gators defeated the Albany Great Danes 6–4 in the opening round of the tournament , and overwhelmed the Penn State Nittany Lions 15–2 in the quarterfinals . After leading 12–5 in the tournament semifinal , the teams season ended with a 14–13 sudden-death loss to the Syracuse Orange in double-overtime .", "title": "Team history" }, { "text": " Florida named Amanda OLeary as its inaugural head coach on June 22 , 2007 . Before she became Floridas first head coach , OLeary served as the head coach at Yale University for fourteen seasons , and was previously an assistant coach at the University of Maryland and the University of Delaware . As a collegiate player , OLeary was honored as a two-time All-American midfielder at Temple University , where she led her Temple Owls team to an NCAA Championship in 1988 .", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "Assistant coach Erica LaGrow is a fourth-year Gators assistant . She was a first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) midfielder for the North Carolina Tar Heels , and graduated from the University of North Carolina in 2008 . LaGrow currently plays for the U.S . Womens Elite Lacrosse team , and was a key player on the U.S . national team that defeated Australia in the gold medal game of the 2009 Federation of International Lacrosse ( FIL ) Womens World Cup .", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "Assistant coach Caitlyn McFadden is a second-year Gators assistant . She played for the Maryland Terrapins , and graduated from the University of Maryland in 2010 after leading the Terps to the 2010 NCAA Championship . McFadden was an IWLCA first-team All-American midfielder in her junior and senior seasons . As a senior , she was the recipient of the Tewaarton Award and Honda Sports Award , and was named the ACC Player of the Year , the NCAA Tournament Most Valuable Player , and the IWLCA National Midfielder of the Year . The Maryland Terrapins sports program honored her", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "with its Suzanne Tyler Award , given to the University of Maryland female athlete of the year .", "title": "Coaching staff" }, { "text": "Completed during the summer of 2009 , Donald R . Dizney Stadium hosts the Gators womens lacrosse team . The facility includes a 1,500-seat stadium that runs the length of the game field . The $15 million construction cost was funded entirely by private donors . The facility also includes a second practice field , concessions stands , locker rooms , a training room , and other amenities . At the Gators first home game , an overflow crowd of 2,214 was present in Dizney Stadium for the Gators 16–6 win over the Jacksonville Dolphins .", "title": "Coaching staff" } ]