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Some time later, as their powers stabilize, the U-Foes reunite with the goal of revenge and making a name for themselves in the public eye by killing the Hulk. Though they find the Hulk a more formidable foe, with the intelligence of Bruce Banner then in control of the Hulk, X-ray discovers a way to keep Banner in his human form by generating 'anti-gamma rays'. The U-Foes imprison Banner at the former Gamma Base and hijack television broadcasts worldwide, intending to gain infamy by killing Banner in front of the world. However, Banner is freed by his allies Betty Ross, Rick Jones, and Bereet, and defeats the U-Foes as the Hulk. Ironically, the U-Foes' attempt to gain fame at the Hulk's expense instead reveals to the world that Banner is in control of the Hulk's power, and leads to a brief period of Banner/Hulk as a popular celebrity and true superhero (ending when the savage Hulk persona re-asserts itself).

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, the U-Foes are among the villains recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

Some time later, as their powers stabilize, the U-Foes reunite with the goal of revenge and making a name for themselves in the public eye by killing the Hulk. Though they find the Hulk a more formidable foe, with the intelligence of Bruce Banner then in control of the Hulk, X-ray discovers a way to keep Banner in his human form by generating 'anti-gamma rays'. The U-Foes imprison Banner at the former Gamma Base and hijack television broadcasts worldwide, intending to gain infamy by killing Banner in front of the world. However, Banner is freed by his allies Betty Ross, Rick Jones, and Bereet, and defeats the U-Foes as the Hulk. Ironically, the U-Foes' attempt to gain fame at the Hulk's expense instead reveals to the world that Banner is in control of the Hulk's power, and leads to a brief period of Banner/Hulk as a popular celebrity and true superhero (ending when the savage Hulk persona re-asserts itself).

As noted on the first page of that issue, the group's name was inspired by the 1979 Graham Parker song "Waiting for the UFOs".

After several defeats at the hands of the Hulk and his allies, each of the U-Foes are banished to a different dimension. They manage to reunite and find their way back to Earth when the mutant Portal's powers began manifesting. The U-Foes attempt to murder Portal to keep him from opening another portal to banish them, but are defeated by the Avengers. They later attempt to kidnap Portal to exploit his mutant powers, and are defeated once again by Captain America, Darkhawk, and Daredevil.

The U-Foes are among the villains recruited to join Hood's crime syndicate. The U-Foes are seen to be among the new recruits for Camp H.A.M.M.E.R..

After several defeats at the hands of the Hulk and his allies, each of the U-Foes are banished to a different dimension. They manage to reunite and find their way back to Earth when the mutant Portal's powers began manifesting. The U-Foes attempt to murder Portal to keep him from opening another portal to banish them, but are defeated by the Avengers. They later attempt to kidnap Portal to exploit his mutant powers, and are defeated once again by Captain America, Darkhawk, and Daredevil.

U-Foes:4143139

After several defeats at the hands of the Hulk and his allies, each of the U-Foes are banished to a different dimension. They manage to reunite and find their way back to Earth when the mutant Portal's powers began manifesting. The U-Foes attempt to murder Portal to keep him from opening another portal to banish them, but are defeated by the Avengers. They later attempt to kidnap Portal to exploit his mutant powers, and are defeated once again by Captain America, Darkhawk, and Daredevil.

During the "Dark Reign" storyline, the U-Foes are revealed by new Initiative leader Norman Osborn as the new Initiative team for the state of North Carolina. Osborn orders the U-Foes to attack the Heavy Hitters after they secede from the Initiative. They help the other Initiative teams to defeat and capture the Heavy Hitters' leader Prodigy.

After several defeats at the hands of the Hulk and his allies, each of the U-Foes are banished to a different dimension. They manage to reunite and find their way back to Earth when the mutant Portal's powers began manifesting. The U-Foes attempt to murder Portal to keep him from opening another portal to banish them, but are defeated by the Avengers. They later attempt to kidnap Portal to exploit his mutant powers, and are defeated once again by Captain America, Darkhawk, and Daredevil.

Vapor appears in an alternate future where the Hulk became the despotic ruler known as Maestro. After waking in an A.I.M. laboratory laboratory in a dystopian future, Hulk found Vapor and Abomination in suspended animation cells. He briefly wondered if the other U-Foes were among the captives. Hulk later freed Vapor and recruited her to assist him in killing Hercules, going by the name of Maestro. Vapor seduced Hercules, then killed him by transforming into Arsine and suffocating him. Believing her to be a future threat, Hulk froze Vapor and smashed her to pieces. He ordered his soldiers to bury each of the shards individually so that Vapor could not re-integrate herself.

After several defeats at the hands of the Hulk and his allies, each of the U-Foes are banished to a different dimension. They manage to reunite and find their way back to Earth when the mutant Portal's powers began manifesting. The U-Foes attempt to murder Portal to keep him from opening another portal to banish them, but are defeated by the Avengers. They later attempt to kidnap Portal to exploit his mutant powers, and are defeated once again by Captain America, Darkhawk, and Daredevil.

Some time later, as their powers stabilize, the U-Foes reunite with the goal of revenge and making a name for themselves in the public eye by killing the Hulk. Though they find the Hulk a more formidable foe, with the intelligence of Bruce Banner then in control of the Hulk, X-ray discovers a way to keep Banner in his human form by generating 'anti-gamma rays'. The U-Foes imprison Banner at the former Gamma Base and hijack television broadcasts worldwide, intending to gain infamy by killing Banner in front of the world. However, Banner is freed by his allies Betty Ross, Rick Jones, and Bereet, and defeats the U-Foes as the Hulk. Ironically, the U-Foes' attempt to gain fame at the Hulk's expense instead reveals to the world that Banner is in control of the Hulk's power, and leads to a brief period of Banner/Hulk as a popular celebrity and true superhero (ending when the savage Hulk persona re-asserts itself).

After several defeats at the hands of the Hulk and his allies, each of the U-Foes are banished to a different dimension. They manage to reunite and find their way back to Earth when the mutant Portal's powers began manifesting. The U-Foes attempt to murder Portal to keep him from opening another portal to banish them, but are defeated by the Avengers. They later attempt to kidnap Portal to exploit his mutant powers, and are defeated once again by Captain America, Darkhawk, and Daredevil.

Vapor appears in an alternate future where the Hulk became the despotic ruler known as Maestro. After waking in an A.I.M. laboratory laboratory in a dystopian future, Hulk found Vapor and Abomination in suspended animation cells. He briefly wondered if the other U-Foes were among the captives. Hulk later freed Vapor and recruited her to assist him in killing Hercules, going by the name of Maestro. Vapor seduced Hercules, then killed him by transforming into Arsine and suffocating him. Believing her to be a future threat, Hulk froze Vapor and smashed her to pieces. He ordered his soldiers to bury each of the shards individually so that Vapor could not re-integrate herself.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the team generally work alone, but occasionally work as hired hands for other villains. Working for the Leader, they attack the Pantheon, injuring dozens of civilians. Despite the handicap of an orphan girl who had gotten mixed up in the battle, the Hulk and the Pantheon soldiers manage to subdue some of the U-Foes. The villains are tricked into hurting each other. During the Acts of Vengeance, the U-Foes face the West Coast Avengers with the help of the Mole Man, but they are defeated.

The team later encounters the Hulk in the Arctic ice fields outside the Leader's devastated sanctuary for cancer victims. The Hulk, believing he had just lost his friend, intimidates them into fleeing.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the team generally work alone, but occasionally work as hired hands for other villains. Working for the Leader, they attack the Pantheon, injuring dozens of civilians. Despite the handicap of an orphan girl who had gotten mixed up in the battle, the Hulk and the Pantheon soldiers manage to subdue some of the U-Foes. The villains are tricked into hurting each other. During the Acts of Vengeance, the U-Foes face the West Coast Avengers with the help of the Mole Man, but they are defeated.

In Malibu's Ultraverse, there exists a different Ironclad that was part of the New Exiles and Ultraforce.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the team generally work alone, but occasionally work as hired hands for other villains. Working for the Leader, they attack the Pantheon, injuring dozens of civilians. Despite the handicap of an orphan girl who had gotten mixed up in the battle, the Hulk and the Pantheon soldiers manage to subdue some of the U-Foes. The villains are tricked into hurting each other. During the Acts of Vengeance, the U-Foes face the West Coast Avengers with the help of the Mole Man, but they are defeated.

The U-Foes play a role in the beginning of "Siege", when Osborn sends them to fight Volstagg. The resulting clash leads to Volstagg being (falsely) blamed for destroying Soldier Field and killing thousands, and giving Osborn the excuse to start a war with Asgard. With the help of other villains, they bring down Thor after attacked by the Sentry. When Osborn is defeated, the whole team surrenders and is then incarcerated.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the team generally work alone, but occasionally work as hired hands for other villains. Working for the Leader, they attack the Pantheon, injuring dozens of civilians. Despite the handicap of an orphan girl who had gotten mixed up in the battle, the Hulk and the Pantheon soldiers manage to subdue some of the U-Foes. The villains are tricked into hurting each other. During the Acts of Vengeance, the U-Foes face the West Coast Avengers with the help of the Mole Man, but they are defeated.

Vapor appears in an alternate future where the Hulk became the despotic ruler known as Maestro. After waking in an A.I.M. laboratory laboratory in a dystopian future, Hulk found Vapor and Abomination in suspended animation cells. He briefly wondered if the other U-Foes were among the captives. Hulk later freed Vapor and recruited her to assist him in killing Hercules, going by the name of Maestro. Vapor seduced Hercules, then killed him by transforming into Arsine and suffocating him. Believing her to be a future threat, Hulk froze Vapor and smashed her to pieces. He ordered his soldiers to bury each of the shards individually so that Vapor could not re-integrate herself.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the team generally work alone, but occasionally work as hired hands for other villains. Working for the Leader, they attack the Pantheon, injuring dozens of civilians. Despite the handicap of an orphan girl who had gotten mixed up in the battle, the Hulk and the Pantheon soldiers manage to subdue some of the U-Foes. The villains are tricked into hurting each other. During the Acts of Vengeance, the U-Foes face the West Coast Avengers with the help of the Mole Man, but they are defeated.

Both of the fights with the Hulk are part of manipulations by the Pantheon's ancient leader Agamemnon. Neither side realizes the old man is secretly a power-crazed murderous psychotic who enjoys manipulation.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the team generally work alone, but occasionally work as hired hands for other villains. Working for the Leader, they attack the Pantheon, injuring dozens of civilians. Despite the handicap of an orphan girl who had gotten mixed up in the battle, the Hulk and the Pantheon soldiers manage to subdue some of the U-Foes. The villains are tricked into hurting each other. During the Acts of Vengeance, the U-Foes face the West Coast Avengers with the help of the Mole Man, but they are defeated.

Vapor appears in an alternate future where the Hulk became the despotic ruler known as Maestro. After waking in an A.I.M. laboratory laboratory in a dystopian future, Hulk found Vapor and Abomination in suspended animation cells. He briefly wondered if the other U-Foes were among the captives. Hulk later freed Vapor and recruited her to assist him in killing Hercules, going by the name of Maestro. Vapor seduced Hercules, then killed him by transforming into Arsine and suffocating him. Believing her to be a future threat, Hulk froze Vapor and smashed her to pieces. He ordered his soldiers to bury each of the shards individually so that Vapor could not re-integrate herself.

Around this time, they play an important part in The Vault prison breakout in "Venom Deathrap; The Vault". The various U-Foes work together and with other villains to fight against the prison's security, its forces, Freedom Force and the Avengers. The U-Foes and other prisoners are neutralized by technological mind-control.

Simon Utrecht, a former politician and multi-millionaire, funds an operation to gain superpowers the same way the Fantastic Four had, by flying into space and being exposed to cosmic rays. He chooses three other members to join him: Ann Darnell, Jimmy Darnell, and Mike Steel. What the group did not know was that they would be exposed to much higher amount than the Fantastic Four and that it would most likely kill them. The Hulk, in his Bruce Banner form, brings the ship down by reprogramming their computer before the group was exposed to the terminal levels of cosmic rays. The group did manage to gain powers and the newly christened U-Foes attacked Banner for interfering, convinced they could have become even more powerful without his intervention. Banner transforms into the Hulk and a fight ensues, but the U-Foes lose due to their inexperience with their newly gained powers and inability to fight as a team. In the end, their own ongoing mutations incapacitate them, and the team is scattered as they lose control of their increasing abilities.

Around this time, they play an important part in The Vault prison breakout in "Venom Deathrap; The Vault". The various U-Foes work together and with other villains to fight against the prison's security, its forces, Freedom Force and the Avengers. The U-Foes and other prisoners are neutralized by technological mind-control.

The U-Foes is a fictional supervillain team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are usually depicted as enemies of the Hulk. The group consists of four members: Vector, the group's leader, who can repel matter telekinetically; Vapor, who can transform into any form of gaseous matter; X-Ray, who can generate and project radiation and fly; and Ironclad, who has a metallic body and can control his density.

Around this time, they play an important part in The Vault prison breakout in "Venom Deathrap; The Vault". The various U-Foes work together and with other villains to fight against the prison's security, its forces, Freedom Force and the Avengers. The U-Foes and other prisoners are neutralized by technological mind-control.

During the "Dark Reign" storyline, the U-Foes are revealed by new Initiative leader Norman Osborn as the new Initiative team for the state of North Carolina. Osborn orders the U-Foes to attack the Heavy Hitters after they secede from the Initiative. They help the other Initiative teams to defeat and capture the Heavy Hitters' leader Prodigy.

Around this time, they play an important part in The Vault prison breakout in "Venom Deathrap; The Vault". The various U-Foes work together and with other villains to fight against the prison's security, its forces, Freedom Force and the Avengers. The U-Foes and other prisoners are neutralized by technological mind-control.

The U-Foes is a fictional supervillain team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are usually depicted as enemies of the Hulk. The group consists of four members: Vector, the group's leader, who can repel matter telekinetically; Vapor, who can transform into any form of gaseous matter; X-Ray, who can generate and project radiation and fly; and Ironclad, who has a metallic body and can control his density.

Around this time, they play an important part in The Vault prison breakout in "Venom Deathrap; The Vault". The various U-Foes work together and with other villains to fight against the prison's security, its forces, Freedom Force and the Avengers. The U-Foes and other prisoners are neutralized by technological mind-control.

During the "Civil War" storyline, the Superhuman Registration Act brings the U-Foes to the attention of the United States government. The U.S. sends the B-Squad version of the Thunderbolts (Blizzard, Joystick, Fixer and Quicksand), after the U-Foes. After a battle in Portland, the U-Foes are arrested. Instead of due process, they are given the choice of joining the team or facing jail time.

Around this time, they play an important part in The Vault prison breakout in "Venom Deathrap; The Vault". The various U-Foes work together and with other villains to fight against the prison's security, its forces, Freedom Force and the Avengers. The U-Foes and other prisoners are neutralized by technological mind-control.

The U-Foes is a fictional supervillain team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are usually depicted as enemies of the Hulk. The group consists of four members: Vector, the group's leader, who can repel matter telekinetically; Vapor, who can transform into any form of gaseous matter; X-Ray, who can generate and project radiation and fly; and Ironclad, who has a metallic body and can control his density.

The team later encounters the Hulk in the Arctic ice fields outside the Leader's devastated sanctuary for cancer victims. The Hulk, believing he had just lost his friend, intimidates them into fleeing.

The U-Foes are among the villains recruited to join Hood's crime syndicate. The U-Foes are seen to be among the new recruits for Camp H.A.M.M.E.R..

The team later encounters the Hulk in the Arctic ice fields outside the Leader's devastated sanctuary for cancer victims. The Hulk, believing he had just lost his friend, intimidates them into fleeing.

U-Foes:4143139

The team later encounters the Hulk in the Arctic ice fields outside the Leader's devastated sanctuary for cancer victims. The Hulk, believing he had just lost his friend, intimidates them into fleeing.

Around this time, they play an important part in The Vault prison breakout in "Venom Deathrap; The Vault". The various U-Foes work together and with other villains to fight against the prison's security, its forces, Freedom Force and the Avengers. The U-Foes and other prisoners are neutralized by technological mind-control.

The team later encounters the Hulk in the Arctic ice fields outside the Leader's devastated sanctuary for cancer victims. The Hulk, believing he had just lost his friend, intimidates them into fleeing.

The U-Foes first appeared in "The Incredible Hulk" #254 (December 1980) and were created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema. Per "The Incredible Hulk" #254 credits, editor Al Milgrom designed the costumes of the U-Foes while editor-in-chief Jim Shooter helped with the names of the U-Foes.

The team later encounters the Hulk in the Arctic ice fields outside the Leader's devastated sanctuary for cancer victims. The Hulk, believing he had just lost his friend, intimidates them into fleeing.

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, the U-Foes are among the villains recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

The team later encounters the Hulk in the Arctic ice fields outside the Leader's devastated sanctuary for cancer victims. The Hulk, believing he had just lost his friend, intimidates them into fleeing.

In Malibu's Ultraverse, there exists a different Ironclad that was part of the New Exiles and Ultraforce.

Both of the fights with the Hulk are part of manipulations by the Pantheon's ancient leader Agamemnon. Neither side realizes the old man is secretly a power-crazed murderous psychotic who enjoys manipulation.

The U-Foes also are freed from the Raft, when Electro breaks them out in the "New Avengers", but are distracted from escaping by a confrontation with Crossfire and his team of mind-controllers—including Mandrill, Mister Fear, Corruptor and the Controller—over technology that had been stolen from them, until Spider-Man, Captain America and Iron Man are able to capture them.

Both of the fights with the Hulk are part of manipulations by the Pantheon's ancient leader Agamemnon. Neither side realizes the old man is secretly a power-crazed murderous psychotic who enjoys manipulation.

U-Foes:4143139

Both of the fights with the Hulk are part of manipulations by the Pantheon's ancient leader Agamemnon. Neither side realizes the old man is secretly a power-crazed murderous psychotic who enjoys manipulation.

The team later encounters the Hulk in the Arctic ice fields outside the Leader's devastated sanctuary for cancer victims. The Hulk, believing he had just lost his friend, intimidates them into fleeing.

Both of the fights with the Hulk are part of manipulations by the Pantheon's ancient leader Agamemnon. Neither side realizes the old man is secretly a power-crazed murderous psychotic who enjoys manipulation.

Vapor appears in an alternate future where the Hulk became the despotic ruler known as Maestro. After waking in an A.I.M. laboratory laboratory in a dystopian future, Hulk found Vapor and Abomination in suspended animation cells. He briefly wondered if the other U-Foes were among the captives. Hulk later freed Vapor and recruited her to assist him in killing Hercules, going by the name of Maestro. Vapor seduced Hercules, then killed him by transforming into Arsine and suffocating him. Believing her to be a future threat, Hulk froze Vapor and smashed her to pieces. He ordered his soldiers to bury each of the shards individually so that Vapor could not re-integrate herself.

Both of the fights with the Hulk are part of manipulations by the Pantheon's ancient leader Agamemnon. Neither side realizes the old man is secretly a power-crazed murderous psychotic who enjoys manipulation.

The U-Foes are among the villains recruited to join Hood's crime syndicate. The U-Foes are seen to be among the new recruits for Camp H.A.M.M.E.R..

Both of the fights with the Hulk are part of manipulations by the Pantheon's ancient leader Agamemnon. Neither side realizes the old man is secretly a power-crazed murderous psychotic who enjoys manipulation.

In Malibu's Ultraverse, there exists a different Ironclad that was part of the New Exiles and Ultraforce.

Later, the U-Foes are again part of a breakout from the Vault. During this, they manage to destroy the entire facility.

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, the U-Foes are among the villains recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

Later, the U-Foes are again part of a breakout from the Vault. During this, they manage to destroy the entire facility.

In JLA/Avengers, X-ray is among the enthralled villains defending Krona's stronghold when the heroes assault it in #4. He is seen fighting Captain Atom.

Later, the U-Foes are again part of a breakout from the Vault. During this, they manage to destroy the entire facility.

The U-Foes also are freed from the Raft, when Electro breaks them out in the "New Avengers", but are distracted from escaping by a confrontation with Crossfire and his team of mind-controllers—including Mandrill, Mister Fear, Corruptor and the Controller—over technology that had been stolen from them, until Spider-Man, Captain America and Iron Man are able to capture them.

Later, the U-Foes are again part of a breakout from the Vault. During this, they manage to destroy the entire facility.

In JLA/Avengers, X-ray is among the enthralled villains defending Krona's stronghold when the heroes assault it in #4. He is seen fighting Captain Atom.

Later, the U-Foes are again part of a breakout from the Vault. During this, they manage to destroy the entire facility.

During the "Civil War" storyline, the Superhuman Registration Act brings the U-Foes to the attention of the United States government. The U.S. sends the B-Squad version of the Thunderbolts (Blizzard, Joystick, Fixer and Quicksand), after the U-Foes. After a battle in Portland, the U-Foes are arrested. Instead of due process, they are given the choice of joining the team or facing jail time.

Later, the U-Foes are again part of a breakout from the Vault. During this, they manage to destroy the entire facility.

U-Foes:4143139

The U-Foes also are freed from the Raft, when Electro breaks them out in the "New Avengers", but are distracted from escaping by a confrontation with Crossfire and his team of mind-controllers—including Mandrill, Mister Fear, Corruptor and the Controller—over technology that had been stolen from them, until Spider-Man, Captain America and Iron Man are able to capture them.

After several defeats at the hands of the Hulk and his allies, each of the U-Foes are banished to a different dimension. They manage to reunite and find their way back to Earth when the mutant Portal's powers began manifesting. The U-Foes attempt to murder Portal to keep him from opening another portal to banish them, but are defeated by the Avengers. They later attempt to kidnap Portal to exploit his mutant powers, and are defeated once again by Captain America, Darkhawk, and Daredevil.

The U-Foes also are freed from the Raft, when Electro breaks them out in the "New Avengers", but are distracted from escaping by a confrontation with Crossfire and his team of mind-controllers—including Mandrill, Mister Fear, Corruptor and the Controller—over technology that had been stolen from them, until Spider-Man, Captain America and Iron Man are able to capture them.

In Malibu's Ultraverse, there exists a different Ironclad that was part of the New Exiles and Ultraforce.

The U-Foes also are freed from the Raft, when Electro breaks them out in the "New Avengers", but are distracted from escaping by a confrontation with Crossfire and his team of mind-controllers—including Mandrill, Mister Fear, Corruptor and the Controller—over technology that had been stolen from them, until Spider-Man, Captain America and Iron Man are able to capture them.

The U-Foes play a role in the beginning of "Siege", when Osborn sends them to fight Volstagg. The resulting clash leads to Volstagg being (falsely) blamed for destroying Soldier Field and killing thousands, and giving Osborn the excuse to start a war with Asgard. With the help of other villains, they bring down Thor after attacked by the Sentry. When Osborn is defeated, the whole team surrenders and is then incarcerated.

The U-Foes also are freed from the Raft, when Electro breaks them out in the "New Avengers", but are distracted from escaping by a confrontation with Crossfire and his team of mind-controllers—including Mandrill, Mister Fear, Corruptor and the Controller—over technology that had been stolen from them, until Spider-Man, Captain America and Iron Man are able to capture them.

In JLA/Avengers, X-ray is among the enthralled villains defending Krona's stronghold when the heroes assault it in #4. He is seen fighting Captain Atom.

The U-Foes also are freed from the Raft, when Electro breaks them out in the "New Avengers", but are distracted from escaping by a confrontation with Crossfire and his team of mind-controllers—including Mandrill, Mister Fear, Corruptor and the Controller—over technology that had been stolen from them, until Spider-Man, Captain America and Iron Man are able to capture them.

Simon Utrecht, a former politician and multi-millionaire, funds an operation to gain superpowers the same way the Fantastic Four had, by flying into space and being exposed to cosmic rays. He chooses three other members to join him: Ann Darnell, Jimmy Darnell, and Mike Steel. What the group did not know was that they would be exposed to much higher amount than the Fantastic Four and that it would most likely kill them. The Hulk, in his Bruce Banner form, brings the ship down by reprogramming their computer before the group was exposed to the terminal levels of cosmic rays. The group did manage to gain powers and the newly christened U-Foes attacked Banner for interfering, convinced they could have become even more powerful without his intervention. Banner transforms into the Hulk and a fight ensues, but the U-Foes lose due to their inexperience with their newly gained powers and inability to fight as a team. In the end, their own ongoing mutations incapacitate them, and the team is scattered as they lose control of their increasing abilities.

The U-Foes also are freed from the Raft, when Electro breaks them out in the "New Avengers", but are distracted from escaping by a confrontation with Crossfire and his team of mind-controllers—including Mandrill, Mister Fear, Corruptor and the Controller—over technology that had been stolen from them, until Spider-Man, Captain America and Iron Man are able to capture them.

Vapor appears in an alternate future where the Hulk became the despotic ruler known as Maestro. After waking in an A.I.M. laboratory laboratory in a dystopian future, Hulk found Vapor and Abomination in suspended animation cells. He briefly wondered if the other U-Foes were among the captives. Hulk later freed Vapor and recruited her to assist him in killing Hercules, going by the name of Maestro. Vapor seduced Hercules, then killed him by transforming into Arsine and suffocating him. Believing her to be a future threat, Hulk froze Vapor and smashed her to pieces. He ordered his soldiers to bury each of the shards individually so that Vapor could not re-integrate herself.

During the "Civil War" storyline, the Superhuman Registration Act brings the U-Foes to the attention of the United States government. The U.S. sends the B-Squad version of the Thunderbolts (Blizzard, Joystick, Fixer and Quicksand), after the U-Foes. After a battle in Portland, the U-Foes are arrested. Instead of due process, they are given the choice of joining the team or facing jail time.

Simon Utrecht, a former politician and multi-millionaire, funds an operation to gain superpowers the same way the Fantastic Four had, by flying into space and being exposed to cosmic rays. He chooses three other members to join him: Ann Darnell, Jimmy Darnell, and Mike Steel. What the group did not know was that they would be exposed to much higher amount than the Fantastic Four and that it would most likely kill them. The Hulk, in his Bruce Banner form, brings the ship down by reprogramming their computer before the group was exposed to the terminal levels of cosmic rays. The group did manage to gain powers and the newly christened U-Foes attacked Banner for interfering, convinced they could have become even more powerful without his intervention. Banner transforms into the Hulk and a fight ensues, but the U-Foes lose due to their inexperience with their newly gained powers and inability to fight as a team. In the end, their own ongoing mutations incapacitate them, and the team is scattered as they lose control of their increasing abilities.

During the "Civil War" storyline, the Superhuman Registration Act brings the U-Foes to the attention of the United States government. The U.S. sends the B-Squad version of the Thunderbolts (Blizzard, Joystick, Fixer and Quicksand), after the U-Foes. After a battle in Portland, the U-Foes are arrested. Instead of due process, they are given the choice of joining the team or facing jail time.

The U-Foes first appeared in "The Incredible Hulk" #254 (December 1980) and were created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema. Per "The Incredible Hulk" #254 credits, editor Al Milgrom designed the costumes of the U-Foes while editor-in-chief Jim Shooter helped with the names of the U-Foes.

During the "Civil War" storyline, the Superhuman Registration Act brings the U-Foes to the attention of the United States government. The U.S. sends the B-Squad version of the Thunderbolts (Blizzard, Joystick, Fixer and Quicksand), after the U-Foes. After a battle in Portland, the U-Foes are arrested. Instead of due process, they are given the choice of joining the team or facing jail time.

The U-Foes are among the villains recruited to join Hood's crime syndicate. The U-Foes are seen to be among the new recruits for Camp H.A.M.M.E.R..

During the "Civil War" storyline, the Superhuman Registration Act brings the U-Foes to the attention of the United States government. The U.S. sends the B-Squad version of the Thunderbolts (Blizzard, Joystick, Fixer and Quicksand), after the U-Foes. After a battle in Portland, the U-Foes are arrested. Instead of due process, they are given the choice of joining the team or facing jail time.

In Malibu's Ultraverse, there exists a different Ironclad that was part of the New Exiles and Ultraforce.

During the "Civil War" storyline, the Superhuman Registration Act brings the U-Foes to the attention of the United States government. The U.S. sends the B-Squad version of the Thunderbolts (Blizzard, Joystick, Fixer and Quicksand), after the U-Foes. After a battle in Portland, the U-Foes are arrested. Instead of due process, they are given the choice of joining the team or facing jail time.

The U-Foes play a role in the beginning of "Siege", when Osborn sends them to fight Volstagg. The resulting clash leads to Volstagg being (falsely) blamed for destroying Soldier Field and killing thousands, and giving Osborn the excuse to start a war with Asgard. With the help of other villains, they bring down Thor after attacked by the Sentry. When Osborn is defeated, the whole team surrenders and is then incarcerated.

During the "Civil War" storyline, the Superhuman Registration Act brings the U-Foes to the attention of the United States government. The U.S. sends the B-Squad version of the Thunderbolts (Blizzard, Joystick, Fixer and Quicksand), after the U-Foes. After a battle in Portland, the U-Foes are arrested. Instead of due process, they are given the choice of joining the team or facing jail time.

The U-Foes is a fictional supervillain team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are usually depicted as enemies of the Hulk. The group consists of four members: Vector, the group's leader, who can repel matter telekinetically; Vapor, who can transform into any form of gaseous matter; X-Ray, who can generate and project radiation and fly; and Ironclad, who has a metallic body and can control his density.

The U-Foes are among the villains recruited to join Hood's crime syndicate. The U-Foes are seen to be among the new recruits for Camp H.A.M.M.E.R..

Later, the U-Foes are again part of a breakout from the Vault. During this, they manage to destroy the entire facility.

The U-Foes are among the villains recruited to join Hood's crime syndicate. The U-Foes are seen to be among the new recruits for Camp H.A.M.M.E.R..

The U-Foes is a fictional supervillain team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are usually depicted as enemies of the Hulk. The group consists of four members: Vector, the group's leader, who can repel matter telekinetically; Vapor, who can transform into any form of gaseous matter; X-Ray, who can generate and project radiation and fly; and Ironclad, who has a metallic body and can control his density.

The U-Foes are among the villains recruited to join Hood's crime syndicate. The U-Foes are seen to be among the new recruits for Camp H.A.M.M.E.R..

The U-Foes also are freed from the Raft, when Electro breaks them out in the "New Avengers", but are distracted from escaping by a confrontation with Crossfire and his team of mind-controllers—including Mandrill, Mister Fear, Corruptor and the Controller—over technology that had been stolen from them, until Spider-Man, Captain America and Iron Man are able to capture them.

The U-Foes are among the villains recruited to join Hood's crime syndicate. The U-Foes are seen to be among the new recruits for Camp H.A.M.M.E.R..

In JLA/Avengers, X-ray is among the enthralled villains defending Krona's stronghold when the heroes assault it in #4. He is seen fighting Captain Atom.

The U-Foes are among the villains recruited to join Hood's crime syndicate. The U-Foes are seen to be among the new recruits for Camp H.A.M.M.E.R..

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the team generally work alone, but occasionally work as hired hands for other villains. Working for the Leader, they attack the Pantheon, injuring dozens of civilians. Despite the handicap of an orphan girl who had gotten mixed up in the battle, the Hulk and the Pantheon soldiers manage to subdue some of the U-Foes. The villains are tricked into hurting each other. During the Acts of Vengeance, the U-Foes face the West Coast Avengers with the help of the Mole Man, but they are defeated.

The U-Foes are among the villains recruited to join Hood's crime syndicate. The U-Foes are seen to be among the new recruits for Camp H.A.M.M.E.R..

Vapor appears in an alternate future where the Hulk became the despotic ruler known as Maestro. After waking in an A.I.M. laboratory laboratory in a dystopian future, Hulk found Vapor and Abomination in suspended animation cells. He briefly wondered if the other U-Foes were among the captives. Hulk later freed Vapor and recruited her to assist him in killing Hercules, going by the name of Maestro. Vapor seduced Hercules, then killed him by transforming into Arsine and suffocating him. Believing her to be a future threat, Hulk froze Vapor and smashed her to pieces. He ordered his soldiers to bury each of the shards individually so that Vapor could not re-integrate herself.

During the "Dark Reign" storyline, the U-Foes are revealed by new Initiative leader Norman Osborn as the new Initiative team for the state of North Carolina. Osborn orders the U-Foes to attack the Heavy Hitters after they secede from the Initiative. They help the other Initiative teams to defeat and capture the Heavy Hitters' leader Prodigy.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the team generally work alone, but occasionally work as hired hands for other villains. Working for the Leader, they attack the Pantheon, injuring dozens of civilians. Despite the handicap of an orphan girl who had gotten mixed up in the battle, the Hulk and the Pantheon soldiers manage to subdue some of the U-Foes. The villains are tricked into hurting each other. During the Acts of Vengeance, the U-Foes face the West Coast Avengers with the help of the Mole Man, but they are defeated.

During the "Dark Reign" storyline, the U-Foes are revealed by new Initiative leader Norman Osborn as the new Initiative team for the state of North Carolina. Osborn orders the U-Foes to attack the Heavy Hitters after they secede from the Initiative. They help the other Initiative teams to defeat and capture the Heavy Hitters' leader Prodigy.

Vapor appears in an alternate future where the Hulk became the despotic ruler known as Maestro. After waking in an A.I.M. laboratory laboratory in a dystopian future, Hulk found Vapor and Abomination in suspended animation cells. He briefly wondered if the other U-Foes were among the captives. Hulk later freed Vapor and recruited her to assist him in killing Hercules, going by the name of Maestro. Vapor seduced Hercules, then killed him by transforming into Arsine and suffocating him. Believing her to be a future threat, Hulk froze Vapor and smashed her to pieces. He ordered his soldiers to bury each of the shards individually so that Vapor could not re-integrate herself.

During the "Dark Reign" storyline, the U-Foes are revealed by new Initiative leader Norman Osborn as the new Initiative team for the state of North Carolina. Osborn orders the U-Foes to attack the Heavy Hitters after they secede from the Initiative. They help the other Initiative teams to defeat and capture the Heavy Hitters' leader Prodigy.

Later, the U-Foes are again part of a breakout from the Vault. During this, they manage to destroy the entire facility.

During the "Dark Reign" storyline, the U-Foes are revealed by new Initiative leader Norman Osborn as the new Initiative team for the state of North Carolina. Osborn orders the U-Foes to attack the Heavy Hitters after they secede from the Initiative. They help the other Initiative teams to defeat and capture the Heavy Hitters' leader Prodigy.

In Malibu's Ultraverse, there exists a different Ironclad that was part of the New Exiles and Ultraforce.

During the "Dark Reign" storyline, the U-Foes are revealed by new Initiative leader Norman Osborn as the new Initiative team for the state of North Carolina. Osborn orders the U-Foes to attack the Heavy Hitters after they secede from the Initiative. They help the other Initiative teams to defeat and capture the Heavy Hitters' leader Prodigy.

After several defeats at the hands of the Hulk and his allies, each of the U-Foes are banished to a different dimension. They manage to reunite and find their way back to Earth when the mutant Portal's powers began manifesting. The U-Foes attempt to murder Portal to keep him from opening another portal to banish them, but are defeated by the Avengers. They later attempt to kidnap Portal to exploit his mutant powers, and are defeated once again by Captain America, Darkhawk, and Daredevil.

During the "Dark Reign" storyline, the U-Foes are revealed by new Initiative leader Norman Osborn as the new Initiative team for the state of North Carolina. Osborn orders the U-Foes to attack the Heavy Hitters after they secede from the Initiative. They help the other Initiative teams to defeat and capture the Heavy Hitters' leader Prodigy.

Vapor appears in an alternate future where the Hulk became the despotic ruler known as Maestro. After waking in an A.I.M. laboratory laboratory in a dystopian future, Hulk found Vapor and Abomination in suspended animation cells. He briefly wondered if the other U-Foes were among the captives. Hulk later freed Vapor and recruited her to assist him in killing Hercules, going by the name of Maestro. Vapor seduced Hercules, then killed him by transforming into Arsine and suffocating him. Believing her to be a future threat, Hulk froze Vapor and smashed her to pieces. He ordered his soldiers to bury each of the shards individually so that Vapor could not re-integrate herself.

The U-Foes play a role in the beginning of "Siege", when Osborn sends them to fight Volstagg. The resulting clash leads to Volstagg being (falsely) blamed for destroying Soldier Field and killing thousands, and giving Osborn the excuse to start a war with Asgard. With the help of other villains, they bring down Thor after attacked by the Sentry. When Osborn is defeated, the whole team surrenders and is then incarcerated.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the team generally work alone, but occasionally work as hired hands for other villains. Working for the Leader, they attack the Pantheon, injuring dozens of civilians. Despite the handicap of an orphan girl who had gotten mixed up in the battle, the Hulk and the Pantheon soldiers manage to subdue some of the U-Foes. The villains are tricked into hurting each other. During the Acts of Vengeance, the U-Foes face the West Coast Avengers with the help of the Mole Man, but they are defeated.

The U-Foes play a role in the beginning of "Siege", when Osborn sends them to fight Volstagg. The resulting clash leads to Volstagg being (falsely) blamed for destroying Soldier Field and killing thousands, and giving Osborn the excuse to start a war with Asgard. With the help of other villains, they bring down Thor after attacked by the Sentry. When Osborn is defeated, the whole team surrenders and is then incarcerated.

The U-Foes is a fictional supervillain team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are usually depicted as enemies of the Hulk. The group consists of four members: Vector, the group's leader, who can repel matter telekinetically; Vapor, who can transform into any form of gaseous matter; X-Ray, who can generate and project radiation and fly; and Ironclad, who has a metallic body and can control his density.

The U-Foes play a role in the beginning of "Siege", when Osborn sends them to fight Volstagg. The resulting clash leads to Volstagg being (falsely) blamed for destroying Soldier Field and killing thousands, and giving Osborn the excuse to start a war with Asgard. With the help of other villains, they bring down Thor after attacked by the Sentry. When Osborn is defeated, the whole team surrenders and is then incarcerated.

Some time later, as their powers stabilize, the U-Foes reunite with the goal of revenge and making a name for themselves in the public eye by killing the Hulk. Though they find the Hulk a more formidable foe, with the intelligence of Bruce Banner then in control of the Hulk, X-ray discovers a way to keep Banner in his human form by generating 'anti-gamma rays'. The U-Foes imprison Banner at the former Gamma Base and hijack television broadcasts worldwide, intending to gain infamy by killing Banner in front of the world. However, Banner is freed by his allies Betty Ross, Rick Jones, and Bereet, and defeats the U-Foes as the Hulk. Ironically, the U-Foes' attempt to gain fame at the Hulk's expense instead reveals to the world that Banner is in control of the Hulk's power, and leads to a brief period of Banner/Hulk as a popular celebrity and true superhero (ending when the savage Hulk persona re-asserts itself).

The U-Foes play a role in the beginning of "Siege", when Osborn sends them to fight Volstagg. The resulting clash leads to Volstagg being (falsely) blamed for destroying Soldier Field and killing thousands, and giving Osborn the excuse to start a war with Asgard. With the help of other villains, they bring down Thor after attacked by the Sentry. When Osborn is defeated, the whole team surrenders and is then incarcerated.

As noted on the first page of that issue, the group's name was inspired by the 1979 Graham Parker song "Waiting for the UFOs".

The U-Foes play a role in the beginning of "Siege", when Osborn sends them to fight Volstagg. The resulting clash leads to Volstagg being (falsely) blamed for destroying Soldier Field and killing thousands, and giving Osborn the excuse to start a war with Asgard. With the help of other villains, they bring down Thor after attacked by the Sentry. When Osborn is defeated, the whole team surrenders and is then incarcerated.

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, the U-Foes are among the villains recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

The U-Foes play a role in the beginning of "Siege", when Osborn sends them to fight Volstagg. The resulting clash leads to Volstagg being (falsely) blamed for destroying Soldier Field and killing thousands, and giving Osborn the excuse to start a war with Asgard. With the help of other villains, they bring down Thor after attacked by the Sentry. When Osborn is defeated, the whole team surrenders and is then incarcerated.

The U-Foes first appeared in "The Incredible Hulk" #254 (December 1980) and were created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema. Per "The Incredible Hulk" #254 credits, editor Al Milgrom designed the costumes of the U-Foes while editor-in-chief Jim Shooter helped with the names of the U-Foes.

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, the U-Foes are among the villains recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

The team later encounters the Hulk in the Arctic ice fields outside the Leader's devastated sanctuary for cancer victims. The Hulk, believing he had just lost his friend, intimidates them into fleeing.

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, the U-Foes are among the villains recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

The U-Foes first appeared in "The Incredible Hulk" #254 (December 1980) and were created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema. Per "The Incredible Hulk" #254 credits, editor Al Milgrom designed the costumes of the U-Foes while editor-in-chief Jim Shooter helped with the names of the U-Foes.

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, the U-Foes are among the villains recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

Some time later, as their powers stabilize, the U-Foes reunite with the goal of revenge and making a name for themselves in the public eye by killing the Hulk. Though they find the Hulk a more formidable foe, with the intelligence of Bruce Banner then in control of the Hulk, X-ray discovers a way to keep Banner in his human form by generating 'anti-gamma rays'. The U-Foes imprison Banner at the former Gamma Base and hijack television broadcasts worldwide, intending to gain infamy by killing Banner in front of the world. However, Banner is freed by his allies Betty Ross, Rick Jones, and Bereet, and defeats the U-Foes as the Hulk. Ironically, the U-Foes' attempt to gain fame at the Hulk's expense instead reveals to the world that Banner is in control of the Hulk's power, and leads to a brief period of Banner/Hulk as a popular celebrity and true superhero (ending when the savage Hulk persona re-asserts itself).

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, the U-Foes are among the villains recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

In JLA/Avengers, X-ray is among the enthralled villains defending Krona's stronghold when the heroes assault it in #4. He is seen fighting Captain Atom.

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, the U-Foes are among the villains recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

Around this time, they play an important part in The Vault prison breakout in "Venom Deathrap; The Vault". The various U-Foes work together and with other villains to fight against the prison's security, its forces, Freedom Force and the Avengers. The U-Foes and other prisoners are neutralized by technological mind-control.

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, the U-Foes are among the villains recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

The U-Foes is a fictional supervillain team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are usually depicted as enemies of the Hulk. The group consists of four members: Vector, the group's leader, who can repel matter telekinetically; Vapor, who can transform into any form of gaseous matter; X-Ray, who can generate and project radiation and fly; and Ironclad, who has a metallic body and can control his density.

The first publication was in 1986 with the title,”Numerical Recipes, The Art of Scientific Computing”, containing code in both Fortran and Pascal; an accompanying book, “Numerical Recipes Example Book (Pascal) was first published in 1985. (A preface note in “Examples" mentions that the main book was also published in 1985, but the official note in that book says 1986.) Supplemental editions followed with code in Pascal, BASIC, and C. "Numerical Recipes" took, from the start, an opinionated editorial position at odds with the conventional wisdom of the numerical analysis community:

By the mid-2000s, the practice of scientific computing had been radically altered by the mature Internet and Web. Recognizing that their "Numerical Recipes" books were increasingly valued more for their explanatory text than for their code examples, the authors significantly expanded the scope of the book, and significantly rewrote a large part of the text. They continued to include code, still printed in the book, now in C++, for every method discussed. The Third Edition was also released as an electronic book, eventually made available on the Web for free (with limited page views) or by paid or institutional subscription (with unlimited page views).

The first publication was in 1986 with the title,”Numerical Recipes, The Art of Scientific Computing”, containing code in both Fortran and Pascal; an accompanying book, “Numerical Recipes Example Book (Pascal) was first published in 1985. (A preface note in “Examples" mentions that the main book was also published in 1985, but the official note in that book says 1986.) Supplemental editions followed with code in Pascal, BASIC, and C. "Numerical Recipes" took, from the start, an opinionated editorial position at odds with the conventional wisdom of the numerical analysis community:

One early motivation for the GNU Scientific Library was that a free library was needed as a substitute for "Numerical Recipes".

However, as it turned out, the 1980s were fertile years for the "black box" side, yielding important libraries such as BLAS and LAPACK, and integrated environments like MATLAB and Mathematica. By the early 1990s, when Second Edition versions of "Numerical Recipes" (with code in C, Fortran-77, and Fortran-90) were published, it was clear that the constituency for "Numerical Recipes" was by no means the majority of scientists doing computation, but only that slice that lived "between" the more mathematical numerical analysts and the larger community using integrated environments. The Second Edition versions occupied a stable role in this niche environment.

The first publication was in 1986 with the title,”Numerical Recipes, The Art of Scientific Computing”, containing code in both Fortran and Pascal; an accompanying book, “Numerical Recipes Example Book (Pascal) was first published in 1985. (A preface note in “Examples" mentions that the main book was also published in 1985, but the official note in that book says 1986.) Supplemental editions followed with code in Pascal, BASIC, and C. "Numerical Recipes" took, from the start, an opinionated editorial position at odds with the conventional wisdom of the numerical analysis community:

However, as it turned out, the 1980s were fertile years for the "black box" side, yielding important libraries such as BLAS and LAPACK, and integrated environments like MATLAB and Mathematica. By the early 1990s, when Second Edition versions of "Numerical Recipes" (with code in C, Fortran-77, and Fortran-90) were published, it was clear that the constituency for "Numerical Recipes" was by no means the majority of scientists doing computation, but only that slice that lived "between" the more mathematical numerical analysts and the larger community using integrated environments. The Second Edition versions occupied a stable role in this niche environment.

According to the publisher, Cambridge University Press, the "Numerical Recipes" books are historically the all-time best-selling books on scientific programming methods. In recent years, "Numerical Recipes" books have been cited in the scientific literature more than 3000 times per year according to ISI Web of Knowledge (e.g., 3962 times in the year 2008). And as of the end of 2017, the book had over 44000 citations on Google Scholar.

By the mid-2000s, the practice of scientific computing had been radically altered by the mature Internet and Web. Recognizing that their "Numerical Recipes" books were increasingly valued more for their explanatory text than for their code examples, the authors significantly expanded the scope of the book, and significantly rewrote a large part of the text. They continued to include code, still printed in the book, now in C++, for every method discussed. The Third Edition was also released as an electronic book, eventually made available on the Web for free (with limited page views) or by paid or institutional subscription (with unlimited page views).

However, as it turned out, the 1980s were fertile years for the "black box" side, yielding important libraries such as BLAS and LAPACK, and integrated environments like MATLAB and Mathematica. By the early 1990s, when Second Edition versions of "Numerical Recipes" (with code in C, Fortran-77, and Fortran-90) were published, it was clear that the constituency for "Numerical Recipes" was by no means the majority of scientists doing computation, but only that slice that lived "between" the more mathematical numerical analysts and the larger community using integrated environments. The Second Edition versions occupied a stable role in this niche environment.

By the mid-2000s, the practice of scientific computing had been radically altered by the mature Internet and Web. Recognizing that their "Numerical Recipes" books were increasingly valued more for their explanatory text than for their code examples, the authors significantly expanded the scope of the book, and significantly rewrote a large part of the text. They continued to include code, still printed in the book, now in C++, for every method discussed. The Third Edition was also released as an electronic book, eventually made available on the Web for free (with limited page views) or by paid or institutional subscription (with unlimited page views).

Numerical Recipes:632539

Numerical Recipes is a single volume that covers very broad range of algorithms. Unfortunately that format skewed the choice of algorithms towards simpler and shorter early algorithms which were not as accurate, efficient or stable as later more complex algorithms. The first edition had also some minor bugs, which were fixed in later editions; however according to the authors for years they were encountering on the internet rumors that Numerical Recipes is ""full of bugs"". They attributed this to people using outdated versions of the code, bugs in other parts of the code and misuse of routines which require some understanding to use correctly.

Another line of criticism centers on the coding style of the books, which strike some modern readers as "Fortran-ish", though written in contemporary, object-oriented C++. The authors have defended their very terse coding style as necessary to the format of the book because of space limitations and for readability.

Numerical Recipes is a single volume that covers very broad range of algorithms. Unfortunately that format skewed the choice of algorithms towards simpler and shorter early algorithms which were not as accurate, efficient or stable as later more complex algorithms. The first edition had also some minor bugs, which were fixed in later editions; however according to the authors for years they were encountering on the internet rumors that Numerical Recipes is ""full of bugs"". They attributed this to people using outdated versions of the code, bugs in other parts of the code and misuse of routines which require some understanding to use correctly.

By the mid-2000s, the practice of scientific computing had been radically altered by the mature Internet and Web. Recognizing that their "Numerical Recipes" books were increasingly valued more for their explanatory text than for their code examples, the authors significantly expanded the scope of the book, and significantly rewrote a large part of the text. They continued to include code, still printed in the book, now in C++, for every method discussed. The Third Edition was also released as an electronic book, eventually made available on the Web for free (with limited page views) or by paid or institutional subscription (with unlimited page views).

The code listings are copyrighted and commercially licensed by the "Numerical Recipes" authors. However, "Numerical Recipes" includes the following statement regarding copyrights on computer programs:Copyright does not protect ideas, but only the expression of those ideas in a particular form. In the case of a computer program, the ideas consist of the program's methodology and algorithm, including the necessary sequence of steps adopted by the programmer. The expression of those ideas is the program source code... If you analyze the ideas contained in a program, and then express those ideas in your own completely different implementation, then that new program implementation belongs to you.

One early motivation for the GNU Scientific Library was that a free library was needed as a substitute for "Numerical Recipes".

The code listings are copyrighted and commercially licensed by the "Numerical Recipes" authors. However, "Numerical Recipes" includes the following statement regarding copyrights on computer programs:Copyright does not protect ideas, but only the expression of those ideas in a particular form. In the case of a computer program, the ideas consist of the program's methodology and algorithm, including the necessary sequence of steps adopted by the programmer. The expression of those ideas is the program source code... If you analyze the ideas contained in a program, and then express those ideas in your own completely different implementation, then that new program implementation belongs to you.

Numerical Recipes is the generic title of a series of books on algorithms and numerical analysis by William H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling and Brian P. Flannery. In various editions, the books have been in print since 1986. The most recent edition was published in 2007. In 2015 Numerical Recipes sold its historic two-letter domain name nr.com and became codice_1 instead.

One early motivation for the GNU Scientific Library was that a free library was needed as a substitute for "Numerical Recipes".

The code listings are copyrighted and commercially licensed by the "Numerical Recipes" authors. However, "Numerical Recipes" includes the following statement regarding copyrights on computer programs:Copyright does not protect ideas, but only the expression of those ideas in a particular form. In the case of a computer program, the ideas consist of the program's methodology and algorithm, including the necessary sequence of steps adopted by the programmer. The expression of those ideas is the program source code... If you analyze the ideas contained in a program, and then express those ideas in your own completely different implementation, then that new program implementation belongs to you.

One early motivation for the GNU Scientific Library was that a free library was needed as a substitute for "Numerical Recipes".

According to the publisher, Cambridge University Press, the "Numerical Recipes" books are historically the all-time best-selling books on scientific programming methods. In recent years, "Numerical Recipes" books have been cited in the scientific literature more than 3000 times per year according to ISI Web of Knowledge (e.g., 3962 times in the year 2008). And as of the end of 2017, the book had over 44000 citations on Google Scholar.

Another line of criticism centers on the coding style of the books, which strike some modern readers as "Fortran-ish", though written in contemporary, object-oriented C++. The authors have defended their very terse coding style as necessary to the format of the book because of space limitations and for readability.

One early motivation for the GNU Scientific Library was that a free library was needed as a substitute for "Numerical Recipes".

Another line of criticism centers on the coding style of the books, which strike some modern readers as "Fortran-ish", though written in contemporary, object-oriented C++. The authors have defended their very terse coding style as necessary to the format of the book because of space limitations and for readability.

Numerical Recipes:632539

Björk has used live performances of "Declare Independence" to declare political support for various causes, often to some controversy. At two concerts in Tokyo, she showed her support for Kosovo's declaration of independence. When her upcoming performance at the 2008 Serbian EXIT Festival was cancelled, Björk suggested that "Maybe a Serb attended my concert Tokyo and called home, and therefore the concert in Novi Sad was cancelled." The organizer behind the EXIT Festival denied that Björk's cancellation from the festival was because of her song dedication to Kosovo; that it was actually their inability to guarantee the safety of her fans. Björk's management maintained that the cancellation was because of the dedication, claiming that they had received an email from EXIT Festival saying that they would only allow the concert to go ahead if Björk's management "denied that Björk has ever the song to Kosovo". On 7 March 2008, EXIT festival organiser Bojan Bošković changed his position and told "NME" that Björk has an "open invitation" to play at the festival. Björk's dedicating of "Declare Independence" to the Faroe Islands caused some minor controversy in the country.

At a concert in Shanghai on 2 March 2008, Björk shouted "Tibet, Tibet!" three times followed by "Raise your flag!" four times during the finale performance of "Declare Independence". Immediately there was an "uneasy atmosphere" and fans left the venue quickly, and internet forums such as Tianya fielded many negative comments on her statement. China's Ministry of Culture issued a statement denouncing Björk's outburst, and warned that she would be banned from future appearances in China if she repeated such behavior. In an interview, Björk said that she did not " a trip to China with the purpose of... propaganda" and that Chinese officials "sensationalized" her performance. On 17 July 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Culture announced that artistic groups who "threaten national unity" or "whip up ethnic hatred" among other things during live events would be banned from performing. Fans of Oasis and Bob Dylan, who had previously performed in Tibetan Freedom Concerts, blamed the new regulations for their subsequent denials of permission to perform in Chinese venues.

Björk has used live performances of "Declare Independence" to declare political support for various causes, often to some controversy. At two concerts in Tokyo, she showed her support for Kosovo's declaration of independence. When her upcoming performance at the 2008 Serbian EXIT Festival was cancelled, Björk suggested that "Maybe a Serb attended my concert Tokyo and called home, and therefore the concert in Novi Sad was cancelled." The organizer behind the EXIT Festival denied that Björk's cancellation from the festival was because of her song dedication to Kosovo; that it was actually their inability to guarantee the safety of her fans. Björk's management maintained that the cancellation was because of the dedication, claiming that they had received an email from EXIT Festival saying that they would only allow the concert to go ahead if Björk's management "denied that Björk has ever the song to Kosovo". On 7 March 2008, EXIT festival organiser Bojan Bošković changed his position and told "NME" that Björk has an "open invitation" to play at the festival. Björk's dedicating of "Declare Independence" to the Faroe Islands caused some minor controversy in the country.

Björk also performed the song at the end of her set in Toronto on 16 July 2013, and dedicated it to Trayvon Martin.

At a concert in Shanghai on 2 March 2008, Björk shouted "Tibet, Tibet!" three times followed by "Raise your flag!" four times during the finale performance of "Declare Independence". Immediately there was an "uneasy atmosphere" and fans left the venue quickly, and internet forums such as Tianya fielded many negative comments on her statement. China's Ministry of Culture issued a statement denouncing Björk's outburst, and warned that she would be banned from future appearances in China if she repeated such behavior. In an interview, Björk said that she did not " a trip to China with the purpose of... propaganda" and that Chinese officials "sensationalized" her performance. On 17 July 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Culture announced that artistic groups who "threaten national unity" or "whip up ethnic hatred" among other things during live events would be banned from performing. Fans of Oasis and Bob Dylan, who had previously performed in Tibetan Freedom Concerts, blamed the new regulations for their subsequent denials of permission to perform in Chinese venues.

In October 2017, after the referendum for independence that took place in Catalonia, Björk dedicated the song to Catalonia on Twitter. In August 2019, following Donald Trump's expression of interest to buy Greenland from Denmark, Björk once again took to Twitter to support the island nation's independence.

At a concert in Shanghai on 2 March 2008, Björk shouted "Tibet, Tibet!" three times followed by "Raise your flag!" four times during the finale performance of "Declare Independence". Immediately there was an "uneasy atmosphere" and fans left the venue quickly, and internet forums such as Tianya fielded many negative comments on her statement. China's Ministry of Culture issued a statement denouncing Björk's outburst, and warned that she would be banned from future appearances in China if she repeated such behavior. In an interview, Björk said that she did not " a trip to China with the purpose of... propaganda" and that Chinese officials "sensationalized" her performance. On 17 July 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Culture announced that artistic groups who "threaten national unity" or "whip up ethnic hatred" among other things during live events would be banned from performing. Fans of Oasis and Bob Dylan, who had previously performed in Tibetan Freedom Concerts, blamed the new regulations for their subsequent denials of permission to perform in Chinese venues.

The video opens with Mark Bell standing on a wall suspended above Björk, playing a loom-shaped bass guitar. The strings from this guitar thread themselves through Björk's megaphone, the helmets of several foot soldiers and then up through a pulley system before returning to the guitar. As the song progresses, the strings are spraypainted with several colours as they pass through the loop. When the beat begins, the foot soldiers jump along to the beat, triggering a platform switch that raises a large white banner that loops around the installation. The banner is then painted by five other people in jumpsuits when it reaches the top. A trickle of green paint streaks down the camera's lens at the end of the video as the machine begins to grind to a halt. All the people in the video including Björk wear jumpsuits with the flags of Greenland and the Faroe Islands on their shoulders.

In October 2017, after the referendum for independence that took place in Catalonia, Björk dedicated the song to Catalonia on Twitter. In August 2019, following Donald Trump's expression of interest to buy Greenland from Denmark, Björk once again took to Twitter to support the island nation's independence.

At a concert in Shanghai on 2 March 2008, Björk shouted "Tibet, Tibet!" three times followed by "Raise your flag!" four times during the finale performance of "Declare Independence". Immediately there was an "uneasy atmosphere" and fans left the venue quickly, and internet forums such as Tianya fielded many negative comments on her statement. China's Ministry of Culture issued a statement denouncing Björk's outburst, and warned that she would be banned from future appearances in China if she repeated such behavior. In an interview, Björk said that she did not " a trip to China with the purpose of... propaganda" and that Chinese officials "sensationalized" her performance. On 17 July 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Culture announced that artistic groups who "threaten national unity" or "whip up ethnic hatred" among other things during live events would be banned from performing. Fans of Oasis and Bob Dylan, who had previously performed in Tibetan Freedom Concerts, blamed the new regulations for their subsequent denials of permission to perform in Chinese venues.

In October 2017, after the referendum for independence that took place in Catalonia, Björk dedicated the song to Catalonia on Twitter. In August 2019, following Donald Trump's expression of interest to buy Greenland from Denmark, Björk once again took to Twitter to support the island nation's independence.

The video opens with Mark Bell standing on a wall suspended above Björk, playing a loom-shaped bass guitar. The strings from this guitar thread themselves through Björk's megaphone, the helmets of several foot soldiers and then up through a pulley system before returning to the guitar. As the song progresses, the strings are spraypainted with several colours as they pass through the loop. When the beat begins, the foot soldiers jump along to the beat, triggering a platform switch that raises a large white banner that loops around the installation. The banner is then painted by five other people in jumpsuits when it reaches the top. A trickle of green paint streaks down the camera's lens at the end of the video as the machine begins to grind to a halt. All the people in the video including Björk wear jumpsuits with the flags of Greenland and the Faroe Islands on their shoulders.

On 8 June 2007 (recorded on 5 June 2007), Björk performed, along with her tour musicians, on the UK television show "Later... with Jools Holland" for the fifth time in her solo career. She performed "Earth Intruders", "The Anchor Song", and "Declare Independence". Björk's set at Glastonbury Festival was broadcast on BBC Four (and later on BBC Two) on 22 June 2007, with "Declare Independence" being the last song of the concert.

Björk performed the song on every show of the worldwide Volta Tour, usually as the very last song of the concert. The live performances make heavy use of the ReacTable, an electro-acoustic music instrument with a tabletop Tangible User Interface. Musician Damian Taylor plays the ReacTable live on stage, and is often joined on the instrument by the support bands when "Declare Independence" is played. During the Australian leg of her tour, as part of the 2008 Big Day Out, the song was dedicated to the Aboriginal people of Australia.

On 8 June 2007 (recorded on 5 June 2007), Björk performed, along with her tour musicians, on the UK television show "Later... with Jools Holland" for the fifth time in her solo career. She performed "Earth Intruders", "The Anchor Song", and "Declare Independence". Björk's set at Glastonbury Festival was broadcast on BBC Four (and later on BBC Two) on 22 June 2007, with "Declare Independence" being the last song of the concert.

"Declare Independence" was originally an instrumental track by British musician and frequent musical collaborator Mark Bell, performed at his live shows as early as November 2006. Björk later added her vocals and brass arrangement on top. The lyrics are dedicated to the Faroe Islands and Greenland, islands which currently are constituent nations within the kingdom Denmark, as Björk's home country of Iceland had been.

Björk performed the song on every show of the worldwide Volta Tour, usually as the very last song of the concert. The live performances make heavy use of the ReacTable, an electro-acoustic music instrument with a tabletop Tangible User Interface. Musician Damian Taylor plays the ReacTable live on stage, and is often joined on the instrument by the support bands when "Declare Independence" is played. During the Australian leg of her tour, as part of the 2008 Big Day Out, the song was dedicated to the Aboriginal people of Australia.

Björk also performed the song at the end of her set in Toronto on 16 July 2013, and dedicated it to Trayvon Martin.

Björk performed the song on every show of the worldwide Volta Tour, usually as the very last song of the concert. The live performances make heavy use of the ReacTable, an electro-acoustic music instrument with a tabletop Tangible User Interface. Musician Damian Taylor plays the ReacTable live on stage, and is often joined on the instrument by the support bands when "Declare Independence" is played. During the Australian leg of her tour, as part of the 2008 Big Day Out, the song was dedicated to the Aboriginal people of Australia.

"Declare Independence" is a song written and recorded by Icelandic singer Björk. The track was released as the third single from her sixth full-length studio album, "Volta". The single was released on 1 January 2008. Björk's dedication of the song to various independence causes at live performances of the song in Shanghai and Tokyo have caused controversy.

In the Biophilia Tour, the song was played using the instrumental base of the song (eliminating brass and beats, being the latter played live onstage by Manu Delago) and featuring the Tesla coil as a new instrument. On 12 August 2012 in Helsinki, Finland, Björk dedicated the song to Pussy Riot.

On 8 June 2007 (recorded on 5 June 2007), Björk performed, along with her tour musicians, on the UK television show "Later... with Jools Holland" for the fifth time in her solo career. She performed "Earth Intruders", "The Anchor Song", and "Declare Independence". Björk's set at Glastonbury Festival was broadcast on BBC Four (and later on BBC Two) on 22 June 2007, with "Declare Independence" being the last song of the concert.

In the Biophilia Tour, the song was played using the instrumental base of the song (eliminating brass and beats, being the latter played live onstage by Manu Delago) and featuring the Tesla coil as a new instrument. On 12 August 2012 in Helsinki, Finland, Björk dedicated the song to Pussy Riot.

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