Datasets:

copenlu

/

citeworth

like 4

Follow

CopeNLU 21

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "A single development, without a regional context, may not appear to be sprawl so there is no perceived issue to address for a community.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A single development, without a regional context, may not appear to be sprawl so there is no perceived issue to address for a community.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, proactive land use planning is critical in the context of describing regional development patterns.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, proactive land use planning is critical in the context of describing regional development patterns [36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36]" ] }, { "text": "Understanding how a particular development affects the overall regional development pattern has important implications, particularly for policy makers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Understanding how a particular development affects the overall regional development pattern has important implications, particularly for policy makers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These patterns of growth can be measured and compared to temporal indicators that will allow policy makers in these rural areas to begin to recognize sprawl patterns and plan for them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These patterns of growth can be measured and compared to temporal indicators that will allow policy makers in these rural areas to begin to recognize sprawl patterns and plan for them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If sprawl is conceptualized in a relative sense, then using amount, spatial configuration, and per capita land usage indicators in an Amalgamated Sprawl Index approach is helpful for visualizing a commonly used term that has been historically difficult to apply descriptive measures from metropolitan to rural areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If sprawl is conceptualized in a relative sense, then using amount, spatial configuration, and per capita land usage indicators in an Amalgamated Sprawl Index approach is helpful for visualizing a commonly used term that has been historically difficult to apply descriptive measures from metropolitan to rural areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As planners and policy makers become more aware of ecological impacts to sprawl, these communities with limited resources need methods to predict where sprawl may occur as they plan for more sustainable measures to design for this growth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As planners and policy makers become more aware of ecological impacts to sprawl, these communities with limited resources need methods to predict where sprawl may occur as they plan for more sustainable measures to design for this growth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we consider the cross-coupled parabolic system where m, n 0, p, q > 0; Ω is a bounded domain in R N with smooth boundary ∂Ω; u 0 (x) and v 0 (x) are positive smooth functions satisfying the compatible conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we consider the cross-coupled parabolic system where m, n 0, p, q > 0; Ω is a bounded domain in R N with smooth boundary ∂Ω; u 0 (x) and v 0 (x) are positive smooth functions satisfying the compatible conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nonlinear parabolic systems like (1.1) come from chemical reactions, heat transfer, etc., where u and v represent, e.g., concentrations of two kinds of chemical reactants, or temperatures of two different materials during heat propagations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonlinear parabolic systems like (1.1) come from chemical reactions, heat transfer, etc., where u and v represent, e.g., concentrations of two kinds of chemical reactants, or temperatures of two different materials during heat propagations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The existence and uniqueness of local classical solutions to (1.1) is well known.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The existence and uniqueness of local classical solutions to (1.1) is well known [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "One of the defining features of the politics of adjustment to the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and domestic welfare reforms throughout the 1990s and early 2000s was the negotiation of social pacts among governments, unions and employers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the defining features of the politics of adjustment to the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and domestic welfare reforms throughout the 1990s and early 2000s was the negotiation of social pacts among governments, unions and employers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This process of negotiated reform took place in various European countries as a response to different problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This process of negotiated reform took place in various European countries as a response to different problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Centralized corporatist deals in some countries embedded social partnership in the politics of industrial relations, while in others social pacts were one-shot negotiations aimed at labour market flexibilization, wage restraint and social policy reform.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Centralized corporatist deals in some countries embedded social partnership in the politics of industrial relations, while in others social pacts were one-shot negotiations aimed at labour market flexibilization, wage restraint and social policy reform (Rhodes, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rhodes, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Ireland and Southern European countries such as Italy and Spain stood out in the literature because they did not have the embedded collective bargaining arrangements characteristic of coordinated market economies (CMEs), in which governments engaged routinely with unions in policy concertation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ireland and Southern European countries such as Italy and Spain stood out in the literature because they did not have the embedded collective bargaining arrangements characteristic of coordinated market economies (CMEs), in which governments engaged routinely with unions in policy concertation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Scholars who observed these processes found that they were adopted by weak governments that needed the support of the social partners in order to adopt difficult political reforms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Scholars who observed these processes found that they were adopted by weak governments that needed the support of the social partners in order to adopt difficult political reforms (Baccaro and Lim, 2007; Baccaro and Simoni, 2008; Avdagic, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Baccaro and Lim, 2007; Baccaro and Simoni, 2008; Avdagic, 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Almost a fifth of mankind still lacks access to electricity, with around 85% of them living in the rural areas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Almost a fifth of mankind still lacks access to electricity, with around 85% of them living in the rural areas [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Topography, policies, quality of the electricity-grid, and other regional factors surrounding these unelectrified villages severely limit grid-based electrification as a real, potential and immediate solution to mitigate energy poverty.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Topography, policies, quality of the electricity-grid, and other regional factors surrounding these unelectrified villages severely limit grid-based electrification as a real, potential and immediate solution to mitigate energy poverty [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Although there are also urban populations living without electricity, the lowest electrification rates are found in rural areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although there are also urban populations living without electricity, the lowest electrification rates are found in rural areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 1 shows, as an example, the electrification rates for Cambodia, India & South-Africa.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 1 shows, as an example, the electrification rates for Cambodia, India & South-Africa.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With 1.3 billion people unelectrified and another 1 billion having unreliable grid access, the potential market for local renewable energy production and especially solar home systems (SHSs) is huge.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With 1.3 billion people unelectrified and another 1 billion having unreliable grid access, the potential market for local renewable energy production and especially solar home systems (SHSs) is huge [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "An SHS is also the defacto choice of technology to provide electricity, given that most of the regions lacking electricity simultaneously enjoy some of the highest sun-hours in the world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An SHS is also the defacto choice of technology to provide electricity, given that most of the regions lacking electricity simultaneously enjoy some of the highest sun-hours in the world [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, the global market for SHSs is growing rapidly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, the global market for SHSs is growing rapidly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the growth, the SHS market remains a harsh market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the growth, the SHS market remains a harsh market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several barriers like infrastructure, financial constraints, consumer awareness, policies, quality assurance, skills and knowledge makethe electrification of lowincome rural households worldwide difficult.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several barriers like infrastructure, financial constraints, consumer awareness, policies, quality assurance, skills and knowledge makethe electrification of lowincome rural households worldwide difficult [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "As such, a dedicated PV-storage energy system design for communities in low-income settings can be a complex task, especially if the emphasis is on a low-cost, affordable solution that takes current and (foreseeable growing) future needs of the people into account.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, a dedicated PV-storage energy system design for communities in low-income settings can be a complex task, especially if the emphasis is on a low-cost, affordable solution that takes current and (foreseeable growing) future needs of the people into account.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both technical as well as non-technical or socio-economic factors have a huge bearing on the way the system should be designed and developed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Both technical as well as non-technical or socio-economic factors have a huge bearing on the way the system should be designed and developed [2, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 7]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In addition, there is not only a need for up-to-date user load profiles for the current situations but also on how these load profiles can develop in the near future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, there is not only a need for up-to-date user load profiles for the current situations but also on how these load profiles can develop in the near future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Access to modern energy services does not stop with one light.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Access to modern energy services does not stop with one light.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Light might be the primary need of the users, but users also aspire to watch television, power a fridge, and heat an iron.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Light might be the primary need of the users, but users also aspire to watch television, power a fridge, and heat an iron [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "If their income increases, people often upgrade to more advanced and more powerful sources of energy as well as more/bigger electric loads.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If their income increases, people often upgrade to more advanced and more powerful sources of energy as well as more/bigger electric loads [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, a majority of the current SHS solutions focus on the present, limited needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, a majority of the current SHS solutions focus on the present, limited needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Transition to the future needs a different approach, accounting for both the increasing user needs and the exponentially evolving technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Transition to the future needs a different approach, accounting for both the increasing user needs and the exponentially evolving technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With changing demands, different system sizes and configurations need to be designed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With changing demands, different system sizes and configurations need to be designed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Consequently, from a technical design perspective, much of the challenge in minimizing costs in an SHS hinges on the successful optimization of battery lifetime.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, from a technical design perspective, much of the challenge in minimizing costs in an SHS hinges on the successful optimization of battery lifetime [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Battery can account for more than 50% of the total SHS costs while having the least lifetime among all PV system components.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Battery can account for more than 50% of the total SHS costs while having the least lifetime among all PV system components [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Lowering the price of SHS should not affect the system quality (and the consequent user satisfaction).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lowering the price of SHS should not affect the system quality (and the consequent user satisfaction).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the main reasons for unsatisfied customers are systems that are undersized and/or overused, resulting in power failure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the main reasons for unsatisfied customers are systems that are undersized and/or overused, resulting in power failure [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore the challenge would lie in \"minimizing the costs associated with the battery while enhancing its lifetime, thereby increasing the system and power availability while reducing the system costs\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore the challenge would lie in \"minimizing the costs associated with the battery while enhancing its lifetime, thereby increasing the system and power availability while reducing the system costs\" [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Intercultural contacts were significantly and positively related to the assimilation strategy but were negatively related to ethnic tolerance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Intercultural contacts were significantly and positively related to the assimilation strategy but were negatively related to ethnic tolerance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, intercultural contact of Russians with the titular ethnic groups had a significant and positive effect on their self-esteem and life satisfaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, intercultural contact of Russians with the titular ethnic groups had a significant and positive effect on their self-esteem and life satisfaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We suppose that the absence of equal status of the titular ethnic groups and the Russian minority in the KBR is one of the reasons why the contact hypothesis was partially confirmed with Russians: equality is one of the main prerequisites of the contact hypothesis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We suppose that the absence of equal status of the titular ethnic groups and the Russian minority in the KBR is one of the reasons why the contact hypothesis was partially confirmed with Russians: equality is one of the main prerequisites of the contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Allport, 1954)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Perceived discrimination was also negatively related to the integration strategy and the sociocultural adaptation of the Russians.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Perceived discrimination was also negatively related to the integration strategy and the sociocultural adaptation of the Russians.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings are similar to those of research showing that young immigrants were most likely to be categorized in the integration profile when little discrimination was perceived.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings are similar to those of research showing that young immigrants were most likely to be categorized in the integration profile when little discrimination was perceived (Berry, Phinney, Sam, & Vedder, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Berry, Phinney, Sam, & Vedder, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Special attention should be paid to the positive relationship between the perceived discrimination of the Russians and a strategy of assimilation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Special attention should be paid to the positive relationship between the perceived discrimination of the Russians and a strategy of assimilation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Researchers argue that if people feel rejected by others in the larger society, they reciprocate this rejection by choosing a strategy that avoids contact with others outside their own group.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Researchers argue that if people feel rejected by others in the larger society, they reciprocate this rejection by choosing a strategy that avoids contact with others outside their own group (Berry, 2013a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Berry, 2013a)" ] }, { "text": "However, some studies indicate that minority members can react to discrimination by following an individual path to social mobility and can thereby dissociate themselves from the low status/devalued in-group.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, some studies indicate that minority members can react to discrimination by following an individual path to social mobility and can thereby dissociate themselves from the low status/devalued in-group (Wright, Taylor, & Moghaddam, 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wright, Taylor, & Moghaddam, 1990)" ] }, { "text": "This strategy depends on the intergroup structure and presupposes that the group boundaries are seen as relatively permeable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This strategy depends on the intergroup structure and presupposes that the group boundaries are seen as relatively permeable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If this is the case, then membership in the higher status group (the titular group) can be achieved.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If this is the case, then membership in the higher status group (the titular group) can be achieved (Verkuyten & Reijerse, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Verkuyten & Reijerse, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "In early research, this phenomenon was called \"passing\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In early research, this phenomenon was called \"passing\" (Berry, 1970) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Berry, 1970)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The attenuation is a major issue in optimal deployment of a passive optical network and should not be missed in optimization of PON.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The attenuation is a major issue in optimal deployment of a passive optical network and should not be missed in optimization of PON.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The greatest influence on attenuation in this case always has an optical splitter.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The greatest influence on attenuation in this case always has an optical splitter [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "With higher splitting ratios, the attenuation between OLT and endpoint ONT gets higher.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With higher splitting ratios, the attenuation between OLT and endpoint ONT gets higher.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For purposes of this study, the following splitting ratios were used 1:16, 1:32 or 1:64 according to a number of ONTs that are connected to each splitter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For purposes of this study, the following splitting ratios were used 1:16, 1:32 or 1:64 according to a number of ONTs that are connected to each splitter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For correct function of the passive ODN, the attenuation and power limits must meet strict criteria.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For correct function of the passive ODN, the attenuation and power limits must meet strict criteria [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Highly unpredictable environment variables require stability testing of the mean performance of genotypes in different environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Highly unpredictable environment variables require stability testing of the mean performance of genotypes in different environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, stability measurement is vital to identify high-yielding and stable genotypes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, stability measurement is vital to identify high-yielding and stable genotypes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results of stability analysis in the current study revealed that hybrid genotypes showed better and more stable performance than inbred cotton lines for yield and fiber quality traits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of stability analysis in the current study revealed that hybrid genotypes showed better and more stable performance than inbred cotton lines for yield and fiber quality traits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the hybrids were more adaptable to different environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the hybrids were more adaptable to different environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We found many outstanding hybrids that showed adaptable and stable performances for specific traits or sets of traits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We found many outstanding hybrids that showed adaptable and stable performances for specific traits or sets of traits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the hybrid SJ48-1 × Z98-15 produced the highest SCY and LY values and showed adaptability in these traits as well as BN and BW.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the hybrid SJ48-1 × Z98-15 produced the highest SCY and LY values and showed adaptability in these traits as well as BN and BW.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another hybrid, L28-2 × A2-10, also showed better performance and adaptability than the other lines in traits, like BN, SCY, FUHML, and FS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another hybrid, L28-2 × A2-10, also showed better performance and adaptability than the other lines in traits, like BN, SCY, FUHML, and FS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two stability measurements were used in this study that were not consistent regarding the identification of stable genotypes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two stability measurements were used in this study that were not consistent regarding the identification of stable genotypes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, six hybrids showed higher SCY values and adaptability to the tested environments on the basis of the Eberhart and Russell model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, six hybrids showed higher SCY values and adaptability to the tested environments on the basis of the Eberhart and Russell model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, based on CV%, nine hybrids had good and stable performance compared with the other genotypes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, based on CV%, nine hybrids had good and stable performance compared with the other genotypes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reason for this difference may be the calculation methods that stability analysis depends on.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason for this difference may be the calculation methods that stability analysis depends on.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our results agree with previous research findings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results agree with previous research findings [54] [55] [56] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF54", "BIBREF55", "BIBREF56" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[54] [55] [56]" ] }, { "text": "Conceptually, a successful genotype not only produces high yield but also shows stable performance in diverse environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conceptually, a successful genotype not only produces high yield but also shows stable performance in diverse environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hybrids identified in the current study with good and stable performance can be called successful genotypes for the tested locations or regions with similar agro-ecologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The hybrids identified in the current study with good and stable performance can be called successful genotypes for the tested locations or regions with similar agro-ecologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Inorganic pollutants from natural and anthropogenic sources are often found in drinking water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Inorganic pollutants from natural and anthropogenic sources are often found in drinking water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These pollutants include cadmium, lead, mercury, zinc, aluminum, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, and iron.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These pollutants include cadmium, lead, mercury, zinc, aluminum, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, and iron.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The removal in order to of these pollutants should result in extremely low levels to comply with regulations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The removal in order to of these pollutants should result in extremely low levels to comply with regulations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The conventional treatment sequence of coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, filtration usually results limited removals of these compounds, which makes advanced treatment processes necessary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The conventional treatment sequence of coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, filtration usually results limited removals of these compounds, which makes advanced treatment processes necessary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Activated carbon is used almost exclusively because of its high overall adsorption capacity when the removal of these compounds is desired.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Activated carbon is used almost exclusively because of its high overall adsorption capacity when the removal of these compounds is desired (Najm, et al. 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Najm, et al. 1991)" ] }, { "text": "Carbon adsorption is expensive, nonselective, adsorptive interference in the presence of naturally organic matter (NOM), competition effects of NOM are exacerbated with time, and it interacts with treatment chemicals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Carbon adsorption is expensive, nonselective, adsorptive interference in the presence of naturally organic matter (NOM), competition effects of NOM are exacerbated with time, and it interacts with treatment chemicals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Surfactant modified clays can provide selectivity, and are produced from inexpensive base material and are chemically regenerable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Surfactant modified clays can provide selectivity, and are produced from inexpensive base material and are chemically regenerable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The absorption capacity of clay _____________________________________ *Corresponding author's e-mail: ahmemoh@iit.edu minerals have been shown to improve significantly due to the modification with quaternary ammonium compounds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The absorption capacity of clay _____________________________________ *Corresponding author's e-mail: ahmemoh@iit.edu minerals have been shown to improve significantly due to the modification with quaternary ammonium compounds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The molecular structure of the modifying cations was also shown to play an important role in controlling the preference absorption and it could be concluded that modification of a specific clay mineral with a quaternary ammonium salt can produce a sorbent that is capable of sorbing inorganics from aqueous solutions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The molecular structure of the modifying cations was also shown to play an important role in controlling the preference absorption and it could be concluded that modification of a specific clay mineral with a quaternary ammonium salt can produce a sorbent that is capable of sorbing inorganics from aqueous solutions (Barrer, et al. 1989; Barrer, et al. 1955) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Barrer, et al. 1989; Barrer, et al. 1955)" ] }, { "text": "The sorption capacity of this modified clay can be maximized by the choice of appropriate surfactant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sorption capacity of this modified clay can be maximized by the choice of appropriate surfactant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "When a closed system has a differentiable dynamical symmetry, Noether's theorem indicates the existence of a corresponding conserved current.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When a closed system has a differentiable dynamical symmetry, Noether's theorem indicates the existence of a corresponding conserved current.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Usually, Noether's theorem is not applicable to the system coupling to the environment and the extension would be significant as shown in open quantum systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Usually, Noether's theorem is not applicable to the system coupling to the environment and the extension would be significant as shown in open quantum systems [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In field theories, if the environment is inert or the spontaneous breaking physics appears at a large energy scale, the system can be mimicked by coupling a background field associated with certain explicit symmetry breaking.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In field theories, if the environment is inert or the spontaneous breaking physics appears at a large energy scale, the system can be mimicked by coupling a background field associated with certain explicit symmetry breaking.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "One of the well-known Noether charges in gravitational physics is the covariant expression of black hole entropy proposed by Wald, with respect to the diffeomorphism symmetry of the general theories of gravity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the well-known Noether charges in gravitational physics is the covariant expression of black hole entropy proposed by Wald, with respect to the diffeomorphism symmetry of the general theories of gravity [12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 13]" ] }, { "text": "The Wald entropy is a \"local, geometrical\" quantity on the Killing horizon 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Wald entropy is a \"local, geometrical\" quantity on the Killing horizon 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is identified from the covariant first law of black hole mechanics, which is a variational identity built upon the Hamiltonian that generates the evolution in the phase space of black hole solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is identified from the covariant first law of black hole mechanics, which is a variational identity built upon the Hamiltonian that generates the evolution in the phase space of black hole solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides its elegant construction and universality, the success of the Wald entropy is that its higher curvature contribution precisely agrees with the microscopic entropy computed by state counting in string or M-theory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides its elegant construction and universality, the success of the Wald entropy is that its higher curvature contribution precisely agrees with the microscopic entropy computed by state counting in string or M-theory [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "To increase parental involvement in supporting child learning, the school has to play the main roles to create school culture which not only accepting the parental involvement but also appreciates them.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To increase parental involvement in supporting child learning, the school has to play the main roles to create school culture which not only accepting the parental involvement but also appreciates them (Ferguson, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ferguson, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "The teachers have to deliver clear information and effective two-way communication must be applied to help parents to understand school desire, teacher needs and the importance of parental involvement in helping child learning either at school or at home.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The teachers have to deliver clear information and effective two-way communication must be applied to help parents to understand school desire, teacher needs and the importance of parental involvement in helping child learning either at school or at home.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Child and adolescents at lower and higher school need support and attention from parents especially to help them succeed in next phase of life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Child and adolescents at lower and higher school need support and attention from parents especially to help them succeed in next phase of life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The more confidence developed in parents towards child success in school, the more involvement of parents in child learning.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The more confidence developed in parents towards child success in school, the more involvement of parents in child learning (Eliason & Jenkins, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Eliason & Jenkins, 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In terms of learning at home, parents become less involved when the child starts to enter high school because they thought that they did not have the skills to help their child to learn or to do assignments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In terms of learning at home, parents become less involved when the child starts to enter high school because they thought that they did not have the skills to help their child to learn or to do assignments (Eccles & Harold, 1993; Deplanty et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Eccles & Harold, 1993; Deplanty et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "The parents worry that what they have learned at school before no longer similar to what their child has learned nowadays, so they choose not to help so that their child won't get confused with what the teachers have taught them at school.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The parents worry that what they have learned at school before no longer similar to what their child has learned nowadays, so they choose not to help so that their child won't get confused with what the teachers have taught them at school.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While some parents thought that their child already reaches the certain age which makes them able to independent and solve the school assignments and learn without the needs of guidance, help or being monitored.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While some parents thought that their child already reaches the certain age which makes them able to independent and solve the school assignments and learn without the needs of guidance, help or being monitored (Drummond & Stipek, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Drummond & Stipek, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "When the parents no longer involve in learning at home, their children can easily lose focus and less motivated in learning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the parents no longer involve in learning at home, their children can easily lose focus and less motivated in learning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "This paper has presented a pair of instrumented crutches to assist in partial weight bearing in orthopaedic rehabilitation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper has presented a pair of instrumented crutches to assist in partial weight bearing in orthopaedic rehabilitation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The designed crutches have clear benefits over alternative systems, including wireless data transfer, biofeedback, quantitative data and ease of configuration and setup.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The designed crutches have clear benefits over alternative systems, including wireless data transfer, biofeedback, quantitative data and ease of configuration and setup.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The preliminary results that have been obtained show that the weight-bearing of the patient can be estimated (incidentally the results also highlighted subjects' inability to repeatedly comply with PWB, agreeing with the clinical literature and the findings of our previous research).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The preliminary results that have been obtained show that the weight-bearing of the patient can be estimated (incidentally the results also highlighted subjects' inability to repeatedly comply with PWB, agreeing with the clinical literature and the findings of our previous research [24] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "However, the obtained results have also shown the need for better calibration and accuracy from the FSR, and a requirement for a more insightful understanding and prescription of the forces of interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the obtained results have also shown the need for better calibration and accuracy from the FSR, and a requirement for a more insightful understanding and prescription of the forces of interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Furthermore, it was reported that upon using alpha index to determine a single global construct and its reliability it seems to be considered a questionable practice to congregate items across what were meant to be multiple distinctive dimensions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, it was reported that upon using alpha index to determine a single global construct and its reliability it seems to be considered a questionable practice to congregate items across what were meant to be multiple distinctive dimensions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides, psychometric theories of scale development and measurement can provide advice upon validity and reliability in measuring attitudes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, psychometric theories of scale development and measurement can provide advice upon validity and reliability in measuring attitudes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under the context of a psychometric theory, formative validity and construct validity have been proven, which can be straightforward to the readers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Under the context of a psychometric theory, formative validity and construct validity have been proven, which can be straightforward to the readers [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, a replicable process of constructing items and/or measures is of utmost importance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a replicable process of constructing items and/or measures is of utmost importance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Upon measuring reliability, the scale items and measures should be reliable, thus measuring the same thing and getting the same result, regardless the many times you measure it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Upon measuring reliability, the scale items and measures should be reliable, thus measuring the same thing and getting the same result, regardless the many times you measure it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, reliability is a necessary precursor of predictability, whereas validity (face, content, semantic, and construct) is a necessary precursor to reliability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, reliability is a necessary precursor of predictability, whereas validity (face, content, semantic, and construct) is a necessary precursor to reliability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is axiomatically possible for someone to obtain very reliable measures that are not valid; consistent scales that are not commensurate concerning what they measure are of little value.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is axiomatically possible for someone to obtain very reliable measures that are not valid; consistent scales that are not commensurate concerning what they measure are of little value [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Acid sites for 5MoO 3 /SZ and 5Mo 2 C/SZ were probed by pyridine adsorption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Acid sites for 5MoO 3 /SZ and 5Mo 2 C/SZ were probed by pyridine adsorption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The samples were activated in situ for 1 h in air or in H 2 at 773 K for oxide and carbide, respectively, and then outgassed under vacuum (2 9 10 -6 mbar) for 1 h. The resulting absorbance bands indicate that only chemisorbed pyridine molecules were retained at this stage (not shown) with bands characteristic of coordinative adsorption on Lewis acid sites (1610 and 1448 cm -1 ) and of the pyridinium ion formed by interaction with Brønsted acid sites (1638 and 1537 cm -1 ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The samples were activated in situ for 1 h in air or in H 2 at 773 K for oxide and carbide, respectively, and then outgassed under vacuum (2 9 10 -6 mbar) for 1 h. The resulting absorbance bands indicate that only chemisorbed pyridine molecules were retained at this stage (not shown) with bands characteristic of coordinative adsorption on Lewis acid sites (1610 and 1448 cm -1 ) and of the pyridinium ion formed by interaction with Brønsted acid sites (1638 and 1537 cm -1 ) [48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48]" ] }, { "text": "Quantification of the amount adsorbed was derived from the integrated absorption of bands at 1537 and 1448 cm -1 and use of the molar absorption coefficients, 1.8 and 1.5 cm lmol -1 for pyridine at Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Quantification of the amount adsorbed was derived from the integrated absorption of bands at 1537 and 1448 cm -1 and use of the molar absorption coefficients, 1.8 and 1.5 cm lmol -1 for pyridine at Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, respectively [49, 50] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48", "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49, 50]" ] }, { "text": "Surprisingly, despite the loss of sulfur (Table 1) , the carburised sample showed the higher Brønsted site density, while Lewis acid site density was lower for carburised sample than the oxidic form ( Table 2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Surprisingly, despite the loss of sulfur (Table 1) , the carburised sample showed the higher Brønsted site density, while Lewis acid site density was lower for carburised sample than the oxidic form ( Table 2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The pore size distribution and adsorption isotherm for SZ was similar to the uncarburised catalyst sample (not shown), although the carburised catalyst sample (5Mo 2 C/ SZ) has increased mesoporosity as seen in the wide hysteresis, characteristic of mesoporous material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pore size distribution and adsorption isotherm for SZ was similar to the uncarburised catalyst sample (not shown), although the carburised catalyst sample (5Mo 2 C/ SZ) has increased mesoporosity as seen in the wide hysteresis, characteristic of mesoporous material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This development of mesoporosity may be beneficial for catalyst stability and hydroconversion of n-heptane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This development of mesoporosity may be beneficial for catalyst stability and hydroconversion of n-heptane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hydroconversion of n-alkane over mesoporous has been reported to be beneficial for obtaining high yields of mono-and branched alkanes due to the ease of diffusion through the pore network.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hydroconversion of n-alkane over mesoporous has been reported to be beneficial for obtaining high yields of mono-and branched alkanes due to the ease of diffusion through the pore network [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Lack of mesoporosity in the sulfated zirconia and uncarburised catalyst may contribute to the rapid deactivation experienced by these samples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lack of mesoporosity in the sulfated zirconia and uncarburised catalyst may contribute to the rapid deactivation experienced by these samples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Three types of solar data were used in the kinematic modeling for the previous prediction updating.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Three types of solar data were used in the kinematic modeling for the previous prediction [9] updating.", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "All new predictions demonstrate that 24th cycle maximum stage will probably occur at the middle of 2012 or a bit later.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All new predictions demonstrate that 24th cycle maximum stage will probably occur at the middle of 2012 or a bit later.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Predicted moments of the maximum monthly mean values are fallen into July-September 2012.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Predicted moments of the maximum monthly mean values are fallen into July-September 2012.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The uncertainty of this interval is about +1-2 months.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The uncertainty of this interval is about +1-2 months.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mean amplitude of the general cycle shape is expected to be close to the 23rd maximum as it is seen from Figures 7, 5 , and 6.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mean amplitude of the general cycle shape is expected to be close to the 23rd maximum as it is seen from Figures 7, 5 , and 6.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The SC24 will continue not long.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The SC24 will continue not long.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It will be probably shorter than 10 years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It will be probably shorter than 10 years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The beginning of the next minimum stage is preliminary predicted in 2017.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The beginning of the next minimum stage is preliminary predicted in 2017.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The maximal monthly mean value of sunspot number Ri is forecasted as 130 ± 20.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The maximal monthly mean value of sunspot number Ri is forecasted as 130 ± 20.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More than 2000 ± 350 units of millions of hemisphere are predicted for the maximal monthly mean sunspot area index.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More than 2000 ± 350 units of millions of hemisphere are predicted for the maximal monthly mean sunspot area index.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 10.7 cm radio flux maximal monthly value is expected at the level of 200 ± 20 sfu.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 10.7 cm radio flux maximal monthly value is expected at the level of 200 ± 20 sfu.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cosmic ray variation at the Moscow station is modeled too as additional source of data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cosmic ray variation at the Moscow station is modeled too as additional source of data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Its reversed magnitude is processed to be slightly lower than the level of the last solar cycle shape.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Its reversed magnitude is processed to be slightly lower than the level of the last solar cycle shape.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cosmic ray next minimum is shifted about a year to future in a reference to predicted solar data maximum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cosmic ray next minimum is shifted about a year to future in a reference to predicted solar data maximum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The last estimation of the shift between galactic cosmic ray and solar activity variations was 0.6 years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The last estimation of the shift between galactic cosmic ray and solar activity variations was 0.6 years [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "All the predictions were classified according to the used technique as physical, statistical, and mixed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All the predictions were classified according to the used technique as physical, statistical, and mixed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is remarkable that the physical predictions have lower magnitudes than statistical and mixed ones, with the exception of Dikpati researches.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is remarkable that the physical predictions have lower magnitudes than statistical and mixed ones, with the exception of Dikpati researches [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "The most of the used forecasting techniques are statistical.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most of the used forecasting techniques are statistical.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Pairing students together for group work has long been used in schools and classrooms as a pedagogical tool to increase students' comprehension of subject material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pairing students together for group work has long been used in schools and classrooms as a pedagogical tool to increase students' comprehension of subject material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This strategy has been applied to computer science education in the form of \"pair programming,\" wherein two students work together at one computer on programming assignments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This strategy has been applied to computer science education in the form of \"pair programming,\" wherein two students work together at one computer on programming assignments [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Research has shown that involving students in pair programming activities can lead to increased comprehension of the material and higher success rates in the associated class.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research has shown that involving students in pair programming activities can lead to increased comprehension of the material and higher success rates in the associated class [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Unfortunately, incompatibility between students can limit the method's effectiveness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, incompatibility between students can limit the method's effectiveness [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In agreement with the idea that queens from multiple-queen colonies found new colonies by budding, multiple-queen colonies invested relatively more resources in workers and less in reproductive individuals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In agreement with the idea that queens from multiple-queen colonies found new colonies by budding, multiple-queen colonies invested relatively more resources in workers and less in reproductive individuals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Firstly, the proportion of colonies that produced only workers was significantly larger in multiple-than in single-queen colonies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly, the proportion of colonies that produced only workers was significantly larger in multiple-than in single-queen colonies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Secondly, the per capita investment in reproductive individuals was much lower in multiple-queen colonies, for both workers and genetically effective queens.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, the per capita investment in reproductive individuals was much lower in multiple-queen colonies, for both workers and genetically effective queens.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is a general trend in the social insects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is a general trend in the social insects (Bourke and Franks 1995; Sundströ m 1995b) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bourke and Franks 1995; Sundströ m 1995b)" ] }, { "text": "It seems likely that the lower relative investment in reproductive individuals in multiple-queen colonies is balanced by the higher survival of queens founding the new colonies by budding.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It seems likely that the lower relative investment in reproductive individuals in multiple-queen colonies is balanced by the higher survival of queens founding the new colonies by budding (Nonacs 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nonacs 1993)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "We estimated colony lifespan from colony mortality over a period of 4 years and under natural field conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We estimated colony lifespan from colony mortality over a period of 4 years and under natural field conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 10-year lifespan of single-queen colonies confirms the remarkable longevity of ant queens.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The 10-year lifespan of single-queen colonies confirms the remarkable longevity of ant queens (Pamilo 1991; Keller and Genoud 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pamilo 1991; Keller and Genoud 1997)" ] }, { "text": "However, it is lower than the mean lifespan of 27 years estimated for F. exsecta.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is lower than the mean lifespan of 27 years estimated for F. exsecta (Pamilo 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pamilo 1991)" ] }, { "text": "This difference might be explained by the fact that F. selysi is a pioneer species that colonizes unstable riverine habitat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This difference might be explained by the fact that F. selysi is a pioneer species that colonizes unstable riverine habitat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Multiple-queen colonies were not immortal, but with a mean lifespan of 29 years they clearly persisted for longer periods of time than single-queen ones, as predicted by the polygyny syndrome.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Multiple-queen colonies were not immortal, but with a mean lifespan of 29 years they clearly persisted for longer periods of time than single-queen ones, as predicted by the polygyny syndrome.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "If multiple-queen colonies commonly accept new queens and rarely result from pleometrosis, the differences between single-and multiple-queen colonies in dispersal and mode of colony founding should have a deep impact on a number of interconnected traits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If multiple-queen colonies commonly accept new queens and rarely result from pleometrosis, the differences between single-and multiple-queen colonies in dispersal and mode of colony founding should have a deep impact on a number of interconnected traits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Queens originating from single-queen colonies need large energy reserves to disperse and found new nests without the help of workers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Queens originating from single-queen colonies need large energy reserves to disperse and found new nests without the help of workers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, queens originating from multiple-queen colonies need fewer reserves if they mate close to the nest and found new nests with the help of workers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, queens originating from multiple-queen colonies need fewer reserves if they mate close to the nest and found new nests with the help of workers (Keller and Passera 1989) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Keller and Passera 1989)" ] }, { "text": "Queens from polygynous species that accept new queens should also tend to have shorter lifespan, lower fecundity and earlier age of first sexual reproduction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Queens from polygynous species that accept new queens should also tend to have shorter lifespan, lower fecundity and earlier age of first sexual reproduction (Bourke and Franks 1995; Keller and Genoud 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bourke and Franks 1995; Keller and Genoud 1997)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "So far, the polygyny syndrome had been mostly studied by comparing single traits across populations or species.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So far, the polygyny syndrome had been mostly studied by comparing single traits across populations or species.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our results thus provide an unusually comprehensive view of the multiple facets of the polygyny syndrome.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results thus provide an unusually comprehensive view of the multiple facets of the polygyny syndrome.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Importantly, queen number variation was correlated with profound changes in colony characteristics within one population and between closely located nests.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Importantly, queen number variation was correlated with profound changes in colony characteristics within one population and between closely located nests.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This suggests that the observed differences in life-histories are tightly associated with shifts in social structure and predate further differences in mating system and population genetic structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This suggests that the observed differences in life-histories are tightly associated with shifts in social structure and predate further differences in mating system and population genetic structure (Chapuisat et al. 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chapuisat et al. 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of spinal column disease has been more limited than its use in intracranial lesions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of spinal column disease has been more limited than its use in intracranial lesions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More recently, technological advances in stereotactic radiosurgery have allowed precise targeting of the radiation beams for delivery of large doses of radiation sufficient to treat disease states without the adverse effects of radiation on the adjacent spinal cord.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More recently, technological advances in stereotactic radiosurgery have allowed precise targeting of the radiation beams for delivery of large doses of radiation sufficient to treat disease states without the adverse effects of radiation on the adjacent spinal cord.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Data supporting the use of postoperative radiotherapy in subtotally resected spinal masses or recurrent disease are scarce.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Data supporting the use of postoperative radiotherapy in subtotally resected spinal masses or recurrent disease are scarce.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We report the case of a patient with a thoracic spinal schwannoma who had an interval increase of his lesion five months after operative resection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We report the case of a patient with a thoracic spinal schwannoma who had an interval increase of his lesion five months after operative resection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this setting, stereotactic radiosurgery has provided a useful adjunct to thoracoscopic microsurgical resection in the setting of recurrent benign pathology of the spine.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this setting, stereotactic radiosurgery has provided a useful adjunct to thoracoscopic microsurgical resection in the setting of recurrent benign pathology of the spine [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "It is commonly accepted that viscous fluids adhere to rough surfaces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is commonly accepted that viscous fluids adhere to rough surfaces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One mathematical explanation is based on the so called rugosity effect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One mathematical explanation is based on the so called rugosity effect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the Navier-Stokes equation, complete slip boundary conditions on a rough surface transform asymptotically in no-slip conditions as the amplitutde of the rugosities vanishes, provided that the energy of the solutions is uniformly bounded and the there is \"enough roughness\" of the oscillating boundaries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the Navier-Stokes equation, complete slip boundary conditions on a rough surface transform asymptotically in no-slip conditions as the amplitutde of the rugosities vanishes, provided that the energy of the solutions is uniformly bounded and the there is \"enough roughness\" of the oscillating boundaries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We refer the reader to the pioneering paper of Casado-Díaz, Fernández-Cara and Simon where this result is proved in the case of periodic, self-similar C 2 -boundaries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We refer the reader to the pioneering paper of Casado-Díaz, Fernández-Cara and Simon where this result is proved in the case of periodic, self-similar C 2 -boundaries [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "In their proof, the authors prove implicitly that the rugosity effect has a uniform character, in the sense that the decreasing rate of the average velocity on a flat layer close to the boundary can be estimated uniformly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In their proof, the authors prove implicitly that the rugosity effect has a uniform character, in the sense that the decreasing rate of the average velocity on a flat layer close to the boundary can be estimated uniformly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Creativity in a career peaks after a person acquires sufficient knowledge, expertise and experience.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Creativity in a career peaks after a person acquires sufficient knowledge, expertise and experience (Simonton, 1977) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Simonton, 1977)" ] }, { "text": "The number of years of service is an indicator of experience of a person in the field of his or her specialization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The number of years of service is an indicator of experience of a person in the field of his or her specialization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study we grouped the teachers according to their years of service: ten years or below and eleven years and above.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study we grouped the teachers according to their years of service: ten years or below and eleven years and above.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We learned from our findings that experienced teachers rated the importance of creativity in life, Fordyce happiness, satisfaction with life, and creativity self-efficacy in persistence higher than the less experienced teachers did, with moderate effect sizes, except for Fordyce neutral emotions (Table 3 , RQ3).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We learned from our findings that experienced teachers rated the importance of creativity in life, Fordyce happiness, satisfaction with life, and creativity self-efficacy in persistence higher than the less experienced teachers did, with moderate effect sizes, except for Fordyce neutral emotions (Table 3 , RQ3).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The measures above required a person to recall and reflect upon their experience in life and their attitudes toward creativity and happiness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The measures above required a person to recall and reflect upon their experience in life and their attitudes toward creativity and happiness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Experienced teachers who have been staying in the teaching professions likely represent those who possess strong passion to bring out the best in their students, including developing students' creative potential, and those who have gained satisfactory and happy experiences at work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Experienced teachers who have been staying in the teaching professions likely represent those who possess strong passion to bring out the best in their students, including developing students' creative potential, and those who have gained satisfactory and happy experiences at work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly, our findings seem to suggest that it is worthwhile to investigate types of activities that are rewarding and that have induced positive emotions and positive attitudes toward creativity among experienced colleagues (long years of service).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, our findings seem to suggest that it is worthwhile to investigate types of activities that are rewarding and that have induced positive emotions and positive attitudes toward creativity among experienced colleagues (long years of service).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We should also find out factors that hinder development of positive emotions and passionate attitudes toward creativity among less experienced teachers (short years of service).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We should also find out factors that hinder development of positive emotions and passionate attitudes toward creativity among less experienced teachers (short years of service).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To ensure the healthy and balanced development of all children, it is timely for Singaporean teacher education and teacher education research to embark in systematic, evidence-based research and practice that are meaningful, insightful, and creative.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To ensure the healthy and balanced development of all children, it is timely for Singaporean teacher education and teacher education research to embark in systematic, evidence-based research and practice that are meaningful, insightful, and creative.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Given the insights to be gleaned from conceptual-level studies, it is unfortunate that there is a paucity of research employing this methodological approach, particularly with respect to the characteristics of value and rareness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the insights to be gleaned from conceptual-level studies, it is unfortunate that there is a paucity of research employing this methodological approach, particularly with respect to the characteristics of value and rareness (Newbert, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Newbert, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "In response to this gap, this study will employ a conceptual-level approach in testing the RBV hypotheses relating value and rareness to competitive advantage and performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In response to this gap, this study will employ a conceptual-level approach in testing the RBV hypotheses relating value and rareness to competitive advantage and performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is hoped that the subsequent empirical results will add to our understanding regarding whether and to what degree resources and capabilities possessing these characteristics actually improve a firm's competitive position.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is hoped that the subsequent empirical results will add to our understanding regarding whether and to what degree resources and capabilities possessing these characteristics actually improve a firm's competitive position.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "What might be more useful to these managers would be findings that allowed them to autonomously identify, and in turn seek out and exploit, resources and capabilities that might not only contribute to their firms' competitive position, but also fit with their idiosyncratic business models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "What might be more useful to these managers would be findings that allowed them to autonomously identify, and in turn seek out and exploit, resources and capabilities that might not only contribute to their firms' competitive position, but also fit with their idiosyncratic business models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One way to arrive at such findings is by eschewing the tendency to predetermine which resources and capabilities ought to be correlated with competitive advantage and/or performance, and instead identify which characteristics of resources and capabilities are related to these ends.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One way to arrive at such findings is by eschewing the tendency to predetermine which resources and capabilities ought to be correlated with competitive advantage and/or performance, and instead identify which characteristics of resources and capabilities are related to these ends.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Scholars employing such a methodological design, referred to as a 'conceptual-level approach,' typically operationalize the independent variable not in terms of specific resources or capabilities, but rather in terms of their value, rareness, inimitability, and/or non-substitutability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Scholars employing such a methodological design, referred to as a 'conceptual-level approach,' typically operationalize the independent variable not in terms of specific resources or capabilities, but rather in terms of their value, rareness, inimitability, and/or non-substitutability (Newbert, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Newbert, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Findings from conceptual-level studies are important as they provide insight into the characteristics that resources and capabilities in general must possess in order to improve a firm's competitive position.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Findings from conceptual-level studies are important as they provide insight into the characteristics that resources and capabilities in general must possess in order to improve a firm's competitive position.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In order to test these hypotheses, most scholars have employed a 'resource heterogeneity approach,' whereby a specific resource or capability is argued to be valuable, rare, inimitable, and/or non-substitutable, and then the amount of that resource or capability possessed by a firm is correlated with its competitive advantage or performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to test these hypotheses, most scholars have employed a 'resource heterogeneity approach,' whereby a specific resource or capability is argued to be valuable, rare, inimitable, and/or non-substitutable, and then the amount of that resource or capability possessed by a firm is correlated with its competitive advantage or performance (Newbert, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Newbert, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Clearly, evidence that a specific resource or capability may enable a firm to attain a competitive advantage in a particular industry setting is important given that it provides managers operating in that context the incentive and justification to obtain and exploit it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clearly, evidence that a specific resource or capability may enable a firm to attain a competitive advantage in a particular industry setting is important given that it provides managers operating in that context the incentive and justification to obtain and exploit it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Yet, it is precisely this degree of specificity that is this 746 S. L. Newbert methodological design's greatest limitation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet, it is precisely this degree of specificity that is this 746 S. L. Newbert methodological design's greatest limitation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consider, for example, that all firms in an industry do not (both by ability and by choice) compete on the same bases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consider, for example, that all firms in an industry do not (both by ability and by choice) compete on the same bases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rolex and Timex have both achieved tremendous success making timepieces while employing entirely different business models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rolex and Timex have both achieved tremendous success making timepieces while employing entirely different business models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whereas Rolex competes on quality, status, and marketing, Timex competes primarily on scale (Barney, 1997: 148) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Whereas Rolex competes on quality, status, and marketing, Timex competes primarily on scale (Barney, 1997: 148) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, although a specific resource or capability may be found to exhibit a strong correlation with competitive advantage and/or performance in a particular context, that resource or capability may simply not fit with the enterprise-level strategies of all firms operating in that context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, although a specific resource or capability may be found to exhibit a strong correlation with competitive advantage and/or performance in a particular context, that resource or capability may simply not fit with the enterprise-level strategies of all firms operating in that context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For managers of those firms who endeavor to compete on alternative bases, there is little to be gleaned from findings of this sort.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For managers of those firms who endeavor to compete on alternative bases, there is little to be gleaned from findings of this sort.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The resource-based view of the firm (RBV) assumes that resources, or 'stocks of available factors that are owned or controlled by the firm' (Amit and Schoemaker, 1993: 35) , and capabilities, or the 'firm's capacity to deploy Resources' (Amit and Schoemaker, 1993: 35, emphasis in original) , are both heterogeneously distributed among firms and imperfectly mobile.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The resource-based view of the firm (RBV) assumes that resources, or 'stocks of available factors that are owned or controlled by the firm' (Amit and Schoemaker, 1993: 35) , and capabilities, or the 'firm's capacity to deploy Resources' (Amit and Schoemaker, 1993: 35, emphasis in original) , are both heterogeneously distributed among firms and imperfectly mobile.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These assumptions allow not only for the existence of differences in firm resource endowments, but also for these differences to persist over time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These assumptions allow not only for the existence of differences in firm resource endowments, but also for these differences to persist over time (Barney, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Barney, 1991)" ] }, { "text": "Based on these assumptions, RBV scholars hypothesize that (1) if a firm possesses and exploits resources and capabilities that are both valuable and rare, it will attain a competitive advantage, (2) if these Keywords: competitive advantage; performance; rareness; resource-based view (RBV); resource-capability combination; value *Correspondence to: Scott L. Newbert, Villanova School of Business, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, U.S.A. E-mail: scott.newbert@villanova.edu resources and capabilities are also both inimitable and non-substitutable, the firm will sustain this advantage, and (3) the attainment of such advantages will enable the firm to improve its short-term and long-term performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on these assumptions, RBV scholars hypothesize that (1) if a firm possesses and exploits resources and capabilities that are both valuable and rare, it will attain a competitive advantage, (2) if these Keywords: competitive advantage; performance; rareness; resource-based view (RBV); resource-capability combination; value *Correspondence to: Scott L. Newbert, Villanova School of Business, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, U.S.A. E-mail: scott.newbert@villanova.edu resources and capabilities are also both inimitable and non-substitutable, the firm will sustain this advantage, and (3) the attainment of such advantages will enable the firm to improve its short-term and long-term performance (Amit and Schoemaker, 1993; Barney, 1991 Barney, , 1997 Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000; Henderson and Cockburn, 1994; Powell, 2001; Teece, Pisano, and Shuen, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF59", "BIBREF75" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Amit and Schoemaker, 1993; Barney, 1991 Barney, , 1997 Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000; Henderson and Cockburn, 1994; Powell, 2001; Teece, Pisano, and Shuen, 1997)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We will address the physical meaning of the above non-normalizability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We will address the physical meaning of the above non-normalizability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For certain non-normalizable modes we see that their background values should be considered as coupling constants in the 4D Yang-Mills theory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For certain non-normalizable modes we see that their background values should be considered as coupling constants in the 4D Yang-Mills theory [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "For others, non-normalizability is related to instability due to the presence of the Higgs branch in the bulk (and associated massless states).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For others, non-normalizability is related to instability due to the presence of the Higgs branch in the bulk (and associated massless states).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Several observational studies with varying study designs comparing clinical benefits of prolonged and intermittent infusion of β-lactam antibiotics have been conducted with inconsistent results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several observational studies with varying study designs comparing clinical benefits of prolonged and intermittent infusion of β-lactam antibiotics have been conducted with inconsistent results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A prospective study of 98 hospitalized patients who were prescribed piperacillin-tazobactam revealed a trend towards greater clinical success in the continuous infusion group when compared with intermittent infusion recipients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A prospective study of 98 hospitalized patients who were prescribed piperacillin-tazobactam revealed a trend towards greater clinical success in the continuous infusion group when compared with intermittent infusion recipients [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "In a retrospective cohort study of piperacillin-tazobactam for Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis, a significantly lower 14-day mortality rate and shorter hospital length of stay in patients receiving extended infusion, was demonstrated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a retrospective cohort study of piperacillin-tazobactam for Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis, a significantly lower 14-day mortality rate and shorter hospital length of stay in patients receiving extended infusion, was demonstrated [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Results from another retrospective cohort study showed increased clinical cure by continuous versus intermittent infusion of piperacillin-tazobactam in adults with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Gram-negative pathogens with MICs ≥8 μg/ml.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Results from another retrospective cohort study showed increased clinical cure by continuous versus intermittent infusion of piperacillin-tazobactam in adults with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Gram-negative pathogens with MICs ≥8 μg/ml [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "A third retrospective cohort study, however, failed to demonstrate improved clinical outcomes with extended infusion piperacillin-tazobactam.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A third retrospective cohort study, however, failed to demonstrate improved clinical outcomes with extended infusion piperacillin-tazobactam [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "Drug-related adverse effects were mild and reported in similar numbers in both treatment arms in all of these studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Drug-related adverse effects were mild and reported in similar numbers in both treatment arms in all of these studies [25] [26] [27] [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34", "BIBREF35", "BIBREF36", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25] [26] [27] [28]" ] }, { "text": "Retrospective studies comparing continuous infusion versus intermittent infusion cefepime and meropenem in patients with VAP both noted significantly improved clinical cure rates in the continuous infusion arms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Retrospective studies comparing continuous infusion versus intermittent infusion cefepime and meropenem in patients with VAP both noted significantly improved clinical cure rates in the continuous infusion arms [29, 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29, 30]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "A complete model for designing an all-in-fiber coupling system allowing the wavelength selective excitation of spatially distributed or quasi-distributed optical WGM microresonators has been developed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A complete model for designing an all-in-fiber coupling system allowing the wavelength selective excitation of spatially distributed or quasi-distributed optical WGM microresonators has been developed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The microresonators are evanescently side-coupled with a fiber taper to increase the coupling efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The microresonators are evanescently side-coupled with a fiber taper to increase the coupling efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A pair of identical LPGs, with the microresonator and the tapered fiber in between, can be used to excite the WGMs by means of peculiar cladding modes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A pair of identical LPGs, with the microresonator and the tapered fiber in between, can be used to excite the WGMs by means of peculiar cladding modes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pair of identical LPGs can operate in different wavelength bands allowing multiple selective interrogation of several microresonators along the same optical fiber.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pair of identical LPGs can operate in different wavelength bands allowing multiple selective interrogation of several microresonators along the same optical fiber.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The model has been validated with experimental data by considering microsphere-and microbubble-based setups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The model has been validated with experimental data by considering microsphere-and microbubble-based setups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The simulated results suggest that the coupling system can be effectively used for distributed sensing applications of chemical/biological fluids.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The simulated results suggest that the coupling system can be effectively used for distributed sensing applications of chemical/biological fluids.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The theoretical and experimental analysis and results could open up novel opportunities in the field of chemical/biological sensing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The theoretical and experimental analysis and results could open up novel opportunities in the field of chemical/biological sensing [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "In particular, the all-in-fiber coupling system could bring about a very promising optical platform for multiplexing hollow WGM microstructures, such as microbubble-based resonators, for which an integrated microfluidics is perfectly fitted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the all-in-fiber coupling system could bring about a very promising optical platform for multiplexing hollow WGM microstructures, such as microbubble-based resonators, for which an integrated microfluidics is perfectly fitted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Towards the development of an all-in-fiber distributed sensing system, the coupling system illustrated in Figure 1 has been tested and high-Q WGM resonances in both microspheres and microbubbles have been proved to be effectively excited.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Towards the development of an all-in-fiber distributed sensing system, the coupling system illustrated in Figure 1 has been tested and high-Q WGM resonances in both microspheres and microbubbles have been proved to be effectively excited [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "The mechanical contact between the microresonators and the tapered fiber is provided in order to avoid any environmental perturbation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mechanical contact between the microresonators and the tapered fiber is provided in order to avoid any environmental perturbation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the phase-matching conditions between the fiber cladding modes and the WGMs are satisfied due to the azimuthal and radial high-order modes of the spherical microresonators.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the phase-matching conditions between the fiber cladding modes and the WGMs are satisfied due to the azimuthal and radial high-order modes of the spherical microresonators [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "The transmission dips has been fitted by a Lorentzian function obtaining typical Q-factor values ranging from 10 6 up to 10 8 , for both types of microresonators, with a maximum coupling efficiency (or resonance contrast) of about 50%-60%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The transmission dips has been fitted by a Lorentzian function obtaining typical Q-factor values ranging from 10 6 up to 10 8 , for both types of microresonators, with a maximum coupling efficiency (or resonance contrast) of about 50%-60%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Afterwards, the coupling system in Figure 1 is doubled along the same fiber link as a proof-of-concept test.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Afterwards, the coupling system in Figure 1 is doubled along the same fiber link as a proof-of-concept test.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, by a proper design of the LPGs, the coupling system in Figure 1 can be replicated as many times as the effective bandwidth of both source and detector allows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, by a proper design of the LPGs, the coupling system in Figure 1 can be replicated as many times as the effective bandwidth of both source and detector allows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A total bandwidth allocation not less than 40 nm for each pair of LPGs should be taken into account.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A total bandwidth allocation not less than 40 nm for each pair of LPGs should be taken into account [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Figure 8a accounts for the resonances achieved by scanning about 2 GHz around the LPG central wavelengths (1518.9 nm for the first coupling unit and 1613.3 nm for the second one), when the microresonators of the two coupling units are in mechanical contact with their respective fiber tapers (as sketched on the top of Figure 8a ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 8a accounts for the resonances achieved by scanning about 2 GHz around the LPG central wavelengths (1518.9 nm for the first coupling unit and 1613.3 nm for the second one), when the microresonators of the two coupling units are in mechanical contact with their respective fiber tapers (as sketched on the top of Figure 8a ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Q-factor values are comparable to those obtained with the analytical model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Q-factor values are comparable to those obtained with the analytical model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to prove that the microresonators of the two coupling units can be independently excited without cross-talk, a selectivity test has been performed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to prove that the microresonators of the two coupling units can be independently excited without cross-talk, a selectivity test has been performed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By alternatively de-coupling one of the microresonators and by looking at the transmission spectrum of the other one, it is possible to prove the selective excitation, as detailed in Figure 8b (the second microresonator is in contact, while the first is not in contact) and in Figure 8c (the first microresonator in contact, while the second not in contact).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By alternatively de-coupling one of the microresonators and by looking at the transmission spectrum of the other one, it is possible to prove the selective excitation, as detailed in Figure 8b (the second microresonator is in contact, while the first is not in contact) and in Figure 8c (the first microresonator in contact, while the second not in contact).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As further proof and evidence of this, additional measurements performed by varying the coupling position of the tapered fiber along the azimuthal axis of the microresonators confirm our findings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As further proof and evidence of this, additional measurements performed by varying the coupling position of the tapered fiber along the azimuthal axis of the microresonators confirm our findings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the proposed all-in-fiber coupling system can be effectively used for distributed sensing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the proposed all-in-fiber coupling system can be effectively used for distributed sensing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In many cases of interest, particularly for sliding interfaces, the mechanical forces are sufficiently large that the initial, equilibrium state is driven over some metastable state into another configuration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In many cases of interest, particularly for sliding interfaces, the mechanical forces are sufficiently large that the initial, equilibrium state is driven over some metastable state into another configuration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was first realised by Prandtl in 1928 in the context of crystal plasticity, although he pointed out that similar concepts would apply equally well to sliding interfaces.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This was first realised by Prandtl in 1928 in the context of crystal plasticity, although he pointed out that similar concepts would apply equally well to sliding interfaces [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In 1929, Tomlinson developed a very similar concept based on inter-atomic forces, which was directed specifically at explaining sliding friction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In 1929, Tomlinson developed a very similar concept based on inter-atomic forces, which was directed specifically at explaining sliding friction [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "The combined approach is now widely known as the Prandtl-Tomlinson model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The combined approach is now widely known as the Prandtl-Tomlinson model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The energy of this metastable state is known in chemical reaction rate theory as the activation energy DH z .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The energy of this metastable state is known in chemical reaction rate theory as the activation energy DH z .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The rate at which a system can surmount this energy barrier at some temperature T depends on the proportion of the system that has an energy higher than DH z .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rate at which a system can surmount this energy barrier at some temperature T depends on the proportion of the system that has an energy higher than DH z .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At equilibrium, this is given by a Boltzmann energy distribution, which yields a transition rate over the barrier that is proportional to Ae À DH z k B T , where k B is the Boltzmann constant, and A is a pre-exponential factor with units of seconds -1 and can be thought of as an attempt frequency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At equilibrium, this is given by a Boltzmann energy distribution, which yields a transition rate over the barrier that is proportional to Ae À DH z k B T , where k B is the Boltzmann constant, and A is a pre-exponential factor with units of seconds -1 and can be thought of as an attempt frequency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The central concept in describing the effect of an external force on the rate of the process is to realise that the external force F can carry out work W(F) on the system to reduce the activation barrier from DH z to DH z À WðFÞ, thereby increasing the rate at which the system transits the barrier in the direction of the applied force by a factor e WðFÞ k B T .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The central concept in describing the effect of an external force on the rate of the process is to realise that the external force F can carry out work W(F) on the system to reduce the activation barrier from DH z to DH z À WðFÞ, thereby increasing the rate at which the system transits the barrier in the direction of the applied force by a factor e WðFÞ k B T .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The same principle was also exploited by Eyring in the development of a model of liquid viscosity in 1936.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The same principle was also exploited by Eyring in the development of a model of liquid viscosity in 1936 [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "It should be emphasised that the process is still thermally activated but that the external force reduces the energy barrier that must be surmounted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be emphasised that the process is still thermally activated but that the external force reduces the energy barrier that must be surmounted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, they will be referred to in the following as stress-assisted effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, they will be referred to in the following as stress-assisted effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Another, more subtle issue is that the rate laws used to describe the phenomena invariably assume that the system is in thermal equilibrium so that the energy distribution is described by a Boltzmann function (i.e. * exp(-E/k B T)).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another, more subtle issue is that the rate laws used to describe the phenomena invariably assume that the system is in thermal equilibrium so that the energy distribution is described by a Boltzmann function (i.e. * exp(-E/k B T)).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Molecular dynamics simulations have suggested that significant deviations from thermal equilibrium can occur at sliding interfaces.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Molecular dynamics simulations have suggested that significant deviations from thermal equilibrium can occur at sliding interfaces [48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48]" ] }, { "text": "The models also all inherently assume that all of the energy is rapidly dissipated after transiting the energy barrier, which may not always be the case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The models also all inherently assume that all of the energy is rapidly dissipated after transiting the energy barrier, which may not always be the case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "After placing quadrates all visible Faunas shells were counted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After placing quadrates all visible Faunas shells were counted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mud and sand particles were removed (upper 5 cm layer) and rocks and vegetation were thoroughly inspected for mollusks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mud and sand particles were removed (upper 5 cm layer) and rocks and vegetation were thoroughly inspected for mollusks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sampling was conducted over a period of 6 months.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sampling was conducted over a period of 6 months.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Physical and chemical parameters were determined according to the established standard methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Physical and chemical parameters were determined according to the established standard methods (Hadrian, 1985) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hadrian, 1985)" ] }, { "text": "Temperature was measured at the site and water samples were taken from each replicate for the analysis of water quality parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Temperature was measured at the site and water samples were taken from each replicate for the analysis of water quality parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Alkalinity, Suspended Solids (SS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Salinity were measured at the laboratory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Alkalinity, Suspended Solids (SS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Salinity were measured at the laboratory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, a sample of the substrate from each replicate was mixed with water and allowed to separate into layers in a measuring cylinder and contents were recorded.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, a sample of the substrate from each replicate was mixed with water and allowed to separate into layers in a measuring cylinder and contents were recorded.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Current loss allocations methods can be categorised in several broad groups such as pro rata, marginal, proportional sharing, loss formula, and circuit theorybased.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Current loss allocations methods can be categorised in several broad groups such as pro rata, marginal, proportional sharing, loss formula, and circuit theorybased [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The simplest method is the pro rata method, which is based on an arbitrary division of losses between active generation and load.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The simplest method is the pro rata method, which is based on an arbitrary division of losses between active generation and load.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This method does not take account of the geographic distribution of the network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This method does not take account of the geographic distribution of the network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The following results present the distribution of losses in the CIGRE Nordic 32 bus system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The following results present the distribution of losses in the CIGRE Nordic 32 bus system [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "In this system, shown in Figure 2 , both the generation and loads are widely distributed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this system, shown in Figure 2 , both the generation and loads are widely distributed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The system contains 22 generators, 22 loads, and 52 line and transformers and 51 shunt elements representing line capacitance and off-nominal transformers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The system contains 22 generators, 22 loads, and 52 line and transformers and 51 shunt elements representing line capacitance and off-nominal transformers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The total real power load consumption amounts to 10940MW whereas the real power generation is 11368.4MW, resulting in a loss of 428.5MW.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The total real power load consumption amounts to 10940MW whereas the real power generation is 11368.4MW, resulting in a loss of 428.5MW.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Although RSVP was originally designed for resource reservation, several proposals have now been tabled where RSVP is used to carry other types of control information in the network.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although RSVP was originally designed for resource reservation, several proposals have now been tabled where RSVP is used to carry other types of control information in the network [1, 11, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 11, 13]" ] }, { "text": "Another example is the possible use of RSVP within the DiffServ architecture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another example is the possible use of RSVP within the DiffServ architecture [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, we believe that, whether it is for resource reservation or other control/signalling purposes, RSVP will have to operate over routes of various lengths and to satisfy demands exhibiting a broad range of dynamics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we believe that, whether it is for resource reservation or other control/signalling purposes, RSVP will have to operate over routes of various lengths and to satisfy demands exhibiting a broad range of dynamics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, RSVP's ability to carry control information efficiently across the network in any circumstances will be vital to the effective operation of the Internet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, RSVP's ability to carry control information efficiently across the network in any circumstances will be vital to the effective operation of the Internet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "A biofilm represents a stable ecosystem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A biofilm represents a stable ecosystem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main compositions of biofilms are bacterial cells, extracellular polymers produced by bacteria (exopolymers), lysis and hydrolysis products, attached matter and some inorganic compounds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main compositions of biofilms are bacterial cells, extracellular polymers produced by bacteria (exopolymers), lysis and hydrolysis products, attached matter and some inorganic compounds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Exopolymers consist mainly of polysaccharides, proteins, uronic acids, humic acids, nucleic acids, lipids and cell fragments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Exopolymers consist mainly of polysaccharides, proteins, uronic acids, humic acids, nucleic acids, lipids and cell fragments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In biofilms, possible sorption sites are extracellular polymeric substances, cell walls, cell membranes and cytoplasm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In biofilms, possible sorption sites are extracellular polymeric substances, cell walls, cell membranes and cytoplasm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These sites contribute to the sorption properties of biofilms for organic and inorganic substances.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These sites contribute to the sorption properties of biofilms for organic and inorganic substances [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In multi-dimensional spaces, DG methods are still facing difficulties to attain the same degree of accuracy as in the one-dimensional case, specially on unstructured meshes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In multi-dimensional spaces, DG methods are still facing difficulties to attain the same degree of accuracy as in the one-dimensional case, specially on unstructured meshes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The troublesome part is the construction of appropriate multi-dimensional slope limiters that preserve the accuracy of the scheme.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The troublesome part is the construction of appropriate multi-dimensional slope limiters that preserve the accuracy of the scheme.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, it is proved that any scheme combined with a slope limiting operator that enforces a TVD condition is at most first-order accurate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, it is proved that any scheme combined with a slope limiting operator that enforces a TVD condition is at most first-order accurate [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, a great deal of effort has been oriented for the construction of genuinely multi-dimensional slope limiters that can eliminate non-physical oscillations without adding excessive numerical viscosity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, a great deal of effort has been oriented for the construction of genuinely multi-dimensional slope limiters that can eliminate non-physical oscillations without adding excessive numerical viscosity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One simple approach in the case of rectangular grids is to use the DG method with linear polynomials (P 1 ) for the space discretization instead of quadratic ones (Q 1 ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One simple approach in the case of rectangular grids is to use the DG method with linear polynomials (P 1 ) for the space discretization instead of quadratic ones (Q 1 ) [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "This approach can be considered as a dimensional splitting technique.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This approach can be considered as a dimensional splitting technique [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In this case, the slope limiting process can be carried out by applying a one-dimensional slope limiter sequentially in the x and y directions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, the slope limiting process can be carried out by applying a one-dimensional slope limiter sequentially in the x and y directions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Traditionally, fiber has been analyzed using the AOAC Official Method of Analysis 985.29, or with other AOAC methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditionally, fiber has been analyzed using the AOAC Official Method of Analysis 985.29, or with other AOAC methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This method is a generally accepted method of analysis for the quantification of dietary fiber.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This method is a generally accepted method of analysis for the quantification of dietary fiber.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there is no consensus of the definition regarding whether the non-digestible polymers with a degree of polymerization in the range of three to nine should be defined as fiber.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is no consensus of the definition regarding whether the non-digestible polymers with a degree of polymerization in the range of three to nine should be defined as fiber.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the EU definition, these are included, but the Codex definition leaves it up to the national authorities to decide about their inclusion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the EU definition, these are included, but the Codex definition leaves it up to the national authorities to decide about their inclusion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The European Union and the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU) and the Codex Executive Committee Definitions, as well as that of AACC International (formerly the American Association of Cereal Chemists), include isolated fibers and synthetic polymers, but with the condition that they possess beneficial physiological effects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The European Union and the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU) and the Codex Executive Committee Definitions, as well as that of AACC International (formerly the American Association of Cereal Chemists), include isolated fibers and synthetic polymers, but with the condition that they possess beneficial physiological effects [21, [29] [30] [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21, [29] [30] [31]" ] }, { "text": "Now, the discussion regarding dietary fiber is not an easy task.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Now, the discussion regarding dietary fiber is not an easy task.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The chemical heterogeneity may often cause the confusion of as to the definition and the physiological function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The chemical heterogeneity may often cause the confusion of as to the definition and the physiological function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, their physicochemical properties can change during cooking or digestion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, their physicochemical properties can change during cooking or digestion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, dietary fiber is continuously needed to develop the analytical methods and epidemiological research for the accurate analysis of specific fiber quantitatively and qualitatively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, dietary fiber is continuously needed to develop the analytical methods and epidemiological research for the accurate analysis of specific fiber quantitatively and qualitatively [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper the mechanical design of the modular robot, the Octabot, a lattice homogeneous reconfigurable robot is described.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper the mechanical design of the modular robot, the Octabot, a lattice homogeneous reconfigurable robot is described.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Octabot has some similarities with the Murata system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Octabot has some similarities with the Murata system (Murata et al. 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Murata et al. 1994)" ] }, { "text": "All are homogeneous and can separate their locomotion and reconfiguration stages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All are homogeneous and can separate their locomotion and reconfiguration stages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The contents of this paper are as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The contents of this paper are as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Related works are discussed in Section 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Related works are discussed in Section 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Magnetic force analysis is presented in Section 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Magnetic force analysis is presented in Section 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 4, magnetic modelling and simulation results are described.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 4, magnetic modelling and simulation results are described.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We describe the design principlein Section 5.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We describe the design principlein Section 5.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Experimental tests are discussed in Section 6, and conclusion is provided in Section 7.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Experimental tests are discussed in Section 6, and conclusion is provided in Section 7.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The barriers to consumption, including lack of knowledge regarding preparation of legumes and the perceived time associated with cooking, are both opportunities for education and indicate consumers need support in selecting and consuming legumes (both from dried and canned form).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The barriers to consumption, including lack of knowledge regarding preparation of legumes and the perceived time associated with cooking, are both opportunities for education and indicate consumers need support in selecting and consuming legumes (both from dried and canned form).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings were similar to literature examining vegetable consumption in a qualitative study exploring plant food intake.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings were similar to literature examining vegetable consumption in a qualitative study exploring plant food intake [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] }, { "text": "The study explored Australian consumers' perceived barriers and benefits of plant foods (including vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds) and found participants viewed legumes as difficult to incorporate into the diet due to taste barriers, the perceived lengthy preparation required and lack of knowledge of how to prepare them to be palatable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The study explored Australian consumers' perceived barriers and benefits of plant foods (including vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds) and found participants viewed legumes as difficult to incorporate into the diet due to taste barriers, the perceived lengthy preparation required and lack of knowledge of how to prepare them to be palatable [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] }, { "text": "Similarly, Canadian research explored factors influencing pulse consumption through online interviews and focus groups, and found that taste and general dislike was the number one barrier for non-consumers, followed by not knowing how to prepare or cook them.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, Canadian research explored factors influencing pulse consumption through online interviews and focus groups, and found that taste and general dislike was the number one barrier for non-consumers, followed by not knowing how to prepare or cook them [49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "An example of a triplet-based approach is the largemargin nearest neighbor (LMNN) method.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An example of a triplet-based approach is the largemargin nearest neighbor (LMNN) method [41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[41]" ] }, { "text": "Instead of forcing all points of the same class to be close, LMNN requires that the nearest neighbors of each point are of the same class.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instead of forcing all points of the same class to be close, LMNN requires that the nearest neighbors of each point are of the same class.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The metric is learned by minimizing a sum of loss terms over triplets of points, where each loss term encourages the distance between x i and neighbors in the same class to be at least one distance unit smaller than the distance of x i to neighbors in different classes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The metric is learned by minimizing a sum of loss terms over triplets of points, where each loss term encourages the distance between x i and neighbors in the same class to be at least one distance unit smaller than the distance of x i to neighbors in different classes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Reconstructing esophageal defects has been challenging for reconstructive surgeons, but gastric pullup and colon interposition have become common procedures for total esophageal replacement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reconstructing esophageal defects has been challenging for reconstructive surgeons, but gastric pullup and colon interposition have become common procedures for total esophageal replacement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, partial necrosis at the oral side of the flap, fistula formation, or stricture sometimes occurs chiefly because of insufficient blood supply or because of too much tension at the anastomosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, partial necrosis at the oral side of the flap, fistula formation, or stricture sometimes occurs chiefly because of insufficient blood supply or because of too much tension at the anastomosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In these cases, secondary surgery should be considered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In these cases, secondary surgery should be considered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the past, twostage surgery was commonly performed for this purpose.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past, twostage surgery was commonly performed for this purpose.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first step was the removal of necrotic tissue and the second step was reconstruction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first step was the removal of necrotic tissue and the second step was reconstruction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The interval between these two steps ranged from 1 to 6 months.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The interval between these two steps ranged from 1 to 6 months [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The outcomes of this treatment are acceptable and patients can start oral ingestion on average 14 days after the reconstruction step.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The outcomes of this treatment are acceptable and patients can start oral ingestion on average 14 days after the reconstruction step.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "It was found that the deterioration effects of periodic wetting-drying on different mechanical parameters for the same rock were significantly different.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was found that the deterioration effects of periodic wetting-drying on different mechanical parameters for the same rock were significantly different.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there was a common viewpoint that the strength of the rock would degrade after periodic wetting-drying, and the damage to the rocks was irreversible and progressive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there was a common viewpoint that the strength of the rock would degrade after periodic wetting-drying, and the damage to the rocks was irreversible and progressive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mechanical parameters in the aforementioned studies were mainly compressive strength, cohesion resistance, tensile strength, shear strength, and so on.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mechanical parameters in the aforementioned studies were mainly compressive strength, cohesion resistance, tensile strength, shear strength, and so on.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, studies on the fracture mechanical properties of the rocks affected by periodic water-rock interactions and long-term immersion are scarce.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, studies on the fracture mechanical properties of the rocks affected by periodic water-rock interactions and long-term immersion are scarce [1] [2] [3] 9, 15, 36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] 9, 15, 36]" ] }, { "text": "It has not yet been incompletely understood how the mixed mode fracture behavior of rocks is influenced by periodic water-rock interactions and long-term immersion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has not yet been incompletely understood how the mixed mode fracture behavior of rocks is influenced by periodic water-rock interactions and long-term immersion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the differences between the degradation effects of these two occurrences have not been entirely clarified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the differences between the degradation effects of these two occurrences have not been entirely clarified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In engineering practices, such as tunneling, mining, oil and gas exploration, and excavation, the deformation and failure of rock materials is generally accompanied with water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In engineering practices, such as tunneling, mining, oil and gas exploration, and excavation, the deformation and failure of rock materials is generally accompanied with water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These failures are strongly associated with water-rock interactions, such that many geological disasters like earthquakes, debris flow, landslides, and ground subsidence, have occurred in recent years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These failures are strongly associated with water-rock interactions, such that many geological disasters like earthquakes, debris flow, landslides, and ground subsidence, have occurred in recent years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Water-rock interactions can significantly deteriorate the physical and mechanical properties of rocks, and they have been identified as one of the significant factors influencing the stability and safety of structures in rock-soil engineering and tunnel engineering.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Water-rock interactions can significantly deteriorate the physical and mechanical properties of rocks, and they have been identified as one of the significant factors influencing the stability and safety of structures in rock-soil engineering and tunnel engineering [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Trade policy is an other factor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Trade policy is an other factor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Global textile and apparel (T&A) trade has been affected by quotas and other impediments for decades, with the MFA affecting about 40 percent of world apparel trade.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Global textile and apparel (T&A) trade has been affected by quotas and other impediments for decades, with the MFA affecting about 40 percent of world apparel trade (Cline, 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cline, 1990)" ] }, { "text": "While the United States and the European Union (EU) are expected to remove their MFA quotas, developing countries are also obliged under the ATC to remove T&A import barriers incompatible with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While the United States and the European Union (EU) are expected to remove their MFA quotas, developing countries are also obliged under the ATC to remove T&A import barriers incompatible with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "This study abstracts from the question of whether importing or exporting countries capture the rents from MFA quotas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study abstracts from the question of whether importing or exporting countries capture the rents from MFA quotas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since quotas are not auctioned by importing governments, the rents created by quantitative restrictions on imports are presumably available for exporting countries to appropriate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since quotas are not auctioned by importing governments, the rents created by quantitative restrictions on imports are presumably available for exporting countries to appropriate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, recent research has demonstrated that in many cases importing firms are able to exercise market power and capture at least some of these rents.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, recent research has demonstrated that in many cases importing firms are able to exercise market power and capture at least some of these rents (Krishna and Tan, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Krishna and Tan, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "In some studies estimating the impact of MFA liberalization, loss of rents is a negative component of the welfare changes expected for some developing country exporters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In some studies estimating the impact of MFA liberalization, loss of rents is a negative component of the welfare changes expected for some developing country exporters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study assumes these rents are dissipated by rent-seeking behavior and inefficiency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This study assumes these rents are dissipated by rent-seeking behavior and inefficiency (Krueger, 1974) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Krueger, 1974)" ] }, { "text": "In effect, the MFA restraints cause difficulty for some developing countries in exporting their textile and apparel products to the restraining countries (North America and the EU in the model), and hence lower the efficiency of their exports.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In effect, the MFA restraints cause difficulty for some developing countries in exporting their textile and apparel products to the restraining countries (North America and the EU in the model), and hence lower the efficiency of their exports.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a post MFA world, exports of textile and apparel products become relatively easy for the developing countries [included in (1) - (7)], and hence exports grow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a post MFA world, exports of textile and apparel products become relatively easy for the developing countries [included in (1) - (7)], and hence exports grow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One important significance of this approach is that this study does not assume that the restrained exporters lose quota rents once the MFA quotas are removed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One important significance of this approach is that this study does not assume that the restrained exporters lose quota rents once the MFA quotas are removed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "However, during marketing year 2003/04, the volume of U.S. cotton textile net imports is estimated to be unchanged from the year before.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, during marketing year 2003/04, the volume of U.S. cotton textile net imports is estimated to be unchanged from the year before (MacDonald, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(MacDonald, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Net textile imports rose every year between 1995/96 and 2002/03, even rising at a 5 percent annual rate as total U.S. domestic consumption of cotton textile products fell in 2000/01 and 2001/02.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Net textile imports rose every year between 1995/96 and 2002/03, even rising at a 5 percent annual rate as total U.S. domestic consumption of cotton textile products fell in 2000/01 and 2001/02.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In 2002/03 growth in cotton textile imports shot up to an 18 percent annual rate, before falling to 0 percent growth more recently.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In 2002/03 growth in cotton textile imports shot up to an 18 percent annual rate, before falling to 0 percent growth more recently.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These changes are illustrative of the market forces affecting the T&A sectors in every country.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These changes are illustrative of the market forces affecting the T&A sectors in every country.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The method used in our study does not allow us to make forecasts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The method used in our study does not allow us to make forecasts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the shorter term, the effect of macroeconomic fluctuations may induce changes in production and trade over time that look very different from the impacts estimated in this study's scenarios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the shorter term, the effect of macroeconomic fluctuations may induce changes in production and trade over time that look very different from the impacts estimated in this study's scenarios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In longer run, we cannot predict future trends or the pace of future structural change.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In longer run, we cannot predict future trends or the pace of future structural change.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The method used here is sometimes called a 'counter-factual' or scenario analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The method used here is sometimes called a 'counter-factual' or scenario analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We ask questions such as: given the trend in the growth and the change in the market structure, how will the implementation of the ATC add additional growth to world trade or cause further changes in world market structure?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We ask questions such as: given the trend in the growth and the change in the market structure, how will the implementation of the ATC add additional growth to world trade or cause further changes in world market structure?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We use this counter-factual approach with both the CGE and the partial equilibrium models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We use this counter-factual approach with both the CGE and the partial equilibrium models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The intertemporal CGE model used in this study is documented in Somwaru 2000, 2001 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The intertemporal CGE model used in this study is documented in Somwaru 2000, 2001 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The econometric model of China's agriculture used in this study is documented in Fang and Babcock 2003, and recently has been redeveloped by the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Texas Tech University.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The econometric model of China's agriculture used in this study is documented in Fang and Babcock 2003, and recently has been redeveloped by the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Texas Tech University (Pan, Mohanty and Ethridge, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pan, Mohanty and Ethridge, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "The study brings together these two models, relying on the CGE model's global economy-wide coverage to capture the changes in the world economy that guide the development of China's textile industry in the post-ATC world, and relying on the econometric model to analyze the response of China's agricultural sector to the growth in its textile industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study brings together these two models, relying on the CGE model's global economy-wide coverage to capture the changes in the world economy that guide the development of China's textile industry in the post-ATC world, and relying on the econometric model to analyze the response of China's agricultural sector to the growth in its textile industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Coal is a cheap and abundant natural resource for energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Coal is a cheap and abundant natural resource for energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there have been some increasing environmental and health concerns in utilizing coal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there have been some increasing environmental and health concerns in utilizing coal [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Emergence of clean coal technologies is seen as a means of reducing coal's environmental footprint.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Emergence of clean coal technologies is seen as a means of reducing coal's environmental footprint [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Among the clean coal technologies, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) provides a great promise due to its high efficiency, lower pollutant emissions, potential carbon capture and sequestration, flexibility in handling a variety of feedstock, and ability to utilize byproducts in various industries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among the clean coal technologies, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) provides a great promise due to its high efficiency, lower pollutant emissions, potential carbon capture and sequestration, flexibility in handling a variety of feedstock, and ability to utilize byproducts in various industries [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "However, for successful operation and wide spread commercialization of these efficient utilization technologies requires an understanding and mitigation of mineral matter related issues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, for successful operation and wide spread commercialization of these efficient utilization technologies requires an understanding and mitigation of mineral matter related issues [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In addition, the combined administration of KET and PYR might decrease drug dosages and consequently reduce the drug's adverse effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the combined administration of KET and PYR might decrease drug dosages and consequently reduce the drug's adverse effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similar effects were reported for spiramycin co-administered with metronidazole.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar effects were reported for spiramycin co-administered with metronidazole.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These medications were highly efficient against the cystic form of T. gondii and significantly reduced the cyst load in the chronic toxoplasmosis in a mouse model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These medications were highly efficient against the cystic form of T. gondii and significantly reduced the cyst load in the chronic toxoplasmosis in a mouse model [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "On account of the recent development in guidance, control and navigation technology, the Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) have begun to replace manned aircraft in not only for reconnaissance missions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On account of the recent development in guidance, control and navigation technology, the Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) have begun to replace manned aircraft in not only for reconnaissance missions [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Instead of welltrained human pilots, UCAV must be implemented with an algorithm to successfully carry out air-to-air combat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instead of welltrained human pilots, UCAV must be implemented with an algorithm to successfully carry out air-to-air combat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To deal with the dynamic and challenging nature of air combat, the pilot algorithm should be able to predict the maneuver of the enemy and decide its own optimal maneuver.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To deal with the dynamic and challenging nature of air combat, the pilot algorithm should be able to predict the maneuver of the enemy and decide its own optimal maneuver.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) motors are currently used as variable speed drive systems for aerospace, automotive, industrial, and automation applications because of their high power density and low maintenance cost.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) motors are currently used as variable speed drive systems for aerospace, automotive, industrial, and automation applications because of their high power density and low maintenance cost [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, the proper functioning of these systems has important challenges related to modeling, dynamical analysis, control, and implementation aspects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the proper functioning of these systems has important challenges related to modeling, dynamical analysis, control, and implementation aspects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nonlinear phenomena as bifurcations and chaos have been observed in many classes of motor drive systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonlinear phenomena as bifurcations and chaos have been observed in many classes of motor drive systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, uncertainties and disturbances should be tackled.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, uncertainties and disturbances should be tackled [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Nowadays, the tendency to build megastructures is increasing; some of them need to have large spans, for instance cable-stayed bridges.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays, the tendency to build megastructures is increasing; some of them need to have large spans, for instance cable-stayed bridges.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nonetheless, there are applications of structural engineering where tolerances of structural shape and internal forces, under changing service conditions, are significant, since it has effects on the structure's serviceability limit state Saeed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonetheless, there are applications of structural engineering where tolerances of structural shape and internal forces, under changing service conditions, are significant, since it has effects on the structure's serviceability limit state Saeed [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "When structures composed of beam members, such as arch cable stayed bridges are used for a long time under different loadings or due to the harsh environment, some of the nodes (deck or arch) could undergo a big deflection, or some of the members experience large force, leading to change in some specific bars/cables in cable structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When structures composed of beam members, such as arch cable stayed bridges are used for a long time under different loadings or due to the harsh environment, some of the nodes (deck or arch) could undergo a big deflection, or some of the members experience large force, leading to change in some specific bars/cables in cable structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cables may also face slack, which means they effectively become structurally non-existent, so they would have to be shortened.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cables may also face slack, which means they effectively become structurally non-existent, so they would have to be shortened.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For solving the problem of high deflection and achieving desired amount of force, the techniques of adjustment can be applied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For solving the problem of high deflection and achieving desired amount of force, the techniques of adjustment can be applied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Better software will result from the combined efforts of a variety of mental processes, outlooks, and values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Better software will result from the combined efforts of a variety of mental processes, outlooks, and values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study our objective was to understand the role of the personality types in student learning in one of the most important phases of a software development life cycle course.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study our objective was to understand the role of the personality types in student learning in one of the most important phases of a software development life cycle course.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results of this investigation reinforce the current perceptions that different personality traits are most suited for different tasks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of this investigation reinforce the current perceptions that different personality traits are most suited for different tasks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of software design, the students having the characteristics of Judging and Thinking show better performance in comparison to other personality traits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of software design, the students having the characteristics of Judging and Thinking show better performance in comparison to other personality traits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of interactive technologies may provide us with a valuable guide for designing technologies where the individual learner may find him or herself in an environment that both instructs about the subject matter and encourages the learner to construct knowledge from subject matter in more meaningful and effective way.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of interactive technologies may provide us with a valuable guide for designing technologies where the individual learner may find him or herself in an environment that both instructs about the subject matter and encourages the learner to construct knowledge from subject matter in more meaningful and effective way (Bendar, Cunningham, Duffy, & Perry, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bendar, Cunningham, Duffy, & Perry, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "Specifically, utilizing state-of-the art technologies that reflect current industry practices not only enhances students' confidence in their ability to successfully perform as an Information Systems major, but also elevates students' expectations that valued rewards will be received by majoring in IS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, utilizing state-of-the art technologies that reflect current industry practices not only enhances students' confidence in their ability to successfully perform as an Information Systems major, but also elevates students' expectations that valued rewards will be received by majoring in IS (Akbulut & Looney, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Akbulut & Looney, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Although this work has certain limitations, the work contributes to a better understanding the learning pattern of future software designers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although this work has certain limitations, the work contributes to a better understanding the learning pattern of future software designers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A main challenge is encountered when multi-parallel grid-connected inverters are coupled through grid impedance Zg.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A main challenge is encountered when multi-parallel grid-connected inverters are coupled through grid impedance Zg.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Fig. 1 , the voltage of Point of Common Coupling (PCC), Vpcc, is shared by all inverters and can be modified by their injected currents.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Fig. 1 , the voltage of Point of Common Coupling (PCC), Vpcc, is shared by all inverters and can be modified by their injected currents [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, all inverters influence each other due to grid impedance existence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, all inverters influence each other due to grid impedance existence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Depending on the number of parallel inverters and grid impedance value, the inverters installed in a microgrid may not behave as expected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Depending on the number of parallel inverters and grid impedance value, the inverters installed in a microgrid may not behave as expected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is worth nothing that, multi-parallel grid-connected inverters also introduce multiple resonances whose frequency and peak can be varied with variations of the grid impedance and number of inverters.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is worth nothing that, multi-parallel grid-connected inverters also introduce multiple resonances whose frequency and peak can be varied with variations of the grid impedance and number of inverters [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Studies of factors that influence substance use in Moroccan adolescents are scarce, with most focusing on only individual and/or family factors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies of factors that influence substance use in Moroccan adolescents are scarce, with most focusing on only individual and/or family factors [12, 13, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 13, 23]" ] }, { "text": "This study seeks to fill this gap and this lack of data on contextual risk and protective factors of substance use (especially regarding use of tobacco and cannabis) in Moroccan adolescent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study seeks to fill this gap and this lack of data on contextual risk and protective factors of substance use (especially regarding use of tobacco and cannabis) in Moroccan adolescent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, we used a socio-ecological approach and focus group discussions (FGDs) with multiple-category design to obtain accurate descriptions of perceived risks and protective factors of substance use in Moroccan adolescents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, we used a socio-ecological approach and focus group discussions (FGDs) with multiple-category design to obtain accurate descriptions of perceived risks and protective factors of substance use in Moroccan adolescents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Having a multiple-category design allows views of different groups to be explored in a similar category or in different categories.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Having a multiple-category design allows views of different groups to be explored in a similar category or in different categories [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "For this study, we examined views of three different groups (adolescents, parents, and teachers).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For this study, we examined views of three different groups (adolescents, parents, and teachers) [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "These results may aid in the development of more effective interventions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results may aid in the development of more effective interventions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The radiation characteristics provided by a single element were gradually found to be inadequate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The radiation characteristics provided by a single element were gradually found to be inadequate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To solve this problem, an arrangement of several radiating elements called an array was developed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To solve this problem, an arrangement of several radiating elements called an array was developed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Uniformly excited and equally spaced antenna array has high directivity but it usually suffers from high side lobe level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Uniformly excited and equally spaced antenna array has high directivity but it usually suffers from high side lobe level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To reduce the side lobe level, the array is made aperiodic by altering the positions of the antenna elements with all excitation amplitudes being non uniform.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To reduce the side lobe level, the array is made aperiodic by altering the positions of the antenna elements with all excitation amplitudes being non uniform.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A very popular type of antenna arrays is the circular array that has several advantages, such as symmetry in azimuth, which makes them ideally suited for full 360 • coverage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A very popular type of antenna arrays is the circular array that has several advantages, such as symmetry in azimuth, which makes them ideally suited for full 360 • coverage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This advantage has been exploited for the development of broadcast antennas and direction-finding antennas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This advantage has been exploited for the development of broadcast antennas and direction-finding antennas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Circular antenna arrays find various applications in sonar, radar, mobile and commercial satellite communications systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Circular antenna arrays find various applications in sonar, radar, mobile and commercial satellite communications systems [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Microstrip antennas have a number of useful properties, which are employed as radiating or receiving elements in a wide range of microwave systems, such as radar, navigation, communication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Microstrip antennas have a number of useful properties, which are employed as radiating or receiving elements in a wide range of microwave systems, such as radar, navigation, communication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The radiating elements in these applications can come in a variety of configurations, with the rectangular and circular patches being the most popular due to the ease of analysis and fabrication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The radiating elements in these applications can come in a variety of configurations, with the rectangular and circular patches being the most popular due to the ease of analysis and fabrication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The circular conductor printed on a dielectric substrate backed by a perfectly conducting plane is used as a resonator as well as an antenna element.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The circular conductor printed on a dielectric substrate backed by a perfectly conducting plane is used as a resonator as well as an antenna element [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This structure has been analyzed extensively in the last two decades, employing a wide variety of techniques, ranging from simple intuitive models to highly sophisticated techniques using the rigorous spectral domain approach with the Galerkin method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This structure has been analyzed extensively in the last two decades, employing a wide variety of techniques, ranging from simple intuitive models to highly sophisticated techniques using the rigorous spectral domain approach with the Galerkin method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "During the last decade, optimizations of antenna arrays have received great attention in the problems antenna arrays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the last decade, optimizations of antenna arrays have received great attention in the problems antenna arrays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The conventional methods of linear antenna array optimization use a set of linear or nonlinear design equations and solve them to get the optimal solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The conventional methods of linear antenna array optimization use a set of linear or nonlinear design equations and solve them to get the optimal solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These methods are not suitable for circular array optimization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These methods are not suitable for circular array optimization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to the complexity of the design problem, several evolutionary approaches as genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization (PSO) have become very popular for optimization problems in antenna arrays.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the complexity of the design problem, several evolutionary approaches as genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization (PSO) have become very popular for optimization problems in antenna arrays [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Subsistence agriculture, hunting, and intentional burning activities dominated early Native American management of the Holocene North American landscape.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsistence agriculture, hunting, and intentional burning activities dominated early Native American management of the Holocene North American landscape.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These activities enabled colonization of the continent and cultural development over thousands of years, but not without attendant landscape impacts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These activities enabled colonization of the continent and cultural development over thousands of years, but not without attendant landscape impacts [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Native American burning created new and expanded existing herblands, meadows, and open wooded expanses, enhancing harvest of edible plants, nuts, and berries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Native American burning created new and expanded existing herblands, meadows, and open wooded expanses, enhancing harvest of edible plants, nuts, and berries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "From a practical perspective, this study provides insights into how managers should create strategic sustainable value from supply chain visibility from a module supplier's perspective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From a practical perspective, this study provides insights into how managers should create strategic sustainable value from supply chain visibility from a module supplier's perspective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Module buyers must also obtain supply chain visibility by enforcing their core competencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Module buyers must also obtain supply chain visibility by enforcing their core competencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Managers should also share information on their market and customers with supply chain partners to better understand customer expectations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Managers should also share information on their market and customers with supply chain partners to better understand customer expectations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, they should aim to create a joint decision-making process for modules with their partners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, they should aim to create a joint decision-making process for modules with their partners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, managers should be flexible and adaptable to cope with changeable environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, managers should be flexible and adaptable to cope with changeable environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many firms focus on improving information coordination, but this is only one part of the overall supply chain visibility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many firms focus on improving information coordination, but this is only one part of the overall supply chain visibility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Managers should quickly respond to and flexibly cope with changes in market uncertainties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Managers should quickly respond to and flexibly cope with changes in market uncertainties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Flexibility and agility are able to achieve sustainability performance, because it is possible of strategic flexibility and agility to build, integrate, and reconfigure operational capabilities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Flexibility and agility are able to achieve sustainability performance, because it is possible of strategic flexibility and agility to build, integrate, and reconfigure operational capabilities [78] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF78" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[78]" ] }, { "text": "For managers that intend to outsource modules, our findings suggest that they should develop the flexibility and agility to challenge dynamic markets for sustainability by deploying modularity-enhancing resources through closer cooperation with their supply chain partners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For managers that intend to outsource modules, our findings suggest that they should develop the flexibility and agility to challenge dynamic markets for sustainability by deploying modularity-enhancing resources through closer cooperation with their supply chain partners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We suggest that modular design is able to enforce supply chain flexibility and agility in this study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We suggest that modular design is able to enforce supply chain flexibility and agility in this study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many researchers show the benefits of modular design for sustainable design according to the three main steps of the life cycle, such as production, use and disposal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many researchers show the benefits of modular design for sustainable design according to the three main steps of the life cycle, such as production, use and disposal [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Modula design is suitable for sustainable development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Modula design is suitable for sustainable development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are various benefits of modular design for sustainable design in terms of the life cycle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are various benefits of modular design for sustainable design in terms of the life cycle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is possible to gain agility, reactivity, and flexibility.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is possible to gain agility, reactivity, and flexibility [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Modular design is known as a common method to reduce the product's life cycle cost.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Modular design is known as a common method to reduce the product's life cycle cost [50] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[50]" ] }, { "text": "Modular design can play a significant role in the life cycle of a product in terms of ease of upgrade, maintenance, and improved efficiency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Modular design can play a significant role in the life cycle of a product in terms of ease of upgrade, maintenance, and improved efficiency [51] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF51" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[51]" ] }, { "text": "Additionally, it is possible for firms to cope with the rapidly-changing dynamic environment and technical complexity of their sustainability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, it is possible for firms to cope with the rapidly-changing dynamic environment and technical complexity of their sustainability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Modular designs in the supply chain are competencies that form the basis of the value-creating strategy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Modular designs in the supply chain are competencies that form the basis of the value-creating strategy [108] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF108" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[108]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it is necessary to consider modular design in sustainable supply chain design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is necessary to consider modular design in sustainable supply chain design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We live in an unpredictable dynamic environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We live in an unpredictable dynamic environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are some changes in business environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are some changes in business environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Customers wants various types of products and services and product life cycles have been shortened.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Customers wants various types of products and services and product life cycles have been shortened.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These changes are great risks to firms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These changes are great risks to firms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fast-changing markets feature both high-level competition and numerous uncertainties and operate in an unstable environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fast-changing markets feature both high-level competition and numerous uncertainties and operate in an unstable environment [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Every firm should produce new high-quality products and services at a low price for survival and sustainability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Every firm should produce new high-quality products and services at a low price for survival and sustainability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, small and middle-sized enterprises (SMEs) are trying to search and enforce their core competencies and capabilities for survival.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, small and middle-sized enterprises (SMEs) are trying to search and enforce their core competencies and capabilities for survival.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is not a game, but a war.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is not a game, but a war.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Changes of environment make SMEs analyze, build, and reconfigure their resources and organizational capabilities in order to achieve flexibility and agility from the perspective of sustainability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Changes of environment make SMEs analyze, build, and reconfigure their resources and organizational capabilities in order to achieve flexibility and agility from the perspective of sustainability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The increasing product complexity and market dynamism has forced the emergence of flexible and agile manufacturing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The increasing product complexity and market dynamism has forced the emergence of flexible and agile manufacturing [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Flexible and agile manufacturing enables a firm to survive in the competitive environment of continuous and unpredictable changes to respond quickly to customers' dynamic demands.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Flexible and agile manufacturing enables a firm to survive in the competitive environment of continuous and unpredictable changes to respond quickly to customers' dynamic demands [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Particularly, to sustain increased competitive pressure, SMEs are continuously forced to rethink, reshape, and synchronize their existing competitive sources and capabilities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Particularly, to sustain increased competitive pressure, SMEs are continuously forced to rethink, reshape, and synchronize their existing competitive sources and capabilities [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Flexibility and agility are the abilities to produce various types of products shortly in a cost-effective manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Flexibility and agility are the abilities to produce various types of products shortly in a cost-effective manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, sustainability refers to the minimization of the effect on the environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, sustainability refers to the minimization of the effect on the environment [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Cost-effectiveness is important to the environmental side.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cost-effectiveness is important to the environmental side.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the achievement of flexibility and agility are the key successful factors for sustainability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the achievement of flexibility and agility are the key successful factors for sustainability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Against this background, the major concern of this study is to develop a conceptual model of supply chain visibility, suppliers' modular designs, and supply chain flexibility and agility as dynamic capabilities for sustainability of SMEs from the viewpoint of the module supplier.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Against this background, the major concern of this study is to develop a conceptual model of supply chain visibility, suppliers' modular designs, and supply chain flexibility and agility as dynamic capabilities for sustainability of SMEs from the viewpoint of the module supplier.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A rigorous research model is also proposed and validated using structural equation modeling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A rigorous research model is also proposed and validated using structural equation modeling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This concept of dynamic capability helps to explain the structural relationships among the constructs concerned, providing a basis for module suppliers in SMEs' sustainability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This concept of dynamic capability helps to explain the structural relationships among the constructs concerned, providing a basis for module suppliers in SMEs' sustainability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study makes three contributions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study makes three contributions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, we develop and empirically validate a comprehensive model of supply chain visibility and modular design from a module supplier's perspective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, we develop and empirically validate a comprehensive model of supply chain visibility and modular design from a module supplier's perspective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Research that combined modular design with concepts from supply chain management is an emerging area.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research that combined modular design with concepts from supply chain management is an emerging area [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "However, few empirical studies address the relationship between supply chain factors and modular design as an operation issue in terms of sustainability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, few empirical studies address the relationship between supply chain factors and modular design as an operation issue in terms of sustainability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Secondly, we shift the viewpoint from the module buyer to the module supplier in SMEs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, we shift the viewpoint from the module buyer to the module supplier in SMEs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We focus on the module supplier's perspective to address the sustainability through obtaining supply chain flexibility and agility in SMEs, while most studies focus on the module buyer's perspective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We focus on the module supplier's perspective to address the sustainability through obtaining supply chain flexibility and agility in SMEs, while most studies focus on the module buyer's perspective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lastly, we conduct a new empirical test to provide evidence for the importance of supply chain visibility and examine the critical capabilities required to achieve flexibility and agility for sustainable competitiveness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lastly, we conduct a new empirical test to provide evidence for the importance of supply chain visibility and examine the critical capabilities required to achieve flexibility and agility for sustainable competitiveness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In past decades, a modular supply chain environment has been emphasized in which key modules are outsourced to technically competent module suppliers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In past decades, a modular supply chain environment has been emphasized in which key modules are outsourced to technically competent module suppliers [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "SMEs as module suppliers also adapt modularity to strive to obtain flexibility and agility and cope with rapid changes and customer needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SMEs as module suppliers also adapt modularity to strive to obtain flexibility and agility and cope with rapid changes and customer needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Through communication and information sharing among supply chain partners, modular design can provide a competitive advantage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Through communication and information sharing among supply chain partners, modular design can provide a competitive advantage [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "A close supply chain structure facilitates information and knowledge sharing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A close supply chain structure facilitates information and knowledge sharing [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Recent modular outsourcing has resulted in differentiation with respect to firm competitiveness as firms gain dynamic capabilities through supply chain visibility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent modular outsourcing has resulted in differentiation with respect to firm competitiveness as firms gain dynamic capabilities through supply chain visibility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, firms can reconfigure and adjust their manufacturing methods to achieve flexibility and agility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, firms can reconfigure and adjust their manufacturing methods to achieve flexibility and agility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Value-added activities shift from a single organization to an overall modular supply chain when key modules are outsourced to suppliers in modular design.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Value-added activities shift from a single organization to an overall modular supply chain when key modules are outsourced to suppliers in modular design [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "This study shows that supply chain flexibility and agility are multi-item constructs used to represent internal capability about operating level responsiveness in variability and external capability about the inter-firm levels of responsiveness in speed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study shows that supply chain flexibility and agility are multi-item constructs used to represent internal capability about operating level responsiveness in variability and external capability about the inter-firm levels of responsiveness in speed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These dynamic capabilities are able to lead to competitive advantages from the perspective sustainability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These dynamic capabilities are able to lead to competitive advantages from the perspective sustainability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Internal capability includes ability to change the quantities of customers' orders, delivery time of orders, and product volume.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Internal capability includes ability to change the quantities of customers' orders, delivery time of orders, and product volume.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, external capability includes the ability to reduce the product development cycle time and manufacturing lead time, reduce the response time to changing needs, and to improve delivery reliability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, external capability includes the ability to reduce the product development cycle time and manufacturing lead time, reduce the response time to changing needs, and to improve delivery reliability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Today, it is becoming more sustainable to create flexibility in exploiting and controlling resources in the choice of alternative strategic actions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Today, it is becoming more sustainable to create flexibility in exploiting and controlling resources in the choice of alternative strategic actions [74] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF74" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[74]" ] }, { "text": "Obtaining flexibility on various sides needs to be present in product development, manufacturing, and supply chain activities to increase responsiveness for sustainability performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Obtaining flexibility on various sides needs to be present in product development, manufacturing, and supply chain activities to increase responsiveness for sustainability performance [77] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF77" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[77]" ] }, { "text": "Thereby, it is so important to obtain supply chain flexibility and agility in order to achieve sustainability performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thereby, it is so important to obtain supply chain flexibility and agility in order to achieve sustainability performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In Korea, the Act on the Conservation and Use of Biological Diversity has been enacted to preserve and protect biodiversity by designating some plants, including invasive aliens, as ecosystem-disturbing species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Korea, the Act on the Conservation and Use of Biological Diversity has been enacted to preserve and protect biodiversity by designating some plants, including invasive aliens, as ecosystem-disturbing species (Ministry of Environment 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ministry of Environment 2017)" ] }, { "text": "Although S. borealis is native to that country, we believe that its growth habit can cause considerable harm when occupying particular areas where it dominates and influences those forested communities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although S. borealis is native to that country, we believe that its growth habit can cause considerable harm when occupying particular areas where it dominates and influences those forested communities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under such conditions, the diversity of other plant species appears to be very low.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under such conditions, the diversity of other plant species appears to be very low.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, these scenarios have not yet been officially documented or quantified in Korea.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these scenarios have not yet been officially documented or quantified in Korea.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our research goals were to explore the physical habitats and forest communities in which S. borealis occurs and to determine how plant species diversity is affected by the dominance of this species.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our research goals were to explore the physical habitats and forest communities in which S. borealis occurs and to determine how plant species diversity is affected by the dominance of this species.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings could then be used to develop strategies for ecological control and manipulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings could then be used to develop strategies for ecological control and manipulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Note that the above comparisons only mention taggers based on automatic model acquisition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Note that the above comparisons only mention taggers based on automatic model acquisition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have intentionally avoided the comparison with linguistic taggers because we think that both approaches such be considered in a complementary-rather than exclusive-way.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have intentionally avoided the comparison with linguistic taggers because we think that both approaches such be considered in a complementary-rather than exclusive-way.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is a fact that years of work on machine learning for tagging have resulted in taggers that significantly underperform the linguistic taggers based on hand-written rules in the style of Constraint Grammars.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a fact that years of work on machine learning for tagging have resulted in taggers that significantly underperform the linguistic taggers based on hand-written rules in the style of Constraint Grammars (Karlsson et al., 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Karlsson et al., 1995)" ] }, { "text": "We think that automatic taggers will never be able to fully compete with manual linguistic taggers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We think that automatic taggers will never be able to fully compete with manual linguistic taggers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may be explained by the coverage of infrequent cases and exceptions which-due to their low frequency-are much difficult to acquire in a statistical approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may be explained by the coverage of infrequent cases and exceptions which-due to their low frequency-are much difficult to acquire in a statistical approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it is also accepted that linguistic taggers have a much higher acquisition cost and that they are less portable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is also accepted that linguistic taggers have a much higher acquisition cost and that they are less portable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hybrid approach takes advantage of both models, achieving a more adequate balance of acquisition cost and accuracy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The hybrid approach takes advantage of both models, achieving a more adequate balance of acquisition cost and accuracy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In recent years environmental issues have become of increasing social, political and economic importance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years environmental issues have become of increasing social, political and economic importance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Increasing environmental awareness has led to the development of international standards (ISO 14000, EMAS), along with complex environmental legislation in every country that has changed ®rms' competitive environments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Increasing environmental awareness has led to the development of international standards (ISO 14000, EMAS), along with complex environmental legislation in every country that has changed ®rms' competitive environments (Rugman and Verbeke, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rugman and Verbeke, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "The environmental component of processes, products and services is increasingly valued by society.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The environmental component of processes, products and services is increasingly valued by society (Owen and Scherer, 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Owen and Scherer, 1993)" ] }, { "text": "The impact on the environment of business activities, insofar as it is reported in the media, directly affects a ®rm's image and can in¯uence its reputation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The impact on the environment of business activities, insofar as it is reported in the media, directly affects a ®rm's image and can in¯uence its reputation (Roome, 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Roome, 1994)" ] }, { "text": "Thus, the environmental behavior of ®rms provokes particular responses from consumers through the demand function, and investors take it into account when building their portfolios.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the environmental behavior of ®rms provokes particular responses from consumers through the demand function, and investors take it into account when building their portfolios (Harrison and Freeman, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Harrison and Freeman, 1999)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In this work we try to combine both approaches by making use of the framework provided by stakeholder theory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this work we try to combine both approaches by making use of the framework provided by stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Freeman, 1984)" ] }, { "text": "This theory has proved fundamental in achieving a more practical view of corporate social responsibility, and in helping managers to determine strategies to confront it.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This theory has proved fundamental in achieving a more practical view of corporate social responsibility, and in helping managers to determine strategies to confront it (Wood, 1991; Lamb, 1994; Clarkson, 1995; Cordano, 1996; Waddock and Graves, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wood, 1991; Lamb, 1994; Clarkson, 1995; Cordano, 1996; Waddock and Graves, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "In this sense, a ®rm's environmental strategy can be seen as a response to the pressures and demands of different stakeholders.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this sense, a ®rm's environmental strategy can be seen as a response to the pressures and demands of different stakeholders (Fineman and Clarke, 1996; Henriques and Sadorsky, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fineman and Clarke, 1996; Henriques and Sadorsky, 1999)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Climate and land use changes are affecting forest fires in the European Alps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Climate and land use changes are affecting forest fires in the European Alps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Land abandonment is increasing fuel biomass and forest connectivity, and extreme heat waves as well as frequent foehn winds are increasing the risk of forest fires.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Land abandonment is increasing fuel biomass and forest connectivity, and extreme heat waves as well as frequent foehn winds are increasing the risk of forest fires (Valese et al. 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF90" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Valese et al. 2014)" ] }, { "text": "In fact, we expect larger and more intense fires in high elevation forests.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, we expect larger and more intense fires in high elevation forests (Bebi et al. 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bebi et al. 2017)" ] }, { "text": "European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) forests are an extensive landscape component in the montane and subalpine belts of the western Alps, and provide diverse ecosystem services, such as timber, landscape scenery, recreation, protection from hydrogeomorphic hazards, and biodiversity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) forests are an extensive landscape component in the montane and subalpine belts of the western Alps, and provide diverse ecosystem services, such as timber, landscape scenery, recreation, protection from hydrogeomorphic hazards, and biodiversity (Garbarino et al. 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Garbarino et al. 2011)" ] }, { "text": "In this scenario of global change, where land abandonment interacts with climate warming, it is essential to know how European larch forests respond to wildfires.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this scenario of global change, where land abandonment interacts with climate warming, it is essential to know how European larch forests respond to wildfires.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Non-ionizing radiation comes from extremely low frequency (ELF), very low frequency (VLF), radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation and visible light.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Non-ionizing radiation comes from extremely low frequency (ELF), very low frequency (VLF), radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation and visible light.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Advancements in innovation and industry have improved human life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Advancements in innovation and industry have improved human life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Be that as it may, presentation to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) by utilizing electrical machines, apparatuses, modern instruments, electrical cables and specialized gadgets has happened as a consequence of these mechanical advancements and is bringing about a risk to typical lives.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Be that as it may, presentation to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) by utilizing electrical machines, apparatuses, modern instruments, electrical cables and specialized gadgets has happened as a consequence of these mechanical advancements and is bringing about a risk to typical lives [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The nearest fast and so close technologies in our everyday life is a mobile phone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nearest fast and so close technologies in our everyday life is a mobile phone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Each of these socio-technical mechanisms facilitates different types of interactions among project participants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each of these socio-technical mechanisms facilitates different types of interactions among project participants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results of our recent large-scale survey of FOSS developers suggest that developers believe code review is beneficial in the impression formation process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of our recent large-scale survey of FOSS developers suggest that developers believe code review is beneficial in the impression formation process [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Our hypothesis in this work is that due to the nature of interaction supported by each of these mediums, some may be more beneficial than others for impression formation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our hypothesis in this work is that due to the nature of interaction supported by each of these mediums, some may be more beneficial than others for impression formation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We conducted a social network analysis (SNA) of the interactions facilitated by each socio-technical mechanism to determine which of those mechanisms tended to support impression formation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We conducted a social network analysis (SNA) of the interactions facilitated by each socio-technical mechanism to determine which of those mechanisms tended to support impression formation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "To address these problems many approaches have been proposed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To address these problems many approaches have been proposed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A typical approach is to develop context-aware systems where the user context is used to diminish the restrictions imposed by the small screens of mobile devices and adapt the visualization to the user context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A typical approach is to develop context-aware systems where the user context is used to diminish the restrictions imposed by the small screens of mobile devices and adapt the visualization to the user context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Reichenbacher defines adaptive mobile visualization (AMV) as concerning the adjustment of the diverse components of the visualization process, such as the interface, the information and the visualization, to the user's context.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reichenbacher defines adaptive mobile visualization (AMV) as concerning the adjustment of the diverse components of the visualization process, such as the interface, the information and the visualization, to the user's context [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Adaptive applications to the user's context are especially relevant when considered to improve the usability of information visualization tasks in mobile devices with a small screen, and in reducing the cognitive load that is inherent to mobile scenarios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Adaptive applications to the user's context are especially relevant when considered to improve the usability of information visualization tasks in mobile devices with a small screen, and in reducing the cognitive load that is inherent to mobile scenarios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Our approach is explored in the design of a SemiAutomatic Multimedia Presentation authoring Environment (SampLe).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our approach is explored in the design of a SemiAutomatic Multimedia Presentation authoring Environment (SampLe) [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "SampLe exploits large media-aware semantic spaces through semantic-and discourse-aware authoring methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SampLe exploits large media-aware semantic spaces through semantic-and discourse-aware authoring methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The domain knowledge space used to illustrate SampLe covers the fine arts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The domain knowledge space used to illustrate SampLe covers the fine arts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We also explored the impact of objective knowledge, specifically, participants basic knowledge (vs. familiarity) about fracking such as identifying correct definitions of shale gas, Fracking Attitudes 21 hydraulic fracturing, fracking fluid, etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also explored the impact of objective knowledge, specifically, participants basic knowledge (vs. familiarity) about fracking such as identifying correct definitions of shale gas, Fracking Attitudes 21 hydraulic fracturing, fracking fluid, etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unlike political ideology, basic fracking knowledge was unrelated to fracking economic attitudes, reliance on natural gas and hydroelectric sources, and trust (except industry/trade).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unlike political ideology, basic fracking knowledge was unrelated to fracking economic attitudes, reliance on natural gas and hydroelectric sources, and trust (except industry/trade).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relations between knowledge and the remaining dependent measures were in opposing directions than those reported for political conservatism (vs. liberalism).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relations between knowledge and the remaining dependent measures were in opposing directions than those reported for political conservatism (vs. liberalism).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Greater basic knowledge about fracking was related to greater risk perceptions, preferred decreased reliance on fracking and coal, preferred increased reliance on wind and solar, greater distrust of industry and trade organisations, less willingness to live close to fracking, coal, and nuclear operations, and greater willingness to live closer to wind turbines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Greater basic knowledge about fracking was related to greater risk perceptions, preferred decreased reliance on fracking and coal, preferred increased reliance on wind and solar, greater distrust of industry and trade organisations, less willingness to live close to fracking, coal, and nuclear operations, and greater willingness to live closer to wind turbines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings are consistent with previous research showing that familiarity with fracking related to less favourable attitudes of fracking.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings are consistent with previous research showing that familiarity with fracking related to less favourable attitudes of fracking (Boudet et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Boudet et al., 2014)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The rapid and almost total loss of identifiable proteins over 23 d of degradation underscores the difficulty in tracking peptides and proteins preserved in oceanic systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rapid and almost total loss of identifiable proteins over 23 d of degradation underscores the difficulty in tracking peptides and proteins preserved in oceanic systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this dynamic setting, protein turnover is fast, and organic matter can be tightly bound to minerals or other particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this dynamic setting, protein turnover is fast, and organic matter can be tightly bound to minerals or other particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An additional complication expected from in situ environmental samples, such as sediments, is the presence of a vast array of proteins from numerous diverse organisms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An additional complication expected from in situ environmental samples, such as sediments, is the presence of a vast array of proteins from numerous diverse organisms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The high number of contaminating, nonpeptide spectra collected at later time points in the degradation experiment (Table 1) suggests that additional isolation steps will be needed for many environmental matrices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The high number of contaminating, nonpeptide spectra collected at later time points in the degradation experiment (Table 1) suggests that additional isolation steps will be needed for many environmental matrices (Nunn et al. 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nunn et al. 2006)" ] }, { "text": "To date, all discovery-based proteomic methods rely first on tandem mass spectrometry to provide a survey of the peptide ions present in a sample, and second on the ability of the resulting tandem mass spectra to be correlated with a peptide sequence and protein identification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To date, all discovery-based proteomic methods rely first on tandem mass spectrometry to provide a survey of the peptide ions present in a sample, and second on the ability of the resulting tandem mass spectra to be correlated with a peptide sequence and protein identification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These two requirements highlight the importance of sample preparation and protein sequence database selection for assigning identifications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These two requirements highlight the importance of sample preparation and protein sequence database selection for assigning identifications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, these prerequisites are true regardless of whether a sample is first prepared by gel electrophoresis, or if it is present as a complex mixture and analyzed using a protein profiling technique (e.g., shotgun proteomics).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, these prerequisites are true regardless of whether a sample is first prepared by gel electrophoresis, or if it is present as a complex mixture and analyzed using a protein profiling technique (e.g., shotgun proteomics).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One bias of tandem MS instrumentation results from the nature of ion selection because it primarily selects the high-abundant ions for fragmentation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One bias of tandem MS instrumentation results from the nature of ion selection because it primarily selects the high-abundant ions for fragmentation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These ions are mainly derived from highly abundant proteins, and the ability of the MS to detect them depends on the physicochemical properties of the peptides (i.e., gas-phase basicity).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These ions are mainly derived from highly abundant proteins, and the ability of the MS to detect them depends on the physicochemical properties of the peptides (i.e., gas-phase basicity).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other factors that can influence tandem MS detection include the physicochemical traits of the protein, such as molecular weight (large proteins yield more peptides than small proteins), protease accessibility, and its solubility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other factors that can influence tandem MS detection include the physicochemical traits of the protein, such as molecular weight (large proteins yield more peptides than small proteins), protease accessibility, and its solubility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although there are these limitations with shotgun proteomics, over the past two decades, thousands of successful experiments have been completed and published using the technology to define and compare proteomes in order to understand physiology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although there are these limitations with shotgun proteomics, over the past two decades, thousands of successful experiments have been completed and published using the technology to define and compare proteomes in order to understand physiology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study demonstrates the utility of tandem MS-based proteomics to identify peptides and proteins that remain after extensive microbial degradation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study demonstrates the utility of tandem MS-based proteomics to identify peptides and proteins that remain after extensive microbial degradation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These first experiments help to define the factors that might encourage a proteins' preservation potential over longer timescales.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These first experiments help to define the factors that might encourage a proteins' preservation potential over longer timescales.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Amino-acid analysis-Individual amino acids were quantified and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC mass spectrometry (GCMS) using the EZ-fast method (Phenonomex) with minor modifications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Amino-acid analysis-Individual amino acids were quantified and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC mass spectrometry (GCMS) using the EZ-fast method (Phenonomex) with minor modifications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Particulate samples were acid hydrolyzed for 2 h at 150uC using a liquidphase technique with 6 mol L 21 sequanal-grade HCl and Lc-methyl-leucine as the recovery standard.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Particulate samples were acid hydrolyzed for 2 h at 150uC using a liquidphase technique with 6 mol L 21 sequanal-grade HCl and Lc-methyl-leucine as the recovery standard (Grutters et al. 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Grutters et al. 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Following hydrolysis, amino acids were quantified using an Agilent 6890 GC; samples were injected at 250uC and separated through a fused-silica GC column (Phenomenex ZB-AAA; 10 m 3 0.25 mm internal diameter [i.d.]) using helium as the carrier gas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Following hydrolysis, amino acids were quantified using an Agilent 6890 GC; samples were injected at 250uC and separated through a fused-silica GC column (Phenomenex ZB-AAA; 10 m 3 0.25 mm internal diameter [i.d.]) using helium as the carrier gas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The oven was ramped from an initial temperature of 110uC, at a rate of 30uC min 21 , to a final temperature of 320uC. For amino-acid identifications, the GC was coupled to an Agilent 5973N mass spectrometer, operating under the same conditions using helium as the carrier gas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The oven was ramped from an initial temperature of 110uC, at a rate of 30uC min 21 , to a final temperature of 320uC. For amino-acid identifications, the GC was coupled to an Agilent 5973N mass spectrometer, operating under the same conditions using helium as the carrier gas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Spectra with masses ranging from 50 to 600 daltons (Da) were acquired.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spectra with masses ranging from 50 to 600 daltons (Da) were acquired.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was analyzed in parallel to correct for different responses among individual amino acids and to calculate molar ratios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was analyzed in parallel to correct for different responses among individual amino acids and to calculate molar ratios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, many studies on bioaccumulation of cyanobacterial toxins (e.g. MC) in plants have been conducted and reported.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, many studies on bioaccumulation of cyanobacterial toxins (e.g. MC) in plants have been conducted and reported.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The uptake and metabolism of MC-LR in stems, rhizomes and leaves of aquatic macrophytes were reported with the MC-LR concentrations being highest in leaves, followed by shoots and lowest in stems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The uptake and metabolism of MC-LR in stems, rhizomes and leaves of aquatic macrophytes were reported with the MC-LR concentrations being highest in leaves, followed by shoots and lowest in stems [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Other plants such as broccoli, mustard and duckweed are able to accumulate MC in their leaves and bark protein, and whole plant up to 8.7 ng MC g −1 fresh weight (FW) after exposure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other plants such as broccoli, mustard and duckweed are able to accumulate MC in their leaves and bark protein, and whole plant up to 8.7 ng MC g −1 fresh weight (FW) after exposure [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, Microcystis aeruginosa containing MC-LR can also be retained by salad letture (Lactuca sativa) after spraying with irrigation water containing the cyanobacterium.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, Microcystis aeruginosa containing MC-LR can also be retained by salad letture (Lactuca sativa) after spraying with irrigation water containing the cyanobacterium [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Considering the fact that dermatophytes are the most common cause of dermatomycosis, and superficial mycosis therapy is advanced, we rarely need laboratory isolation and identification of the fungi for the diagnosis of a skin and adnexa fungal infection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering the fact that dermatophytes are the most common cause of dermatomycosis, and superficial mycosis therapy is advanced, we rarely need laboratory isolation and identification of the fungi for the diagnosis of a skin and adnexa fungal infection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is recommended that general practitioners can establish the diagnosis and start with therapy, based on the findings of the fungal elements at the microscopical native preparation from the patient samples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is recommended that general practitioners can establish the diagnosis and start with therapy, based on the findings of the fungal elements at the microscopical native preparation from the patient samples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The therapy can start the same day after these findings, without cultivation of the fungi.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The therapy can start the same day after these findings, without cultivation of the fungi [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Medical science is often attracted to the investigation of serious and severe illnesses, especially those that may pose a serious detriment to world populations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Medical science is often attracted to the investigation of serious and severe illnesses, especially those that may pose a serious detriment to world populations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Superficial mycosis is such an illness, that is considered to be a major public health problem in many parts of the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Superficial mycosis is such an illness, that is considered to be a major public health problem in many parts of the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The prevalence of superficial mycotic infections has risen to such an extent that skin mycoses now affect more than 20-25% of the world's population, making it one of most frequent forms of infection.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The prevalence of superficial mycotic infections has risen to such an extent that skin mycoses now affect more than 20-25% of the world's population, making it one of most frequent forms of infection [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "The cause for this increase in prevalence of skin mycoses may be found in the socioeconomic statuses of the general public, life-style, type of population, migration of people and climatic conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The cause for this increase in prevalence of skin mycoses may be found in the socioeconomic statuses of the general public, life-style, type of population, migration of people and climatic conditions [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Additionally, in spite of the proliferation of research on IJVs in recent times more conclusive research is necessary on IJVs in South East Asia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, in spite of the proliferation of research on IJVs in recent times more conclusive research is necessary on IJVs in South East Asia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "IJV's in South East Asia are an important dimension of contemporary business and the functioning of the IJV's top management team in South East Asia may be different due to cultural, economic or sectoral reasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IJV's in South East Asia are an important dimension of contemporary business and the functioning of the IJV's top management team in South East Asia may be different due to cultural, economic or sectoral reasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, understanding the functioning of the IJV's top management team in this economic region provides a significant contribution to the IJV literature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, understanding the functioning of the IJV's top management team in this economic region provides a significant contribution to the IJV literature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thailand was selected as the country to draw the sample from because of the availability of a large and reliable sampling frame, a conducive foreign direct investment (FDI) climate in which the IJV form of FDI is likely to proliferate and its importance as a future production platform for growth oriented domestic firms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thailand was selected as the country to draw the sample from because of the availability of a large and reliable sampling frame, a conducive foreign direct investment (FDI) climate in which the IJV form of FDI is likely to proliferate and its importance as a future production platform for growth oriented domestic firms (Julian & O'Cass, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Julian & O'Cass, 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The results of this research confirm the basic tenet of the study -the effects of demographic heterogeneity and cultural heterogeneity in IJV TMTs are more complex than researchers previously have considered.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of this research confirm the basic tenet of the study -the effects of demographic heterogeneity and cultural heterogeneity in IJV TMTs are more complex than researchers previously have considered (Elron, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Elron, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "The results provide some additional insight as to why the performance of joint ventures can be poor when cross-cultural top teams are in place.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The results provide some additional insight as to why the performance of joint ventures can be poor when cross-cultural top teams are in place (Knight et al., 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Knight et al., 1999)" ] }, { "text": "The findings support prior research which posits that the additional complexity of cultural influences on team member interactions can undermine the working relationships of venture managers unless they can integrate to some degree and function as a team.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The findings support prior research which posits that the additional complexity of cultural influences on team member interactions can undermine the working relationships of venture managers unless they can integrate to some degree and function as a team (Elron, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Elron, 1997)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Thus, for nonlinear systems, some compromises have to be made if Krylov approaches are to be utilised.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, for nonlinear systems, some compromises have to be made if Krylov approaches are to be utilised.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this contribution, the compromise comprises either a restriction on the type of nonlinear system under consideration or an approximation of the nonlinear equations describing the system behaviour.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this contribution, the compromise comprises either a restriction on the type of nonlinear system under consideration or an approximation of the nonlinear equations describing the system behaviour.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, two categories of nonlinear system representation will be considered -bilinear system representations and polynomial system representations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, two categories of nonlinear system representation will be considered -bilinear system representations and polynomial system representations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A bilinear system is one which is linear in state, linear in control but not linear jointly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A bilinear system is one which is linear in state, linear in control but not linear jointly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Bilinear systems frequently arise naturally in engineering, for example, nuclear fission, chemical and biological models and ecological models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Bilinear systems frequently arise naturally in engineering, for example, nuclear fission, chemical and biological models and ecological models [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "However, even when the system itself is not naturally bilinear, the bilinear representation offers a superior representation to a linear model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, even when the system itself is not naturally bilinear, the bilinear representation offers a superior representation to a linear model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Polynomial representations also aim to improve on a basic linear model by incorporating in the system representation the higher-order terms in a series expansion of the nonlinear function, f.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Polynomial representations also aim to improve on a basic linear model by incorporating in the system representation the higher-order terms in a series expansion of the nonlinear function, f.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Two novel methods involving Krylov subspaces for model reduction of weakly nonlinear systems have been proposed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two novel methods involving Krylov subspaces for model reduction of weakly nonlinear systems have been proposed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first method is based on bilinearisation of the system and utilizing the Krylov basis for a related linear system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The first method is based on bilinearisation of the system and utilizing the Krylov basis for a related linear system (12) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(12)" ] }, { "text": "The second approach involves using Krylov bases identified for a bilinear representation of the system for subsequent reduction of a polynomial approximation of the system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second approach involves using Krylov bases identified for a bilinear representation of the system for subsequent reduction of a polynomial approximation of the system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Considering gene context also impacts the types of network structures we infer: in many cases, we found that our approach results in more connected networks which capture the most important interactions for each node.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering gene context also impacts the types of network structures we infer: in many cases, we found that our approach results in more connected networks which capture the most important interactions for each node.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By contrast, standard MI relevance networks tend to produce unbalanced graphs which leave many orphan nodes, and which have skewed degree distributions (e.g. Fig. S5 ) as a result of high-variability nodes predominating among the nodes involved in pairs with the highest MI values; such highly variable genes would act as false-positive generators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By contrast, standard MI relevance networks tend to produce unbalanced graphs which leave many orphan nodes, and which have skewed degree distributions (e.g. Fig. S5 ) as a result of high-variability nodes predominating among the nodes involved in pairs with the highest MI values; such highly variable genes would act as false-positive generators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This should be borne in mind when selecting inference algorithms, as depending on our beliefs about the structure of the true network, and the aims of our analyses, we may want to emphasise (or elucidate) different network features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This should be borne in mind when selecting inference algorithms, as depending on our beliefs about the structure of the true network, and the aims of our analyses, we may want to emphasise (or elucidate) different network features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The choice of network inference algorithm thus implicitly biases the results that we get.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The choice of network inference algorithm thus implicitly biases the results that we get.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In favour of information theoretical measures (including PID) is that this is an equitable measure of statistical dependency -by equitability we mean that we do not bias systematically in favour of certain types of statistical dependencies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In favour of information theoretical measures (including PID) is that this is an equitable measure of statistical dependency -by equitability we mean that we do not bias systematically in favour of certain types of statistical dependencies [75] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF75" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[75]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Such comparisons will help us to understand the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, thus allowing us to choose the most appropriate inference algorithms for our particular situation and data type.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such comparisons will help us to understand the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, thus allowing us to choose the most appropriate inference algorithms for our particular situation and data type.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is good reason to favour ensemble or committee-type predictors where more than one method is used to infer edges; their predictions are pooled; and a merged network is generated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is good reason to favour ensemble or committee-type predictors where more than one method is used to infer edges; their predictions are pooled; and a merged network is generated [13, [25] [26] [27] 76] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF76" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, [25] [26] [27] 76]" ] }, { "text": "This simple description hides a great number of steps, few of which are statistically well worked out or understood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This simple description hides a great number of steps, few of which are statistically well worked out or understood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, it is unclear what the minimal requirements on an estimator are to be useful in an ensemble (except that this depends, of course, also on the whole panel of estimators included in the procedure).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, it is unclear what the minimal requirements on an estimator are to be useful in an ensemble (except that this depends, of course, also on the whole panel of estimators included in the procedure).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Neither do we understand how optimally to combine and weight different predictors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Neither do we understand how optimally to combine and weight different predictors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is in principle straightforward in cases where we have training data (supervised learning), but this is rarely the case for the problems currently being addressed with single cell data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is in principle straightforward in cases where we have training data (supervised learning), but this is rarely the case for the problems currently being addressed with single cell data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And while in silico performance lends credibility to an inference procedure (we should not trust a method that performs poorly under such a sanitized setting), this may inadequately reflect the performance in real settings, especially when our ambition is to model the dynamics (as well as the connectivity) of biological networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And while in silico performance lends credibility to an inference procedure (we should not trust a method that performs poorly under such a sanitized setting), this may inadequately reflect the performance in real settings, especially when our ambition is to model the dynamics (as well as the connectivity) of biological networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Despite these limitations, this study also has several particular strengths that can add to the existing literature in this field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite these limitations, this study also has several particular strengths that can add to the existing literature in this field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the longitudinal relationships between SNS use and professional informational benefits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the longitudinal relationships between SNS use and professional informational benefits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Longitudinal data are scarce in research on social media effects in general; a recent meta-analysis on the relationship between social media use and civic participation, for example, found only six panel studies and these often consisted of only two waves.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Longitudinal data are scarce in research on social media effects in general; a recent meta-analysis on the relationship between social media use and civic participation, for example, found only six panel studies and these often consisted of only two waves (Boulianne, 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Boulianne, 2015)" ] }, { "text": "Another strength is that we included both, network and use variables, to examine the underlying mechanisms that explain how exactly SNS use increases informational benefits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another strength is that we included both, network and use variables, to examine the underlying mechanisms that explain how exactly SNS use increases informational benefits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the present sample was largely representative for Dutch online users with regard to age, sex, education level and urban/rural residence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the present sample was largely representative for Dutch online users with regard to age, sex, education level and urban/rural residence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This extends prior research that typically focused on student/convenience samples or employees from a specific, often tech-savvy, organization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This extends prior research that typically focused on student/convenience samples or employees from a specific, often tech-savvy, organization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Like CMC, the output voltage of USMC is related to the frequencies of input, output and carrier signals, which are independent of each other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Like CMC, the output voltage of USMC is related to the frequencies of input, output and carrier signals, which are independent of each other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If using double Fourier series analysis, only two of these frequencies are considered at most, resulting in inaccurate spectral analytic results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If using double Fourier series analysis, only two of these frequencies are considered at most, resulting in inaccurate spectral analytic results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In view of this problem, some scholars have tried to use triple Fourier series to analyze the harmonic of output waveform for CMC under \"AV method\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In view of this problem, some scholars have tried to use triple Fourier series to analyze the harmonic of output waveform for CMC under \"AV method\" [13, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14]" ] }, { "text": "However, due to some differences in the topology and control performance between USMC and CMC, a mature harmonic analysis theory for USMC has yet to emerge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, due to some differences in the topology and control performance between USMC and CMC, a mature harmonic analysis theory for USMC has yet to emerge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared with \"AV method\", SVPWM not only increases the maximum voltage transmission ratio from 0.5 to 0.866, but also achieves digitization easily.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared with \"AV method\", SVPWM not only increases the maximum voltage transmission ratio from 0.5 to 0.866, but also achieves digitization easily.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, SVPWM is currently widely applied.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, SVPWM is currently widely applied [15] [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15] [16] [17]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, for USMC, the harmonic analysis of output voltage under SVPWM is of important significance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, for USMC, the harmonic analysis of output voltage under SVPWM is of important significance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "We proceed in Section 3 on a basic study of viscosity solutions for the HamiltonJacobi equation f−λHf = h, as well as a study of pseudo-resolvents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We proceed in Section 3 on a basic study of viscosity solutions for the HamiltonJacobi equation f−λHf = h, as well as a study of pseudo-resolvents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To some extent these results are known in the literature, but as the results and proofs will be used as input for our main results later on, we collect these results for completeness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To some extent these results are known in the literature, but as the results and proofs will be used as input for our main results later on, we collect these results for completeness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To summarize, we show that pseudo-resolvents can be used to construct viscosity solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To summarize, we show that pseudo-resolvents can be used to construct viscosity solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other-hand, given well-posedness of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, viscosity solutions can be used to construct a pseudo-resolvent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other-hand, given well-posedness of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, viscosity solutions can be used to construct a pseudo-resolvent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, in this context, the pseudo-resolvent can be used to define a new Hamiltonian that satisfies the conditions for the semi-group generation result by Crandall and Liggett.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, in this context, the pseudo-resolvent can be used to define a new Hamiltonian that satisfies the conditions for the semi-group generation result by Crandall and Liggett [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "In Sections 4 and 5 we proceed with our convergence statements, containing the two main Theorems 4.7 and 5.1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Sections 4 and 5 we proceed with our convergence statements, containing the two main Theorems 4.7 and 5.1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, we end in Section 6 with a short discussion on how to use the comparison principle for Hamilton-Jacobi equations to establish density of the domain of an operator constructed out of viscosity solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, we end in Section 6 with a short discussion on how to use the comparison principle for Hamilton-Jacobi equations to establish density of the domain of an operator constructed out of viscosity solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]