text
stringlengths 205
677k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 15
2.02k
| file_path
stringlengths 125
126
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 47
152k
| score
float64 2.52
5.16
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Image Credit: ‘Hoxne Hoard’ from Wikimedia Commons; the image is at this link)
As Canada Day draws nearer, voices about Canada being ‘stolen land’ are getting amplified. Notably absent from these messages is any hint of a proposal to remedy this situation – and significantly, of any personal initiative to that end.
In light of the recent discovery of graves near former Residential Schools, it was to be expected that demands for accountability for the harms inflicted on First Nations would increase. From what I have seen, both these demands and the responses to them follow a familiar and predictable format. In particular, I have seen partisan barbs floating around, both as commentary and on social media, blaming the past & present governments of the ‘other side’ for lack of progress in the matter. This ‘groundhog day’ situation is of a piece with our usual performance as a society on matters of policy, which I explored in the article ‘Structural Dysfunction’.
One point that I have seen come up in every bout of eruption of debate on this subject is that Canada is ‘stolen land’; the immediately preceding major one being in 2017 when Canada, as an independent country, reached the age of the psychologically important number of 150. There are certain standard responses to this issue of ‘stolen land’. For a variety of reasons, this debate is infructuous. Let us review these responses:
- “If you think Canada is so bad, you are free to move to another country.” This, unfortunately, does not resolve the issue of the ‘stolen land’; it merely reduces the number of people who can attempt to resolve it. As far as debate is concerned, therefore, it is a dead-end.
- The mirror image of the above argument, offered by ‘old stock Canadians’ is, “Do you want me to go back to Europe?” Apart from being the exact same dead-end, this argument also has the complication that a white person’s ancestors may have come from different European countries (or indeed elsewhere), rendering their outbound move non-executable.
- “This land was conquered, as is common in human history. So, as the losing side, the First Nations do not have any exclusive claims to it.” I see two problems with this argument. Firstly, there are sizable stretches of un-ceded territory in Canada; the question of who has the right to use this territory is up in the air. Secondly, and more importantly, as a civilized society that we claim to be, we expect Canada to treat the ‘losing side’ in a tad more civilized manner than has been the case in history.
The above list more or less rounds out the range of arguments in response to the ‘stolen land’ claim. As can be noticed, neither the claim nor the responses contain even the germ of an idea of how to resolve the situation. I think it is reasonable to have a higher expectation for such an idea from the side that makes the claim of ‘stolen land’. Instead of reacting to this failure, let us examine why it arises.
LEADING BY EXAMPLE
In law, there is the concept of ‘title’, meaning rightful ownership of something. If we accept the idea that Canada is ‘stolen land’, then, given that stealing is a criminal act, everything that exists on it qualifies as proceeds of crime. This applies not just to property (or physical stuff in general), but to everything that is part of people’s lives: making money, spending money, engaging in recreation, contributing to charity, volunteering for causes and advocating for issues (including the issue of ‘stolen land’). This is because, with the exception of the First Nations (and arguably, only those First Nations individuals who do not have a person of any other race in their lineage), every Canadian’s presence on this land called Canada is a consequence of the theft of that land.
This uncomfortable fact expands the scope of the term ‘stolen land’ to unmanageable proportions, and that leads inevitably to paralysis. But there is another factor contributing to the near-complete lack of action on this front: in our time, activism has become decoupled from action. Expressing strong views on an issue, including demands that positive changes be made immediately, does not require one to either take any initiative in the direction of those change or to incorporate such changes in one’s life to the degree possible. The popular term for this is ‘virtue signaling’, but I am leery of using it because it has become overused and hence lost its communication value.
To give but one example of this paralysis, if Canada is ‘stolen land’, thus making every Canadian complicit in the crime, is it justified for the government to have a policy of accepting hundreds of thousands of immigrants every year? For one, there is the issue of the ‘title’, which throws in doubt the government’s legal capacity to make such policy. Secondly, the previously innocent foreigners become complicit in the crime as Canadians. This should be deemed immoral. But asking for a complete removal of our immigration policy (including, it should be noted, our refugee policy) has such far-reaching ramifications as to make the idea moot.
Speaking of immigration, there is a subset of ‘activists’ here that need a special mention. When I see first generation Canadians talk about Canada being ‘stolen land’, I cannot but help think about the well-documented tendency for home-ownership among immigrants (for example, in this study from 2012 by the government of Canada). If anyone from these communities truly believes that Canada is ‘stolen land’, surely, they should know that a person in possession of stolen property cannot legally pass on to a buyer the title to that property? And that the buyer would be guilty of the original crime of theft, by perhaps being an accomplice after the fact?
But paradoxically, immigrants (who, let’s face it, are almost exclusively non-white) are expected to be ‘allies’ of the First Nations on grounds that they are fellow-victims of ‘systemic racism’ in Canada. In reality, however, this ‘bond’ is a lot weaker than it is made out to be. Barring exceptions, any display of such ‘ally-ship’ from an immigrant is likely to be a self-serving one.
That may sound like a harsh assessment, but there is a way to ascertain whether it is justified or not.
MOM & POP
In many South Asian languages, there is the term ‘sarkaar maai-baap’. I don’t think there is an equivalent term in English.
The word ‘sarkaar’ means ‘government’, but can also be used when addressing or referring to someone of a high enough rank in society such that they are able to decide the fate of others. The word ‘maai’ means ‘mother’, and ‘baap’ means father.
So ‘sarkaar maai-baap’ means a person who is the only one having control, and that control is absolute. Nobody else has any agency, as a matter of force. That’s where our thinking is in Canada in relation to government. As I mentioned in my earlier article ‘Searching For Zero’, at some point in the past 100 years, our society metamorphosed from being ruggedly individualist to being trenchantly collectivist. I am of the opinion that this change is augmented by immigrants, due to the fact that in their countries of origin, the government had an oversized presence in people’s lives. It is, therefore, more likely for them to think that resolution of issues is a matter of government action rather than private initiative. In such a case, a gap between espousing certain principles and the need for personal engagement in their pursuit naturally exists in their minds. They are not being duplicitous when they talk about ‘stolen land’ while buying a second house as investment property. It’s just that ideas and the actions that follow from them are not connected in the paradigm that they are used to. But their participation merely adds to the paralysis, leading one to question if there is a way out of the impasse.
In the early Fall of 2018, I attended a public debate involving the mayoral candidates for Brampton in the election that was to take place in October of that year. The event was being held in the Rose Theater in downtown Brampton. The host started it with a Land Acknowledgement. I had heard about such acknowledgements, but this was the first time I actually heard one. I filed the new experience away in my mind for future reflection.
Having read more on the subject since then, and with the benefit of discussion with many people (including First Nations), I have formed the opinion that the chief function of these acknowledgements is to let the politicians off the hook for their multitudinous failures in dealing with the problems besetting the FN. Their secondary function is to ease the conscience of those Canadians who may be feeling uneasy about the poor conditions that some of their fellow-Canadians have to live under, despite the fact they were here first. In both cases, the effect is to obviate the need for action.
One recent evening, I was discussing this with my daughter over dinner, and said that it would have been better if, instead of making this hollow announcement, the organizers of the event had found at least one needy First Nations student to sponsor for post-secondary education, and made arrangements to accept donations from the attendees at the event. I said that at the most, this would have required some arrangement to receive money via cards.
She agreed with the main idea, but had several observations. The first was that limiting donations to the few minutes before the start of the event could create avoidable rush / over-crowding, and could be a distraction from the event itself as well as (potentially) reduce the amount of donations. Secondly, more people may be inclined to donate if they had more time to think about it after the event for which they were assembled. And lastly, she suggested that the cause could be expanded beyond education, to include things such as promotion of indigenous artists by putting their work up for sale.
Since my thinking is still rooted in the paradigm of the industrial era, I wondered how these could be accommodated in a system without making it overly complex.
“Just create a go-fund-me page for each of them, or use Kijiji or whatever” she replied, “Keep it cellular.”
As the (perhaps outdated) expression goes, ‘the nickel dropped like a ton of lead’. The answer to the government’s inability / unwillingness / failure to address the issue lies in grassroots action – the various initiatives being interconnected or independent as suits the needs from time to time – in such a widespread manner that the government is rendered ‘superfluous to requirement’. This also has the advantage of keeping the need for resources at the manageable level for private citizens.
Soon after coming to Canada, I learned that the word ‘assimilation’ has negative connotations in Canada owing to history. So its substitute ‘integration’ is to be preferred. In the context of new immigrants, I have seen a distinction being made between ‘acculturation’ and ‘integration’.
I think what we perhaps need – or need more of – is to be interwoven. Just as different strands in a piece of tapestry create a valuable pattern while maintaining their individuality, we can make a better Canada without ceasing to be what we are (I consider this to be especially relevant to the FN). The idea that Canada is ‘stolen land’ ranks with the concept of ‘original sin’ in religion, in that it permeates our whole existence. Unlike in the religious context, however, the doctrine of ‘stolen land’ offers no path – or possibility – of Salvation. This is perhaps because the very aim is to achieve a dead-lock and then milk it for all it is worth. Or perhaps the deadlock is due to paucity of ideas.
In either case, it appears to me that the only way to overcome the ‘stolen land’ situation is by standing shoulder-to-shoulder with the First Nations, constantly striving to resolve issues at the micro level, and thereby demonstrate that we belong as much on this land as they and their ancestors did. Then, the land that we call Canada, and life on that land, will no longer be the proceeds of crime. | <urn:uuid:b24e570a-6f44-43b7-9e88-6035126a8c94> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://darshanmaharaja.ca/proceeds-of-crime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.968047 | 2,708 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In programming, variables are placeholders holding values. A variable in Go is associated with four elements: a keyword, a name, a type and a value. Variables are particularly useful to hold values we might want to use throughout our program, and to avoid using literal values everywhere.
Asides from variables, Go offers the possibility to use constants. Constants also have the ability to hold values. However, the value associated to a constant cannot be changed once it has been assigned, as opposed to variables.
In this tutorial, we will also go through the concept of scope. A scope defines the boundaries within which our variables and constants can be accessed. We are going to see that Go is characterised by a lexical scope, defined within curly brackets. Go is also characterised by a package scope, a feature that we will study in a later tutorial when we speak about functions.
As mentioned in the introduction, a variable is characterised by four elements: a keyword, a name, a type and a value.
In Go, a variable definition starts with the var keyword.
Following the var keyword, a name for this variable must be chosen. In Go, there is an idiomatic set of rules that should be followed in order to correctly name a variable. Names should always start with a letter. The subsequent characters can either be other letters, numbers or underscore. In addition, the naming convention dictates the usage of camel case for compound names (eg. minNumber).
As Go is a statically-typed language, each variable needs to be assigned a data type, and that type cannot be changed throughout the lifetime of this variable. Those types can be any of those we have seen so far (string, number, boolean), or any other more complex types we will see later on.
Finally, our variable needs to be assigned a value. This value can be a literal value (for example, 1 or "Hello, World!"), but any another variable or constant can be assigned as a value too. The value assignment is independent from the variable declaration (where we define the keyword, the name and the type). Therefore, this last step can actually be performed later on in the program, after the variable declaration.
Programmatically, a variable is defined as followed.
var hello string = "Hello, variable!"
As you can see, we have used our var keyword, the name of our variable is hello, the type of our variable is a string and the value is "Hello, variable!".
As mentioned earlier, we could have divided the declaration and the value assignment into two separated lines.
var hello string hello = "Hello, variable!" /* We use the name of our variable to assign a value to it, using the = sign */
As the name suggests, we can change the value assigned to our variable at any point in our program (but not its type). To do so, we just need to reassign a value to that variable.
var x string = "Original value" x = "Substituted value" fmt.Println(x) // This will print "Substituted value" to the console
If we run this program, it will output "Substituted value" to the console. It is indeed the value we have reassigned to our variable x in the second line of our program.
In fact, there are shorter ways we can use to define a variable. As a convention, those shorter versions should be used whenever it is possible.
Firstly, we could remove the type from our declaration. Go’s compiler is indeed capable of inferring the type of a variable by looking at the value being assigned. This however only works if we declare and assign a value to our variable in the same line. The program wouldn’t compile otherwise.
var hello = "Hello, variable!" // Go will infer that our variable is of type string
There is a way to shorten our declaration even more, by removing the keyword var. To do so, we also need to change the assignment operator from = to :=. Again, we can only use this method if we declare and assign a value to our variable in the same line.
hello := "Hello, variable!"
This method is much shorter than the previous ones, and is considered idiomatic. Therefore, you should use it whenever it is possible.
Similarly to variables, constants are made of four elements: a keyword, a name, a type and a value. As the name suggests, once we have assigned a value to a constant, no value can be reassigned to that constant. It makes constants very useful to hold stable values throughout the execution of your program, such as mathematical constants.
To define a constant, you will need to use the const keyword.
const pi float64 = 3.1416
As the value of a constant cannot change, reassigning this pi constant would produce a compiling error.
Similarly to variables, it exists a shorthanded version for declaring a constant. You can do so by removing the type from the declaration.
const pi = 3.1416
It is however impossible to remove the const keyword from the declaration. Go would indeed assume that we are trying to define a variable instead of a constant.
Similarly to other programming languages, it is possible in Go to define multiple variables (or constants) at the same time.
var ( first = "I" second = "love" third = "Go." )
It is important to notice several things here. Firstly, each variable (or constant) should be on its own line. Secondly, we voluntarily omitted the type (it would be totally valid to declare it). Lastly, as we use the keyword var (const for constants), we use the = assignment operator (and not the := operator).
In programming, a scope defines the boundaries within which we can access a variable (or constant).
Without scopes, one major issue could arise in our programs. This issue is known as naming conflict. Those conflicts arise when we are trying to declare a variable with a name that is already used somewhere else in our program by another variable. Unknowingly, we would then reassign the value of the first variable. This can lead to awkward and hard to track bugs.
To avoid those issues, Go is using what we call a lexical (or static) scope. In other words, the possibility to access a variable (or constant) depends on the location where this variable is declared in the first place. This lexical scope is the opposite of a dynamic scope where we can access variables declared in other functions, as long as those functions are located below in the stack.
In Go, this lexical scope is restricted by a block. This block itself is bounded by curly braces. In other words, a variable (or constant) can only be accessed within the block in which it is defined. For example, a variable defined inside of a function would only be accessible inside this function, and not outside of it.
This lexical rule also includes any child scope within the boundaries of the scope. For example, we could access the variables defined in a function from a conditional block, if this conditional block is located inside that function (the conditional block being the child scope).
It is also worth mentioning that a variable (or constant), declared in the global scope (outside of any function or condition blocks), will be accessible everywhere in our program. The global scope is indeed the parent scope of all the other scopes defined in our program. It is however advised to use this global scope with caution, as using it could lead to naming conflicts in our programs.
It is also important to note that any variable or constant declared in the global scope should be declared with a keyword (const or var). Failing to do so will lead to a compiler error.
In order to illustrate this concept of scope, let’s create the following two programs.
In this program, we define two functions. The first function, main, will access our variable x defined in the global scope as well as calling our second function. This second function, testScope, accesses the same global variable, and print it to the console too (with a "test" string concatenated).
In this program, we define the variable x inside the main function. We also call the testScope function from our main function. TestScope tries to print x to the console as well. However, writing the program in such a way will provoke a compiling error, as x is unaccessible from the testScope function. Indeed, x is defined inside the block of the main function, and can only be accessed inside that same block.
In this tutorial, we have continued our journey through the basic concepts of Go. We have explored the concepts of variables, constants and scopes. Mastering those concepts is fundamental in order to continue our journey, and explore the advanced parts of the Go language. In our next tutorial, we will explore control structures in Go. | <urn:uuid:76aa73ce-69ab-4499-a55e-488c9a151b39> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dev.to/agilulfe/go-101-variables-constants-and-scopes-3clk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.921252 | 1,849 | 4.3125 | 4 |
“Candidatus Liberibacter europaeus” (Leu) is one of six currently known Liberibacter species. It is known primarily from pear and related species across Europe, and from Scotch broom and its associated psyllids in New Zealand (introduced from Britain). The psyllids were introduced to New Zealand as a biocontrol agent for broom and it is thought the bacterium may have been introduced as an endosymbiont of the psyllids. No symptoms in apple or pear trees have been reported, but mild symptoms can occur in broom. 16S and 16S–23S intergenic spacer region DNA sequences of this species are available from GenBank. Analysis of these sequences and associated ecological descriptions indicates the occurrence of two haplotypes, LeuA and LeuB, defined not only genetically but also by geographic range as well as by plant/psyllid host species composition. Liberibacter species are new to science and haplotype identifications enable historical accounts of relationships and spread to be generated. | <urn:uuid:57b91129-705e-44a8-b210-7860a9dc0e4b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://disc-genomics.uibk.ac.at/seqcode/publications/1123 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.958789 | 215 | 3.125 | 3 |
In the world of legal agreements, various terms and conditions govern different aspects of our lives. From fair trade agreements to restrictive covenants, these agreements play a crucial role in maintaining order and facilitating smooth transactions. Let’s explore some examples and understand their significance.
Fair Trade Agreement Example
Fair trade agreements, such as this example, aim to promote ethical and sustainable practices in global trade. By ensuring fair wages, safe working conditions, and environmental standards, these agreements benefit both producers and consumers alike. They prioritize social responsibility and promote economic justice.
Restrictive Covenant Agreement in CVS Health
When employees leave a company, the restrictive covenant agreement in CVS Health may come into play. This agreement restricts former employees from divulging confidential information or soliciting clients to protect the company’s interests. It safeguards sensitive data and maintains a competitive edge for the organization.
The Hayabusa Gentlemen’s Agreement
A unique agreement in the world of automobiles is the Hayabusa Gentlemen’s Agreement. This unofficial agreement among Japanese motorcycle manufacturers limits the top speed of their bikes to 186 mph. It aims to promote safety and prevent an unhealthy competition for speed supremacy on public roads.
Subject-Verb Agreement Examples in Sentences
Proper subject-verb agreement is essential for grammatically correct sentences. For examples, consider the sentence, “He walks to the park every day.” Here, the singular subject “he” matches the singular verb “walks.” Understanding subject-verb agreement helps in effective communication.
Instalment Sale Agreement for Immovable Property
The instalment sale agreement for immovable property allows buyers to purchase property in fixed installments over a specified period. This agreement ensures both parties’ interests are protected and facilitates affordable property ownership. It provides flexibility and convenience in real estate transactions.
IBM Cloud Service Agreement
The IBM Cloud Service Agreement outlines the terms and conditions for using IBM’s cloud services. It specifies service levels, data protection, and liability provisions. This agreement ensures a transparent and mutually beneficial relationship between IBM and its clients in the cloud computing industry.
V/Line Enterprise Agreement
The V/Line Enterprise Agreement governs the employment conditions of workers in V/Line, a regional public transport organization. This agreement establishes fair wages, working hours, and employee benefits. It creates a harmonious work environment and ensures the well-being of V/Line employees.
Summary of a Consulting Agreement
A consulting agreement summary provides a concise overview of the terms and objectives of a consulting agreement. It outlines the scope of work, compensation, and expected deliverables. This summary serves as a quick reference for both the consultant and the client, ensuring clarity and alignment of expectations.
House Rent Agreement Registration Charges in Mumbai
When renting a house in Mumbai, it is necessary to register the agreement and pay the applicable charges. The house rent agreement registration charges in Mumbai vary based on the property’s rental value and location. Registration provides legal validity and protects the rights of both tenants and landlords in rental transactions.
Marital Privilege Contracts
Marital privilege contracts grant spouses the privilege of refusing to testify against each other in legal proceedings. This contractual privilege protects marital confidentiality and promotes trust between spouses. It allows couples to maintain privacy and avoid potential conflicts arising from testimony obligations. | <urn:uuid:3699c054-d309-4948-983d-c86a0493c056> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dkki.co.id/2023/10/14/agreements-6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.89125 | 679 | 3.28125 | 3 |
SPONSORED BY AMERICAN SCHOOL OF DOHA
The start of the school year has come and gone, and since then, so have many other events. It is hard to believe that so much time has passed! As we have been in school for most of the first semester now, it is a good time to check-in with ourselves.
Keeping Your Table Stable
When getting to know students, I often teach a simple strategy to help them check-in with themselves by focusing on four key areas of their health: hydration, nutrition, exercise, and sleep. I ask students: “How are you doing keeping your table stable?” I explain that there are four legs to a table, and you need all of the legs to keep the “table stable”. No leg is any more or less important than the other legs, and all are needed to stay balanced. Keeping the table stable is necessary to give ourselves the best chance to not just survive, but to thrive, personally and intellectually.
Questions to Help with Each Leg
- Hydration: ask yourself what you know about the benefits of staying hydrated. For instance, did you know that drinking enough water helps to keep your brain functioning at its best? Do you bring a water bottle to school? How often do you refill it? Do you slowly sip water throughout the day?
- Nutrition: eating a balanced, varied diet also helps you stay alert and energised. So, what foods do you like to eat? And do you know what types they are—carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fruits, or vegetables? Do you make sure to eat regular meals and snacks?
- Exercise: exercise does not only make our bodies strong, but it also helps us stay focused and keeps us active. How do you like to stay active? Do you like to get moving with your family? What activities would you like to try?
- Sleep: getting enough sleep helps us stay refreshed and able to do the things we enjoy. To help you stay on track, ask yourself the following: What time do you go to bed, and what time do you wake up? Do you fall asleep easily? Do you know what REM sleep is and why it’s important? Did you know that some apps can help you sleep better? Your parents can help you out with the last two.
TIP: If you’re struggling to fall asleep, instead of counting sheep, why not use the A to Z Gratitude Strategy? All you need to do is name a person, place, or thing you are grateful for using each letter of the alphabet. (I have yet to make it past the letter “L” when I use this myself!)
Get to Know Yourself
Check-in with yourself once a week to see how you are doing and make adjustments where necessary. Ask someone to help hold you accountable—a parent, a teacher, a coach, a counsellor, or another trusted adult in your life. Determine if you need to share with anyone, get help from anyone, take action, or rebalance things.
Most of us spend a lot of time believing that the thing that is making it difficult for us to learn or is creating stress in our lives is something outside of ourselves. We tend to think that our problems relate to family, friends, schoolwork, or extracurricular activities. But we rarely stop and check the basics. Keeping our table stable will truly enable us to function at our best, to learn more about ourselves, and to enjoy our lives more. It gives us a head start and promotes resilience. Instead of getting frustrated, try checking to see if your table is stable. Once you’ve checked in with yourself, try to also see how your family members and friends are doing.
Other Self-care Strategies
- Make adequate time for yourself by scheduling enough breaks throughout the day and taking time to do things you enjoy.
- Remember that it is okay to say “no”.
- Don’t isolate yourself, but also keep in mind that spending some alone time to practise self-care is a good thing.
- Watch out for warning signs. These include instances when people cross the limits in their behaviour with you. Other warning signs to look for: needing to numb your feelings; finding it difficult to focus on tasks; always feeling bored, tired, or burnt out; missing assignments.
- Seek out professional counselling or therapy for support.
- You can also use the resources available at your school to get help by getting support from teachers, counsellors, coaches, and nurses. If possible, join peer support groups with people your age so you can relate to people who might be going through the same things.
- Accept that you are human and someone who needs help sometimes. We are all works in progress. Do not try to be perfect, have it all, or do it all. Know your limits and be realistic.
Strong Transitions, Safe Transitions
Each year you will experience transitions in life, and you may need support when they happen. These changes can feel overwhelming, along with all the other things happening in your life. If you need help adapting to these changes, please do not be afraid to reach out to your school counsellors—we are here to help!
Jen Hammonds is a middle school counsellor at the American School of Doha (ASD), where she has worked for the past ten years. She is originally from Houston, Texas and received her Bachelor of Science in English and Secondary Education from Vanderbilt University. After receiving her Masters in Counseling, she worked as a learning specialist at Hong Kong International School for several years before moving to Qatar. Jen is married to James Hammonds, who teaches fifth grade at ASD, and they have two daughters, Ashley (20) and Sydney (19), who also graduated from ASD. Jen loves being a counsellor and supporting students and families in Qatar. To learn more about Jen’s work at ASD, visit the school’s website at asd.sch.qa. | <urn:uuid:80bd6233-d3df-458c-a085-4212819bcda3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dohafamily.com/student-self-care-keeping-your-table-stable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.96568 | 1,253 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Toward a New Psychology
Jonathan Doner, PhD
Nothing that matters is ever lost. But things that matter must change.
If what matters is lost, there can be no sustainability. But if what matters does not transform, it cannot be relevant to a changing world.
As a science, psychology must be about what is most fundamental to its domain. It must be about that which is at the heart of every single thing deemed psychological—that without which, psychology is inconceivable. There is one thing which certainly fits this criterion. It is at the heart of all things psychological, and it is impossible to conceive of psychological processes without tacitly assuming this thing’s existence. This “thing” is intelligence. It is not intelligence as a personality dimension, an IQ score, or an ensemble of cognitive functions. It is intelligence taken as a fundamental condition of all living organisms, and interpreted in a manner that is essentially objective and technical.
The foundation of intelligence is the efficacy of information. In physics, information has no efficacy. By physical law, information has no causal role in any process whatsoever. Entropy’s inevitable dissipation of existence as dictated by the 2nd law of thermodynamics is actually caused by energy-driven processes, not by the entropy per se. In all processes of life, however, such as growth and development or the organization and performance of species-typical behavior, information constantly plays a causal role.
How does information become causal? This is the central question, and its answer has far-reaching philosophical and theoretical ramifications. Philosophically, it brings an objective conception of intelligence to the forefront, not only when trying to understand psychological processes, but also processes from other domains such as biology. Theoretically, it furthers the development of a new, more objective, framework for understanding psychological processes.
(Presented at Meetings of the Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 2017; Paper in progress)
The two most fundamental processes in the evolution of life, other than the choices and actions of organisms, are the Darwinian conceptions of random mutation and natural selection. This paper argues that, although these principles can be shown to apply strictly to energy-driven systems, they do not strictly apply to the evolution of information-driven systems. In the present approach, information-driven systems are understood to operate within a linguistic context. This means information must be interpreted. The receiver must “speak the same language” as the transmitter. For systems governed by information, random mutation would thus result in changes that would be uninterpretable and consequently ignored. As such, these changes should have no impact on the system’s evolution. This creates a dilemma since, as argued, life is inherently an information-driven process. It should not, therefore, evolve according to Darwinian principles. Yet, of course, it does. This paper elaborates these arguments and discusses how the dilemma might be resolved. This resolution, in turn, has implications for understanding the evolution of complex information-driven processes such as neural and cultural systems.
(Abstract from Doner, 2017, in Sullivan, et al, Eds., Resistance and Renewal in Theoretical Psychology)
Religion seeks to understand the intelligence of the universe. It can do this through the postulation of the Absolute as Law, or as Being. In the postulation of Absolute as Law, intelligence will reside in the power of Law to create the universe—not once but continuously and sustainably. In the postulation of the Absolute as Being, intelligence resides in the ability of Being to know us individually. In other words, Law creates us, Being knows us. This work examines 1) how this bipartite Absolute is handled in modern major religious and contemplative traditions, 2) the expression of the bipartite Absolute in the various forms of transcendence, and 3) how science, particularly the psychology of religious experience, might shed light on the phenomenology of this interface.
(see Doner, 2015, and Doner, 2017, both in International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society)
Copyright Doner Projects/Doner Systems 2020 | <urn:uuid:cd045c85-561a-42e8-80ac-525cb225d6d3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://donersystems.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.932848 | 848 | 2.71875 | 3 |
With all the talk in the news lately about meat causing cancer (spoiler alert: the increased risk is minimal), it seems like a good time to look at the role that diet and lifestyle can play in cancer prevention. Cancer has become an epidemic in the United States. Recent statistics from the American Cancer Society estimate a lifetime risk of developing cancer at 1 in 2 for males and 1 in 3 for females. The likelihood of dying from cancer is approximately 1 in 4 for males and 1 in 5 for females.
Cancer is undiscriminating and there is often no rhyme or reason to why some people develop cancers and others do not. Genetics and predisposition play a big role in some cancers, but there are also many things you can do every day to decrease your risk.
Optimize Your Diet:
When it comes to diet, it is important to taste the rainbow! Eating a variety of fresh seasonal vegetables and fruits provides many vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants with potent health benefits. Foods of different colors tend to have different types of these nutrients, so be sure to add a variety of different colors to your plate.
Choose fruits and vegetables that are lower in carbohydrates and high in potent antioxidants called flavonoids. One type of flavonoid that has received a lot of attention for cancer prevention is a group of blue and purple pigments called Anthocyanins that are found in red grapes, blackberries, blueberries, plums, cranberries, and red cabbage. Typically the brighter or darker the color, the more cancer fighting potential it has.
Fiber is also very important when it comes to cancer prevention. There are two main forms of fiber: soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber is the kind that attracts water and makes things slimy (like flax, chia, oats, and psyllium). Insoluble fiber is often called “roughage” and is found in green vegetables, lentils, beans, nuts, and seeds. Fiber is like a scrub brush for the intestines and rids your body of toxins and excess blood sugar, cholesterol, and hormones, all of which helps to prevent certain types of cancer.
Move Your Body:
Research has found that increased physical activity is correlated to a lower incidence of many types of cancer including colon, lung, breast, uterine, and prostate cancers. A good goal for most people is 150 minutes per week of aerobic activity. Exercise also significantly improves cholesterol, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and blood sugar levels, and mood. You should exercise at a level of your safe target heart rate and talk to your doctor before starting a new exercise routine.
Optimizing your vitamin D status is one of the easiest things you can do to prevent cancer. If you’ve never had your Vitamin D levels tested, there’s no better time than the present. Supplementing Vitamin D to get your blood levels in an optimum range of 40-70 ng/mL can decrease your risk of breast, colon, ovarian, or prostate cancer by as much as 50 percent.
Avoid Toxic Cleaning and Beauty Products:
Household cleaners and beauty products are often full of chemicals known to be carcinogenic (i.e. cancer causing) and endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that interfere with your body’s natural hormones. Many endocrine disruptors mimic estrogen and may increase the risk for certain hormonal cancers like breast and ovarian cancers. One major endocrine disruptor is Dioxin, which is a byproduct of the bleaching process and found in many feminine hygiene products. Another potent endocrine disruptor is BPA, a component of many plastics and food and drink containers.
For yourself and your family, choose natural home cleaning products or make your own using simple ingredients like vinegar and baking soda. The Environmental Working Group maintains amazing resources for finding non-toxic household products and cosmetics.
Don’t Use Tobacco:
Tobacco causes more than just lung cancer. It also increases your risk of head and neck, stomach, kidney, bladder, pancreatic, ovarian, and cervical cancers. Quitting can be hard, but don’t be afraid to ask for help. There are many medications, supplements, and acupuncture treatments that may make it easier to quit.
Disclaimer: This article is purely informational and is not meant to represent a treatment, prevention, or cure for a specific disease or health condition and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. | <urn:uuid:c425c06e-3371-46e0-b3ab-8c3aedeed2fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://drcoriburke.com/2015/10/28/natural-cancer-prevention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.946801 | 975 | 3.328125 | 3 |
There are a number of sleep disorders, that can affect the duration, quality, and impact of sleep. In fact, sleep and its disorders are the areas of much research.
STAGES OF SLEEP
Sleep stages comprise of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep as the first three stages of sleep followed by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
NREM-1 (5-10 minutes – 5% of total sleep) – It is the stage of transition from wakefulness to sleep. The brain activity, heart rate, breathing and eye movements begin to slow down, and the body starts to relax. The brain is still active in this stage.
NREM-2 (20 minutes/cycle – 50% of total sleep) – In this stage the body relaxes further, awareness of surroundings diminishes, body temperature drops, eye movements stop, and the breathing and heart rate become more regular. It is a stage of processing and consolidating the day’s memories by the brain.
NREM-3 (20-40 minutes/cycle – 20-25% of total sleep ) – It is the stage of deep sleep when it is difficult to be woken. The heart rate and breathing slow down, blood pressure drops, and the muscles are relaxed. It is the stage of body repair and rejuvenation as well as consolidation of knowledge, experiences, learnings, and long-term memory.
REM– It is the stage of sleep beginning about 90 minutes after falling asleep, and accounts for 20-25% of total sleep. While the body’s voluntary muscles are immobilized, the brain is active (like while being awake), breathing is faster and irregular, and there is rapid eye movement (REM). It is a stage of consolidating emotional memories and also when dreams occur.
NREM-3 and REM are stages of deep sleep when the body rebuilds itself by strengthening its immunity, promoting growth, and repairing damaged tissues. The cycle of NREM-2, 3 and REM is repeated 4-5 times every night, every 90 to 110 minutes. The duration of REM sleep increases with every cycle starting with 10 minutes in the first cycle.
Sleep disorders may be classified as:
It is the most common among sleep disorders and includes difficulty in falling asleep at night, maintaining or staying asleep, waking too early with the inability to fall asleep again, and decreased quality of sleep causing daytime sleepiness, tiredness or impacted functioning.
Read in detail: Insomnia and not getting enough sleep
It is also called hypersomnolence disorder and refers to excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), increased time spent sleeping, or difficulty in staying awake during the day. People who have hypersomnia can fall asleep anytime in the day thereby impacting and increasing risk during work, performance, daily activities, and driving.
Primary hypersomnia is attributed to abnormal sleep-wake control by the brain. Secondary hypersomnia can occur because of:
- Insomnia and poor sleep at night
- Sleep apnea
- Increase in weight or obesity
- Neurological conditions like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
- Head injury
- Alcohol or narcotic drugs abuse
- Mental health disorders like depression, bipolar disease.
- Use of prescription sedatives, tranquilizers, anti-anxiety pills, antihistamines, decongestants etc.
- Kidney or liver disease
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder of uncontrollable daytime drowsiness, sudden attacks of sleep, inability to stay awake for long, and significant disruptions in daily activities. One may fall asleep even while performing a task like writing, typing or driving, and continue to perform that task while asleep with no recollection of what was done on waking.
Narcolepsy has been linked to deficiency or destruction (due to a mistaken recognition by the immune system) of a brain chemical called hypocretin (also called orexin), which regulates sleep. Narcolepsy may be type 1 when it is accompanied by a sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy) triggered by strong emotion, or type 2 without cataplexy. People with narcolepsy often transition quickly to REM sleep, usually within 15 minutes of falling asleep. They also sometimes experience sleep paralysis, and vivid hallucinations, while falling asleep (hypnagogic hallucinations) and while waking from sleep (hypnopompic hallucinations) that can feel real and scary.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Temporary hypersomnia is just the body’s way of making up for inadequate sleep. If hypersomnia is persistent and impacts day-day functioning, it’s best to seek medical consultation. The treating doctor will analyze the course of the symptoms, conduct a physical examination and may order basic blood tests, and brain imaging tests like CT/MRI where needed. A psychological evaluation is also recommended to manage underlying depression or other conditions.
Sometimes a test called polysomnography is performed overnight at a sleep center, that monitors brain activity, eye movements, time spent in reaching and maintaining various stages of sleep, heart rate, oxygen levels, and breathing, to enable better diagnosis and treatment.
Treatment involves lifestyle measures including a nutritious diet, adequate exercise and physical activity, weight management, stress management, and avoiding alcohol and drug/substance abuse. Regularizing sleep-wake timings and ensuring adequate (8 hours) quality sleep at night, along with maintaining sleep diaries/records and monitoring day-time naps is most important.
Medicines may be prescribed in required cases, especially in narcolepsy. These include stimulant drugs like modafinil and armodafinil, and some newer ones like solriamfetol, pitosilant and sodium oxybate, the latter two being useful drugs in type1 narcolepsy. Conventional stimulant medicines like methylphenidate or amphetamines are sometimes prescribed but they have high addiction potential. Anti-depressant medicines (SSRIs, SNRIs, and TCAs) have also been found to be beneficial in some cases. All medicines mentioned have some side effects and are to be taken under strict medical advice and monitoring only.
This refers to unnatural and disturbing events that disrupt sleep. Parasomnia can occur while falling asleep, during sleep, or while waking from sleep. Parasomnia can occur in both Non-REM or REM phase of sleep.
Non-REM sleep disorders (also called arousal disorders), include parasomnias that involve physical and verbal activity. One is not completely awake or responsive to interaction or intervention during the event, with no or little memory of the same the day after. These events are:
- Sleep terrors: Waking up suddenly in a terrified state, sometimes screaming and crying, along with physical signs like sweating, palpitations, fast breathing, dilated pupils, etc. (lasts for half-few minutes).
- Sleepwalking (somnambulism): Getting out of bed and walking with eyes wide open, and also performing tasks that may sometimes increase the risk of injury/accidents. It may also be accompanied by sleep talking or sleep-related eating disorders (eating foods often not a normal part of the routine diet).
- Confusional arousals: Being partially awake with eyes open, but disoriented in time and space, sometimes with emotional disturbance, speech, and comprehension (lasts for a few minutes to an hour, and is more common in childhood).
REM sleep parasomnias can often be recollected and described if woken up during the event. These parasomnias are more common during periods of stress, trauma, extreme fatigue, fever, illness and high alcohol intake. These include:
- Nightmares: Vivid, scary, dreams that cause significant fear and anxiety, sometimes waking and difficulty going back to sleep.
- Sleep paralysis: Inability to move body or limbs during sleep, usually while falling asleep or waking up. The episode can last for a few minutes and can be terrifying, but can be stopped if touched by family member/bed partner.
- REM sleep behavior disorder (RSBD): Acting (hitting out, punching, grabbing, kicking, fighting) or talking (scolding, swearing, shouting, laughing). It is more common in the elderly especially with neurological conditions.
Other parasomnias include exploding head syndrome (hearing a loud explosive crashing sound or seeing light flashes), catathrenia (groaning and grunting in sleep), enuresis (bedwetting) in adults/older children, hallucinations, and sexosmia (performing sexual acts during sleep).
Risk factors for Parasomnia
These conditions increase the risk and frequency of suffering from parasomnias.
- Disturbed sleep and transitions into sleep stages,
- Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders – irregular sleep-wake schedules (jet lag or shift working) where sleep cycle is not in sync with the natural light-dark cycle.
- Sleep apnea
- Alcohol or substance abuse
- Children with neurologic or psychiatric health issues like epilepsy, attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) or developmental delay.
- Elderly or those with neurodegenerative conditions like stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
- Fever and/or body pain
- Severe stress
- Head injury
- Headaches and migraine
- Brain tumors, or infection (encephalitis)
- During pregnancy, hormonal imbalance, menstruation, perimenopause.
- Restless legs syndrome (RLS) -Uncontrollable urge to move legs due to uncomfortable sensations, seen in the evening and night after sitting or lying down for some time, and relieved by moving the legs or walking.
- Genetic predisposition or family history
- Drugs for sleep, anxiety, depression, and psychosis, certain drugs for high BP or convulsions, specific antibiotics and antiallergics.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Sleep disorders are often treated by a multispecialty team of a family physician, psychiatrist, psychologist, neurologist and sleep specialist. The treating doctor will analyze the course of the symptoms and seek a detailed history from both the individual with the sleep disorder as well as the bed partner and other family members. A general physical examination and basic blood tests and brain imaging tests like CT/MRI are also done where needed, to rule out any underlying cause. A psychological evaluation is also performed.
Sleep studies performed overnight at a sleep center include polysomnography, which monitors brain activity, eye movements, time spent in reaching and maintaining various stages of sleep, heart rate, oxygen levels, and breathing. A sleep video EEG (electroencephalogram) may also be done to record and observe brain activity during the parasomnia event.
Treatment involves a combination of lifestyle measures and medicines where needed.
Most important is maintaining a regular sleep-wake cycle, with a consistent time of going to bed and waking. Putting in place relaxing bedtime routines like a warm bath, listening to soothing music or reading, avoiding heavy exercise at night, and avoiding electronic gadget use at bedtime are recommended along with maintaining consistent timings of going to bed and waking.
A healthy nutritious diet should be taken along with avoidance of caffeine, alcohol and substances of abuse or recreational drugs.
Psychotherapy with counseling and cognitive behavioral therapy can help especially in underlying stress and anxiety-depression. Guided breathing and relaxation techniques at bedtime are also beneficial.
Maintaining safety of the home and surrounding environment is required to avoid injury and accidents during a parasomnia episode especially sleepwalking. These include removal of glassware, sharp items or sharp-edged furniture, and locking and installing alarms on the main door and windows.
Non-REM parasomnias are common during childhood and usually subside by adolescence. Reassurance to parents is all that is usually needed.
Medicines may be prescribed in persistent cases of non-REM parasomnia as well as for REM parasomnia. Anti-anxiety medicines (benzodiazepines) are prescribed for short periods (4-6 weeks) to improve sleep. Melatonin is a useful medicine to regularize circadian sleep-wake rhythm, improve sleep and transition into sleep stages especially REM sleep. Antidepressants may also be beneficial for some people.
SLEEP BREATHING DISORDERS
These include various forms of sleep apnea. Read on:
For any query, additional information or to discuss any case, write to email@example.com and be assured of a response soon
Reference: Sleep Disorder Guidelines | <urn:uuid:6eaf298e-3ba3-437f-8776-d6660db03cd5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://drvarsha.com/understanding-and-recognizing-sleep-disorders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.923997 | 2,602 | 3.609375 | 4 |
For several years, Portlanders have been quietly transitioning our homes to 100% renewable electricity to simultaneously experience the benefits of all-electric homes and fight climate change. The extreme heat of 2021 made climate change more personal and urgent than ever before, greatly increasing the number of people taking decisive action. We are modernizing our homes with electric appliances and cutting pipes that formerly supplied fossil fuel. Yet these critical improvements remain largely invisible from the street. Until now.
This program is designed to celebrate and brings visibility to individual efforts, educate homeowners & renters, and ultimately accelerate the transition to clean electricity. The process for each household varies and there can be real barriers to overcome. But this is a start towards building a network to share tips, lessons and resources so that hundreds more can join this path.
Home electrification won’t happen overnight. It’ll take time, as less efficient electric and gas-powered appliances reach the ends of their useful lives and get replaced, one-by-one. The best time to start the transition is now—and the best time to make a replacement plan is before the hot water or heat fail, not after. We’ve created this program to help folks plan ahead, with their neighbors, to modernize their homes for a 100% renewable electric future. | <urn:uuid:737d936c-3186-4e96-8c6e-cc5bdaad0edf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://electrifypdx.org/ourstory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.943178 | 263 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Driver of neurodegenerative diseases revealed
Lysosomes, tiny compartments within cells known as the garbage disposals for molecules that need to be degraded, are critical to cell function and a person’s health; disruption of lysosomal protein function is linked to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Identifying how mutations in the genes coding for these proteins lead to disorders could provide scientists not only a better understanding of disease, but also a path to new treatments.
In a new study published on September 14 in Science, Monther Abu-Remaileh, assistant professor of chemical engineering and of genetics and Institute Scholar of Sarafan ChEM-H at Stanford University, identified the function of a lysosomal protein known to be dysregulated in a rare but fatal neurodegenerative disease. His team discovered that this protein drives a key step in the synthesis of a lipid molecule called bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, or BMP, which is known to be critical in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Uncovering this long-elusive protein not only gives scientists a handle to develop new drugs for those diseases, but also establishes a new paradigm in cell biology: the lysosome, long thought of as the center of molecule-breaking, is also home to molecule-making.
“Now that we know how the cell makes BMP, we can develop ways to activate it and hopefully find ways to counteract and improve age-related neurodegeneration,” said Abu-Remaileh.
Searching for 773
Abu-Remaileh is investigating a series of rare diseases linked to lysosomal dysfunction. In the cases of many of these so-called lysosomal storage disorders, scientists know that a particular genetic mutation leads to disease. That genetic information contains the instructions for making a protein that resides in the lysosome, but what that protein does in healthy individuals—and therefore why the mutation leads to sickness—has been unknown in many of these disorders.
The lead author of this study, biochemistry PhD student Uche Medoh, was working on two different projects that serendipitously merged. In one, he was studying a gene called CLN5, a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. CLN5 mutations are very rare, and patients suffer from infantile and juvenile neurodegeneration and premature death. Medoh was trying to figure out the function of the protein encoded by the CLN5 gene. At the same time, in a separate project, he had started looking into a lipid, a fatty molecule central to normal cell functions, called BMP. BMP is an important regulator of lysosomal function and is implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases; BMP levels are disrupted in Alzheimer’s patients compared to healthy individuals, for example. How and where the cell makes BMP, however, had been unknown for decades.
After years of studying the protein encoded by CLN5 without discovering its function, Medoh wondered whether this might actually be BMP synthase, the long searched-for protein that makes BMP. “I’m not the first person to study CLN5 nor BMP, but I think I may be the first person who happened to study both at the same time, which is what allowed me to make this connection,” he said.
Medoh conducted a deceptively simple test: he mixed the molecular precursor to BMP with his mystery protein in a test tube. To see if the protein could transform the precursor into BMP, he used an instrument known as a mass spectrometer, which can detect the exact weights of individual molecules in a mixture. The resulting numbers are like a fingerprint that tell the researcher exactly what is in the sample. So, when Medoh mixed the precursor and the protein together, he was waiting to see a single number on the computer screen: 773, the mass of a molecule of BMP.
“When 773 appeared, I was the only person in the world who at that moment knew that this protein was the elusive BMP synthase. It was an intense dopamine rush,” said Medoh. “That really validated for me why I chose to pursue a PhD, and that is to make a discovery and be at the forefront of human knowledge.”
Abu-Remaileh needed more convincing evidence than a reaction in a test tube, devoid of the rest of the complex biochemistry happening in a cell. ”We now have to prove that this is relevant physiologically,” he said.
Medoh, who is also a fellow through the Sarafan ChEM-H Chemistry/Biology Interface (CBI) Training Program, used a diverse toolset with techniques borrowed from cell biology, genetics, and biochemistry to prove definitively that his mystery protein was in fact the BMP synthase.
For Abu-Remaileh, the key was a “rescue” experiment in cells. In this study, the team used cells with a CLN5 mutation, and collected and analyzed the lysosomes by mass spectrometry in collaboration with the Metabolomics Knowledge Center at Sarafan ChEM-H. They saw a decrease in BMP levels and corresponding increase in those of the precursor to BMP.
The researchers then “rescued” the cells by giving them CLN5 without the mutation. Normal BMP levels returned, and the team was convinced: the protein made by the CLN5 gene is the BMP synthase.
“BMP is important in major pathways that keep the lysosome functional and therefore keep individuals healthy, so it makes sense that this genetic mutation is exceedingly rare—its role is essential,” said Abu-Remaileh. “This approach shows that by studying these rare diseases, we can learn so much about fundamental biology and health.”
Now that scientists have identified the protein that creates BMP, they can potentially develop new kinds of medicine that will boost the protein’s activity and increase BMP levels, which could help both rare and common neurodegenerative diseases. Supported by the Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience and the Stanford Innovative Medicines Accelerator (IMA), the team is now doing just that.
Reimagining the lysosome
BMP was first discovered over 50 years ago, and since the 1970s, scientists have known that it is made in the cell and used in lysosomes. Though scientists have suspected it to be true, this is the first definitive proof that BMP is made inside the lysosome. This is also the first ever example of a lysosomal protein responsible for anabolism, or building a molecule, rather than catabolism, or degrading a molecule.
“For many people, lysosomal catabolism is synonymous with its function. Now we need to think about lysosomal anabolism, which expands how we think about lysosomal function,” said Medoh.
Other Stanford co-authors on the study include Andy Hims, a postbaccalaureate scholar in the Sarafan ChEM-H/Stanford Innovative Medicines Accelerator Postbaccalaureate Program in Target Discovery; Julie Chen; Ali Ghoochani; Kwamina Nyame; and Wentao Dong. Medoh is an O’Leary-Thiry Fellow and Nyame is a Kolluri Fellow, both through the Sarafan ChEM-H Chemistry/Biology Interface Training Program. Nyame is also the Mark and Mary Stevens Interdisciplinary Graduate Fellow at the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute. Abu-Remaileh is a Stanford-Terman Fellow and a Pew-Steward Scholar for Cancer Research. | <urn:uuid:f899ab1d-c506-4c7b-b7f2-1d3ffa629582> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://engineering.stanford.edu/magazine/driver-neurodegenerative-diseases-revealed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.951785 | 1,651 | 3.25 | 3 |
Do you happen to know a noun to describe someone, usually a student, who does a lot of learning by heart, as opposed to understanding? Is 'grind', 'swot'/'swotter' a good word for that, or does it just mean an over-the-top hard-working, diligent student? I also came acrosss 'muzz', can that be used as a noun? In Russian, we have a word 'zubrila', which means someone who stupidly learns things by heart. Looking forward to your answers!
Educationalists make a distinction between "rote learning" and "meaningful learning".
Rote learning is the memorization of information based on repetition. Examples of rote learning include memorizing the alphabet, numbers, and multiplication tables. Some consider rote learning to be a necessary step in learning certain subjects.
Memorization isn’t the most effective way to learn, but it’s a method many students and teachers still use. A common rote learning technique is preparing quickly for a test, also known as cramming.
Meaningful learning involves understanding how all the pieces of an entire concept fit together. The knowledge gained through meaningful learning applies to new learning situations. This type of learning stays with students for life.
Meaningful learning is active, constructive, and long-lasting, but most importantly, it allows students to be fully engaged in the learning process. | <urn:uuid:e0c89f6e-7e21-421b-a597-b478b5d48d8f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/471520/word-for-a-person-who-learns-a-lot-by-heart-when-studying | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.955992 | 297 | 3.640625 | 4 |
With the installation of “smart meters” at homes throughout much of the United States and other countries, governments and utilities can now track how much electricity a home uses each hour of the day. Having this data presents an opportunity to encourage consumers to reduce their electricity use by charging them more during hours when a lot of people are consuming electricity and it costs more to produce, instead of charging a flat fee. But because of political constraints, many countries do not mandate and rely on voluntary participation in such a “dynamic pricing model.” A new study evaluates which types of consumers conserve the most, and what role an upfront financial incentive plays in cutting electricity use.
“To successfully reduce emissions and transition to clean energy sources, it’s critical that we find ways to cut electricity use during peak times,” says Koichiro Ito, an associate professor at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy. “One way to do this is to charge consumers more during peak hours along with a reduced price for off-peak hours, encouraging them to respond by using less electricity during peak hours. But not all consumers will behave as we would expect. Our study helps policymakers identify strategies to optimize the success of these programs.”
Ito and his co-authors, Takanori Ida from Kyoto University and Makoto Tanaka from the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, conducted a field experiment in Yokohama, Japan, where the government provided smart meters to more than 3,000 households. The researchers randomly distributed $60 upfront to a segment of these households to encourage them to take up a dynamic pricing program. They also calculated how much each household could be expected to save if they decided to switch based on their past electricity usage patterns and used this information to further encourage households to switch to dynamic pricing.
The researchers found that consumers who would expect to save money were more likely to choose to opt into the new pricing scheme. Fifty percent of those expected to save joined the program, whereas only 15 percent of those told they would not save unless they changed their behaviors joined. Offering the latter the $60 incentive to join boosted their take-up of the program to around 30 percent.
“But the key to the program’s success is not getting consumers to join, but getting consumers to join who will indeed change their behaviors and use less energy. Who are those consumers? That’s what we sought to find out,” says Ito.
Ito and his co-authors found that the consumers who changed their behaviors varied widely demographically but shared one thing in common: their eagerness to join the program. Those who showed eagerness to join conserved up to 1 kWh per hour per household each peak-hour day. Those who were reluctant to take up the dynamic pricing conserved very little after joining.
“This is where the financial incentive for take-up becomes so important,” says Ito. “If the take-up incentive is too high, it will encourage consumers to join who are excited about the incentive and not the program itself.”
The researchers tested different financial incentives and found that the $60 incentive was actually pretty successful. It improved the take-up rate of the policy from 31 to 48 percent, leading to an improved welfare gain of $18 to $23 per consumer per year. The most optimal take-up design, they say, would boost the welfare gain from the program to $33 per consumer per year.
“This research can help policymakers or utility companies structure dynamic electricity pricing in a way that will encourage the participation of customers who are most likely to save electricity,” says Ito. “Fundamental to that structure is identifying and targeting key consumer types, leading to the largest and most efficient electricity reductions.” | <urn:uuid:f66359b3-2f80-4021-90a5-acc88128c163> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://epic.uchicago.edu/news/what-makes-time-of-use-electricity-pricing-successful-getting-the-incentive-right/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.964722 | 780 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The Book in Three Sentences
In this book summary of How to Take Smart Notes, you’ll learn an intelligent system that organizes your ideas and notes for you. This is the first guide to describe the Zettelkasten in English which can help students, teachers, and writers to develop more intelligent texts.
How to Take Smart Notes Summary
Never ignore note-taking because that’s how you organize writing. The process of writing starts before the blank page. It starts from the notes you’ve collected. This is a basic skill that’s often overlooked. Good writing is also good note-taking. The key to good writing is preparation.
Chapter 1: Everything You Need to Know
Having a system you trust relieves you from the burden of remembering everything. When it comes to writing, you should be able to focus on one thing at a time.
1.1. Good Solutions Are Simple and Unexpected
You don’t need a complex system and you don’t need to reorganize what you have. What you need instead is to take down smart notes. In order to deal with the complexity of most notes, you need to keep a simple structure. There’s no preparation needed to start this. From now on, you’re going to change your way of working.
The suggested system is the combination of two ideas: the slip-box and a daily routine/workflow similar to that of David Allen’s Getting Things Done. The latter involves collecting everything that needs to be taken care of in the same place. Not every aspect of GTD is useful to academia. The main concept used in the context of note-taking is that everything needs to be taken care of in some form and that you should put it in a system you trust. That’s what the slip-box is for.
1.2 The Slip Box
Niklas Luhmann lived in Germany in the 1960s. He read in the evenings and collected notes. His note-taking system was poor, so he decided to add notes to categories in the form of cards and number their corners, and place them on what he called a slip-box. Luhmann soon realized that a note was only as valuable as its context. His collection of notes soon became more than the sum of its parts and Luhmann’s system allowed him to write a doctoral thesis and the habilitation thesis to become a professor, as well as dozens of books, and hundreds of articles.
Why do most people don’t use a slip-box?
- Some people misunderstood Luhmann’s system which lead to disappointing results
- Originally, Luhmann’s system was only explained in resources available in German
- The system is simple and people don’t expect much from it
1.3 The Slix-Box Manual
Here’s how it works: there are two slip-boxes, a bibliographical one with references and the main one with ideas. When Luhmann read something, he wrote the bibliography on one side of the card and notes on the other side. He then looked at the notes and thought about how they could be relevant to his own thinking. Luhmann wouldn’t copy ideas, but he’d rewrite something with his own words, preserving the original meaning and trying to make connections with previous ideas.
Chapter 2: Everything You Need to Know
A series of ideas turn into text thanks to editing, writing a draft, organizing and assembling notes, and reviewing the end result. Your main work involves thinking, reading, and coming up with ideas that then become notes.
2.1 Writing a Paper Step by Step
- Make fleeting notes (these are notes about what’s on your mind), put them in your inbox, and process them later.
- Make literature notes (these are notes about what you read) by keeping things short and by using your own words.
- Make permanent notes (you turn the fleeting notes into permanent ones). Write one per idea. Be clear, use full sentences, and include the source.
- Add notes to the slip box by a) filing each note behind related notes, b) add links to related notes, and c) adding them to the index.
- See what’s there and what’s missing. Collect more notes the more you read.
- Once you have enough notes to write about a topic, collect everything and organize them.
- Turn notes into a first draft. Make changes as you see fit.
- Edit and proofread.
As part of this system, you’re never working on one project, but on several at the same time.
Chapter 3: Everything You Need to Have
The slip-box involves a simple process. The only thing you need is a collection of notes and everything else is considered clutter.
3.1 The Tool Box
These are the resources you need:
- Something to write with and something to write on
- A reference management program
- The slip-box
- An editor
Chapter 4: A Few Things to Keep in Mind
You should write notes to use them, not just to collect them.
The Four Underlying Principles
Chapter 5: Writing Is the Only Thing That Matters
By writing something, you’ve proven you understand it. You should focus on your writing as if nothing else matters. Having to write something as the ultimate goal, makes you more focused. This also makes you a more engaged reader.
Chapter 6: Simplicity Is Paramount
Don’t store notes under topics, store them under contexts you’re more likely to find them in. Don’t treat all your notes as permanent and don’t collect notes related to a specific project. At the same time, don’t treat all notes as fleeting. Permanent notes are important because they make sense long after you’ve forgotten the context where you took them from. Don’t just highlight, underline, or write in the margins, take the time to think and develop your own ideas from those notes.
Chapter 7: Nobody Ever Starts from Scratch
Writing isn’t linear. A writing project always starts from previous ideas and preconceptions. Writing is circular. To decide on a topic to write about, you first have to do research, read, and take down notes.
Chapter 8: Let Your Work Carry Forward
Aim to have a workflow that sustains itself, one that gains momentum and propels you forward. Motivate yourself by becoming better at what you do. Seek constant feedback. Some of the fundamentals of note-taking include expressing someone else’s ideas in your own words, distinguishing the important parts of the text from the less important ones, and combining new notes with old ones. These are all examples of feedback loops.
The Six Steps to Successful Writing
Chapter 9: Separate and Interlocking Tasks
9.1 Give Each Task Your Undivided Attention
Don’t allow email, notifications, and other distractions to interrupt your workflow.
9.2 Multitasking Is Not a Good Idea
Multitaskers feel more productive, but their productivity decreases in both quality and quantity when you compare them to single taskers. Multitasking doesn’t exist because no one can do more than one thing at a time. What you’re doing when multitasking is switching your attention and this is mentally draining. Never try to do something else when you write. Writing involves reading, understanding, reflecting, connecting ideas, structuring, organizing, editing, correcting, rewriting, and more. Not only do we need to focus when we write, but we also have to do it for a long period of time. To stay focused for longer avoid multitasking, get rid of distractions, and separate different types of tasks. Have a clear structure.
9.3 Give Each Task the Right Kind of Attention
Different tasks require different kinds of attention. It isn’t the same to proofread as to outline.
9.4 Become an Expert Instead of a Planner
In order to learn, stop making plans. Develop intuition instead. Internalize the knowledge you need so that you don’t have to think about the rules.
9.5 Get Closure
Our attention and our short-term memory are limited resources. The information we keep on our short-term memory takes up valuable mental resources until we forget it or replace it with more valuable thoughts. The Zeigarnik effect states that opened tasks take up precious space in our short-term memory until we complete them. We can trick our brains into thinking that we have completed those tasks by writing them down.
9.6 Reduce the Number of Decisions
Another limited resource is motivation or willpower. Decision-making is one of the most tedious tasks. As a way to mitigate this, you can limit some choices so that you leave resources for the decisions that matter. Deciding on a system to organize everything is one such choice. This is also helpful because once you’re done, you can restore your willpower and when you come back, you know how to continue. Breaks are important for learning.
Chapter 10: Read for Understanding
10.1 Read with a Pen in Hand
To write, you have to turn notes into text. To write notes, you need a pen when you read. By combining notes from different sources, you create something new. To create useful notes think about what’s mentioned and what isn’t. By having a purpose, your notes become part of a bigger project instead of a chore.
To understand your notes better, writing by hand is better than typing. Handwriting is slower and correcting mistakes more difficult, but they force you to focus on the gist. To understand the gist, you have to understand it first. Writing by hand isn’t about copying, it’s about translating concepts into your own words. Simply copying something doesn’t involve thinking.
10.2 Keep an Open Mind
Smart note-taking involves being selective. Don’t just focus on the arguments you agree on, give a true account of what’s being said. The criterion you should take to write notes is if it is connected or it’s open to connections. Don’t forget to collect discomforting facts. As long as they’re enriching, you don’t have to agree with everything said and having a counterargument is always useful.
10.3 Get the Gist
Looking for the gist amid a deluge of information is extremely important and you learn by doing. Reading and understanding become easier over time. The more clear you are, the more intelligent you’ll be perceived by your audience.
10.4 Learn to Read
Reading and rereading can be confused with understanding. The real test of understanding comes when we try to explain something using our own words. Not writing something down makes reading a waste of time.
10.5 Learn by Reading
Learning requires deliberate practice and effort. One of the best learning methods is elaboration which involves taking down notes and connecting them with others. A slip-box facilitates long-time learning. With a slip-box, can learn constantly and never reread a text again.
Chapter 11: Take Smart Notes
Good readers see the limitations of an approach presented in a text and learn as much from what’s mentioned, but also from what isn’t. They also understand its immediate context, as well as what’s beyond it. Good readers can establish connections between different sources.
11.1 Make a Career One Note at a Time
When it comes to the slip-box, this resource is more than the sum of its parts. Write something every day and over the course of a year, you’ll have a large number of notes to work with.
11.2 Think Outside the Brain
Notes are a way to try and express what’s happening in your brain in a way that makes sense. Thinking requires externalization and writing is a great way of achieving that.
11.3 Learn by Not Trying
The first step of taking smart notes is elaboration. The next step involves transferring the ideas of those notes into our own interconnected thoughts. That’s part of the slip-box so that we can have an ongoing relationship with these notes. It’s not enough to remember facts, you have to be able to understand their greater meaning. The great advantage of using a slip-box is that you learn by connecting a piece of information to other meaningful contexts instead of relying on your memory.
11.4 Adding Permanent Notes to the Slip-Box
Add notes to your slip-box after writing permanent notes.
- Add notes behind the note you refer to and number it
- Add links to other notes on the new one
- Add an entry in the index
- Build a structure of interconnected mental models
12 Develop Ideas
Notes soon become interconnected. The slip-box is a tool that lets us think, not something to think about.
12.1 Develop Topics
The index allows us to find notes. You can also add keywords because as a writer, you have to think about a context in which you’re more likely to find a note useful.
12.2 Make Smart Connections
Making cross-references between notes is important. See this as maintenance and not as a chore. Making connections is a vital part of the system.
12.3 Compare, Correct, and Differentiate
Trying to add an entry twice or confusing someone else’s idea as your own is a common occurrence. The slip-box system doesn’t allow those problems in the first place which is good because it allows us to move forward. Seeing differences between similar notes is also possible. New notes might correct, complement, or improve previous ones.
12.4 Assemble a Toolbox for Thinking
What makes our slip-box such a valuable tool for learning is that notes are interconnected. This provides context. You should learn certain mental models and internalize them. The idea isn’t to know everything, the idea is to know the right things. Knowing several mental models makes you a versatile person since you can use that knowledge in different situations. It’s better to learn from the experiences of others than your own.
12.5 Use the Slip-Box as a Creativity Machine
Creativity isn’t about doing things, it’s about seeing connections. Good ideas need time. They require a process of preparation. Having a slip-box is great because we’re so intimate with its knowledge that it can lead to new discoveries.
12.6 Think Inside the Box
Good academic writing is based on comparing, differentiating, and connecting notes. Playing with ideas also leads to great texts. Abstraction and re-specification are also needed.
12.7 Facilitate Creativity through Restrictions
Consider notes as something limited. We’re also limited by the format itself which only allows one idea per note. Limitations can be liberating. When we remove choices, we unleash potential.
Chapter 13: Share Your Insight
Your slip-box is an idea generator since you can use the connected notes you’ve established to create something new.
13.1 From Brainstorming to Slip-Box Storming
Brainstorming isn’t as useful as it may seem. Having many ideas doesn’t mean they’re good. The clusters of ideas we’ve created as part of our slip-box are infinitely more useful than coming up with random and mediocre ones.
13.2 From Top Down to Bottom Up
Having ideas and questions from our notes is useful because they aren’t random, they’re supported by context.
13.3 Getting Things Done by Following Your Interests
Successful students are usually highly motivated. Follow your interests and take the path that’s more promising to you.
13.4 Finishing and Review
Develop a rough structure, but keep it flexible. Work on different manuscripts simultaneously. Don’t focus on adding notes to current projects only, have several projects going on at the same time.
13.5 Becoming an Expert by Giving Up Planning
Students are terrible at planning. Especially when it comes to determining the time it’ll take them to complete a task.
13.6 The Actual Writing
The first draft is just the first draft. Get rid of those sentences that don’t add anything meaningful.
Chapter 14: Make It a Habit
Build new habits that will replace old ones. For this system, keep a pen and paper whenever you read and make it a routine.
Many writers use The Take Smart Notes principle. You should have a slip-box to connect the main ideas from what you read and develop a workflow that supports it. At its core, this system is remarkably simple: read with a pen and paper so that you can create notes that you can connect with other notes. | <urn:uuid:0d43f192-2de5-4cfc-9888-97a50a1b0e25> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ericsandroni.com/book-summary-how-to-take-smart-notes-by-sonke-ahrens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.938226 | 3,555 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Men and Women Experience Depression Differently According to Science
Men and women experience depression differently. In fact, although suffering, anguish, and emotional pain are the same in both sexes, the way of managing the symptoms, and even of acting in the face of this condition, usually differs. We know, for example, that the probability of suicide in men is higher.
Our knowledge of how depression develops is now greatly improved. When it tended to be largely associated with women, many men were reluctant to seek help. In fact, there are still many who internalize discomfort or seek to camouflage it with counterproductive behaviors, like drinking alcohol.
Nowadays, clinicians are able to identify the symptoms of depression in each sex. This allows them to better understand the disorder and to act more effectively. However, the most important thing, without a doubt, is that people themselves become aware of their problem and take the step of requesting support.
On average, men show symptoms of depression through increased irritability and moodiness. They even have a tendency to somatize their symptoms much more.
Depression is different in men and women
In the first place, we might say that it’s social and cultural factors that have caused depression to be experienced differently by each sex. As a matter of fact, although it’s true that the assessment of mental health is gradually becoming widely accepted in our society, there are still areas where it continues to be a taboo subject. Where shame, fear of criticism, and misunderstanding are still very present.
However, if depression is different in men and women, is the origin always social? Is it men’s reluctance to ask for help that sets them apart? The answer is no. There are, in fact, biological factors.
Depression is more prevalent in women
The University of Ottawa (Canada) conducted research in this regard. The study indicated that the incidence of depression in women is 5.8 percent, compared to 3.5 percent in men. This difference is significant. Furthermore, it’s important to point out that, during childhood, depressive disorders are more common in boys than in girls. While in old age, the incidence is more equal.
However, what explains the higher rate of depression in women? The causes are usually the following:
- The higher prevalence of depression in women is often correlated with hormonal changes.
- Experts believe that there may be a confluence of particular hormonal and neurodevelopmental changes during the transition to puberty. These may predispose the female to a greater likelihood of suffering from depression.
- Factors such as pregnancy, miscarriages, fertility problems, post-natal depression, and other changes linked to perimenopause and menopause are extremely important factors.
Triggers, another peculiarity
It’s important to clarify that each person is unique and that the triggers of depression aren’t always clear. Usually, there are social, environmental, personal, and genetic variables. However, on average it’s usually observed that internalizing factors abound in women. However, externalizing factors are more common in men.
What do we mean by internalizing and externalizing variables? Internalizing variables are linked to interpersonal relationships. For example, bad relationships with family, partners, work colleagues, or children are often the cause of depression in women. On the other hand, the incidence of violence within a couple is another impacting factor.
With regards to men, externalizing factors might be job loss, financial problems, not being able to achieve their proposed objectives, or being unable to develop in their professional careers.
The different symptoms that men and women experience
The University of Wisconsin (USA) conducted research concerning gender differences in depression. Knowing how the symptoms vary between the sexes, helps us understand how men and women experience depression differently.
Here are the findings of the study:
- Women tend to exhibit greater apathy, anguish, and sadness. However, men experience more bad moods and irritability.
- Men show greater “escapist” behaviors. For example, they might go to the gym to avoid thinking. Or, they resort to risky behaviors to feel strong emotions.
- Women are more likely to seek help and support from their environment. Nevertheless, they may tend to deny their situation and mood changes. On the other hand, it’s common for men with depression to engage in addictive behaviors.
Ronald Levant, former president of the American Psychological Association (APA), coined the term male alexithymia to define the difficulty that some men often have when it comes to understanding their state of mind and expressing it. This factor may be a common trigger in depression.
Men have higher suicide rates
The most problematic factor is undoubtedly the high suicide rate in males. In fact, it’s a reality that we should be far more aware of. Usually behind these kinds of people are untreated, unidentified, or poorly treated major depression. For this reason, adequate awareness and prevention measures should be developed.
Mental health campaigns should also be targeted towards men. They should seek to normalize the disorder of depression and emphasize the importance of seeking expert help. Indeed, we need primary care professionals to identify this reality early. That’s because it often hides behind other symptoms like headaches, digestive problems, or sleep disturbances. Work environments should also address the need to create multidisciplinary occupational health departments and teams.
In essence, although we know that depression is different in men and women, it’s men who generally experience the most extreme symptoms. Women tend to need more assistance in those aspects related to pregnancy, gestational losses, and the post-natal period, etc.
If we know how depression manifests itself in people’s lives and we attend to the particularities of each gender, we’ll surely develop more effective care strategies. Indeed, that’s the ultimate goal.It might interest you...
All cited sources were thoroughly reviewed by our team to ensure their quality, reliability, currency, and validity. The bibliography of this article was considered reliable and of academic or scientific accuracy.
- Albert P. R. (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women?. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN, 40(4), 219–221. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150205
- Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological bulletin, 143(8), 783–822. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000102 | <urn:uuid:9ddd0eee-c0dc-4b2b-9c5a-1476d4fa719b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://exploringyourmind.com/men-and-women-experience-depression-differently/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.951322 | 1,378 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Home Food Preservation
About Our Home Food Preservation Programs
The number of consumers preserving foods at home continues to increase, as more consumers emphasize greater control over what they eat and where their food comes from. Failure to adequately preserve foods in the home can result in foodborne illness. Many families don’t have the knowledge to safely preserve their food at home. Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) agents provide a variety of opportunities to fill this educational need.
Throughout the state, FCS agents also provide a variety of home food preservation workshops designed to teach participants how to safely can, freeze, or dry their own foods. The types of food preservation support provided include:
- General informational canning classes
- Canning demonstrations at community events
- Hands-on boiling water bath canning classes to teach how to safely can high acid foods
- Hands-on pressure canning classes to teach how to safety can low acid foods
- Pressure dial gauge inspections
- Individualized home preserver support via phone/e-mail
For more information about canning classes and support in your area, contact your local extension agent.
Virtual Home Food Preservation Course
This self-paced virtual course will teach you how to safely preserve your fresh foods for year-round enjoyment using techniques such as canning, freezing, dehydrating and fermenting.
You'll learn the science behind these techniques and receive step by step guidance on how to do them at home. After registering, you can complete the course at your own pace.
Online Instructional Videos
- National Center for Home Food Preservation
- Virginia Cooperative Extension Master Gardener Program Resources for Vegetable and Fruit Gardening
- Virginia Tech Department of Food Science and Technology | <urn:uuid:f94b12fd-3455-4f07-a07f-230de17f28ee> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ext.vt.edu/food-health/home-food-preservation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.91574 | 347 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Modern Art Period ignited the desire of artistic creation and experiments with forms, shapes, colors and themes, in Spain the development of Surrealism prospered in Catalonia where one of the great Surreal masters Dalí was born. Earning international acclaim, his works have been interpreted as Surrealism, a sandbox for the subconscious mind, a re-creation of the childlike, and a manifestation of Catalan pride. Dalí was highly imaginative, he employed extensive symbolism in his surreal works. Dali elaborated a way to represent the inner mind, his works are dramatic and dreamy. The invaluable works of these two masters remain highly contemporary and their influence on art development is far-reaching. Click here to learn more about Dalí. | <urn:uuid:cf9cf339-2438-4173-83c4-47bcbbad1b27> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://eyecontemporaryart.com/exhibitions/rhapsody-of-celebrated-spanish-master-dali/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.959894 | 149 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Why Concentrates are essential for your dairy animals
Concentrates are high-energy feed supplements that are commonly given to dairy cows to help increase their milk production. These supplements are typically composed of grains, such as corn, and are designed to provide cows with the extra calories and nutrients they need to support the demands of lactation. Some of the main benefits of using concentrates for dairy cows include:
- Improved milk production: By providing cows with additional calories and nutrients, concentrates can help increase their milk yield. This can be especially beneficial during times of peak lactation, when cows are producing the most milk.
- Increased feed efficiency: Concentrates are typically more energy-dense than other types of feed, which means that cows can consume less feed while still getting the same amount of calories. This can help reduce feed costs and increase the efficiency of your dairy operation.
- Better cow health and welfare: Proper nutrition is essential for the health and wellbeing of dairy cows. By providing them with the nutrients they need, concentrates can help support their overall health and reduce the risk of health problems.
- Higher milk fat and protein content: In addition to increasing milk production, concentrates can also help improve the quality of milk. By providing cows with the nutrients they need to produce milk, concentrates can help increase the fat and protein content of their milk, which can be important for certain dairy products.
- Increased feed digestibility: Concentrates are often more easily digested by cows compared to forages, which can help improve their overall health and feed efficiency.
- Improved feed consistency: Concentrates can help provide a more consistent and balanced diet for dairy cows, compared to forages which can vary in quality and nutrient content. This can help improve cow performance and milk production.
- Reduced feed costs: Concentrates can help dairy farmers save on feed costs by providing a more efficient and cost-effective way to provide the necessary nutrients for their cows.
Overall, concentrates can be an important tool for dairy farmers looking to improve their cows’ milk production and support their overall health and wellbeing. Dairy farmers may use concentrates as part of a balanced diet for their cows, along with forage and other types of feed, to ensure that their cows have the right nutrients to support their health and milk production. In addition to increasing milk production, concentrates can also help improve the overall health and wellbeing of dairy cows by providing them with the nutrients they need to maintain good health.
Talk to our expert team at Feed and Fodder, we have Pembe feeds superyielder and normal dairy meal available at our shops. Calf pellets which is essential in triggering rumen development by ensuring the rumen microbial begins to grow and papillae development are also available. | <urn:uuid:b82219ce-0258-45a2-8d55-a18f66628983> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://feedandfodder.co.ke/2022/11/19/why-concentrates-are-essential-for-your-dairy-animals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.964062 | 565 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Overview of Macroeconomics
Short run in Macro versus Micro
Short run in macro is a couple years or so while in micro, the short run is equal to the time where firms can’t change their amount of fixed capital.
Long run in Macro versus micro
Long run in macro is decade to decade or generation to generation, while micro is equal to the amount of time it takes for a firm to be able to enter/exit an industry or change capital(K).
Some people will over respond to a loss and become risk averse even though they we risk lovers before.
People act impulsively in the short run than they do in the long run.
a whole formed by combining many different elements.
There is no change in the amount of output produced per person over time
The amount of output produced by each person is going down
The amount of output produced per person is increasing over time
Standard of living
Real GDP per capita= output per person
Long Run Growth
Greater quantity and productivity of resources
total amount of various products produced
hit max before going down
Time period when the economy hits a peak and then fall until it hits a trough
Begins once we hit a trough until we are recovered in which case the time after that is considered expansion
1. the economy has passed it’s previous peak
2. getting back on the trend line
Not an official economic term but when the recession is so bad that everyone gets depressed
After we have recovered we are in expansion in until we hit the next peak
out of work for 4 weeks and have looked for work for the last 4 weeks
Recession mean that their is a _____________ in unemployment | <urn:uuid:4a4a44c8-3a8b-41b1-9303-e8f3ce44a59e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://flashnews.net/flashcards/business/economics/macroeconomics/overview-of-macroeconomics-54564/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.90762 | 348 | 3.28125 | 3 |
According to most experts, an advantage of attending rehab is that treatment programs have a major emphasis on health and nutrition, which is in and of itself beneficial to one's health. The habitual consumption of illegal substances and alcoholic beverages deprives the body of essential nutrients and minerals. A poor diet can result in headaches, sleep issues, and low energy levels, all of which can impede a person's ability to heal effectively after an accident and increase the risk of complications later in life.
All of the meals given in drug rehab facilities are meticulously planned and balanced to ensure that you are getting the best nourishment possible to help your body in recovering from its illness. A low-glycaemic, dopamine-boosting diet that has been demonstrated to be the most beneficial for recovering patients contains, among other things, the majority of protein sources, foods high in fibre, and unsaturated fats. To have a healthy recovery, it is important to receive adequate nutrition. Dietary balance can help to minimize drug cravings and avoid relapse by reducing hunger. Also, it enhances general health and boosts one's disposition.
Individuals who are recovering from illness or injury might reap a variety of benefits from engaging in regular physical activity. Typically, treatment centres offer patients opportunities for physical activity such as tennis, yoga, swimming lessons, and other forms of exercise to assist them in regaining a healthy and strong body after a period of addiction. This helps them to recover a healthy and strong body after a period of addiction. When participating in physical exercise, being able to measure and evaluate one's development is quite important. After going through this process, persons in recovery discover that they no longer require drugs or alcohol in order to feel good about themselves. Given the improvement in their physical health, it's feasible that they may use this as an example of how to maintain a healthy mind and body in the future without the need of artificial stimulants such as medicines. Participants in physical activity and the substitution of healthy habits for self-destructive behaviours are the only ways for persons suffering from addiction to regain their confidence. In addition, patients who engage in regular bouts of physical exercise are better able to fill the gaps in their schedules that were previously filled with thoughts about and preparations for taking their prescription medications. Following treatment, patients who have built a positive relationship with food and physical activity can apply the nutritional concepts that they have learned during therapy to their everyday life when they come home from treatment.
Consistent and on-going assistance
A big advantage of inpatient rehabilitation is that it provides patients with continued care even after they have been discharged from the hospital. This is one of the most significant advantages of this treatment option. One of the goals of therapy is to provide clients with the necessary skills and resources to maintain abstinence and recovery over the long term, which may involve participation in an aftercare program. | <urn:uuid:20060786-8753-4cea-99d5-da55ea7efb28> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://fmcfoundation.com.au/a-focus-on-health-and-well-being-with-rehabilitation-centres/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.961825 | 573 | 2.625 | 3 |
Compliance with the principles of good nutrition is the key to good health and good health. Dairy products - a necessary component of a healthy diet of a person of any age. They are produced from whole milk and its derivatives by ripening with the help of lactic acid bacteria or yeast. Such products are well absorbed due to the special structure of the protein, normalize the work of the organs of internal secretion, possess antiviral properties. The lactic acid content inhibits the growth of putrefactive bacteria, contributing to the complete digestion of food, and organic fatty acids stimulate the intestinal motor function.
The consequence of ripening whole milk is the increased content of vitamins of group B, magnesium salts, calcium, phosphorus
Dairy products - a find for those who can not tolerate whole milk. The presence of specific bacteria makes possible the breakdown of lactose and complex milk sugars.
Our guest from sunny Greece
Greek yogurt is considered to be part of the Mediterranean cuisine known all over the world and is traditionally made from sheep's milk. A feature of the recipe is to remove excess serum when filtering through a paper filter or cloth. The product is a cross between the usual yoghurt and soft cheese. On an industrial scale, its production is carried out by partial evaporation of water or the addition of milk powder. Production of filtered yogurt is relatively expensive, including due to the high demand for milk.
Greek yogurt is a source of indispensable protein, which determines its nutritional value. This is true for people experiencing heavy physical exertion. The body's need for protein increases significantly after diseases involving high fever.
The growing popularity of Greek yogurt is due to the low content of fats and carbohydrates due to filtration, as well as the successful marketing policy of some companies.
Filtered yogurt is used as the basis of traditional snacks, a wonderful addition to meat dishes. Adding honey or pieces of fruit will make such a yogurt a dessert, garlic and spices will be turned into spicy hot sauce.
Replacing it in cooking can be low-fat sour cream, plain yogurt, in some cases - kefir.
Recall that in the manufacture of yogurt is used lactic fermentation, and this causes its soft creamy taste. In the production of kefir, along with lactic fermentation, alcohol fermentation occurs with the release of carbon dioxide. This makes the finished product more liquid and increases the content of lactic acid.
Tear of a Vegetarian
For several reasons, fermented milk diet is not suitable for everyone. With increased acidity of gastric juice, the use of such products should be limited.
There is no complete substitute for animal protein and whole milk products. Proteins of plant products are absorbed worse than animal proteins. It is not difficult to explain: the cell walls in plant products consist of cellulose, which almost does not change under the action of digestive juices.
Milk replacers consider soybean, rice, almond milk and other types of similar products from vegetable raw materials. They contain vitamins and minerals necessary for humans and, of course, are useful, but they cannot compete with whole milk in terms of protein content and quality. | <urn:uuid:c660e559-58e2-4629-b3f2-ad3e7491933d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://food-and-recipes.com/publication/55350/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.945249 | 643 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Fortifying dryland ecosystems in Africa against degradation and desertification is crucial to avoid exacerbating the risks of widespread food insecurity on the continent, said participants at a virtual conference hosted by the Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) on the eve of the launch of the U.N. Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030.
Presentations at GLF Africa: Restoring Africa’s Drylands, featuring research and scientific findings, provided the basis for an eclectic exchange of ideas involving thousands of participants from around the world.
Several key themes emerged, including recognition that inclusive national policies designed to bring together stakeholders to build on capacity-building efforts – particularly engaging the local community level – are urgently needed to shore up dryland dependent livelihoods.
“All our speakers shared the simple message: we can do this, but we must act urgently, now and together,” said Robert Nasi, director general of the International Center for Forestry Research (CIFOR) and managing director of World Agroforestry (ICRAF). “If people come together, they can even mend a crack in the sky,” he added, quoting a Somali proverb.
Drylands are home to about half the population in Africa, make up more than 40 percent of the continent’s overall land surface and three quarters of its agricultural landscape. The livelihoods of millions of people dependent on farming and pastoralism in drylands are at risk as ecosystems become more vulnerable, exacerbated by agriculture-related degradation and climate change.
Resources in Africa are already insufficient to meet steadily increasing demand, putting additional pressure on policymakers, entrepreneurs, investors and communities to align strategies that will conserve and restore ecosystems.
“Transformation starts with the local community,” said Charles Karangwa, who leads the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Forests, Landscapes and Livelihoods Programme in East Africa.
Research has demonstrated that when trees and vegetation are cleared for agriculture, firewood, grazing or to meet other human needs, exposed soil can become arid and degraded, negatively affecting the hydrological cycle, disrupting environmental equilibrium, and potentially leading to drylands or deserts.
One tool under discussion — the Regreening Africa app — was developed by CIFOR-ICRAF. It allows farmers in Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal and Somalia to monitor the effectiveness of their tree planting, nursery establishment, farmer-managed natural regeneration and training efforts.
“Very often, we develop tools, and then we expect them to be taken up by the people who need them,” said Tor-Gunnar Vågen, a senior scientist at CIFOR-ICRAF. “But often that doesn’t happen. It’s really important to involve stakeholders in that process from the beginning, also so they understand the information and make decisions at different scales.”
The application of sustainable land management practices has been shown to increase yields by between 30 to 170 percent, according to data gathered by the U.N. Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), which hosted the recently concluded U.N. Decade for Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification 2010-2020.
“Without its drylands, Africa would not be Africa,” said Ibrahim Thiaw, executive secretary of UNCCD, in his remarks at GLF Africa. “Change is homemade, not imported – it’s time to reset, to rethink Africa’s development, to turn challenges into opportunities.”
Other large-scale initiatives designed to create transformative change at an international level were also discussed at the conference.
Luxembourg announced it will partner with GLF on a new Finance for Nature Platform, which aims to increase investment in climate and sustainable land use, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) launched the Dryland Sustainable Landscapes Impact Program, supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). A partnership with the World Bank, IUCN and the World Wildlife Fund, it is designed to reach almost a million people, and bring 12 million hectares of drylands under sustainable land management, including 1.6 million hectares of protected areas, and 10,000 hectares of high conservation value forests.
The Food Systems, Land Use and Restoration Impact Program (FOLUR) supported by GEF and managed by the World Bank, also featured in discussions. The 27-country initiative is designed to alleviate pressure on natural ecosystems by transforming the global food system through the promotion of sustainable, integrated landscapes and efficient value chains for beef, cocoa, coffee, maize, palm oil, rice, soy and wheat.
CIFOR-ICRAF, which jointly coordinates GLF with the World Bank and the U.N. Environment Programme, will lead FOLUR knowledge-sharing efforts to mainstream good practices in relation to forest-related green initiatives and certification, Nasi said.
Of the countries covered by FOLUR in Africa, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar and Nigeria feature dryland areas.
We want you to share Forests News content, which is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). This means you are free to redistribute our material for non-commercial purposes. All we ask is that you give Forests News appropriate credit and link to the original Forests News content, indicate if changes were made, and distribute your contributions under the same Creative Commons license. You must notify Forests News if you repost, reprint or reuse our materials by contacting email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:34f433a4-de1e-4c89-a8c6-39a58be7ec37> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://forestsnews.cifor.org/72910/a-line-in-the-sand-dryland-restoration-for-a-food-secure-future?fnl=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.92529 | 1,191 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Research methods are crucial for business students to acquire the skills to conduct effective and meaningful research. Research provides valuable insights for businesses to make informed decisions, identify opportunities, and solve problems. This article aims to provide an overview of research methods for business students, including the types of research methods, how to choose the appropriate research method, data collection methods, and data analysis methods. By understanding these fundamental concepts, business students can conduct rigorous and reliable research that will benefit their future careers.
Types of research methods
There are two primary types of research methods: qualitative and quantitative. Each method uses different approaches to collect and analyze data.
Qualitative research is exploratory and seeks to understand complex phenomena. It involves collecting non-numerical data such as words, images, and observations. Qualitative research methods are often used to gain a deeper understanding of social, cultural, and psychological phenomena. Examples of qualitative research methods include case studies, ethnography, and content analysis.
Quantitative research, on the other hand, involves collecting numerical data that can be analyzed statistically. It seeks to test hypotheses and draw generalizable conclusions. Quantitative research methods are often used to gather data on large populations, measure attitudes and behaviors, and identify trends. Examples of quantitative research methods include surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis.
Both qualitative and quantitative research methods have their strengths and weaknesses, and choosing the appropriate research method depends on the research question, objectives, and design.
Choosing the appropriate research method
Choosing the appropriate research method involves considering several factors such as research question, objectives, hypothesis, research design, and sample size. The following points provide more information on each factor:
- Research question: The research question is the starting point of any research. It is a statement or a question that the research aims to answer. The research question helps to determine the type of research method that is appropriate for the study.
- Research objectives: Research objectives define the purpose of the research. They help to identify the outcomes that the study intends to achieve. The research objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound.
- Research hypothesis: A research hypothesis is a statement that predicts the relationship between variables. The research hypothesis helps to determine whether the research will use a qualitative or quantitative research method.
- Research design: Research design is the blueprint for conducting the research. It outlines the procedures that will be followed to collect and analyze data. The research design helps to determine the appropriate research method for the study.
- Sample size and sampling technique: Sample size and sampling technique are essential components of research. The sample size determines the number of participants in the study. The sampling technique determines how the participants will be selected for the study.
In summary, choosing the appropriate research method requires a thorough understanding of the research question, objectives, hypothesis, research design, and sample size. By considering these factors, researchers can select the appropriate research method that will yield valid and reliable results.
Data collection methods
Data collection is a crucial component of research. It involves gathering information about the variables under investigation. There are several data collection methods that researchers can use, including:
- Surveys: Surveys are a popular data collection method in quantitative research. They involve asking participants a set of standardized questions through various means such as questionnaires, interviews, or online surveys.
- Interviews: Interviews are a method of collecting data through one-on-one conversations between the researcher and participants. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured and can be conducted in-person, over the phone, or online.
- Focus groups: Focus groups are a data collection method used to collect qualitative data. They involve bringing together a group of participants to discuss a specific topic under the guidance of a moderator.
- Observation: Observation involves collecting data through direct observation of the participants. The researcher can collect data by watching, recording, or taking notes on participants’ behavior.
- Case studies: Case studies are a data collection method that involves in-depth analysis of a particular individual, group, or situation. Case studies can be conducted through interviews, observation, or a combination of both.
Choosing the appropriate data collection method depends on the research question, objectives, and design. It is important to choose a method that will yield accurate and relevant data to answer the research question.
Data analysis methods
Data analysis is the process of interpreting and making sense of the data that has been collected. The data analysis method chosen depends on the research question, objectives, and the type of data collected. There are two primary data analysis methods: qualitative and quantitative.
- Qualitative data analysis: Qualitative data analysis is used to analyze non-numerical data such as text, images, or observations. Qualitative data analysis methods include:
- Thematic analysis: This method involves identifying themes or patterns in the data and categorizing them to understand the underlying meaning.
- Grounded theory: This method involves developing a theory or framework based on the data collected.
- Content analysis: This method involves analyzing the content of the data to identify patterns or themes.
- Quantitative data analysis: Quantitative data analysis is used to analyze numerical data. Quantitative data analysis methods include:
- Descriptive statistics: This method involves summarizing the data using measures such as mean, median, and mode.
- Inferential statistics: This method involves making generalizations about the population based on the data collected from a sample.
- Regression analysis: This method involves examining the relationship between variables to determine how one variable affects another.
Choosing the appropriate data analysis method depends on the research question, objectives, and type of data collected. By analyzing the data collected, researchers can draw conclusions and make informed decisions based on the findings.
Research methods are essential for business students who want to conduct research projects that yield valid and reliable results. Qualitative and quantitative research methods are the two primary types of research methods, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Choosing the appropriate research method involves considering the research question, objectives, hypothesis, research design, and sample size. Data collection methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, and case studies, are used to collect data, while data analysis methods such as qualitative and quantitative data analysis are used to interpret and make sense of the data. By using appropriate research and data analysis methods, business students can conduct research projects that provide valuable insights into the subject matter being studied. | <urn:uuid:0c767172-15f3-407a-b60b-ee37d7e1b906> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://freeresearchpapers.net/pdf/research-methods-for-business-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.901021 | 1,326 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Get unlimited access to all courses with our Achiever Membership! Sign Up Today
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), more than one million workers suffer back injuries each year, and back injuries account for one of every five workplace injuries or illnesses. While all back injuries will never be eliminated, incorporating this course as part of a comprehensive workplace safety training and ergonomics initiative is an important step to protect and educate employees. The course starts by demonstrating how the back works. It continues to depict various kinds of back injuries, and best practices for adopting a better posture, lifting safely, and taking care of your back all the time. Utilize this course with all your staff, especially those who are lifting and moving heavier materials as part of their duties, to help them prevent on-the-job back injuries.
This course is geared toward folks working predominantly in industrial environments
Introduction|How The Back Works|Types Of Back Injuries|Better Posture For A Healthier Back|How To Lift Things Safely|Taking Care Of Your Back 24/7|Conclusion
Number of Lessons:
Windows, Apple, Android, Chrome
Mastery Training Content Network
Original Content Producer: | <urn:uuid:ec071134-4f7c-4144-b513-1b1d511ae755> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://freetrainingpower.com/product/back-safety-in-industrial-environments-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.87644 | 243 | 2.6875 | 3 |
|Definition||:||Passenger Name Record|
|Category||:||Transport & Travel » Air Transport|
What does PNR mean?
Passenger Name Record (PNR) is a unique number assigned to each ticket in a Computer Reservation System (CRS). It includes information such as passenger details, travel dates, itineraries, seats, baggage, contact details and means of payment.
|Sort By:||Popularity||Alphabetically||Filter by:||Country/Region:||Category:|
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is the full form of PNR in Airways & Railways?
The full form of PNR is Passenger Name Record | <urn:uuid:4d48164c-0d14-4e07-9a4c-fab1d45ece17> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://fullforms.com/PNR | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.714772 | 142 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Canada’s National Centre for the Sustainable Development Goals launched in Ottawa recently. The centre is the first of its kind in Canada, which acts as a coworking, meeting, and learning space with a focus on supporting and amplifying organizations who are addressing the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The SDGs were adopted by all UN member states in 2015 as a call to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity for all. The 17 goals cover areas including quality education, climate change, and reduced inequalities, and include targets ranging from ending hunger and malnutrition to ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health services, all by a 2030 target.
Despite Canada’s high standard of development, three million Canadians struggle to satisfy their basic needs,
Our social impact coverage and insights enrich thousands of change makers like you everyday. Sign up for a free account with Future of Good to continue reading this series.
Already have an account? Sign in. | <urn:uuid:e4da44cf-b3cf-4feb-993a-a2f95bbcc5b4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://futureofgood.co/national-centre-for-the-sustainable-development-goals-launches/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.956218 | 199 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Are you ready to enrich your green thumb by learning the ins and outs of fertilizers and growing the tastiest and crunchiest cucumbers?
Providing your cucumbers with the right amount of nutrients at the appropriate times is crucial for a juicy and delicious yield.
When it comes to fertilizing cucumbers, there are generally three key stages:
- while planting
- during mulching around the plant
- applying liquid fertilizer at 2-week intervals when the plant starts growing
By following this fertilization schedule, you'll ensure that your cucumber plants receive the essential nutrients they need to thrive and produce an abundant harvest.
How to Grow Healthy Cucumbers
Growing healthy cucumbers is easier than you might think, but it takes a bit of know-how and a lot of TLC.
Here's a quick guide to having healthy cucumbers.
Plant Growth Requirements
Choose a sunny location for planting cucumbers, as they love at least 6-8 hours of sunlight daily.
Additionally, well-draining soil with a pH range of 6.0-6.5 is ideal for their growth.
Fertilize cucumber plants with a 10-10-10 NPK ratio or a 20-20-20 liquid fertilizer every two weeks to promote healthy growth.
Plant seeds 2-3 weeks before the last frost using a high-quality potting mix.
How Much Water Do They Need?
Consistent watering is crucial for cucumber plants, as they require about 1-1.5 inches of water per week.
For the best results, maintain a consistent watering schedule and avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot.
Consider using a drip irrigation system or soaker hose to deliver water directly to the root zone. This method ensures that the plant receives enough moisture while reducing the risk of waterborne diseases on plant leaves.
However, there are those who oppose this method because it doesn't suit all types of plants. You can read more about it here: The Plant Parenting Secret: Why Scheduling Watering Is a No-No!
A Short Overview of Fertilizers
When growing cucumbers, fertilizing is essential to promote plant growth and ensure a healthy harvest.
In this overview, you'll learn about different types of fertilizers, nutrient ratios, and the differences between organic and synthetic options.
Types of Fertilizers
Fertilizers come in various forms, such as granular, liquid, and slow-release.
Granular fertilizers are applied around the base of your plant, while liquid fertilizers can be absorbed through both the leaves and roots.
Slow-release fertilizers provide nutrients over an extended period, making them a low-maintenance choice.
Consider your gardening needs and preferences when choosing the best fertilizer for your cucumber plants.
Fertilizers contain three essential nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).
These nutrients are represented by a ratio, such as 10-10-10, which indicates the percentage of each nutrient.
For cucumbers, a well-balanced fertilizer with equal parts of N, P, and K is recommended.
Adjustments can be made based on soil tests or specific plant needs to ensure optimal growth.
Organic vs. Synthetic
Organic fertilizers are derived from natural sources like compost, manure, or bone meal.
They release nutrients slowly, improving the soil structure and providing long-term benefits to your plants.
Synthetic fertilizers are manufactured chemically and provide nutrients quickly, making them efficient for immediate needs.
However, excessive use of synthetic fertilizers can lead to environmental issues and negatively impact your plants' health.
How Often to Fertilize Cucumbers
Cucumbers require regular fertilization to grow and produce their best yields.
Growth Stage Considerations
Usually, you need to fertilize cucumbers at three different stages.
First, apply a slow-release fertilizer, such as a 5-10-10 fertilizer, before planting to ensure a continuous supply of nutrients.
Secondly, fertilize during mulching around the plant, to provide extra support during growth.
Lastly, switch to a liquid fertilizer every two weeks once the plant starts growing.
For the best results, maintain a consistent fertilization schedule.
Once your cucumber plants are established, use a light dose of liquid organic fertilizer every two weeks for a total of an 8-week period (4 applications).
An established plant refers to 7 to 10 days of adjustment after transplanting or allowing the roots to settle in the soil.
Environmental factors like soil quality and temperature can impact the fertilizer requirements for your cucumber plants.
To grow cucumbers successfully, incorporate organic matter and a complete fertilizer into well-drained soil.
Monitor the temperature and ensure that the soil reaches at least 65°F before planting.
By considering these factors and adjusting your fertilization routine accordingly, you can maximize the growth and yield of your cucumber plants.
Fertilizing Techniques for Proper Application
Discover helpful tips to ensure your cucumbers receive optimal nutrients for a fruitful harvest.
How To Apply Fertilizers
Begin by fertilizing your cucumber plants at three different stages: planting, mulching, and at 2-week intervals after the plant starts growing.
Incorporate a slow-release fertilizer, such as a 5-10-10 mix, into the soil before planting for a continuous supply of nutrients. When mulching around your cucumber plants, apply a light layer of fertilizer.
Lastly, provide a liquid fertilizer to your plants at 2-week intervals during their growth.
Proper Dilution and Mixing
To avoid damaging your plants, always follow the manufacturer's recommendations on your chosen fertilizer's packaging for proper dilution rates.
Mixing fertilizer concentrations that are too strong can harm your cucumbers. Utilize a calibrated measuring tool to ensure accurate fertilizer dilution measurements.
This will guarantee that your plants receive the right amount of nutrients for healthy growth and maximum yield.
Are You Overfertilizing Your Cucumbers? Here are the Common Signs
Overfertilizing your cucumbers can create problems for your plants' health and production.
Recognizing the common signs of overfertilization allows you to adjust your feeding routine for better growth.
When you overfeed your cucumbers, the leaves may start to turn yellow or brown. This is often due to excessive nitrogen or other nutrient imbalances in the soil.
To address this issue, reduce your cucumber fertilizing frequency or change to a balanced fertilizer. Be watchful of the leaves' condition to know when they need more fertilizer.
Reduced Fruit and Blossom Production
Too much fertilizer may cause excessive foliage growth, resulting in little to no flower or fruit production. Other factors like pollination or insufficient light may also contribute to this problem.
If you suspect overfertilization, you can apply liquid organic fertilizer every two weeks for an 8-week period. This will help the plant produce better-quality cucumbers.
Apply Fertilizer Regularly for a Bountiful Cucumber Harvest
Remember that cucumbers need consistent moisture and regular fertilization for an abundant harvest. You should water your plants deeply once or twice a week depending on the weather and soil conditions.
Additionally, apply a balanced or vegetable-specific fertilizer every 2-3 weeks throughout the growing season.
Thank you for reading all the way through. If you need more information on growing your cucumbers, check out these other helpful articles below: | <urn:uuid:da872a95-d5f4-4bbe-9de7-151be2aa046e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://gardentabs.com/how-often-to-fertilize-cucumbers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.906143 | 1,563 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Medical histories of patients collected and stored in electronic health records (EHR) can be rapidly leveraged to predict the probability of death from COVID-19, information that could prove valuable in managing limited therapeutic and preventive resources to combat the devastating virus, researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) have found. In a study published in npj Digital Medicine, the team described how artificial intelligence (AI) technology enabled it to identify factors such as age, history of pneumonia, gender, race and comorbidities like diabetes and cancer as predictors of poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
“By combining computational methods and clinical expertise, we developed a set of models to forecast the most severe COVID-19 outcomes based on past medical records, and to help understand the differences in risk factors across age groups,” says co-lead author Hossein Estiri, PhD, an investigator in the Laboratory of Computer Science at MGH and an assistant professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School (HMS). “Many prior studies have isolated small subsets of EHR data from after the infection, but ours is the first and largest to use entire historical medical records to try to untangle the role of age as the most important risk factor for COVID adverse outcomes.”
The analytics/medical team drew on the COVID-19 “datamart” that had been created by hospital system Mass General Brigham for research, a repository of frequently refreshed longitudinal data on COVID-19 patients from across the system. Using electronic medical records from more than 16,000 such patients, the MGH team applied a computational algorithm — with a human expert in the loop — to identify 46 clinical conditions representing potential risk factors for death after a COVID-19 infection. “Despite relying on only previously documented demographics and comorbidities, our models demonstrated performance comparable to more complex prognostic models requiring an assortment of symptoms, laboratory values and images gathered at the time of diagnosis or during the course of the illness,” notes Zachary Strasser, MD, co-lead author and postdoctoral fellow at MGH.
The MGH study found age to be the most important predictor of mortality in COVID-19 patients. A history of pneumonia was also identified by the study as a significant risk factor, as were histories of diabetes with complications, and cancer (particularly breast and prostate) among COVID-19 patients between the ages of 45 and 65. In patients between 65 and 85, diseases affecting the pulmonary system — including interstitial lung disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and a history of smoking – were strong predictors of poor outcomes. Comorbidities registering the highest odds ratios for death irrespective of age were chronic kidney disease, heart failure, abdominal aortic aneurysm, hypertension and aortic valve disease.
As for gender, the study found females to be at lower risk of death from COVID-19. Even after adjusting for age and chronic diseases, the researchers learned that women benefited from an unknown form of underlying protection against the worst outcome of the viral infection. In their overall model, researchers did not find evidence that a certain race or ethnicity altered the odds of mortality after contracting COVID-19. They did find in the oldest cohort of patients, however, that being African American was associated with a higher chance of mortality.
The sheer volume of EHR information and its marriage to predictive analytics becomes particularly important during a pandemic when access to large-scale, clinical trial grade data is not practical, emphasizes Shawn Murphy, MD, PhD, senior author and chief research informatics officer at Mass General Brigham. “The ability to quickly utilize data that has already been collected across the country to compute individual-level risk scores,” he says, “is crucial for effectively allocating and distributing resources, including prioritizing vaccination among the general population.” | <urn:uuid:784f2092-2fa4-4adb-804e-d06ec19e9df2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://globalhealthnewswire.com/technology/2021/02/04/electronic-health-records-can-be-valuable-predictor-of-those-likeliest-to-die-from-covid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.949903 | 800 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Celebrating World Animal Enrichment Day
Every year, we celebrate World Animal Enrichment Day. This special day is a reminder of our responsibility to improve the lives of our beloved companions. At Goffstown Animal Hospital, we are committed to the health and happiness of pets and we embrace this occasion with open arms. Join us as we explore the significance of enrichment and how it plays a crucial role in the wellbeing of our pets.
Animal enrichment is a holistic approach to enhancing pets' physical and psychological wellbeing. Enrichment activities stimulate an animal's natural instincts, encourage problem-solving, and provide mental and physical exercise. There are five types of enrichment for pets: social, occupational, physical, sensory, and nutritional.
Environmental Enrichment for Dogs
There are many ways to provide enrichment for your pups that will keep their tails wagging.
Socializing your dog fulfills their need to interact with people and other pets!
- Walk your dog
- Visit the dog park
- Playdates with other pups
- Obedience classes
- Doggy daycare
Giving your dog a “job” provides mental stimulation and helps alleviate boredom.
- Playing fetch
- Learning tricks to earn treats
- Feeding puzzles (also nutritional enrichment)
Encourage your dog to release natural behaviors and energy in a positive, safe way.
- Various interactive toys
- Dig a pit in the yard
- A safe place to run around
- Comfortable dog bed to rest and observe their surroundings
Appeal to your pup's senses by providing an environment that stimulates their senses of sight, smell, and hearing.
- Ensuring your dog has a view outside (or inside) their environment
- Allowing your dog to sniff during their walks/runs
- Playing classical music occasionally and at a low volume has been shown to reduce stress in dogs
Dogs naturally forage for food so allowing them to do so is important.
- Food toys
- Feeding puzzles
- Hiding treats and having your dog go find them
Environmental Enrichment for Cats
Cats require stimulation and enrichment to keep them happy and healthy. Here are some examples of different types of enrichment that you can provide for your feline friend.
Cats are social animals and enjoy spending time with their human family and other cats. Social enrichment can include:
- Playing with your cat
- Grooming your cat
- Opportunities to interact with other animals
Cats are curious and enjoy exploring their environment.
Occupational enrichment can include:
- Toys that require problem-solving (such as puzzle feeders)
- Interactive toys
- Cat trees
- Hide treats around the house to encourage your cat to explore and hunt
Cats are natural athletes and require regular exercise to keep them healthy.
Physical enrichment can include:
- Playing with toys
- Providing climbing structures, such as cat trees or shelves
Cats have keen senses and sensory enrichment can provide them with a stimulating and exciting environment.
Sensory enrichment can include:
- New smells using catnip or other cat-friendly scents
- Playing music or nature sounds
- Providing a variety of textures, such as different types of bedding and toys
Cats are obligate carnivores and require a diet rich in protein and moisture.
Nutritional enrichment can include:
- Providing a variety of high-quality wet and dry foods
- Rotating their food options
- Offering treats and snacks that are healthy and nutritious
As you celebrate this day with your pets, remember that small efforts can make a world of difference in their happiness and overall health. Together, we can make every day a celebration of love, enrichment, and compassion for our furry friends.
If you have any questions about enrichment for your pets or would like to schedule an appointment at Goffstown Animal Hospital, call us today at (603) 668-0369! | <urn:uuid:04e5b529-953e-4db8-9a4e-5fda4f33243a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://goffstownanimalhospital.com/news/world-enrichment-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.931943 | 812 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Maize Mill Machinery
Maize, or corn, is one of the most widely planted grains in the world. It is the main grain crop in India, China,America, Brazil, Mexico, And most African counties also harvest large quantity of corn/maize every year.
Maize, being the primary raw product for brewery, corn flakes, infant foods and snacks, maize flour and grits are widely used in the food industry. Moreover maize meal, is also a traditional form of staple food, which is highly consumed in the most parts of Africa.
We are experts in corn flour production. Our production processes make corn flour & grit etc. | <urn:uuid:cb90f6ee-d20b-42b4-8ece-d703a6e15355> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://grainmillingtechnology.com/maize-mill-machinery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.944406 | 133 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What Are Microaggressions?
Microaggressions are brief, commonplace interactions with marginalized groups that convey a sense of hostility or disrespect toward that group. They may be small, but they can be upsetting, and they add up over time to have a cumulative negative effect on a person's mental health. Microaggressions are different for different groups, so it's difficult to make blanket statements about them; this is why an overview of all angles of this issue is so important. An age-appropriate and comprehensive look at this complex topic is presented to readers through relatable examples, full-color photographs, intriguing fact boxes, and eye-catching graphic organizers. | <urn:uuid:e25fbf78-616e-4853-add5-2c965598a000> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://greenhavenpublishing.com/title/What-Are-Microaggressions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.926647 | 134 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Background Sources are books, encyclopedias, almanacs, reference books, etc. that contain condensed information about a subject. This allows the reader to "get up to speed" quickly on that subject; therefore, background sources are usually the best, first place to start your research. When using this type of source, you should note the following:
- The time to publish these types of materials is generally longer than that for journal articles, so they may not provide the most up-to-date information. Nevertheless, they can provide a good idea of what is going on in a field of study.
- These sources are classified as tertiary sources, since they are most often compilations, condensed versions, and/or commentaries on original works. Tertiary sources themselves are not usually used as a direct reference for scholarly work - the researcher should find the original source from which the tertiary version is based. References found within the background source can lead to primary research and notable authors that will assist you in the rest of your research.
- Reading or scanning these sources can inform you of terminology that is relevant to the subject, which will help identify keywords for article searches. | <urn:uuid:79a878b0-a54b-4f78-8d0c-5159b813c2ac> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://guides.lib.byu.edu/c.php?g=216423&p=1428911 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.942327 | 242 | 3.828125 | 4 |
In February, Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan proposed introducing a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages, or what in some countries has been dubbed a “soda tax” although the tax could also apply to juice and sweetened teas.
Recent mathematical modelling by University of Witwatersrand researchers suggests that a 20 percent “soda tax” could save the country R10 billion over the next 20 years in costs related to treating rising cases of type 2 diabetes largely caused by poor diet and rising obesity rates.
Already the third underlying cause of natural death, diabetes is expected to cost South Africa as much as R2 billion per year by the year 2030 in costs such as hospitalisations and medication, according to a 2010 study.
Conducted by Wits’ Priority Cost Effective Lessons for System Strengthening South Africa (PRICELESS SA) unit, additional modelling presented yesterday also found that a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages could also prevent obesity in about 280,00 young adults.
In a 2012 Coca-Cola survey, South Africa was among the top ten consumers per capita of the beverage giant’s products. Mexico ranked highest consumer of Coca-Cola products.
To curb soda consumption, Mexico instituted a sugary beverages tax in 2014. Within a year, Mexico had seen a 12 percent reduction in the purchase of sugar-sweetened beverages.
Hamish Van Wyk is education facilitator at Johannesburg’s Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology. According to Van Wyk, South Africa must begin to do more to prevent rather than simply treat diabetes.
“We can’t do more treating, we need to do prevention,” he said. – Health–e News.
An edited version of this story was also published on Health24.com | <urn:uuid:a97b1e0b-97b3-4c4f-99d6-aa143e1a5229> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://health-e.org.za/2016/04/21/sugar-tax-save-south-africa-billions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.946111 | 371 | 3.03125 | 3 |
how to:pronounce tinnitus
Tinnitus describes a ringing in the ears that often accompanies hearing loss. Based on the stats from the Hearing Health Foundation, an approximated 48 million people in the US and nearly 477 million worldwide experience these signs, especially as they age. While initial tinnitus hardly ever suggests a serious condition, it can be really difficult to live with as it advances and becomes more severe. how to:pronounce tinnitus
There could be many possible causes of tinnitus. It could differ from exposure to loud noises, age, genetic aspects, or even certain limitations in one’s diet plan. Unfortunately, as soon as tinnitus sets in, it is really tough to get rid of the ringing noise. There are some medical treatments for it, but due to its minimal success at fully restoring excellent hearing, people now want to alternative natural options to offer relief or perhaps avoid it from taking place completely.
In the myriad of available services, customers can get very confused regarding which are good options to take to resolve their tinnitus challenges. As such, we aim to assess the offered choices and sift out the very best tinnitus relief supplements for 2021. We also information how we evaluate and made our choice at the end of this article. Be sure to read till the end if you desire to know how we did our contrast. how to:pronounce tinnitus
Recent research study shows that hearing ringing noise in ears is simply a sign. That’s why, even wearing ear plugs do not stop the relentless ringing. Instead, the source of tinnitus is inflammation taking place in the brain.
Silencil consists of a blend of 28 carefully blended plant extracts and vitamins. These ingredients are specifically picked to lower swelling in the brain and to motivate brain repair work and recovery. The explanation video lay it out in an easy 5-step approach to recuperating from Tinnitus as a basic description of how Silencil works. how to:pronounce tinnitus
We do not have a full list of all the 28 natural components. In addition, they do have research study backing on their effectiveness in improving brain health.
- Oat Straw
- Mucuna Pruviens
- Vitamin B1, B2 and B6
- More various component compared to the other 2 recommendations in this article, which might indicate more variety of brain enhancing nutrients in it.
- It is a 100% natural non-GMO natural formula, made to a high level of pureness.
- Active ingredient options supported by research study papers
- Practical to use, in a basic capsule form
- FDA authorized and GMP certified manufacturing facility is utilized for making Silencil
- Tried and tested by 122,000 ladies and males.
- Try it risk-free with the 60-day refund guarantee how to:pronounce tinnitus
- Supply is rather restricted, so may require to act quickly to secure it.
Who is it for?
Chronic inflammation is something that affects an individual’s entire health and not just the brain. It may also be affecting your brain if you observe other signs of inflammation in your body. You might desire to give Silencil a shot to assist you to avoid or ease you of Tinnitus.
Tried and checked by 197,357 people, Quietum Plus is a hassle-free natural extract formula which is created to assist people to relief Tinnitus, an ongoing ringing in their ears. In its exclusive blend, it contains 12 plant extracts which is backed by research to be able to have restorative effect in handling and enhancing Tinnitus. how to:pronounce tinnitus
So, what are the 12 natural ingredients in there? Here they are:
- Plant Isoflavones and Vitex Berry as the “emergency treatment duo” that cools off your nervous system and ensures nothing disrupts your recovery.
- Black Cohosh and Sage to fix up the afferent neuron
- Licorice and Red Clover to fix and regenerate your afferent neuron to erase any damage
- Blessed Thistle and Red Raspberry to improve neural networks interaction
- Blazing-Star, Squaw Vine to Supercharge your brain, enhance your nerves & take your mental health to the next level
- Dong Quai and Meixcan Wild Yam to bulletproof your entire nervous system & never worry about hearing illness or brain conditions again
- The selected 12 plant extracts in the formula are backed by research study to assist in handling and enhancing Tinnitus.
- Made from a completely natural blend, non-GMO and no use of herbicides
- Produced at an FDA registered and GMP certified center that had a high-level disinfection policy to keep any bacteria or infections at bay
- Convenient and easy pill type.
- 197,357 individuals have actually gained from this formula
- Opposite benefits observered: sleeping better, mind feels sharper and clearer
- It has an Iron-clad 60-day cash back ensure refund policy. how to:pronounce tinnitus
- Need constant use of Quietum Plus for a minimum of 90 days to be able to get best results.
Who is it for?
Quietum Plus is good for anyone looking to handle their Tinnitus condition or prevent it from occurring and is trying to find a 100% natural service to it. You can try it risk complimentary for 60 days. how to:pronounce tinnitus
Synapse XT is a 100% natural approach that attend to the source of Tinnitus which is believed to be in the brain. With its mix of 8 Powerful Herbal Ingredients that operate in synergy, it possibly can provide on health advantages such as much better interaction between brain cells, support your memory and brain health for clearer thinking and hearing.
So, what are the 8 Powerful Ingredients utilized? They are Hibiscus, Hawthorn Berry, Garlic and Specific B-Vitamins to reverse the years of brain wear and tear, and Green Tea Extract to multiply vital neural connections, Juniper Berries to clear your brain of toxins and Vitamin C to shield your brain against illness. how to:pronounce tinnitus
These ingredients are then blended in a specific ratio and in a specific order for finest outcomes. The manufacturing center at which Synapse XT is made is FDA approved and GMP accredited.
- 100% natural herbal mix, which minimizes risk of adverse effects from typical drugs
- The ingredients’ healing capability is supported by appropriate research study articles.
- Convenient pill kind, for simple use.
- More than 50,000 satisfied consumers
- Safe and Quality production: FDA authorized and GMP accredited.
- 60-day refund Policy, shows strong self-confidence in their own item.
- Least variety of components among the 3 suggestions in this short article. how to:pronounce tinnitus
Who is it for?
I ‘d say absolutely provide Synapse XT a shot if you have actually tried the above 2 suggestion and yet is still looking for another service. Because various ingredients might work differently for various people, that’s why.
What was our selection criteria for the 3 Best Tinnitus Relief Supplements?
- Natural Ingredients — We specifically read the active ingredient labels to ensure the active ingredients were natural extracts. Not simply a list of chemicals.
- Scientific proof — We searched for scientific research proof supporting using the chosen components in each case and confirmed that it was present. how to:pronounce tinnitus
- Safety – Quality production and purity of product has much to do with ensuring safety of an item. So, we only shortlisted supplements with high purity, quality manufacturing that is FDA authorized and GMP certified.
- Refund Policy — Typically, having a consumer friendly refund policy indicates the confidence a business has in their own product. All selected choices in this short article has a 60-day refund reimburse policy.
Various active ingredients have various degree of healing effects on various individuals. Choose which ingredients list resonate with you finest. how to:pronounce tinnitus | <urn:uuid:a021b35c-5485-42a3-a52b-5a8f376f5369> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://healthbulletindaily.com/how-topronounce-tinnitus-3-best-tinnitus-relief-supplements-for-2021/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.932227 | 1,679 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Significance of Religious Conformity during the Post-Reformation Period
The post-Reformation period was a time of heated religious debates and tensions as individuals sought to conform to identical beliefs and practices in Europe. This article analyzes the importance of religious conformity and diversity, as well as the impact it had on the German and Polish-Lithuanian territories during the 16th and 17th centuries. It highlights the peace agreement and treaties that were created to manage religious diversity.
Table of Contents
- Religious Conformity and Its Significance
- Managing Tensions Caused by Religious Divisions
- Early Experiments in Living with Religious Diversity
- The Peace of Augsburg and Its Implementation
- Religious Conflicts and Diversity in Germany and Poland-Lithuania
Q: Why was religious conformity so important during the post-Reformation period?
A: Religious conformity was important because it ensured that individuals practiced identical beliefs and practices as the community. Deviations from the norm were often met with shame or exclusion from the community. Arguments over minor details, such as the form of the communion and the clothing worn by priests, became highly contentious as individuals sought to conform to identical beliefs and practices.
Q: How were tensions caused by religious divisions managed during this period?
A: Managing tensions caused by religious divisions depended on the size and organizational ability of the religious minority concerned, the diplomatic skills of local community leaders, and the existence or nonexistence of outside pressures. Diplomatic efforts were made to encourage compromise, which sometimes led to the sharing of churches by different denominations.
Q: What were some early experiments in living with religious diversity?
A: The Thurgau, a disputed area on the border of Zurich Canton, created arrangements in which Catholic and Reformed congregations shared churches, which worked through the early seventeenth century. Such experiments offered evidence that different denominations could coexist in the same community without causing conflict.
Q: What was the Peace of Augsburg, and why was it significant?
A: The Peace of Augsburg, brokered by Emperor Ferdinand I in 1555, allowed princes and imperial knights to determine religion in their territories, while giving their subjects the right to emigrate if they did not comply. The peace allowed for religious pluralism by establishing bi-confessional cities where both confessions were present. This settlement depended on the imperial court, whose legitimacy was reinforced by its increased case-load.
Q: What impact did religious diversity have on Germany and Poland-Lithuania during this period?
A: In Germany, religious diversity led to troop movements and appeals for military help from France and the Netherlands, ultimately causing the empire to become increasingly divided along religious lines. In Poland-Lithuania, the monarchy encouraged settlement of diverse religious groups, including Jews and Bohemian Brethren. However, it also led to a weakening of the authority of the Church and the rise of religious conflict and tension.
Religious conformity and diversity played a significant role in shaping Europe during the post-Reformation period. The need for conformity sometimes led to conflicts, while early experiments in living with religious diversity often led to diplomatic compromise. The Peace of Augsburg attempted to manage religious diversity through the creation of bi-confessional cities and the right of subjects to emigrate if they did not comply with the tolerance laws. Despite the efforts made to create religious pluralism, religious tensions and conflicts persisted, shaping the political, social, and religious landscape of Europe for centuries to come. | <urn:uuid:eb866d29-9e2c-4e4a-ba39-b946ba06bfe4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://history-of-europe.com/the-significance-of-religious-conformity-during-the-post-reformation-period/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.970966 | 715 | 3.90625 | 4 |
J. Sterling Morton, the father of Arbor Day in Nebraska, and a longtime member of the Nebraska State Historical Society, early recognized the devastating effects of deforestation on climate and the environment. In a January 5, 1886, letter from Morton to Historical Society secretary George E. Howard, Morton recommended the creation of an “arboreal bureau” within the Historical Society that would compile a history of “all the orchards and all the tree plantations of Nebraska, from the earliest to the latest planting.”
Published in the Historical Society series Transactions and Reports in 1887, the letter said: “The denudation of all the hillsides, plains, valleys, and mountains in the Eastern and Middle states is making a history of the decline of agriculture, the increase of drouths, and the annual destruction by floods in spring time along rivers whose banks have been shorn from source to mouth of timber growth. And while deforesting is keeping a diary of destruction there and making hard history with the ax and the saw, cannot we, here in Nebraska, reforesting the plains from the Missouri river to the Rocky mountains, keep legitimately, a record of our tree increase, tree growth, and tremendous prosperity in agriculture because of arboriculture?
“If the State Historical Society will only establish within itself an arboreal bureau and appoint a competent person or persons to gather, for preservation therein, the history of all the orchards and all the tree plantations of Nebraska, from the earliest to the latest planting, it will do a most practical and philosophical thing. And thus-after some years-a datum will be conserved which will materially aid in solving the question of climatic changes being brought about by arboriculture.
“And more than that, this arboreal bureau will act as a signal station does upon a stormy coast, and warn the race in Nebraska and elsewhere from danger to its very existence which shall come from non-attention to forestry-too much activity in cutting down and too little in planting out trees. . . . The Historical Society of Nebraska can with great propriety, it seems to me, take this matter intelligently in hand and preserve, in the manner suggested, very valuable facts-facts which involve human life and happiness-for the use of succeeding generations.
“Men like Gov. Furnas and Dr. George L. Miller, who have practically planted forests, who have, with keen relish, zealously studied trees and their adaptability and growth in Nebraska, can, by taking hold of the biography of all the planted trees in the state, lift into view valuable facts and render humanity a vast service.” | <urn:uuid:d73d67bf-0683-4db7-96f3-ce0cab02d03f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://history.nebraska.gov/publications_section/arboreal-bureau/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.93609 | 549 | 3 | 3 |
According to a February 2023 Federal Deposit and Insurance Corporation (FDIC) audit, 563 U.S. banks have failed and/or come under regulatory authority since 2021. Here in California, U.S., the latest casualty has been the Silicon Valley Bank (SVB). This latest rash of bank failures, especially within the software start up SVB, have alarmed apologists for capitalism all over the world. With this piece, we are hopeful we can bring some fundamental understanding of “bank failure” and what’s happening for everyday working people.
First, it should be explained that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is an institution of the U.S. federal government. It exists to provide some level of guarantees against bank failure. They do this by regulating banks, auditing them, and insuring bank deposits for up to $250,000 USD (aggregate deposits per institution).
What Does This Mean?
Let’s say for example, you have $275,000 in liquid asset deposits in any U.S. bank. If that bank fails and/or comes under FDIC jurisdiction, your deposits for up to $250,000 are insured by the federal government, meaning the government should issue you a check for that amount. The remaining $25.000 in deposits that you had in the failed bank makes you now a creditor for that bank. This means they owe you that money, just as you owe your credit card companies, car finance institutions, etc.
Of course, like any creditor/borrower relationship, your ability to get repayment has no guarantee. The bank can come under bankruptcy protection, etc., which means you would lose all or most of that $25,000 in this hypothetical example. But that is a fundamental definition of the role of the FDIC. It’s worth noting that credit unions are governed by the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), which serves the same general purpose for credit unions that the FDIC serves for banks, including insuring deposits for up to an aggregate $250,000 per customer/member per institution.
It’s important to also note that the FDIC was formed in 1933 as a result of the Banking Act legislation. This happened four years after the great stock market crash of 1929 which means the FDIC was created as a vehicle to encourage renewed trust in the U.S. banking system. It’s that question of trust that provides the basis for creating a simple way of analyzing and understanding what is happening with banks within the capitalist system and how to interpret these bank failures.
The Origins of the Banking System
Contrary to popular opinion, the international banking system, and the concept of capital as the foundation of that system, did not start from the creative and intellectual genius of the fathers of the capitalist system. Instead, the start up capital for the international banking system came directly from proceeds produced from the enslavement of kidnapped Africans. The labor of their work was converted to revenues that were invested to initiate the banking system and the capital it would rely on to facilitate its existence. Every large international bank today from Chase to Barclays owes its origins to this nefarious beginning. If we understand and accept this irrefutable history, it should be easy to understand that the capitalist banking system, from its beginning, has been about exploitation and its that reality that paves the way for greater understanding of what’s happening today.
How Banks Work
Banks operate by taking your deposits, no matter how large or small, and investing those deposits to generate capital. The more money you have to deposit, the greater incentives the banks provide you for doing so, for example: no fees, more services, slightly higher dividends (returns on your deposits), etc. Whether you have $250,000 deposited in a bank, or $25, the process works the same. Your money is used by the bank to invest in any number of financial projects designed to provide a positive return for the bank on your deposit. For the overwhelming majority of us, this is done with little to no return to you.
Let’s say you have a job where your paycheck is directly deposited into your bank account every two weeks, say $2500 twice per month, and from each check you have $300 automatically transferred into your savings account. That means you are saving $600 USD per month. You will receive next to nothing for that money sitting and growing in that bank, but the bank will use your deposits and invest them in any number of profit generating projects— primarily exploitative projects around the world because those types of investments are the best suited to produce the highest return on the dollar. Think exploitative companies that steal resources from Africa for example. Companies like Dutch Royal Shell (Shell Oil) rob Nigeria’s Niger Delta blind drilling for oil. There is no oversight and the workers are paid peanuts. As a result, Shell’s profits continue to break records. Well, a bank will invest in Shell’s stocks and profit from Shell’s theft of resources from Nigeria. As Shell’s profits grow, the bank’s profits grow. And, by profits we mean capital i.e. money the bank earns that serves the sole and specific purpose of being reinvested for additional profits.
That’s why when the capitalist commentators talk about most U.S. banks being “well capitalized” they are actually telling the truth. These banks have millions of dollars – dollars they made investing your deposits – sitting around ready for them to invest to make even greater profits. Meanwhile, you get slim to nothing from them using your money and you will even be penalized if you come upon rough times and cannot maintain the minimum requirements they demand to keep your account(s) going. They have to make those demands of you because if your money isn’t available to them, they have nothing to invest and profit off of it. If you think about it, the banking model is basically the same as someone coming to you, taking your paycheck when you cash it, using your money to make additional money from it, and just returning to you what they took from you in the first place. And, if they are unable to get a return on your paycheck, they are usually supported by the government in their financial challenges while you are left to figure out how to proceed on your own with no help or support.
Silicon Valley Bank & Banks Playing With Your Money
That’s still not even the full story. Besides the example of investing in the exploitative practices of Shell and other criminal multi-national exploitative capitalist corporations, the banks invest heavily into shady and high risk ventures like securities from the secondary market. These types of investments are often bundled high risk mortgage loans, meaning loans provided to buyers who’s repayment potential is questionable, but who agreed to repayment terms at much higher, and profitable, interest rates. These types of unscrupulous business practices by banks have resulted in devastating consequences, such as the 2008 mortgage crash in the U.S. where everyday consumers were left houseless while the banks were bailed out by the 2009 multi-billion dollar gangster deal – compliments of the Obama Administration – one of the most lucrative welfare schemes in human history, recently eclipsed by the $2.2 trillion CARES Act of 2020. As it relates to banks like the Silicon Valley Bank in Santa Clara, California, U.S., the same principles apply. This bank was the home for software startup companies who invested incredible sums of money in highly questionable ventures for most of its 40 year existence. As has been alluded to, this has always been the program of capitalist banks, but in recent years we are seeing the limitations of this strategy much easier because the decline of capitalism has created conditions where the once assumed stability of capitalist banks is now more and more in question.
Let the Banks Fall While We Rise
This is a reality that will continue to create hardship for millions of people worldwide, but in the long run, this also has the potential to represent a new day for the masses of humanity where capital no longer controls the narrative everywhere on earth. There are a lot of variables to unpack in order to create that reality, but for now, the best thing all of us can do is engage every effort that we can to educate our communities about the role of banking institutions to profit from our continued exploitation and how the system is set up to support their existence, while making us the main source of accountability for ourselves and their greedy exploitative practices. This problem, like every other problem we face, cannot be resolved through any level of individual initiative. It cannot be resolved by any other approach to stabilizing the capitalist system. This problem is a reflection of the exploitative basis from which capitalism developed hundreds of years ago and it’s simply a manifestation that this profit over people model of operation is existing in its final days. This may be a scary thought to many, but at the end of the day, Kwame Ture was 100% correct when he said that “if we don’t struggle for revolution, we suffer so why don’t we organize and take the suffering as a pathway to our liberation and forward progress instead of just continuing to suffer with no end in sight?” Capitalist banks are viewed as vehicles to provide us with houses, cars, loans, etc. What they are in reality is a criminal operation that is 100% supported by the U.S. government which is nothing more than a mouthpiece for international capitalism. The sooner we can do the necessary work to create broader consciousness around this, the sooner we can reclaim the resources that rightfully belong, not to a small and criminal elite, but to the masses of people on earth. | <urn:uuid:9b60a82d-82d9-4f95-bd6d-920ab2d91ba9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://hoodcommunist.org/2023/03/23/a-beginners-guide-to-bank-failures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.955629 | 1,990 | 2.515625 | 3 |
IAS Mains Previous Years Paper : Psychology (1998)
PAPER - I
1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each :
(a) Analyse the salient features of a laboratory experimental design.
(b) Is person perceiption a critical variable in human interaction ? Illustrate your answer.
(c) Delineate the principles involved in programmed learning. Is it feasible to programme higher form of learning.
(d) How do convergent and divergent thinking differ ? Nan it be integrated in higher form of creative thinking ?
2. Analyse the relative contributions of heredity and environment in the development of human behaviour. Illustrate your answer from real life situations.
3. Do the principles of perceptual organisation point to their inborn nature ? Cite experimental evidences in this context.
4. Can We sustain the statement that much of our behaviour is the result of classical and operant cnditioning ?
5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each :
(a) What specific role does social intelligence play in the management of people ?
(b) How do one's values motivate his behaviour ? Illustrate your answer.
(c) Detail the correlates of Rapid Eye Movements (REM) in sleep.
(d) Specify the human problems associated with space flight. Give experimental evidences.
6. Highlight with examples the strategies of concept formation in children.
7. Do the projective techniques of personality assessment have an edge over psychometric tests ? Cite experimental evidences in this context.
8. Discuss the view that the mechanistic model of man is an oversimplification of the facts of behaviour. Examine the concept of integrated model with a view to
present a balanced picture.
PAPER - II
1. Answer any three of the following (each answer should not exceed 200 words) :
(a) Highlight the basic principles of psychodynamic approach in handling behaviour disorders.
(b) Show your acquaintance with the components of leadership training.
(c) Discuss the uses of psychological testing in selection.
(d) Discuss the types of psychosomatic diseases.
2. Discuss the salient features of client-centered therapy.
3. What do you understand by work motivation ? Discuss the Maslow's theory of need hierarchy. How can Maslow's theory be applied in industrial situations ?
4. Discuss the types of group at work situations. How can group work be measured ?
5. Answer any three of the following (each answer should not exceed 200 words) :
(a) Distinguish between juvenile delinquency and crime.
(b) Discuss the problems of educating the disadvantaged groups.
(c) What are the nature and manifestations of social prejudices ?
(d) What is achievement motivation ? What are the characteristics of an Indian with high achievement motivation ?
6. What is organizational communication ? Discuss the various factors of effective communication in industries.
7. What is stress ? Discuss certain methods of stress management.
8. Discuss the social, cultural and economic consequences of the disadvantaged. How can Psychology help them ? | <urn:uuid:ced75d06-e0de-41c7-a2d5-593811ef6e93> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://iasexamportal.com/IAS/IAS-Mains-Previous-Years-Paper-Psychology-1998 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.864637 | 655 | 2.953125 | 3 |
There are many interesting collective nouns for animals of all shapes and sizes. From the funny to the downright weird, this article will keep you glued to our blog for ages!
Get this as a poster for your clinic or classroom! Order HERE!
Collective Nouns for Animals
- A congregation of alligators.
- A troop of baboons.
- A flutter of butterflies.
- A caravan of camels.
- An army of caterpillars.
- A coalition of cheetahs.
- An intrusion of cockroaches.
- A convocation of eagles.
- A herd of cattle.
- A pack of dogs.
- A memory of elephants.
- A business of ferrets.
- A school of fish.
- A tower of giraffes.
- A band of gorillas.
- A bloat of hippos.
- A mob of kangaroos.
- A pride of lions.
- A parliament of owls.
- A pandemonium of parrots.
- A rookery of penguins.
- A nursery of raccoons.
- A cohort of zebras.
A Group of… is Called…
Did you know?
- A group of bees is called a bike? Beats us as they fly, we mean, have you ever seen a bee ride a bike?
- A group of sardines is called a family – makes one feel kind of guilty when your feline munches on one, doesn’t it?
- A group of cats is called a glaring. Yip! Makes perfect sense, the way some cats stare at you is enough to strike fear, wondering if they are planning any murderous thoughts…
- Think about this one for a moment. A group of rattlesnakes is called a rhumba – just like the dance! This is due to the sound that their tails make when they feel threatened by what they perceive as danger.
- This next one has us very perplexed, but we guess it makes sense. A group of iguanas is called a mess – you know tails and scales everywhere?
- A group of elks is called a gang. Yikes! With those antlers, they might as well be a gang of horns!
- This one has to be one of the best. A group of walrusses is called a huddle! Too cute for words!
- The next one creates a nice visual picture. A group of clams is called a bed – we think it is a very apt description.
- Do you know what a group of sharks is called? You guessed it – a shiver! Want to know why? Then watch the movie Jaws!
- Another firm favorite on our list has to be a group of rhinoceroses. They are called a crash.
- A group of hamsters is called a horde!
- A group of kittens is called a kindle – we think that the word cuddle is more suitable, right?
- The collective noun for a group of aardvark is called an armory. Let’s face it, it does look like they are dressed for war!
- A group of alpacas is called a herd – seriously?
- Did you know that a group of armadillos is called a roll – yes, we aren’t joking!
- A group of badgers is called a crete.
- A cloud is what you call a group of bats!
- Pigs are very vocal, so it comes as no surprise that a group of boars in the wild is called a sounder – you will be able to hear them from miles away as they communicate with one another.
- A group of butterflies is called a flutter! Seems very fitting with all the pretty colors they present.
- A group of chickens is called a clutch or a peep.
- A group of crabs is called a cast.
- A group of young dogs is called a litter.
- A group of donkeys is called a coffle.
- A group of ducks, especially mallards, is called a badling!
- A group of eagles is called a convocation – sounds intimidating, doesn’t it?
If you enjoyed these quick fire facts, why not read our article on 13 Animal Heart Rates too! | <urn:uuid:5e6e8b56-23b8-48b1-80cd-5543dc985503> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://iloveveterinary.com/blog/collective-nouns-animal-groups/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.95378 | 920 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The human brain is the most mind-boggling thing in the Universe, with researchers expressing that they find out about the Universe than they do the organ inside our heads. Yet, the new examination has discovered that the two are not divergent. The further study found that neural organizations in the brain are comparative in structure to how the observable Universe is made up.
While the scale is exceptionally extraordinary, the structures are fundamentally the same as and collaborate similarly.
The investigation from University of Bologna astrophysicist Franco Vazza and University of Verona neurosurgeon Alberto Feletti expressed that there are almost 70 billion neurons in the organization which makes up the brain.
In the observable Universe, there are at any rate of 100 billion systems.
In the two cases, systems and neurons represent around 30% of the genuine mass of the brain and the Universe.
Every framework is collected in an unpredictable web, or organization, which spread out in long strips and fibres.
The excess mass of universes is 70% dark energy, while the brain is 70% water.
Mr Vazza stated: “We determined the ghastly thickness of the two frameworks.
“This is a procedure frequently utilized in cosmology for considering the spatial conveyance of universes.
“Our investigation indicated that the dissemination of the change inside the cerebellum neuronal organization on a scale from 1 micrometer to 0.1 millimeters follows a similar movement of the circulation of issue in the inestimable web however, obviously, for a bigger scope that goes from 5,000,000 to 500 million light-years”.
The pair likewise took a gander at how the different snare of neurons and cosmic systems interface.
Mr Feletti stated: “By and by, essential boundaries have recognized surprising understanding levels.
“Likely, the availability inside the two organizations advances following actual comparable standards, despite the striking and clear contrast between the fundamental forces managing worlds and neurons.
“These two complex organizations show a greater number of similitudes than those mutual between the vast web and a world or a neuronal organization and within a neuronal body”.
The consequences of the examination were distributed in the diary Frontiers of Physics.
The group trust that their discoveries will help those in nervous system science and cosmology paint a superior picture on the development and fates of brains and the Universe.
Different specialists accept awareness in the brain overruns through the Universe.
It is a hypothesis known as panpsychism, and logician Dr Philip Goff trusts it is an approach to characterize awareness and remember it for the logical world.
The delegate overseer of theory at Durham University, who has created the new book Galileo’s Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness, revealed to Scientific American: “The essential duty is that the central constituents of the real world — may be electrons and quarks — have unfathomably basic types of involvement.
“It’s at any rate intelligible to assume that this continuum of cognizance blurring while never entirely killing carries on into inorganic issue, with significant particles having unbelievably basic types of involvement to mirror their inconceivably essential nature. That is the thing that panpsychism accept.
“What this offers us is a flawlessly basic, rich method of coordinating awareness into our logical perspective of wedding what we think about ourselves from within and what science enlightens us concerning matter from an external perspective.” | <urn:uuid:b8e7589b-24fc-40c4-abc6-239213d07fc8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://infinityworldnews.com/2020/11/18/universe-is-like-a-vast-human-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.929097 | 721 | 3.046875 | 3 |
According to a new study, disruptions in workers’ morning routines causes them to be less productive and breaks their focus and concentration. The authors found:
- Morning disruptions cause employees to feel less engaged over the course of the entire day.
- People are less calm and more depleted mentally on days when morning routines are disrupted.
- Because routines automate basic elements of daily life, they help conserve energy that employees can put into achieving goals.
- Establishing and maintaining a morning routine is key to productivity.
- When disruptions are unavoidable, it is important to get back to a routine as soon as possible. | <urn:uuid:a6a4b41a-1822-46dd-8eac-6e660c4ab70f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://infrontworkforce.com/featured-brief-morning-routine-disruptions-hurt-worker-productivity-researcher-finds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.946046 | 125 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The development of therapy resistance often prevents advanced colorectal cancer from being successfully treated in the long term. Scientists from the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site at LMU Munich, are now demonstrating in laboratory experiments how patient-specific mini-tumors, so-called tumor organoids, can help to specifically adapt therapy to the individual disease and thus possibly overcome resistance.
In the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg joins up as a core center in long-term collaborations with university partner sites in Germany that are particularly renowned in the field of oncology.
Driven by genetic mutations, but also in reaction to their micro-environment, tumors go through a constant development from the very first moment. Chemotherapeutic stress in particular intensifies and accelerates this process. In the course of this therapy-driven tumor evolution, treatment resistance often develops and the initial treatment strategy fails.
In order to better understand the evolution of colorectal cancer and the resulting development of therapy resistance, scientists at the DKTK partner site in Munich have now grown patient-specific mini-tumors, so-called colorectal cancer organoids, in the culture dish. Such patient-specific tumor organoids can often be used to predict the efficacy of drugs. They are therefore considered an important tool in personalized cancer medicine. For their project, the researchers used material from intestinal tumors that had already spread to the liver. The tumor organoids grown from this material were exposed to typical clinical combination chemotherapy for a prolonged period of time until therapy resistance occurred, so says the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in a press release.
During thorough molecular analysis of the now “chemotolerant” organoids, the DKTK team discovered that the cancer cells undergo different patterns of genetic evolution during their adaptation to therapy, depending on their individual background. As a result, they also respond differently to second-line therapies.
New combination therapy
Often, after developing resistance to the first chemotherapy, the researchers found elevated levels of the oncoprotein c-MYC, which strongly promotes tumor cell growth and survival. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene scissors, they were also able to insert a mutation in the KRAS oncogene that is known to be extremely problematic clinically and determine its impact on the resistance of tumor organoids to therapy.
Also interesting: Grant for research into Killer Cells and Breast Cancer
Based on these results, the DKTK team developed strategies for a combination therapy that can overcome the acquired chemotherapy resistance of colorectal cancer cells. Simultaneous suppression of several signaling pathways that play key roles in different phases of the cell cycle of colorectal cancer cells proved to be very promising.
Initially, the therapy-resistant tumor organoids were no longer able to induce programmed cell death apoptosis and thus continued growing almost unhindered. The new combined therapeutic approach, however, enabled the cells to restart the cell death program and initiate their own death. The growth of the mini-tumors was almost completely stopped by the combination therapy.
The result shows that patient-specific tumor organoids have great potential in optimizing and possibly adapting targeted chemotherapeutic treatment strategies against colon cancer. It also underscores the overall importance of organoid platforms for personalized cancer medicine.
Selected for you!
Innovation Origins is the European platform for innovation news. In addition to the many reports from our own editors in 15 European countries, we select the most important press releases from reliable sources. This way you can stay up to date on what is happening in the world of innovation. Are you or do you know an organization that should not be missing from our list of selected sources? Then report to our editorial team. | <urn:uuid:0983f596-0de4-4a77-a67a-0bdc94d7e893> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://innovationorigins.com/en/selected/tumor-organoids-to-overcome-therapy-resistance-of-colorectal-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.940162 | 782 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Public finance refers to the study of the role of the government in the economy and how it manages its financial resources. In India, it is a critical aspect of the country’s economic and social development. In this article, we will explore the basics of public finance, its components, and its importance for the Indian economy.
What is Public Finance?
Public finance refers to the study of how the government manages its financial resources to meet its various responsibilities and goals. It involves the collection of revenue through taxes and other sources, the allocation of funds for different public purposes, and the management of public debt. It is a crucial aspect of the government’s role in the economy and society.
It consists of several components, which include:
- Public Revenue: This refers to the money collected by the government through various sources, such as taxes, fees, fines, and other charges.
- Public Expenditure: This refers to the money spent by the government on various public goods and services, such as infrastructure, healthcare, education, defence, and social welfare programs.
- Public Debt: This refers to the amount of money borrowed by the government to finance its expenditure, which includes both domestic and foreign borrowing.
Its Importance for the Indian Economy
Public finance plays a crucial role in the Indian economy, as it helps to finance the government’s various responsibilities and goals. It enables the government to provide essential public goods and services, such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure, that are necessary for the country’s development.
Moreover, public finance also plays a vital role in ensuring equitable income distribution and reducing poverty and inequality. Social welfare programs, such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) and the Public Distribution System (PDS), are examples of government initiatives that use public finance to address social and economic inequality.
Furthermore, public finance also helps to regulate the economy by managing inflation, promoting growth and development, and maintaining macroeconomic stability.
Challenges in Public Finance
Despite its importance, in India, it faces several challenges, such as:
- Inefficient Tax System: The tax system in India is complex, with several different types of taxes and rates. The tax base is narrow, and tax evasion is widespread, leading to revenue shortfalls.
- Poor Quality of Public Expenditure: The quality of public expenditure in India is often poor, with a significant portion of the funds allocated for public goods and services being wasted due to corruption, inefficiency, and lack of accountability.
- High Public Debt: India’s public debt is high, and its management is a significant challenge for the government. The high debt levels make it difficult for the government to finance its expenditure and lead to concerns about macroeconomic stability.
Public finance plays a crucial role in the Indian economy and society. It enables the government to provide essential public goods and services, address social and economic inequality, and regulate the economy. Despite the challenges, it remains a vital component of the country’s development and requires continued attention and reform to ensure its effectiveness. | <urn:uuid:f9417579-5ed8-49b3-b1da-2d179f70d2e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://isheft.com/finance/what-is-public-finance-understanding-the-basics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.956014 | 628 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Expanses of trunks warped by time, all the same and yet different in structure, form, in the impressive head of hair, the olive trees stand out against the Salento landscapes, giving it smells the typical colors. The geological characteristics and the low need for care, mean that the olive trees resist for years, decades, and even centuries, to the weather, the destructive force of the wind and the torrential rain and the intolerable heat of the summers salting. It is primarily their shape to enchant and leave gaping adults and children: the plant grows very slowly and over time the trunk is transformed, becoming more and more twisted, leaning on himself and, after a long time, it breaks apart in the middle. The courts take different shades of color depending on the age of the trunk, as well as the penetration of sunlight that burns and dry wood; when the sun is not beating, in fact, the wood tends to be wetter and sometimes to rot. Although the characteristic appearance of the olive trees, especially those age-old, is the trunk, the true essential element lies in the large foliage: myriads of small balls and dark from which to produce the green gold of Salento, the olive oil, now exported and known throughout the world.
Especially in recent years, with the advent of the economic and financial crisis, people often choose to deforest entire areas originally intended for the cultivation of olive trees to make way for new, more productive crops or, at worst, to the installation of technological systems. Also at the regional legislative level we try to intervene to settle the matter, aiming to the safeguard of the territory and its special characteristics, but human needs are constantly and rapidly changing, perhaps too hasty compared to the natural rhythm of a tree that boasts centuries of life. | <urn:uuid:ff3760cd-a87e-4ced-98cd-d51206f87356> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://italian-traditions.com/the-centuries-old-olive-trees-of-salento/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.955014 | 363 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Most SBRs operating for weak sewage have a tendency of poor removal of phosphorus due to NO3N inhibition. To minimize this inhibition, NO3N storage was utilized in this study. With influent BOD 100 mg/L and VFA 30 mg/L, a total of the maximum removable nitrogen and phosphorus was about 25 mg/L with 8 hr cycle. With this storage, VFA utilized for phosphorus removal could be maximized. The effluent nitrogen and phosphorus levels were generally 11 and 1 mg/L, respectively.
Skip Nav Destination
Research Article| February 01 2001
Phosphorus removal from SBR with controlled denitrification for weak sewage
Water Sci Technol (2001) 43 (3): 159–165.
E. Choi, H. Park, D. Rhu; Phosphorus removal from SBR with controlled denitrification for weak sewage. Water Sci Technol 1 February 2001; 43 (3): 159–165. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0132
Download citation file: | <urn:uuid:6cdc3ff6-39e0-41b5-838e-e6ed314cdd71> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://iwaponline.com/wst/article/43/3/159/7674/Phosphorus-removal-from-SBR-with-controlled | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.895202 | 222 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Jewish World of Alexander Hamilton
By Andrew Porwancher
JMC fellow Andrew Porwancher has recently written a book, The Jewish World of Alexander Hamilton:
In The Jewish World of Alexander Hamilton, Andrew Porwancher debunks a string of myths about the origins of this founding father to arrive at a startling conclusion: Hamilton, in all likelihood, was born and raised Jewish. For more than two centuries, his youth in the Caribbean has remained shrouded in mystery. Hamilton himself wanted it that way, and most biographers have simply assumed he had a Christian boyhood. With a detective’s persistence and a historian’s rigor, Porwancher upends that assumption and revolutionizes our understanding of an American icon.
This radical reassessment of Hamilton’s religious upbringing gives us a fresh perspective on both his adult years and the country he helped forge. Although he didn’t identify as a Jew in America, Hamilton cultivated a relationship with the Jewish community that made him unique among the founders. As a lawyer, he advocated for Jewish citizens in court. As a financial visionary, he invigorated sectors of the economy that gave Jews their greatest opportunities. As an alumnus of Columbia, he made his alma mater more welcoming to Jewish people. And his efforts are all the more striking given the pernicious antisemitism of the era. In a new nation torn between democratic promises and discriminatory practices, Hamilton fought for a republic in which Jew and Gentile would stand as equals.
By setting Hamilton in the context of his Jewish world for the first time, this fascinating book challenges us to rethink the life and legend of America’s most enigmatic founder.
Andrew Porwancher is the Wick Cary Associate Professor of Constitutional Studies at the University of Oklahoma. From 2020–2022, he is serving as the Ernest May Fellow at Harvard’s Belfer Center. Aside from The Jewish World of Alexander Hamilton, Porwancher is the author of The Devil Himself: A Tale of Honor, Insanity, and the Birth of Modern America (Oxford, 2016), which was adapted into a theatrical presentation in Dublin, and John Henry Wigmore and the Rules of Evidence: The Hidden Origins of Modern Law (Missouri, 2016), an inaugural volume in the series “Studies in Constitutional Democracy.”
Porwancher previously served as the Horne Fellow at Oxford and the Garwood Fellow at Princeton, and held senior research fellowships at the Straus Center (Yeshiva) and Clements Center (Texas). In 2017, he won the Longmire Prize for innovation in teaching. He is now at work on his fourth book, Theodore Roosevelt and the Jews (under contract with Princeton), and his fifth, The Legal Legacy of James Bradley Thayer (under review).
Professor Porwancher is a JMC fellow.
Want to help the Jack Miller Center transform higher education? Donate today. | <urn:uuid:4a4ed5c7-8b57-4121-9a69-957e6bb31d03> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://jackmillercenter.org/andrew-porwancher-jewish-world-alexander-hamilton/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.956278 | 606 | 2.75 | 3 |
The test data details are indicated for each question
1. 2-bit 4-to-1 multiplexer: For each of the 4 sources, all the 4 combinations of 2-
2. 2-bit 4-to-1 priority multiplexer:
a) Only one request input to the priority encoder is active. For that device, all
the 4 combinations of 2-bit data.
b) At least 2 request inputs to the priority encoder are active. 4 different
combinations of the request inputs, and one combination of 2-bit data for
combination of request inputs.
3. 2-bit 1-to-8 demultiplexer: For each of the 8 destination devices, one
combination of 2-bit input data
4. 8-bit comparator:
a) 2 sets of input operands that are the same.
b) 2 sets of input operands that are different.
5. 8-bit parity generator and parity checker: 4 different combinations of 8-bit
data. For each combination, 2 cases of 1-bit error in a data bit or the parity bit,
and 1 case of no error either in data bits or parity bit. | <urn:uuid:e0ec812b-a443-409d-9283-21d890cf6de5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://jarviscodinghub.com/product/cs2310-foundations-of-computer-system-design-lab-assignment-2-solution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.7521 | 255 | 2.53125 | 3 |
« Zak Borden Mandolin Lesson: Beginning Improv. 1 |
| Sustaining Principles. »
April 9, 2015 | Major 7th & Minor 7th Arpeggios
Knowledge of the chord tones both intellectual and tactile can be one of the best ways for your improvisation to make sense. Scales, both pentatonic and modal are great for producing smooth linear phrases, but once in a while you want to jump around, and if you're fingers can find the chords better than your brain, your soloing can reflect the harmonic identity of the song.
Best way to get this skill? Learn your arpeggios in all 12 keys. Remember though, with FFcP, there's only four ways to finger these. Taking our approach can super charge your development of subliminal chord awareness.
We give you drills for two 7th chord forms, Major and Minor.
Posted by Ted at April 9, 2015 8:28 PM
Disclaimer: In the 'Information Age' of the 21st Century,
any fool with a computer, a modem, and an idea can
become a self-professed 'expert." This site does not
come equipped with 'discernment.' | <urn:uuid:f5e06ad7-211f-41b8-8d1b-655872714f9a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://jazzmando.com/tips/archives/002474.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.860456 | 255 | 2.75 | 3 |
Recently, researchers at Kyoto University in Japan were able to induce stem cells of rats to become viable eggs, which were then implanted in surrogate mothers. The resultant offspring were fertile, anatomically intact rats that were bred for additional generations, their ancestor being only a cell in a petri dish. This discovery has excited scientists the world over because it marks the first step towards making eggs for infertile humans or gays and lesbians.
The scientists at Kyoto began by taking female embryonic cells and “induced pluripotent stem cells”, and then inducing them to become an early form of eggs. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are adult cells that have been reprogrammed to express certain genes that make them effectively embryonic cells. There is some debate as to whether iPSCs differ from embryonic stem cells taken from harvested embryos, but in this instance they acted identically to the conventional stem cells.
The immature eggs, called “primordial germ-like cells” or PGCLCs, were then surrounded by “female gonadal somatic cells” (cells usually found in an ovary) to create a reconstituted ovary. These constructed ovaries were implanted into surrogate mothers, where the PGCLCs matured into “germinal vesicle-stage oocytes” or early embryos formed during the primary oocyte stage of oogenesis (egg formation), which occurs before birth. The mice that had been implanted with these constructed ovaries eventually gave birth to fertile offspring, which were followed by a few additional generations.
Though scientists have called this discovery a major step forward in reproductive biology, the lead scientist on the Kyoto team, Dr. Hayashi, cautioned: “it is impossible to immediately adapt this system to human stem cells” for a number of reasons scientific and moral. Creating egg cells from stem cells in humans could allow menopausal women to conceive, which brings its own set of moral quandaries as well. Ronald Green, a bioethicist at Dartmouth University, commented on NPR that one had to consider “the commercial possibilities of people selling to infertile people babies produced from George Clooney or Jennifer Aniston.” Evidently, the possibility that egg manufacture might one day be possible has sparked heated debate, but one must remember that it may only be speculation. | <urn:uuid:d75b535f-d082-4e5d-8932-e62dfec551ae> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://jnewbio.edublogs.org/2012/10/09/mouse-stem-cells-become-grandparents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.972647 | 479 | 3 | 3 |
If you’re interested in a career in environmental health, join the Army National Guard as a Water Treatment Specialist. This role is paramount to the health and safety of your fellow Soldiers, and you will be the one to ensure that they live and work in sanitary conditions.
Your duties will include: site reconnaissance and preparation for water treatment activity; set up equipment and facilities; operation and maintenance of water treatment equipment; management of portable water supplies; monitoring the storage, transport, and disposal of waste; water quality analysis and testing; and the inspection of facilities and food supplies for the presence of disease, germs, and other environmentally hazardous conditions.
• Interest in algebra, biology, chemistry, and general science
• High attention to detail
• Interest in protecting the environment
Through your training, you will develop the skills and experience to enjoy a civilian career as a food and drug inspector, public health inspector, health and safety inspector, or an industrial hygienist.
Earn While You Learn
Instead of paying to learn these skills, get paid to train. In the Army National Guard, you will learn these valuable job skills while earning a regular paycheck and qualifying for tuition assistance.
After 10 weeks of Basic Training, where you will learn fundamental Soldiering skills, you will attend 14 weeks of Advanced Individual Training that will include a combination of hands-on and classroom training where you will learn how to identify health hazards and how to inspect food products, food service operations, wastewater, and waste disposal facilities. You may even qualify for a certified apprenticeship in this occupation.
Requires military enlistment. Programs and benefits are subject to change. Ask your Army National Guard recruiter for the most up-to-date information. Actual MOS assignment may depend on MOS availability.
The National Guard is a unique element of the U.S. military that serves both community and country. The Guard responds to domestic emergencies, overseas combat missions, counterdrug efforts, reconstruction missions and more. Any state governor or the President of the United States can call on the Guard in a moment’s notice. Guard Soldiers hold civilian jobs or attend college while maintaining their military training part time. Guard Soldiers’ primary area of operation is their home state.
The Guard dates back to 1636, when Citizen-Soldiers formed militias to defend community and country. And for 377 years, the Guard has stayed true to its roots. Enlisting in the National Guard means more time at home. Training typically requires one weekend each month, with a two-week training period once each year. Get a degree with money for school, learn job skills that translate to the civilian world, make bonds that last a lifetime and earn pride for life. When you become a Guard Soldier, your family will thank you, your country will thank you and your future will owe you. Contact a recruiter to find more specifics about your opportunities in the Army National Guard. | <urn:uuid:c27b2441-1746-4669-85b6-6b97d3d6e532> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://jobs.nationalguard.com/job/437987/92w-water-treatment-specialist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.940023 | 595 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Sandby castle and the manor in Skogsby
With FD Helena Victor and FD Ludvig Papmehl-Dufay, LNU Can life and the massacre in Sandby Borg during the migration period...Läs mer
During an archaeological investigation in Sandby castle on southeastern Öland in 2010, a large number of spectacular finds were found, including jewelry hides containing exclusive costume buckles and glass beads originating in the Roman Mediterranean area. Kalmar County Museum through Museum Archeology Southeast was then involved to make additional investigations to map the context in which the finds were found. In connection with these small-scale surveys, when a georadar survey was also done by fil.dr. Andreas Viberg, it could be stated that a massacre took place in the castle, after which the deceased have been left together with their belongings where they fell. This has given a unique snapshot of both the violent event and what everyday life looked like in the castle at the end of the 400s.
Migration time (350-600 possibly)
The period to which Sandby Castle belongs is called the Migration Period and is characterized by the fact that many different tribes moved across the European continent. It was a turbulent time, both in Scandinavia and in Europe. The declining power and final fall of the Roman Empire 476 possibly, the Invasion of the Huns, wars and alliances within the Barbaricum (ie the areas that lay outside the borders of the Roman Empire); all this affected Scandinavia and is reflected in the finds from Sandby castle.
Sandby castle as a research project
Since 2011, Kalmar County Museum has been conducting a research project around Sandby Castle through Museum Archeology Southeast. The events in the castle have created a very unusual source material that provides a unique insight into the lives and deaths of individuals as well as people's social organization and material culture during the migration period. What happened in the castle touches and arouses many thoughts, from disgust to curiosity, about how and why the massacre took place. The research around Sandby castle can not only help us understand the Migration Period and its people better but also give us tools to discuss difficult issues in our own time.
In order to be able to continue the research around Sandby castle, external funding is required. We continuously apply for research funding from various funders and are constantly looking for new collaboration opportunities around research and development of the project.
In the educational program "Sandby castle - it was you who started", the museum's educators use the exhibition and about the events in Sandby castle to reflect on our own time. Could something similar happen today? Why is there a quarrel? Who do you become when a conflict arises? We work with conflict management, adapted to the age group, and discuss similarities, differences, tolerance and friendship. | <urn:uuid:bfe21f46-2f70-42df-9972-0503f1ba4586> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://kalmarlansmuseum.se/en/archeology/sandby-castle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.967764 | 574 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Writing Poetry: Free Advice on Free Verse
Learn about writing in free verse, a style that doesn’t include consistent meter or end-rhyme patterns. Study the work of free verse poets, such as Elizabeth Acevedo and Sharon Olds, who use enjambment, anaphora, alliteration, and other poetic devices to add musicality and meaning to their work. During the class, use similar techniques to create your own poem.
This class is taught by a graduate student in the University of Missouri-Kansas City’s MFA Program in Creative Writing. | <urn:uuid:800d2410-c572-4fa2-9d34-f27dd779803e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://kclibrary.org/events-activities-calendar/adults/writing-poetry-free-advice-free-verse?delta=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.923209 | 123 | 2.875 | 3 |
Building Educational Capabilities in Africa: A Journey Towards Progress
Africa is the second-largest continent in the world, with a rich cultural heritage and diverse population. Despite its abundant natural resources, Africa remains one of the poorest continents, with many countries struggling to provide basic necessities such as food, water, and healthcare to their citizens. One of the key factors contributing to this poverty is the lack of educational capabilities within the region. This article explores the importance of education in Africa, the challenges faced in achieving educational development, and strategies for improving educational capabilities on the continent. By investing in teacher training, providing access to quality learning resources, promoting gender equality in education, encouraging community involvement, leveraging technology, and implementing innovative solutions, we can work towards building a brighter future for Africa’s youth.
2. The Importance of Education in Africa
Education is crucial for the development of any society, and Africa is no exception. It plays a vital role in shaping individuals into productive members of society, promoting social mobility, and fostering economic growth. In Africa, education has the potential to break the cycle of poverty and create opportunities for people to improve their lives. However, despite its importance, access to quality education remains a challenge in many parts of the continent.
3. Challenges to Educational Development in Africa
Education is a vital component of any nation’s development, and Africa is no exception. However, despite its potential, the continent faces numerous challenges when it comes to educational development. Some of these challenges include:
1. Limited access to quality education: Many African countries struggle with providing access to quality education, particularly in rural areas. This can be due to a lack of infrastructure, resources, or trained teachers.
2. Poor learning outcomes: Despite efforts to improve education, many African students continue to perform poorly on international assessments. This is often attributed to a lack of resources, inadequate teaching methods, and high teacher turnover rates.
3. Gender inequality: Girls in Africa often face significant barriers to accessing education, including early marriage, cultural practices, and poverty. This perpetuates a cycle of disadvantage and limits the potential of the entire continent.
4. Political instability: Countries experiencing political instability or conflict are less likely to invest in education, as they prioritize security and economic stability. This creates a vicious cycle where education suffers, leading to further instability.
5. Language barriers: Many African countries have multiple languages spoken within their borders, which can create challenges in terms of language instruction and resource development.
6. Poverty: Education is often viewed as a luxury item in Africa, rather than a basic right. This makes it difficult to prioritize education spending, especially in countries struggling with extreme poverty.
4. Strategies for Improving Educational Capabilities in Africa
There are several strategies that can be implemented to improve educational capabilities in Africa. These include investing in teacher training, providing access to quality learning resources, promoting gender equality in education, encouraging community involvement in education, leveraging technology for education, and others. Each of these strategies plays a crucial role in helping to build a strong foundation for future generations and promote progress in Africa.
5. Investing in Teacher Training
Investing in teacher training is crucial for improving educational capabilities in Africa. Many African countries struggle with a shortage of qualified teachers, which can lead to subpar education for students. By investing in teacher training programs, these countries can ensure that their educators have the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively teach their students. This includes providing ongoing professional development opportunities for teachers, as well as offering training in new teaching methodologies and technologies. Additionally, investing in teacher training can help to address issues of gender inequality in education, as women often make up a significant portion of the teaching workforce in many African countries. Overall, investing in teacher training is a key strategy for building a strong foundation for educational progress in Africa.
6. Providing Access to Quality Learning Resources
Education is not just about providing access to schools and classrooms; it is also about ensuring that learners have access to quality learning resources. This includes textbooks, computers, libraries, and other materials that can enhance their learning experience. Unfortunately, many African countries struggle with providing these essential resources due to limited funding and infrastructure. However, there are several strategies that can be implemented to improve access to quality learning resources in Africa. One approach is to partner with organizations and individuals who can provide donations or discounted prices for educational materials. Another strategy is to invest in digital resources such as e-books and online learning platforms, which can reach a wider audience and reduce costs associated with printing and distribution. Additionally, governments can work with local communities to identify priority areas for resource allocation and develop sustainable plans for resource provision. By prioritizing the availability of quality learning resources, we can empower learners in Africa to achieve their full potential and contribute to the continent’s progress.
7. Promoting Gender Equality in Education
Education is a powerful tool for promoting gender equality and breaking down barriers that prevent women from achieving their full potential. Unfortunately, many African countries still face significant challenges when it comes to promoting gender equality in education. Despite progress being made in recent years, there is still much work to be done to ensure that all girls and boys have equal access to quality education.
One of the key strategies for promoting gender equality in education is investing in girl-friendly schools. This involves making sure that school facilities are safe and secure, and that girls have access to resources such as sanitary products and menstrual hygiene management training. It also means providing girls with opportunities to participate in extracurricular activities and sports, which can help build their confidence and leadership skills.
Another important strategy is encouraging girls to pursue science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. These areas are traditionally male-dominated, but they offer exciting career opportunities for girls who are interested in using their skills to make a positive impact on the world. By encouraging girls to explore STEM subjects, we can help break down stereotypes and create a more inclusive and equitable society.
Finally, we must also address the issue of early marriage and pregnancy, which can prevent girls from completing their education. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes educating girls and their families about the importance of education, as well as providing support services such as counseling and healthcare.
In conclusion, promoting gender equality in education is essential for building a brighter future for all Africans. By investing in girl-friendly schools, encouraging girls to pursue STEM fields, and addressing the issue of early marriage and pregnancy, we can help ensure that all girls and boys have the opportunity to reach their full potential.
8. Encouraging Community Involvement in Education
Community involvement is essential for promoting educational development in Africa. When communities take an active role in education, they can provide support to students, teachers, and schools. This support can come in many forms, such as providing resources, volunteering time, or advocating for better educational opportunities. By involving communities in the education process, we can create a sense of ownership and responsibility for education, which can lead to greater motivation and engagement among all stakeholders.
9. Leveraging Technology for Education
In recent years, technology has become an increasingly important tool in education. By leveraging technology, we can improve access to quality education, increase efficiency in teaching and learning, and provide personalized learning experiences tailored to individual needs. Here are some ways in which technology can be leveraged for educational purposes in Africa:
1. Online Learning Platforms: Online learning platforms such as Coursera, Udemy, and edX offer courses on a wide range of subjects, including those not typically available in traditional classroom settings. These platforms allow learners to access high-quality education from anywhere with an internet connection, making it easier for individuals in remote areas to receive an education.
2. Mobile Learning: With the rise of mobile devices, mobile learning has become an effective way to deliver educational content to students in Africa. Apps and games can be used to teach basic skills, while interactive multimedia content can engage students and enhance their learning experience.
3. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies can create immersive learning experiences that simulate real-world scenarios. This can be particularly useful for subjects such as science, history, and geography, where hands-on experiences are difficult to replicate in a traditional classroom setting.
4. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: AI and machine learning can be used to personalize learning experiences, providing tailored recommendations and feedback based on each student’s individual needs and abilities. This can help teachers identify struggling students early on and provide targeted support to ensure they catch up with their peers.
5. E-books and Digital Textbooks: E-books and digital textbooks are becoming increasingly popular in Africa, offering a cost-effective alternative to print materials. They can be accessed on a variety of devices, including smartphones and tablets, making it easy for students to carry their course materials with them wherever they go.
By leveraging technology in these and other ways, we can work towards building educational capabilities in Africa and promoting progress for the continent as a whole.
In conclusion, building educational capabilities in Africa is crucial for the continent’s progress and development. Despite the challenges faced in this journey, there are several strategies that can be implemented to improve educational outcomes. These include investing in teacher training, providing access to quality learning resources, promoting gender equality in education, encouraging community involvement in education, leveraging technology for education, and many others. By working together and implementing these strategies, we can ensure that every child in Africa has access to a quality education and the opportunity to reach their full potential. | <urn:uuid:3f644863-7852-43c9-ba47-ed74a338ba51> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://keepyoureyeontheball.org/building-educational-capabilities-in-africa-a-journey-towards-progress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.952415 | 1,958 | 3.5 | 4 |
Theses and other scientific papers that were written at the Jesuit Vilnius University (1579–1773) and intended for a public dispute or for gaining scientific degree.
The Church of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’s Uniates or Catholics of the Greek Rite was established in 1596 and abolished in 1839.
Publications digitised and opened to the public during the international project EODOPEN (eBooks-On-Demand-Network Opening Publications for European Netizens).
The court books of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is one of the most interesting historical collections of Vilnius University Library. It consists of almost six hundred manuscript deed books and book fragments dated between 1540 and 1845. It represents wide political, juridical, social, and economic panorama of Lithuanian history, the household of the past as well as public and individual psychology.
The personal library of Joachim Lelewel (1786–1861), bequeathed in his last will to the University’s library. It contains many manuscript documents handwritten by Lelewel himself, as well as books covering various topics.
Vilnius University Library, which protects several unique monuments of Lithuanian literature, joined the Memory of the World programme in 2006 and provided several dozen objects of utmost importance that were attributed regional or national significance.
Manuscripts and printed documents that show the development of Lithuanian writing from the earliest books in Lithuanian – Catechisms by Martynas Mažvydas and Mikalojus Daukša – to the Lithuanian classics of the 20th century.
Significant historical documents of Vilnius University that attest to the University’s founding, the development of teaching and studying processes, peculiarities of professor and student academic and daily life, and the influence their works had to the culture and science of the state.
Vilnius University Library’s cartography collection is not only the richest in Lithuania, but also one of the most unique in entire Eastern Europe. Collection is composed of atlases, historical maps, manuscript plot plans and blueprints.
Various manuscript documents reveal the historical beginnings of well-known dukes and nobles of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and witness the Lithuanian nobility become part of European high society. | <urn:uuid:47b3f67e-6a97-42c8-b24a-25adc5034ab6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://kolekcijos.biblioteka.vu.lt/en?islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5B0%5D=mods_subject_topic_ms%3ANekilnojamasis%5C%20turtas&f%5B1%5D=dc.rights%3Ahttps%5C%3A%5C/%5C/creativecommons.org%5C/publicdomain%5C/mark%5C/1.0%5C/&f%5B2%5D=mods_subject_topic_ms%3AKarmelitai&f%5B3%5D=dc.language%3Apol&display=list_preview&sort=mods_location_shelfLocator_ss%20desc&sort_by=search_api_relevance&sort_order=DESC&page=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.947617 | 480 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Jurassic Park Without the Scary Parts: How Stem Cells May Rescue the Near-Extinct Rhinoceros
I am a stem cell scientist. In my day job I work on developing ways to use stem cells to treat neurological disease – human disease. This is the story about how I became part of a group dedicated to rescuing the northern white rhinoceros from extinction.
The earth is now in an era that is called the "sixth mass extinction." The first extinction, 400 million years ago, put an end to 86 percent of the existing species, including most of the trilobites. When the earth grew hotter, dustier, or darker, it lost fish, amphibians, reptiles, plants, dinosaurs, mammals and birds. Each extinction event wiped out 80 to 90 percent of the life on the planet at the time. The first 5 mass extinctions were caused by natural disasters: volcanoes, fires, a meteor. But humans can take credit for the 6th.
Because of human activities that destroy habitats, creatures are now becoming extinct at a rate that is higher than any previously experienced. Some animals, like the giant panda and the California condor, have been pulled back from the brink of extinction by conserving their habitats, breeding in captivity, and educating the public about their plight.
But not the northern white rhino. This gentle giant is a vegetarian that can weigh up to 5,000 pounds. The rhino's weakness is its horn, which has become a valuable commodity because of the mistaken idea that it grants power and has medicinal value. Horns are not medicine; the horns are made of keratin, the same protein that is in fingernails. But as recently as 2017 more than 1,000 rhinos were slaughtered each year to harvest their horns.
All 6 rhino species are endangered. But the northern white has been devastated. Only two members of this species are alive now: Najin, age 32, and her daughter Fatu, 21, live in a protected park in Kenya. They are social animals and would prefer the company of other rhinos of their kind; but they can't know that they are the last two survivors of their entire species. No males exist anymore. The last male, Sudan, died in 2018 at age 45.
We are celebrating a huge milestone in the efforts to use stem cells to rescue the rhino.
I became involved in the rhino rescue project on a sunny day in February, 2008 at the San Diego Wild Animal Park in Escondido, about 30 miles north of my lab in La Jolla. My lab had relocated a couple of months earlier to Scripps Research Institute to start the Center for Regenerative Medicine for human stem cell research. To thank my staff for their hard work, I wanted to arrange a special treat. I contacted my friend Oliver Ryder, who is director of the Institute for Conservation Research at the zoo, to see if I could take them on a safari, a tour in a truck through the savanna habitat at the park.
This was the first of the "stem cell safaris" that the lab would enjoy over the next few years. On the safari we saw elands and cape buffalo, and fed giraffes and rhinos. And we talked about stem cells; in particular, we discussed a surprising technological breakthrough recently reported by the Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka that enabled conversion of ordinary skin cells into pluripotent stem cells.
Pluripotent stem cells can develop into virtually any cell type in the body. They exist when we are very young embryos; five days after we were just fertilized eggs, we became blastocysts, invisible tiny balls of a few hundred cells packed with the power to develop into an entire human being. Long before we are born, these cells of vast potential transform into highly specialized cells that generate our brains, our hearts, and everything else.
Human pluripotent stem cells from blastocysts can be cultured in the lab, and are called embryonic stem cells. But thanks to Dr. Yamanaka, anyone can have their skin cells reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells, just like the ones we had when we were embryos. Dr. Yamanaka won the Nobel Prize for these cells, called "induced pluripotent stem cells" (iPSCs) several years later.
On our safari we realized that if we could make these reprogrammed stem cells from human skin cells, why couldn't we make them from animals' cells? How about endangered animals? Could such stem cells be made from animals whose skin cells had been being preserved since the 1970s in the San Diego Zoo's Frozen Zoo®? Our safari leader, Oliver Ryder, was the curator of the Frozen Zoo and knew what animal cells were stored in its giant liquid nitrogen tanks at −196°C (-320° F). The Frozen Zoo was established by Dr. Kurt Benirschke in 1975 in the hope that someday the collection would aid in rescue of animals that were on the brink of extinction. The frozen collection reached 10,000 cell lines this year.
We returned to the lab after the safari, and I asked my scientists if any of them would like to take on the challenge of making reprogrammed stem cells from endangered species. My new postdoctoral fellow, Inbar Friedrich Ben-Nun, raised her hand. Inbar had arrived only a few weeks earlier from Israel, and she was excited about doing something that had never been done before. Oliver picked the animals we would use. He chose his favorite animal, the critically endangered northern white rhinoceros, and the drill, which is an endangered primate related to the mandrill monkey,
When Inbar started work on reprogramming cells from the Frozen Zoo, there were 8 living northern rhinoceros around the world: Nola, Angalifu, Nesari, Nabire, Suni, Sudan, Najin, and Fatu. We chose to reprogram Fatu, the youngest of the remaining animals.
Through sheer determination and trial and error, Inbar got the reprogramming technique to work, and in 2011 we published the first report of iPSCs from endangered species in the scientific journal Nature Methods. The cover of the journal featured a drawing of an ark packed with animals that might someday be rescued through iPSC technology. By 2011, one of the 8 rhinos, Nesari, had died.
This kernel of hope for using iPSCs to rescue rhinos grew over the next 10 years. The zoo built the Rhino Rescue Center, and brought in 6 females of the closely related species, the southern white rhinoceros, from Africa. Southern white rhino populations are on the rise, and it appears that this species will survive, at least in captivity. The females are destined to be surrogate mothers for embryos made from northern white rhino cells, when eventually we hope to generate sperm and eggs from the reprogrammed stem cells, and fertilize the eggs in vitro, much the same as human IVF.
The author, Jeanne Loring, at the Rhino Rescue Center with one of the southern white rhino surrogates.
As this project has progressed, we've been saddened by the loss of all but the last two remaining members of the species. Nola, the last northern white rhino in the U.S., who was at the San Diego Zoo, died in 2015.
But we are celebrating a huge milestone in the efforts to use stem cells to rescue the rhino. Just over a month ago, we reported that by reprogramming cells preserved in the Frozen Zoo, we produced iPSCs from stored cells of 9 northern white rhinos: Fatu, Najin, Nola, Suni, Nadi, Dinka, Nasima, Saut, and Angalifu. We also reprogrammed cells from two of the southern white females, Amani and Wallis.
We don't know when it will be possible to make a northern white rhino embryo; we have to figure out how to use methods already developed for laboratory mice to generate sperm and eggs from these cells. The male rhino Angalifu died in 2014, but ever since I saw beating heart cells derived from his very own cells in a culture dish, I've felt hope that he will one day have children who will seed a thriving new herd of northern white rhinos.
The glass-encased cabinet looks like a display meant to hold reasonably priced watches, or drugstore beauty creams shipped from France. But instead of this stagnant merchandise, each of its five shelves is overgrown with leaves — moss-soft pea sprouts, spikes of Lolla rosa lettuces, pale bok choy, dark kale, purple basil or red-veined sorrel or green wisps of dill. The glass structure isn’t a cabinet, but rather a “micro farm.”
The gadget is on display at the Richmond, Virginia headquarters of Babylon Micro-Farms, a company that aims to make indoor farming in the U.S. more accessible and sustainable. Babylon’s soilless hydroponic growing system, which feeds plants via nutrient-enriched water, allows chefs on cruise ships, cafeterias and elsewhere to provide home-grown produce to patrons, just seconds after it’s harvested. Currently, there are over 200 functioning systems, either sold or leased to customers, and more of them are on the way.
The chef-farmers choose from among 45 types of herb and leafy-greens seeds, plop them into grow trays, and a few weeks later they pick and serve. While success is predicated on at least a small amount of these humans’ care, the systems are autonomously surveilled round-the-clock from Babylon’s base of operations. And artificial intelligence is helping to run the show.
Babylon piloted the use of specialized cameras that take pictures in different spectrums to gather some less-obvious visual data about plants’ wellbeing and alert people if something seems off.
Imagine consistently perfect greens and tomatoes and strawberries, grown hyper-locally, using less water, without chemicals or environmental contaminants. This is the hefty promise of controlled environment agriculture (CEA) — basically, indoor farms that can be hydroponic, aeroponic (plant roots are suspended and fed through misting), or aquaponic (where fish play a role in fertilizing vegetables). But whether they grow 4,160 leafy-green servings per year, like one Babylon farm, or millions of servings, like some of the large, centralized facilities starting to supply supermarkets across the U.S., they seek to minimize failure as much as possible.
Babylon’s soilless hydroponic growing system
Courtesy Babylon Micro-Farms
Here, AI is starting to play a pivotal role. CEA growers use it to help “make sense of what’s happening” to the plants in their care, says Scott Lowman, vice president of applied research at the Institute for Advanced Learning and Research (IALR) in Virginia, a state that’s investing heavily in CEA companies. And although these companies say they’re not aiming for a future with zero human employees, AI is certainly poised to take a lot of human farming intervention out of the equation — for better and worse.
Most of these companies are compiling their own data sets to identify anything that might block the success of their systems. Babylon had already integrated sensor data into its farms to measure heat and humidity, the nutrient content of water, and the amount of light plants receive. Last year, they got a National Science Foundation grant that allowed them to pilot the use of specialized cameras that take pictures in different spectrums to gather some less-obvious visual data about plants’ wellbeing and alert people if something seems off. “Will this plant be healthy tomorrow? Are there things…that the human eye can't see that the plant starts expressing?” says Amandeep Ratte, the company’s head of data science. “If our system can say, Hey, this plant is unhealthy, we can reach out to [users] preemptively about what they’re doing wrong, or is there a disease at the farm?” Ratte says. The earlier the better, to avoid crop failures.
Natural light accounts for 70 percent of Greenswell Growers’ energy use on a sunny day.
Courtesy Greenswell Growers
IALR’s Lowman says that other CEA companies are developing their AI systems to account for the different crops they grow — lettuces come in all shapes and sizes, after all, and each has different growing needs than, for example, tomatoes. The ways they run their operations differs also. Babylon is unusual in its decentralized structure. But centralized growing systems with one main location have variabilities, too. AeroFarms, which recently declared bankruptcy but will continue to run its 140,000-square foot vertical operation in Danville, Virginia, is entirely enclosed and reliant on the intense violet glow of grow lights to produce microgreens.
Different companies have different data needs. What data is essential to AeroFarms isn’t quite the same as for Greenswell Growers located in Goochland County, Virginia. Raising four kinds of lettuce in a 77,000-square-foot automated hydroponic greenhouse, the vagaries of naturally available light, which accounts for 70 percent of Greenswell’s energy use on a sunny day, affect operations. Their tech needs to account for “outside weather impacts,” says president Carl Gupton. “What adjustments do we have to make inside of the greenhouse to offset what's going on outside environmentally, to give that plant optimal conditions? When it's 85 percent humidity outside, the system needs to do X, Y and Z to get the conditions that we want inside.”
AI will help identify diseases, as well as when a plant is thirsty or overly hydrated, when it needs more or less calcium, phosphorous, nitrogen.
Nevertheless, every CEA system has the same core needs — consistent yield of high quality crops to keep up year-round supply to customers. Additionally, “Everybody’s got the same set of problems,” Gupton says. Pests may come into a facility with seeds. A disease called pythium, one of the most common in CEA, can damage plant roots. “Then you have root disease pressures that can also come internally — a change in [growing] substrate can change the way the plant performs,” Gupton says.
AI will help identify diseases, as well as when a plant is thirsty or overly hydrated, when it needs more or less calcium, phosphorous, nitrogen. So, while companies amass their own hyper-specific data sets, Lowman foresees a time within the next decade “when there will be some type of [open-source] database that has the most common types of plant stress identified” that growers will be able to tap into. Such databases will “create a community and move the science forward,” says Lowman.
In fact, IALR is working on assembling images for just such a database now. On so-called “smart tables” inside an Institute lab, a team is growing greens and subjects them to various stressors. Then, they’re administering treatments while taking images of every plant every 15 minutes, says Lowman. Some experiments generate 80,000 images; the challenge lies in analyzing and annotating the vast trove of them, marking each one to reflect outcome—for example increasing the phosphate delivery and the plant’s response to it. Eventually, they’ll be fed into AI systems to help them learn.
For all the enthusiasm surrounding this technology, it’s not without downsides. Training just one AI system can emit over 250,000 pounds of carbon dioxide, according to MIT Technology Review. AI could also be used “to enhance environmental benefit for CEA and optimize [its] energy consumption,” says Rozita Dara, a computer science professor at the University of Guelph in Canada, specializing in AI and data governance, “but we first need to collect data to measure [it].”
The chef-farmers can choose from 45 types of herb and leafy-greens seeds.
Courtesy Babylon Micro-Farms
Any system connected to the Internet of Things is also vulnerable to hacking; if CEA grows to the point where “there are many of these similar farms, and you're depending on feeding a population based on those, it would be quite scary,” Dara says. And there are privacy concerns, too, in systems where imaging is happening constantly. It’s partly for this reason, says Babylon’s Ratte, that the company’s in-farm cameras all “face down into the trays, so the only thing [visible] is pictures of plants.”
Tweaks to improve AI for CEA are happening all the time. Greenswell made its first harvest in 2022 and now has annual data points they can use to start making more intelligent choices about how to feed, water, and supply light to plants, says Gupton. Ratte says he’s confident Babylon’s system can already “get our customers reliable harvests. But in terms of how far we have to go, it's a different problem,” he says. For example, if AI could detect whether the farm is mostly empty—meaning the farm’s user hasn’t planted a new crop of greens—it can alert Babylon to check “what's going on with engagement with this user?” Ratte says. “Do they need more training? Did the main person responsible for the farm quit?”
Lowman says more automation is coming, offering greater ability for systems to identify problems and mitigate them on the spot. “We still have to develop datasets that are specific, so you can have a very clear control plan, [because] artificial intelligence is only as smart as what we tell it, and in plant science, there's so much variation,” he says. He believes AI’s next level will be “looking at those first early days of plant growth: when the seed germinates, how fast it germinates, what it looks like when it germinates.” Imaging all that and pairing it with AI, “can be a really powerful tool, for sure.”
Story by Big Think
For over a century, scientists have dreamed of growing human organs sans humans. This technology could put an end to the scarcity of organs for transplants. But that’s just the tip of the iceberg. The capability to grow fully functional organs would revolutionize research. For example, scientists could observe mysterious biological processes, such as how human cells and organs develop a disease and respond (or fail to respond) to medication without involving human subjects.
Recently, a team of researchers from the University of Cambridge has laid the foundations not just for growing functional organs but functional synthetic embryos capable of developing a beating heart, gut, and brain. Their report was published in Nature.
The organoid revolution
In 1981, scientists discovered how to keep stem cells alive. This was a significant breakthrough, as stem cells have notoriously rigorous demands. Nevertheless, stem cells remained a relatively niche research area, mainly because scientists didn’t know how to convince the cells to turn into other cells.
Then, in 1987, scientists embedded isolated stem cells in a gelatinous protein mixture called Matrigel, which simulated the three-dimensional environment of animal tissue. The cells thrived, but they also did something remarkable: they created breast tissue capable of producing milk proteins. This was the first organoid — a clump of cells that behave and function like a real organ. The organoid revolution had begun, and it all started with a boob in Jello.
For the next 20 years, it was rare to find a scientist who identified as an “organoid researcher,” but there were many “stem cell researchers” who wanted to figure out how to turn stem cells into other cells. Eventually, they discovered the signals (called growth factors) that stem cells require to differentiate into other types of cells.
For a human embryo (and its organs) to develop successfully, there needs to be a “dialogue” between these three types of stem cells.
By the end of the 2000s, researchers began combining stem cells, Matrigel, and the newly characterized growth factors to create dozens of organoids, from liver organoids capable of producing the bile salts necessary for digesting fat to brain organoids with components that resemble eyes, the spinal cord, and arguably, the beginnings of sentience.
Organoids possess an intrinsic flaw: they are organ-like. They share some characteristics with real organs, making them powerful tools for research. However, no one has found a way to create an organoid with all the characteristics and functions of a real organ. But Magdalena Żernicka-Goetz, a developmental biologist, might have set the foundation for that discovery.
Żernicka-Goetz hypothesized that organoids fail to develop into fully functional organs because organs develop as a collective. Organoid research often uses embryonic stem cells, which are the cells from which the developing organism is created. However, there are two other types of stem cells in an early embryo: stem cells that become the placenta and those that become the yolk sac (where the embryo grows and gets its nutrients in early development). For a human embryo (and its organs) to develop successfully, there needs to be a “dialogue” between these three types of stem cells. In other words, Żernicka-Goetz suspected the best way to grow a functional organoid was to produce a synthetic embryoid.
As described in the aforementioned Nature paper, Żernicka-Goetz and her team mimicked the embryonic environment by mixing these three types of stem cells from mice. Amazingly, the stem cells self-organized into structures and progressed through the successive developmental stages until they had beating hearts and the foundations of the brain.
“Our mouse embryo model not only develops a brain, but also a beating heart [and] all the components that go on to make up the body,” said Żernicka-Goetz. “It’s just unbelievable that we’ve got this far. This has been the dream of our community for years and major focus of our work for a decade and finally we’ve done it.”
If the methods developed by Żernicka-Goetz’s team are successful with human stem cells, scientists someday could use them to guide the development of synthetic organs for patients awaiting transplants. It also opens the door to studying how embryos develop during pregnancy. | <urn:uuid:e768ff77-5679-42ad-803c-69b3f24078f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://leaps.org/northern-white-rhino/particle-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.953006 | 4,779 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The shortage of organs is a public health menace. Approximately 120,000 people in the U.S. need a lifesaving organ transplant. Of those, approximately 75,000 patients are on the active waiting list. Every day, nearly 20 individuals die from the shortage of organs in the United States.
Ethical concerns about human-animal chimera research might be dramatically overblown.
Scientists worldwide are developing new methods with potential to save countless patients in need of organs. Such approaches have tremendous potential, if only ethical and regulatory challenges could be overcome first.
One way that scientists are proposing to increase the number of transplantable organs is to produce organs from patient stem cells.Owed to their ability to grow limitlessly in the lab and form all tissue types, pluripotent stem cells from patients, in principle, could supply an infinite amount of cells that could potentially be transplanted back into patients. Unfortunately, all efforts to generate organs that can be transplanted into patients from stem cells to date have been unsuccessful.
A different encouraging approach is to generate patient organs inside livestock species, such as pigs. In the latest methods, interspecies chimeras – animals containing cells from both humans and animals – are generated by introducing human stem cells into early-stage animal embryos. Key genes essential for organ formation are disabled, allowing the introduced human stem cells to fill the empty space. In theory, this strategy will produce a human organ inside pigs or sheep.
Creating chimeras is not new in biology. Chimeras, or animals comprised of tissues from two different individuals, have already been deployed in research. Mouse chimeras are routinely used to create genetically engineered mice to study genes. The concept of generating human organs inside pigs or sheep comes from previous studies involving interspecies chimeras generated between mice and rats. Past experiments have demonstrated that it is possible to generate a rat pancreas inside a mouse.
Scientific and Ethical Obstacles
Unfortunately, chimera research has faced hurdles that have impeded progress. Of note, attempts to generate interspecies chimeras by several groups have failed. The results of these studies indicate that human cells appear unable to grow inside mouse embryos. The levels of human chimerism – the number of human cells inside the host animal embryo – appear too low to support any human organ generation.
Another obstacle is that chimera generation is ethically controversial. Some question the moral status of an animal that is comprised of human and animal cells. The most concerning question is whether human cells will contribute to the host animal's brain, potentially altering the cognition of the animal. These issues have prompted scientists to proceed very cautiously with chimera experiments. However, such concerns might be dramatically overblown. This is because the levels of human chimerism are too low to cause any significant change in animal brain function.
The ethical controversy has affected research policy in the United States. In the United States, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the major funding body of biomedical research, blocked funding for chimera research while ethical questions were considered. Later, it was proposed that a new review process would be instated for chimera research. However, no change in policy has actually happened. The restrictive NIH policy is a major barrier to chimera research progress because laboratories around the United States cannot obtain funding for it. Lifting the restrictions on NIH funding for chimera research would dramatically accelerate chimera research.
Nonetheless, despite the past and current hurdles that chimera research has faced, new advances are changing the landscape of chimera research.
It is time to lift restrictions on chimera research so that its promise can be fully realized.
Progress on the Horizon
Scientists are developing improved strategies to increase the numbers of cells in animal embryos to the point where it might be possible to generate a human organ in an animal. For example, it has been suggested that the human stem cells researchers have been using cannot grow in animals. Scientists have made advances in generating new types of human stem cells that might have an improved ability to form chimeras.
Additionally, scientists have identified some barriers responsible for the failure to generate chimeras. For example, preventing cell death and enhancing the ability of stem cells to compete with host animal tissues also improves the numbers of human cells to the point where human organs can be generated inside an animal.
Finally, a relaxation of regulatory hurdles in other countries has created a more permissive environment for human-animal interspecies chimera research. In March, the Japanese government approved the first such experiments that could comprise a new way of generating organs from patients for transplantation.
Additionally, in spite of the somewhat negative attention that chimera generation has received, the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) supports the new Japanese policies allowing chimera experiments. The ISSCR maintains that research involving the generation of chimeras should be permitted, as long as rigorous oversight and ethics review occur.
Chimera research has the potential to transform medicine. Of all the impediments, the NIH restrictions on funding remain the single most significant barrier. It is time to lift restrictions on chimera research so that its promise can be fully realized. One day, it might be possible to grow patient-specific organs inside of livestock animals such as pigs and sheep, saving thousands of human lives. But to change our current policy, the public, scientists, and bioethicists must first agree that this critical cause is worth fighting for. | <urn:uuid:d7277f16-7936-4ee8-9365-979c556d408c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://leaps.org/u/alejandrodelosangeles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.930708 | 1,108 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Now that we've looked at the types of devices that offer MIDI, and the messages they use, let's look at some of the ways they can be deployed.
Case #1: Daisy Chain
The simplest connection topology is the daisy chain, where one transmitter is connected to one or more receivers.
In this example, the MIDI out of a controller is connected to the MIDI in of a tone generator module. It allows the player to use the keys on the controller to play sounds from the module. The controller sends note-on, note-off and controller messages, to be interpreted into sound by the module. The communication path is unidirectional.
If the module is multitimbral, it can be set to respond on several MIDI channels, allowing the player to switch between sounds by changing the transmission channel.
We can add more downstream modules using the thru ports on the interceding devices. Thru transmits a copy of the messages received by the in port.
Depending on how the controller and modules are configured, there are several possibilities.
- The modules could simply all respond together, in unison.
- Each module could be set to respond on a different MIDI channel. By changing the channel that the controller sends, the modules can be played individually.
- Each module could be configured to respond to particular key or velocity ranges, forming splits and layers.
Case #2: Synchronization
In this example, we want to build a percussion ensemble by connecting drum machines together.
The drum machine on the left will serve as the master clock, and the one on the right is set to receive clock messages (sometimes called clock slave or external sync mode). When the operator presses "play" on the left machine, both machines will start playing. As the tempo of the left machine is adjusted, both machines accelerate and decelerate together.
System realtime messages keep the machines in sync.
- A start (0xFA) byte is sent to initiate playing, from the beginning of the sequence.
- Clock (0xF8) bytes are sent regularly, serving as a shared metronome.
- A stop (0xFC) byte halts playback.
- Continue (0xFB) can be used to start the sequence from where it was last stopped.
Clocks may be transmitted while stopped -- this allows tempo indicator LEDs to continue flashing at the correct rate.
Case #3: Computer Sequencer
The last topology we'll look at adds a personal computer in the middle of a daisy chain.
The MIDI controller keyboard is connected to the computer, and the sound generators are connected downstream from the computer. Adding a computer in the middle of the chain allows a lot of power and flexibility. MIDI sequencer software allows the user to record performances from the controller, play them back on the sound modules, and edit or arrange them into songs. Sequencers usually have tracks, which allow multiple performances to be layered. The construction of such a layered performance is known as overdubbing.
While the sequencer is recording, it receives note on and off messages from the controller. It stores them in memory, simultaneously transmitting them to the sound modules, so the performer can hear what they are playing.
During playback, the MIDI controller is unused, and the computer plays the recorded messages, again triggering the tone modules. | <urn:uuid:b0e5610c-0538-44b7-9074-b8ba46b631c1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/midi-tutorial/topologies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.911817 | 690 | 3.34375 | 3 |
AA: I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble. This week on Wordmaster: English teacher Lida Baker joins us from Los Angeles to talk about authentic listening materials.
RS: It's the subject of her latest textbook, called "Real Talk 1."
LIDA BAKER: "One of the trends in the field in the last few years has been to try to expose students to authentic language, which is language -- English the way people really talk."
AA: "So you got your tape recorder out and you walked around and eavesdropped or what did you do?"
LIDA BAKER: "That's one of the ways that we collected the authentic language samples. So, yeah, we would put a microphone on a table and we would ask people to talk about a certain topic. In-person recordings were one kind of authentic speech samples that we collected.
"The second kind was phone interviews and phone conversations. And we tried to make these as relevant to real life as we could. So we had, for example, we asked somebody to call up two different car rental agencies and find out about the price of renting a car. Now the student's task in that case is to listen to both phone recordings and decide if they were going to rent a car, which company would they go to.
"So that's an example of where not only the input, the recording itself, is authentic, but the task is also authentic, which is another aspect in this movement in our profession towards authentic language teaching. It's not only authentic language teaching, but it's authentic language use."
AA: "Let me ask you, obviously when people talk we don't always follow the rules of grammar and syntax and all that.
So how does it benefit students to learn from authentic materials rather than maybe a more traditional approach?"
LIDA BAKER: "By listening to the way people really talk, what students have to do is learn how to filter out the parts of the language that are not part of the message they are supposed to get, and tune in to the parts of the utterance that are part of the message. Does that make sense? So if I say 'ummm .... ummm ... well, let's see ...'"
AA: "I filter that out."
LIDA BAKER: "Yeah, as a native speaker you know that that's not part of the message that I'm trying to convey. We actively teach students how to filter that stuff out, because natural language has all kinds of junk in it, if you want to call it that -- we make grammatical errors when we talk, we hesitate, we repeat ourselves, we use fillers which are things like 'uh,' 'um,' 'you know,' 'kind of' and, of course, the famous 'like.' And like is a really interesting example of something that students have to learn how to either tune out or attend to depending on the meaning."
AA: "Let me ask you, at what level would you start using authentic materials -- beginner, intermediate, where would you start?"
LIDA BAKER: "Believe it or not, you can do it at any level -- you can do it with absolute beginners. But you have to take care to present the language in very small segments with beginners and you also have to create tasks that are at the student's level of ability. Now let me give you a really simple example of what I mean. Very low level students, you might ask them to listen for instance to ... let's say to a weather report.
"And things like weather reports are good because they're short. Now you can give them a list of words related to the weather: it's windy, it's raining, it's cloudy and so on. And you can have students listen to the weather report, which could be as short as ten or fifteen seconds and they have to put a check mark next to the adjectives that they hear. Now that's a really simple task that you can do with beginning students using an authentic recording."
AA: Lida Baker, co-author with Judy Tanka of "Real Talk 1: Authentic English in Context."
RS: There are even some Wordmaster scripts in their textbook, so you know we're authentic!
AA: And that's Wordmaster for this week. Our e-mail address is email@example.com.
RS: And you can find other segments with Lida Baker at voanews.com/wordmaster. I'm Avi Arditti. | <urn:uuid:251d062a-4175-4a2d-94f0-609f59c87f17> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/a-23-2006-07-25-voa3-83129422/117248.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.970317 | 944 | 2.828125 | 3 |
An archive of scholarly full-text journals in the humanities, social sciences, and sciences.
The JSTOR archive holds the complete digitized back runs of core scholarly journals, starting with the very first issues, some dating as far back as the 1600s. Subject areas include the humanities, social sciences, and sciences.
JSTOR includes various collections, and the St. Kate's Library has purchased the Arts and Sciences Collections I-VII and the Biological Sciences Collection. These collections include subsets for ecology & botany, language & literature, and music.
JSTOR's agreements with publishers often include a "moving wall," which means that the most recent years (typically 3-5 years) are not available.
Online version of The Oxford English Dictionary, the authoritative guide to the meaning, history, and pronunciation of over half a million words, both present and past, from across the English-speaking world
The OED is the accepted authority on the evolution of the English language over the last millennium. It traces the usage of words through 2.5 million quotations from a wide range of international English language sources, from classic literature and specialist periodicals to film scripts and cookery books.
The OED covers words from across the English-speaking world, from North America to South Africa, from Australia and New Zealand to the Caribbean. It also offers the best in etymological analysis and in listing of variant spellings, and it shows pronunciation using the International Phonetic Alphabet.
As the OED is a historical dictionary, its entry structure is very different from that of a dictionary of current English, in which only present-day senses are covered, and in which the most common meanings or senses are described first. For each word in the OED, the various groupings of senses are dealt with in chronological order according to the quotation evidence.
Updated quarterly with at least 2,500 new and revised entries.
Biographical and critical essays on the lives, works, and careers of the world's most influential literary figures from all eras and genres.
Provides more than 16,000 biographical and critical essays on the lives, works, and careers of the world's most influential literary figures from all eras and genres. Includes full-page images from the entire Dictionary of Literary Biography series (the DLB Main Series, DLB Documentary Series, and DLB Yearbook Series), a mainstay in the reference collection for over 30 years.
Provides complete biographical and bibliographical information about U.S. and international authors. This resource covers more than 120,000 novelists, poets, playwrights, nonfiction writers, journalists, and scriptwriters.
This resource covers more than 120,000 novelists, poets, playwrights, nonfiction writers, journalists, and scriptwriters. | <urn:uuid:e0b49f83-fbe8-43d5-94fd-8b7e13825b89> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://libguides.stkate.edu/englishresources/home | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.934834 | 576 | 2.53125 | 3 |
More than 340,000 frontline healthcare workers had a flu vaccination in September and October this year according to figures published by Public Health England (PHE).
Figures reveal that 36.8% of the coalface workforce had the vaccination this winter, compared to 35% of workers over the same period last year.
Experts see this as a positive start to the vaccination programme for healthcare workers in England, but warn that more staff need to take up the vaccine.
Professor Nick Phin, PHE flu expert said: “Last year’s flu season was less severe than some we have seen but flu is an unpredictable virus and it is impossible to predict the impact that the disease will have on our communities and health services this winter, as new strains can circulate each year with varying impact.”
The vaccination of healthcare workers plays a key role in preventing the spread of the virus.
Professor Keith Willet, national clinical director for acute care at NHS England, said: “As professionals it is part of our duty of care to patients or residents to do everything in our power to protect them against infection, including being immunised against flu.
“We are approaching our busiest season in the health service, when flu outbreaks become a greater risk to our patients and the way we deliver care. The impact of the virus on frail and vulnerable patients can be serious, even fatal.
“It is vital that we take steps to protect those we care for, including our colleagues, family and friends by getting vaccinated against flu.” | <urn:uuid:26d97a75-2b4d-4fb4-ab6e-fa75031a0868> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://managementinpractice.com/news/positive-start-for-staff-flu-vaccine-campaign/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.966425 | 315 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Morocco, South Africa and The Netherlands offer good examples of how Media and Information Literacy (MIL) can be integrated into school curricula, experts were told at a meeting in Doha.
The meeting dovetails with Qatar’s ambitious plan to ensure that public and private schools in the Arab Gulf emirate are fully media and information literate by 2014.
The DCMF is also aiming further afield to reach institutions in the Middle East and Africa.
“Media and Information Literacy (MIL) is a relatively new concept in the Middle East and suffers from a lack of knowledge among educators,” said DCMF Director Jan Keulen.
But arming students with 21st Century skills and preparing teachers with the know-how to guide them is filling a gap in the country’s educational system, added Keulen, whose center is leading the charge.
The center organized the experts meeting on MIL in Doha grouping educators, ICT professionals, media practitioners and members of international organizations.
It included experts from Qatar’s Higher Education Council, Qatar University, ICT Qatar, UNESCO, the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations, Cairo University, Kuwait University, the African Center for Media & Information Literacy, Japan’s Hosei University, the European Association for Viewers Interest, and the League of Arab States.
Participants agreed to follow up on the meeting, develop and share ideas on implementing MIL in the Arab region, and, provide sustainable training programs, research and curricula for teachers.
Recommendations also emphasized the need for a shift in teaching methods, the establishment of exchange programs to build on successful youth-produced media initiatives, the creation of socially inclusive MIL programs for women and people with disabilities, and the building of national and international networks to share knowledge and resources.
The DCMF published a [PDF] report in English on the meeting.
The DCMF published a [PDF] report in Arabic on the meeting. | <urn:uuid:d2d29df5-0cab-4a07-9342-7149c24a699f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://media-unlimited.info/topics/arab-gulf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.924562 | 408 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Every violinist needs to adopt a relaxed and stable posture for great performance. Posture is also important if you wish to save yourself from injury and strain.
What are the 8 best ways for violinists to improve posture?
1. Try to maintain a complete balance
Whenever you are going to start a stroke and going to strike the string from the air, you must maintain a complete balance. We suggest you bring the bow within a couple of centimeters. It is important to keep the bow centimeters above and then after a strike, you can stop.
2. Try to use an exercise ball
Use an exercise ball when sitting at a desk, it will help you to have a maintained posture. When you sit on the exercise ball your abdominal muscles will strengthen.
3. Keep the right position if you are standing
If you are standing, your entire weight will be on your left leg because the weight of the violin is always on the left side. Try not to spread your legs too far, it can ruin your posture and you may become uncomfortable and tired.
4. Align other parts of the body correctly
While playing the violin, all the parts of the body should be aligned correctly for a perfect posture. You should try to keep your body relaxed. The tissues of the body should not get much stress.
5. Don’t wear shoes
We suggest that you should not wear high heal shoes while playing the violin. It is better to be barefoot if you wish to save your back and ankles from over-weight and pressure. Try to keep your feet relaxed while playing the violin.
6. Keep the violin at an appropriate height
We suggest you to must keep the violin at the right height.
7. Don’t cross your legs
While playing the violin don’t cross your legs, it is not the correct posture. You need to sit on the chair and keep your feet on the completely flat surface. | <urn:uuid:5c9b2e5a-9116-402a-9776-1be6e7c54adf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://melodica.ae/8-ways-for-violinists-to-improve-posture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.939207 | 397 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community. Mental health also includes a person's ability to enjoy life - to attain a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience.
Some most common types of mental illness affecting people of United States are bipolar, phobias, dysthymia, depression, anxiety and panic attack, schizophrenia, psychosis, anorexia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) etc. Some strategies or treatments which can be helpful in treating mental illness includes psychotherapy (talking therapies), medication and self-help (reducing alcohol intake, sleeping more, and eating well).
Patients can choose therapists subspeciality from below: | <urn:uuid:b842e835-5056-47be-a14e-65be30ee9d2c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://mentaltherapy.io/psychology-clinics/md/millersville/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.954597 | 190 | 3.3125 | 3 |
This past week, the ongoing struggle against anti-Semitism may have added a powerful new weapon to its arsenal from the most unexpected of places: the Petri dish.
In a remarkable set of findings, two genetic studies have confirmed what all of us knew emotionally and anecdotally to be true: that the Jewish people are an extended family in every sense of the word. A broad genome analysis of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews from across the wide belt of the Diaspora found unquestionably strong genetic links between the two seemingly disparate groups.
"The Jewish communities share much more [genetic information] between Jews rather than with non-Jews in the same geographic area," noted Gil Atzmon, a genetics professor at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York and the coauthor of one of the studies.
"We found that Jewish communities created their own genetic clusters," he said, adding that Jews in any community are related to one another as closely as are fourth or fifth cousins in a large population.
This, Atzmon told The New York Times, is nearly 10 times greater than the relationship between two people chosen at random off the streets of New York.
The findings, which were published in the prestigious American Journal of Human Genetics, appeared in a paper entitled "The Children of Abraham in the Genome Era" that Atzmon wrote together with Harry Ostrer of New York University.
Meanwhile, a second study, authored by Doron M. Behar of Haifa's Rambam Health Care Campus and Richard Villems of the University of Tartu in Estonia and published in the British journal Nature, provides still further proof of the compelling veracity of the Jewish historical narrative.
In addition to finding that Diaspora Jews have maintained a strong genetic continuity despite being cast off to the four corners of the earth, the research confirmed that Jews have been turning to face Jerusalem in prayer for two millennia with good reason.
"We found evidence that Jewish communities originated in the Near East," Behar told Agence France-Presse, noting that "our genetic findings are concordant with historical records."
SO THERE you have it: proof positive that the Jewish people hail from the Middle East, even if Helen Thomas and various pro-Palestinian activists would like to believe otherwise.
At first glance, it might seem strange to be getting excited about all this, as we generally take for granted the fact that the Jews constitute a distinct people with clear historical and geographical origins. Indeed, one could be forgiven for initially assuming that these two studies fall into the category of "silly science," where academics spend time and money proving things that we already know.
Classic examples of this phenomenon notably include a 1998 study at the University of Bristol in England which "revealed" that people dunk biscuits into hot drinks because this releases more of the flavor in their mouths. Or there was the 2007 study by a French university that shocked the world when it informed us that blondes make men act dumb.
Reading such items, we naturally want to shout out loud: "I could have told you that!"
But in this instance, at least, it would be wrong to do so, because what seems so patently obvious to us is rapidly becoming less apparent to many others.
For in recent years, a growing chorus of Israel's foes has sought to undermine the legitimacy of Jewish claims to the Land of Israel as well as our basic right to call ourselves a "people." After all, what better way could there be to attempt to undermine Zionism and Jewish nationalism, than by casting doubt on whether the Jews are really a nation in the first place?
Perhaps the most egregious example of this came in the form of a book called The Invention of the Jewish People by Tel Aviv University professor Shlomo Sand. As its name suggests, it aimed to tear down the "myth" of Jewish peoplehood by asserting that most Jews are descendants of converts.
Based on Sand's conclusions, one could argue that most Jews would be unable to assert that their ancestors had been exiled from the Land of Israel, thereby pulling the plug on the Zionist narrative of return.
And that is precisely what many of our foes have begun to do, and this idea has unfortunately started to gain currency among various antagonists of the Jewish state, who love to portray us as little more than a bunch of invaders, occupiers and interlopers.
That is what makes the two recent genetic studies on the Jews so important: In one fell swoop, they have blasted our critics' arguments out of the water. By proving that Jewish communities in places as far afield as Europe and the Caucasus are genetically linked, and that their DNA ancestry traces back to the Middle East, these studies demonstrate conclusively that the theories propounded by Sand and others ring visibly and unmistakably hollow.
As The New York Times reported, the findings "refute the suggestion made last year by the historian Shlomo Sand in his book The Invention of the Jewish People that Jews have no common origin but are a miscellany of people in Europe and Central Asia who converted to Judaism at various times."
Of course, it is distressing to think that we have reached a stage where even our nationhood and basic history are coming under attack, and it says a lot about those who seek to delegitimize Israel that they would resort to such disgraceful calumnies.
As Jews, we have always known that our tradition is true. Our claim to this land is rooted in the Bible, in history and in our heritage, regardless of what others may think. But to that list we can now add the laboratory as well, for those who require further convincing.
Thanks to science, we now have compelling evidence with which to silence the deniers and fight back. And that is exactly what we need to do. | <urn:uuid:a8a59c9f-39eb-4430-893d-334496296bdf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://michaelfreund.org/9305/all-in-the-family | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.968428 | 1,189 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The emotion of lassitude might help your body fight off infection by making certain adjustments. Kalinka Georgieva/Shutterstock.com
You know what it’s like to be sick. You feel fatigued, maybe a little depressed, less hungry than usual, more easily nauseated and perhaps more sensitive to pain and cold.
The fact that illness comes with a distinct set of psychological and behavioral features is not a new discovery. In medical terminology, the symptom of malaise encompasses some of the feelings that come with being ill. Animal behaviorists and neuroimmunologists use the term sickness behavior to describe the observable behavior changes that occur during illness.
Health care providers often treat these symptoms as little more than annoying side effects of having an infectious disease. But as it turns out, these changes may actually be part of how you fight off infection.
I’m an anthropologist interested in how illness and infection have shaped human evolution. My colleagues and I propose that all these aspects of being sick are features of an emotion that we call “lassitude.” And it’s an important part of how human beings work to recover from illness.
Get The Latest By Email
Your body sets priorities when fighting germs
The human immune system is a complex set of mechanisms that help you suppress and eliminate organisms – such as bacteria, viruses and parasitic worms – that cause infection.
Activating the immune system, however, costs your body a lot of energy. This presents a series of problems that your brain and body must solve to fight against infection most effectively. Where will this extra energy come from? What should you do to avoid additional infections or injuries that would increase the immune system’s energy requirements even more?
Fever is a critical part of the immune response to some infections, but the energy cost of raising your temperature is particularly high. Is there anything you can do to reduce this cost?
To eat or not to eat is a choice that affects your body’s fight against infection. On one hand, food ultimately provides energy to your body, and some foods even contain compounds that may help eliminate pathogens. But it also takes energy to digest food, which diverts resources from your all-out immune effort. Consuming food also increases your risk of acquiring additional pathogens. So what should you eat when you’re sick, and how much?
My colleagues and I propose that the distinctive changes that occur when you get sick help you solve these problems automatically.
- Fatigue reduces your level of physical activity, which leaves more energy available for the immune system.
- Increased susceptibility to nausea and pain makes you less likely to acquire an infection or injury that would further increase the immune system’s workload.
- Increased sensitivity to cold motivates you to seek out things like warm clothing and heat sources that reduce the costs of keeping body temperature up.
- Changes in appetite and food preferences push you to eat (or not eat) in a way that supports the fight against infection.
- Feelings of sadness, depression and general wretchedness provide an honest signal to your friends and family that you need help.
Of course these changes depend on the context. Any parents reading this article are likely familiar with the experience of being sick but pushing through it because a child needs care. While it may make sense to reduce food intake to prioritize immunity when the sick individual has plenty of energy reserves, it would be counterproductive to avoid eating if the sick person is on the verge of starvation.
Sickness as an emotion
So how does your body organize these advantageous responses to infection?
The evidence my colleagues and I reviewed suggests that humans possess a regulatory program that lies in wait, scanning for indicators that infectious disease is present. When it detects signs of infection, the program sends a signal to various functional mechanisms in the brain and body. They in turn change their patterns of operation in ways that are useful for fighting infection. These changes, in combination with each other, produce the distinct experience of being sick.
This kind of coordinating program is what some psychologists call an emotion: an evolved computational program that detects indicators of a specific recurrent situation. When the certain situation arises, the emotion orchestrates relevant behavioral and physiological mechanisms that help address the problems at hand.
Imagine you’re walking through the woods, thinking you’re alone, and suddenly you are startled by sounds suggesting a large animal is in the underbrush nearby. Your pupils dilate, your hearing becomes attuned to every little sound, your cardiovascular system starts to work harder in preparation for either running away or defending yourself. These coordinated physiological and behavioral changes are produced by an underlying emotion program that corresponds to what you might think of as a certain kind of fear.
Some of these coordinating programs line up nicely with general intuitions about what makes up an emotion. Others have functions and features that we might not typically think of as “emotional.”
Some psychologists suggest these emotion programs likely evolved to respond to identifiable situations that occurred reliably over evolutionary time, that would affect the survival or reproduction of those involved.
This way of thinking has helped researchers understand why some emotions exist and how they work. For instance, the pathogen disgust program detects indicators that some potentially infectious agent is nearby. Imagine you smell the stench of feces: The emotion of disgust coordinates your behavior and physiology in ways that help you avoid the risky entity.
Another example is the emotion of shame, which scouts for signs that you’ve done something that causes members of your social group to devalue you. When you detect one of these indicators – a loved one rebukes you for doing something that hurt them, say – the experience of shame helps you adjust your mental map of what kinds of things will cause others to devalue you. Presumably you will try to avoid them in the future.
Drawing from the emerging discipline of evolutionary medicine, my colleagues and I now apply the idea of these emotion programs to the experience of being sick. We call this emotion “lassitude” to distinguish the underlying program from the outputs it generates, such as sickness behavior and malaise.
We hope that our approach to lassitude will help solve problems of practical importance. From a medical perspective, it would be useful to know when lassitude is doing its job and when it is malfunctioning. Health care providers would then have a better sense of when they ought intervene to block certain parts of lassitude and when they should let them be.
About the Author | <urn:uuid:48e7c55d-af3b-4b97-95b3-d7278db0246a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://mightynatural.com/health/environmental/577-living-in-harmony/health-wellness/diseases-and-conditions/14802-feeling-sick-is-an-emotion-meant-to-help-you-get-better-faster.html?responsivizer_template=responsivizer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.948596 | 1,331 | 3.015625 | 3 |
It’s Thanksgiving weekend, and each year people travel home or to visit relatives and friends. Despite a worldwide pandemic, this year is no different, with an estimated 50 million people are traveling by air. While the pandemic portion of the scenario is a topic for another day, what struck Mister Boomer about holiday travel was how many people live far enough away from their childhood homes that they need to take a plane to get there.
Boomers weren’t the first migratory generation by a longshot, but circumstances combined during the boomer years to facilitate moving from one state to another. In fact, state-to-state migration has been happening since there were states. Patterns of this migration follow exactly what you might expect — people moved where the jobs were plentiful. According to U.S. Census data, the majority of people migrating from one state to another between 1930 and 1940 were moving from the mostly rural center of the country outward toward the coasts, where larger cities were located. Between 1940 and 1950, the move outward to the coasts continued, but people also moved to the upper Midwest, where numerous factories had been located. This trend continued between 1950 and 1960.
Between 1960 and 1970, when boomers — the generation with the highest population — began reaching the age of adulthood, migration patterns began to reverse, moving outward from the larger population areas. Some call it a “back to the land” migration, but the data suggests that opportunities for a better career and/or life were the major reasons for migratory moves. As technology replaced manufacturing as a major engine of the economy in the 1980s, boomers in the prime of their careers could pick up and go to the jobs they were offered, in some cases leaving one migratory state for another.
Compared to previous generations, when the twentieth century rolled around, more boomer men and women went to college. Many boomers will tell you they were the first in their families to attend college, and many of them got their education in another state. After college, some boomers chose to stay in the area, or moved to other states for job opportunities.
Boomers also had personal transportation. In the 1950s, the Ford Motor Company saw the advantage of advertising the sale of two cars for a family, so the housewife had a way to shop and run errands while her husband was at work. Some of those second cars became the first cars for young boomers. (Mister Boomer was raised in an area where no family had more than one car, until boomers reached driving age.) At that point, used cars were plentiful and cheap. Boomers could buy and maintain their own vehicle (or with parental assistance) so they could drive to jobs or college.
A third circumstance that facilitated an easy migration from state-to-state was the completion of the Interstate Highway System in the early 1960s. To sum up the reasons why boomers were able to easily migrate to other states:
• Personal transportation was readily available
• Road travel was simplified by a new highway system
• To pursue higher education
• To pursue job and career opportunities
In terms of migration, Mister Boomer and his siblings may or may not be typical of the Boomer Generation. Mister B grew up with a large extended family that lived fairly close to one another; some aunts and uncles lived within blocks of each other throughout their lives. Yet as cousins grew up and attended college, were drafted into the Army or pursued other opportunities, several began moving away, including Mister B and his siblings. Currently Mister B and his two siblings live in three different states, none of which are the state in which they were all born.
How about you, boomers? Did you leave your home state for greener pastures and now go home for the holidays? Are your children living out of state and coming home to see you? | <urn:uuid:f7e206cb-603a-44bd-99a0-234db463747b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://misterboomer.com/2020/11/boomers-moved-to-other-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.986522 | 796 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Country of birth: China
His probes could revolutionize brain treatments
Guosong Hong invented a tool for probing the brain and retina down to the resolution of individual neurons. It’s essentially a mesh-like electrode that’s small and flexible enough to be coiled into a needle and injected into the precise region researchers want to study. Brain electrodes are already being used to treat a number of conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, but these are large, rigid objects that need to be implanted by means of extensive surgery. A few weeks after these electrodes are implanted, scar tissue begins to build up, rendering them less effective over time.
The electrode Hong invented can seamlessly integrate with neural tissues without eliciting attacks from the immune system. This allows researchers to safely and reliably record live animals’ neuronal activities for nearly a year.
This tool could be applied in many areas. It could help scientists understand complex neurological processes such as the aging of the brain. It could be used to treat neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s and epilepsy. It could help restore function in paralyzed people’s limbs. It also holds the potential for treating eye diseases such as glaucoma, if injected into the eye.
Hong envisions building interfaces between the brain and computers using this mesh, or even enabling direct brain-to-brain communication. He believes the mesh is one step further toward a world where “everyone can freely share his or her thoughts without barrier.” | <urn:uuid:d482f0e4-5d7b-4a7c-8f6a-7a0207be2510> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://mittr-frontend-prod.herokuapp.com/lists/innovators-under-35/2019/visionary/guosong-hong/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.947906 | 302 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The ostrich is a bird that is not well-known in golf, but it can be a very powerful tool. Ostriches are the largest living bird and can reach speeds of more than 60 mph when running. They can also fly for long distances, and their wingspan is more than two and a half feet.
Meaning of an Ostrich in Golf
An ostrich is one of the most prestigious terms in golf. It means that you have gotten a score of five under par. To understand why this is such a significant achievement, we first need to understand the par system.The par for a hole is determined by a few factors, like how far the ball is from the hole and how difficult the shot is.An ostrich on a golf course means that the player has putted five under par. To understand why they are so rare, we can look at the way that most golf courses are structured. Most courses will be made up of par 3, par 4, and par 5 holes. However, it is impossible to get an ostrich on any of these holes. There are only two ways to achieve an ostrich. These are by putting in a hole-in-one on one of the par 3, par 4, or par 5 holes, or by holing out on the green on the eighteenth hole.To give you an idea of how challenging this would be, let’s look at what these achievements would involve. For men, a hole will need to be 690 yards for it to qualify as a par 6. For women, this would be a distance of 575 yards. You would need to score a birdie (hole-in-one) from that distance.Alternatively, you could give yourself two strokes by moving to a par 7 hole. These are the most difficult holes in the world, with only a handful in existence. In Korea, the par 7 hole is 1,097 yards away. This makes it the longest hole in the world.It’s rare for par 6 or par 7 courses to appear in professional tournaments. Because of these factors, it’s believed that no one in the world has ever hit an ostrich.
Where Does the Term Ostrich Come From?
All of the shots under par in golf are named after birds. It’s believed that this occurred because a bird was a slang name for the word cool. The ostrich got its name because of how unique and rare the species is. Additionally, it is larger than a condor.
What is a Condor in Golf?
You have been able to get four under par. Like an ostrich, the chances of getting a condor are limited. There are only a handful of ways you can do it.While this is also a rare shot, it is possible. There have been five recorded instances of a golfer getting a condor. It’s believed that the shot got this theme because it was continuing with the bird theme. The condor is larger than an albatross, the next trickiest shot.
What an Albatross Means in Golf
The next golf shot named after a bird is the albatross. This shot refers to a three under par golf shot. There are a few ways that you can achieve this.While this is more common, the odds of achieving it remain low. It’s believed that an amateur has a 12,700 to one chance of hitting an albatross. For a professional player, the odds improve slightly to 3,700 to one. The albatross got its name because it is bigger than the eagle. Though, in some cases, you will hear this achievement referred to as a double eagle.
What an Eagle Means in Golf
A golfer getting a score of two under par is possible at every hole on the course. You will need to do the following in order to achieve this:This is a rare occurrence on a par 5 hole. Many professional golfers don’t hit an eagle, it’s believed that the name Eagle came from American players. They wanted to use their national bird to celebrate this occasion.
What a Birdie Means in Golf
To get a birdie, you would need to hit one under par. This is the most common type of score. You would need to do the following:This is the most common type of shot. A professional golfer is estimated to be able to get a birdie over 15 percent of the time. However, these shots still have their challenges. Namely, you need to be able to putt with accuracy.Most players strive to achieve a turkey. This is the name given when a golfer can achieve three birdies in one round of golf. It’s believed this term stems from bowling, where three strikes in a row are called a turkey.
Best Golf Score in History
Interestingly, the best golf score in history belongs to Jim Furyk. He was able to achieve a score of 58 over 18 holes. To achieve this, he got 10 birdies, one eagle, and seven pars. It should be noted, though, that there are accounts of non-PGA golfers who were able to shoot a score of 57.
Names For Shots That are Over Par
So far, we’ve focused on shots that are over par. But there are also names given to shots that are over par. These are known by the following terms: Over Par, Excessive, and Too Good.The term bogey may have stemmed from a popular song. According to the lyrics of the song, the bogey was an elusive man who no one could find. Originally, it used to be used in the same way as par is today. But, over time, this meaning began to shift. As a result, it started to become associated with one above par.
The ostrich will likely remain a difficult shot for many golfers. Shooting five under par has, to date, never been achieved. The good news is that other creatively titled shots will be easier for the average golfer to make. For example, there is a good chance that you will be able to land a birdy shot at some point during your golfing career. | <urn:uuid:233e3b55-a5f7-42fd-b3a4-8fdd4fe5fa5f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://mohicanhillsgolfclub.net/page/1292/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.954234 | 1,279 | 2.71875 | 3 |
How is timber measured?
Timber is measured in cords, or tons, for pulpwood and thousands of board feet (MBF), or tons, for sawlogs. A forester or timber buyer typically will "cruise" a tract of timber (sampling the trees to estimate the volume) before a sale to determine what he will offer for it.
STARKVILLE, Miss. -- The Mississippi State University Extension Service invites private landowners to a workshop to learn about the benefits prescribed burns provide for wildlife habitat.
The prescribed burning workshop will be held at the Black Prairie Wildlife Management Area in Crawford, Mississippi, on Feb. 15 from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Many forest landowners wonder if best management practices really matter on their property, and the simple answer is yes. (Photo by MSU Extension Service/John Auel)
Streamside management zones have become critical tools forestry landowners and professionals use for protecting water quality during and after timber harvests. | <urn:uuid:d80c2233-77f1-4c34-a625-a49f6d2befc3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://msucares.com/node/28329 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.906455 | 202 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The African rock python is a large and powerful ѕрeсіeѕ of snake found in sub-Saharan Africa. It is known for its ability to kіɩɩ and swallow ргeу that is much larger than itself, including antelopes, crocodiles, and even humans.
However, there have been instances where the African rock python has become the ргeу instead of the ргedаtoг. In 2013, a 54-year-old woman was kіɩɩed by a rock python in South Africa while visiting a game reserve. The snake had apparently slithered into her accommodation and аttасked her while she was sleeping.
In another іпсіdeпt, a 13-foot-long rock python was found deаd in South Africa after swallowing a 30-pound porcupine. The quills of the porcupine had punctured the snake’s digestive tract, leading to its deаtһ.
The African rock python is also preyed upon by other animals, such as lions and hyenas. In fact, the rock python’s diet often consists of scavenged carrion rather than live ргeу, which puts it at гіѕk of being аttасked by larger ргedаtoгѕ while feeding.
Despite its reputation as a fearsome ргedаtoг, the African rock python is not invincible and can fall ⱱісtіm to other animals or human activity. It is important to respect these creatures and give them the space they need to live and thrive in their natural habitat. | <urn:uuid:9c06f4f7-ba07-45cc-8714-326c3cb2f699> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://myanmarnewsfeed.xyz/piton-roca-africana-el-sorprendente-depredador-que-se-convirtio-en-presa-atrapado/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.971566 | 380 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Location of Simien Mountains Ethiopia.
The Simien Mountain National park is located, in the Amhara regional Government state, North Gondar Zonal, 886-km distance from the capital, Addis Ababa and 123 km from Gondar 13°Nl,38°E lies between the altitudinal range of 1900 masl to 4430 masl at Bwahit in northern west of Ethiopia. More importantly, it is also located on the northern edge of the Great Rift Valley, which passes through Ethiopia and down to Mozambique, stretching over 6000 km. The mountain nature of the park together with its surrounding high peaks gives rise to the name The Roof of Africa. The SMNP is endowed with unique landscape and endemic animals, plants found only in the Ethiopian Highlands.
Simien Mountains – Geology of simian mountains National park Ethiopia. Geological history of the Simien Mountains was as mentioned below. The Simien Mountain were formed lava outpouring In the Miocene and Oligocene geological periods. These trap lavas covered all the pervious rock formation and the type of volcanic activates were like the ͑͑Hawaiian҆҆ type /found in china/ and spread over a wide area everything about 15,000 km² or more. These trap lavas hardened slowly forming a profile with gently sloping side like the Hawaiian volcanoes.
Climate of Simien Mountains National park Ethiopia.
The Climatic of SMNP is dependent on great altitudinal variation and mountains landscape categorized by6 wet, cool, and cold seasons. These climatic conditions are traditionally classified in four major climate zones as Woina Dega (1900-2400masl sub tropical climate) Dega (2400-3400masl temperate climate) High Dega (3400-3700masl cool climate) Wurch zone (>3700masl alpine).
Simien Mountains Natinal park- Wildlife in the Simien Mountains.
There are 22 large mammals, 13 small mammals and 182 bird species currently living in the mountains, of which 3 large mammals, 8 small mammals and 6 bird species are endemic to Ethiopia.
Gelada baboon in Simien National park.
The Gelada is an old-world monkey; not a baboon despite previous naming conventions. It is the only living member of the once widespread genus The ropithecus, and is only found in the highland of Ethiopia. The present-day distribution of the gelada is limited to the steep escarpments and gorges that border the eastern side of the central highlands and the north western highlands of Ethiopia
Walia ibex in Simien Mountains.
The Walia Ibex is found solely in the Simien Mountains, usually between 2,500 and 3,000m. They tend to live in groups and they forage in open spaces. The first record of the Walia was in 1835 by the explorer Rupell. Local legend states that the Walia came to the park with the saint Kidus Yared who used them to carry his holy books.
Ethiopian wolf in Simien Mountains National park.
The Ethiopian wolf is one of the rarest animals in the world. It is also Africa`s most threatened carnivore. The closet living relatives of the Ethiopian wolf are grey wolves and coyotes. The Ethiopian wolf ancestor crossed over from Eurasia during the Pleistocene period about 100,000 years ago, when sea levels were lower and Africa / the Middle East were connected.
Birdlife in Simien Mountains.
Well known bird species include: Watt led libs (bostrychia carunculata) The thick -billed raven (corves crassirostris) The tawny eagle (Aquila rapax). Bearded vultures (Gypaetus barbatus).
Plants in Simien Mountains.
Plant composition diversity refers tovegetation richness of the SMNP. Morethan 1,200 plant species with diversifiedfloristic composition in wide range ofaltitudes are believed exist in SMNP.About 507 species are identified and described of which about 57 tree speciesare identified in and around SMNP andover 20 plant species estimated areendangered. Out of 52 species of grasses10 are endemic to Ethiopia and only 3 areendemic to the Simien.
Rainfall in Simien Mountains.
The type of rainfall in the park area is characterized as 1 long eight month rainy season and a ideal hiking condition four-month dry season. The big rains begin in June and last through to September, after decreases with sporadic rainfall and fog. In the SMNP there is a relationship between rainfall and altitude. Rain increases with altitude up to 3,500-m altitude and begins to fall again. This is because the condensation usually fails to ascend up to the highest peak.
Temperature In Simien Mountains
The maximum temperature in the mountains is 15°C during the day and usually drops between -3 and 5°C at night with the coldest months being October, November, December, and January. In the
dry season temperatures can drop as low as -30°C at night at the higher altitudes with occasional snowfalls. Between June and late September is considered rainy season in Ethiopia.
What to bring whilst traveling in Simien Mountains.
From the beginning of December to the end of January, the temperature drops from -1 up to -3 during the night while during the day temperatures can reach as high as 25+; as a result, we recommend you bring: Sunscreen, Sleeping bag (three season at the very least), Gloves, A long
jacket, Other warm clothing, Thermal layers, Head beanie The temperature during the rainy season of June and July is the other way round. It gets cold during the day because of the rain and fog, whereas during the night it gets warmer as clouds keep the temperature higher. Light and waterproof materials are recommended at this time of the year since rain is highly expected and besides this it is very important to have with you those individual kits which listed below: Torch with spare batteries, Small travel alarm/reliable watch, Earplugs, Dark sunglasses, Spare spectacles (or lens prescription), Detergent, Polythene bags Sewing kit/String (clothes line/repairs etc.), water purification tablets, and any Personal medication desired. Some hikers with minimal experience occasionally pack altitude sickness pills if they plan on summiting Ras Da
Written by Simien Mountain Expert Guide Berhanu Asrat
WhatsApp:+44 77 35056586 | <urn:uuid:6480bb6a-883e-45dc-9caf-aa509013d83d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://myescapetonature.com/2019/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.923573 | 1,358 | 3.328125 | 3 |
- By Jenna Kunze
The University of Alabama has more than 10,000 Native American human remains in its possession, according to a federal notice published by the National Park Service last week.
It’s the largest number of Native American human remains ever reported in such a notice, according to the National Park Service database—nearly four times larger than the current population of Moundville, Alabama.
The public Notice of Inventory Completion, published on Aug. 30 in the Federal Register, is the first step in returning the ancestors — along with around 1,500 of their burial items — to their lineal descendants across seven Muskogean language-speaking tribes: The Muscogee Nation, the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, the Chickasaw Nation, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana, Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, and the Seminole Tribe of Florida.
The remains and sacred objects were primarily excavated from Moundville, an archaeological site in Hale County owned by the university, as well as adjacent sites in Hale and Tuscaloosa counties.
Although the seven tribes have been seeking their ancestors’ return for more than a decade, the university has long maintained that it couldn’t prove a cultural link between the tribes and the human remains and cultural objects found at the Moundville Archaeological Park.
That changed in November 2021, when a federal committee, in response to a joint petition filed by the tribes, found “overwhelming evidence” for cultural affiliation. That determination, backed by the law, set the clock for the University of Alabama to begin the repatriation process.
“Once the University of Alabama agreed to culturally affiliate the human remains and funerary objects, they were required to submit the notice within six months,” Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) Program Manager Melanie O’Brien, told Native News Online. “This is an example of how quickly the regulatory process for repatriation can occur when there is cultural affiliation.”
What’s The Background?
In 1990, Congress passed NAGPRA, which requires federal agencies and museums receiving federal funds to take an inventory of Native American human remains and funerary objects they hold; consult with the tribes about what to do with them; and generally give the lineal descendants or culturally affiliated tribes the right to make the final determination about what to do with them, such as reburial or long-term curation.
But a loophole in the law allowed the majority of the remains cataloged — those deemed “culturally unidentifiable” because they lack documented tribal affiliation — to fall through the cracks. While museums and agencies still had to report such remains, there was no timeline or requirement for a museum to identify cultural affiliation. In the 1990s, the University of Alabama listed the remains in its collection as culturally unidentifiable.
In 2010, NAGPRA regulations changed to allow for Native tribes to request consultation on culturally unidentifiable human remains and associated funerary objects. The seven Muskogean language-speaking tribes sought consultation with the University of Alabama for a decade.
The university stated it was willing to return the ancestors to the tribes after a re-inventory of its collection, which was stalled for more than a year during the pandemic. However, it also said it would not return the associated funerary objects, which were on display at its museum as recently as December 2021, according to testimony from the tribes.
Last November, in response to the university’s apparent resistance to repatriation, the tribes jointly petitioned the NAGPRA Review Committee that administers the Act on behalf of the Department of the Interior.
The tribes spent a year preparing their 117-page claim for the committee, including linguistic evidence, geographical evidence, oral traditions, kinship, biological, historical, and anthropological evidence. The committee found “overwhelming evidence” for cultural affiliation between the seven Muskogean language-speaking tribes and the human remains and cultural objects found at the Moundville Archaeological Park.
“Going far beyond preponderance, the evidence presented in this claim establishes beyond any reasonable doubt that the Muskogean-speaking Tribes are culturally affiliated with the Moundville archaeological site,” the claim reads. “Moundville is at least as important to our identities and contemporary communities as Plymouth Colony is to the United States.”
In response to the committee’s decision, the University of Alabama sent a letter last December to the tribes requesting to meet to begin the repatriation process.
If there are no additional claims by another tribe after 30 days, an institution can return the remains and/or objects.
Tribal representatives working on this repatriation declined to speak to Native News Online until their ancestors are safely returned home. The University of Alabama declined to answer specific questions from Native News Online, “given the culturally sensitive nature and out of respect for the claimant tribes.”
Association on American Indian Affairs executive director Shannon O’Loughlin, called the Notice of Inventory Completion “very exciting” because it means the tribes and the university are successfully working together towards repatriation.
“Most importantly, in this instance, tribal consultation led to cultural affiliation and all ancestors and their burial belongings will be returned,” O’Loughlin told Native News Online. “This is an excellent example of best practices. Institutions do not need to find that every ancestor is culturally affiliated if they all came from the same area. Nor does an institution need to find only one tribe to be affiliated with the ancestors. Many institutions refuse to find cultural affiliation for Ancestors from the same area with multiple affiliations.”
EDITOR'S NOTE: This story has been updated to reflect the process for tribal claims.
More Stories Like ThisTHIS DAY IN HISTORY: 230 Cheyenne & Arapaho Massacred at Sand Creek
Native ‘water warriors’ took to canoes during recent Port of Tacoma protest. Here’s why
Rep. Grijalva to Hold Historic and Cultural Preservation Roundtable at Close of Native American Heritage Month
Native News Weekly (November 26, 2023): D.C. Briefs
Celebrating Native American Heritage Day
Together, we can educate, enlighten, and empower.November is celebrated as “Native American Heritage Month.” At Native News Online, we amplify Native voices and share our relatives’ unique perspectives every day of the year. We believe every month should celebrate Native American heritage.
If you appreciate our commitment to Native voices and our mission to tell stories that connect us to our roots and inspire understanding and respect, we hope you will consider making a donation this month to support our work. For those who commit to a recurring donation of $12 per month or more, or make a one-time donation of $150 or greater, we're excited to offer you a copy of our upcoming Indian Boarding School publication and access to our quarterly Founder’s Circle meetings and newsletter. | <urn:uuid:fb902093-91c3-4cb1-87ca-290c4db850b6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/10-245-indigenous-remains-reported-at-university-of-alabama?fbclid=IwAR29z4jfVoq85uTtXdvAE4vNe4iM0f_Li_4jGJBvXlZSfDEl3kTPCBzJk-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.939201 | 1,472 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Collards tolerate cold weather so they can be started extra early. You can start collard seeds indoors 3/15-8/1 at 72-85° (can use a heating mat). Days to germination: 5-8. Transplant outside , 12” apart. Or, sow collard seeds directly outside anytime 4/15 – 8/15. Sow 3-4 seeds together in a group ½” deep, spaced 12” between groups. Keep seeds evenly moist until germination. Thin to the strongest plant in each group. Protect collard plants from deer, groundhogs, and rabbits which will devour them. Collard plants may be eaten by several different species of caterpillars. If they cause damage, hand remove caterpillars or spray organic BT.
Harvest individual leaves off of mature plants once they are 2 months old. Don’t remove more than 1/3 of the leaves at a time.
Collards are somewhat difficult to save seed from. Collard plants must overwinter in order to bloom and produce seed. Sometimes they will survive the winter with protection. Collard is in the Brassica family so it is insect pollinated and cross-pollinated. Collards will cross with any Brassica oleracea that are flowering at the same time (broccoli, kale, cabbage, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, cauliflower). Isolation distance: ½ mile. Collards can suffer from inbreeding depression if you don’t save seeds from enough plants. Minimum population size: 10-50 plants. To harvest seed, allow plants to flower and collect seed from mature pods. | <urn:uuid:1a58e03e-a617-46ba-bfce-4ba3d1d00de4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://natureandnurtureseeds.com/products/ole-timey-blue-collards?_pos=6&_fid=b01fadf7c&_ss=c | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.898662 | 340 | 2.984375 | 3 |
|This logo can be found on many different sorts of products. They have strict standards and consider the entire life cycle, from manufacturing to disposal.|
|Forest products come from sustainably managed forests when you see this logo (there is even FSC-supported maple syrup!).|
|The universal Mobius loop indicates that a product is recyclable or contains recyclable content (or both). When it contains recycled material, you will see a percentage in the center.|
|The Society of The Plastic Industry codes help to identify the type of resins in plastic bottles. They can make sorting and recycling plastic bottles easier for recyclers in Canada, according to the Government of Canada website. Recycling firms have various standards for what they accept and you can visit your recycling depot to find out which plastics they can recycle.|
BatteriesCall2Recycle leads the way for responsible battery disposal. Click here to find a drop off location near you.
ElectronicsCellphones can also be recycled through the Call2Recycle program. The aptly named Electronic Products Recycling Association can help with finding a location to drop off your specific electronic item, like a laptop, in your province.
AluminumWhether it's foils, wraps or trays: 33 per cent of the world’s aluminum is made from recycled material. The rigid trays are acceptable for recycling in most provinces, and it varies when it comes to aluminum foil. If you do recycle the foil, make sure that it is clean.
GlassThis seems intuitive, but glass is still thrown out on the regular, and glass that is thrown away and ends up in landfills will never decompose (!). Every glass counts, as one recycled glass bottle would save enough energy to power a computer for 25 minutes. Most of us know to bring wine bottles back to the wine store for a monetary incentive, but make sure to pick any glass out of the trash bag. If the glass is broken, see if you can drop it off directly at your recycling plant to protect the sanitation workers.
Light BulbsI used to have a drawer filled with burnt out light bulbs. I would wait until it was full and then recycle them in bulk. Whatever your method, Canada’s LightRecycle couldn’t make it easier to find a collection site near you.
BooksAs a writer and book nerd, something in my soul hurts when I have to part with a book. You can always put a paperback in the blue bin, but a more sustainable solution may be to send them to an organization that distributes books to qualified organizations.
HangersMetal coat hangers are a tricky one. One option is to recycle through a metal recycler, but you can also bring a whole whack of them to your local dry cleaner. Done and done.
Clothing and BeddingTextiles have become easier than ever to recycle, with many programs offering the drop-off of bags and the pick-up of clothing. It is important to be conscious about where your clothing goes, as 85 per cent of the clothing we discard ends up in landfills. Drop your unwanted items in a bin, host a clothing exchange, or do something really wild and repair or re-stitch a well-worn item.
ShoesThere are many places where you can drop off your shoes, but Shoe Bank Canada has many pick-up locations that will distribute shoes, free of charge, to people in need across Canada. There are other categories we haven’t yet covered, and for those, take a few seconds to research where you can place those items rather than mindlessly throwing them out. If we all begin to do this, the world will undoubtedly be a greener place.
Would you like to be the first to hear about our new products and more? Sign up for our Nature’s Path Newsletter. | <urn:uuid:31a097e5-95d5-4bf5-b063-605dad5fedda> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://naturespath.com/en-gb/blogs/posts/how-to-recycle-almost-everything | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.947294 | 797 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Internet have revolutionized the way we visualize and analyze spatial data. GIS is a technology that enables us to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and display geographically referenced data, while the Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers that allow users to access and share information.Thank you for reading this post, don't forget to subscribe!
The integration of GIS and the Internet has enabled the creation of web-based mapping applications that allow users to interact with spatial data and perform spatial analysis from anywhere in the world with an internet connection. This integration has made it easier for businesses, government agencies, and researchers to make informed decisions based on spatial data, as well as for the general public to access information about their surroundings.
One example of the use of GIS and the Internet is the creation of online mapping applications for real estate and property management. These applications allow users to search for properties based on their location, view detailed property information, and analyze spatial data to make informed decisions about buying or renting a property.
Another example is the use of GIS and the Internet for disaster response and management. These systems can help emergency responders to quickly identify and map affected areas, assess damages, and allocate resources more efficiently.
The use of GIS and the Internet has also enabled the creation of citizen science projects, where members of the public can contribute to scientific research by collecting and sharing spatial data. Examples of these projects include mapping invasive species, tracking wildlife populations, and monitoring air and water quality.
Overall, the integration of GIS and the Internet has made spatial data more accessible and easier to analyze, enabling users to make informed decisions about a wide range of issues, from real estate to disaster management to scientific research. | <urn:uuid:73e2b06d-93d4-4d48-a7ac-da18b0cc484f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://newflash.xyz/internet-and-geospatial-information-systems-gis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.907574 | 359 | 3.421875 | 3 |
By Erica Quin-Easter, Special to the Bangor Daily News
What is a cooperative? Cooperatives are jointly owned enterprises controlled by consumers, producers or workers who create a collaborative business that meets their common needs.
Seven principles guide the cooperative movement: voluntary and open membership; democratic member control; member economic participation; autonomy and independence; education, training and information; cooperation among cooperatives; and concern for community.
Cooperatives are an integral part of the community and a driving force in the local economy.
So what do cooperatives do for Maine, and how can you get started in your own community?
In Aroostook County, Julie Trudel and Stacy Martin had buyer’s clubs that they coordinated separately for many years. Both were passionate about seeing a member-owned storefront cooperative in Fort Kent, so they decided to merge their customer base and have deliveries in a central place in town with more visibility — a place they hope will become a future cooperative.
“Long term, we envision a bakery, indoor farmers market, local craftspeople and local musicians,” Trudel said. “Part of our current effort is to bring awareness and education to the local community about local and healthy foods, as well as locating producers that would be interested in providing produce, meat, milk, eggs, etcetera.”
At a recent tasting event, they opened the doors to the public to sample delicious Maine-made products and test public interest and support for a storefront cooperative.
A group of seven to 10 community members are working to build the combined Black Bear Buying Club into a new Market Street cooperative.
“At this point in time, we are waiting for the results of a grant-funded feasibility study to assess the interest and potential support of a co-op in Fort Kent,” Trudel said.
The new organization has roots in the agricultural history and culture of the region, and Trudel and her colleagues aim to revive interest and visibility for the cooperative model.
“Historically, there were agricultural co-ops up here, but most of the people I have talked to are not familiar with a food co-op,” Trudel said.
Jane Livingston, member of Cooperative Maine, has been working in cooperative development and promoting the cooperative economy for 18 years. She came to the movement after many years of advocating for fair trade, renewable energy and nuclear disarmament.
When asked how and why she got involved in cooperatives, Livingston said, “After years of fighting against things like nukes, war and NAFTA, here was something constructive to do.”
Livingston stresses the cooperative triple bottom line accounting system: environmental, social and financial health.
Why would someone want to start a cooperative rather than a sole proprietorship, partnership or corporation?
“You have to know what your real purpose is,” she said. “If you’re doing it because there’s a minimal amount of money you need to earn, then you might have a different answer.”
If your aim is to reduce waste in the environment, strengthen community and earn a living wage, a cooperative model may meet your goals.
Key resources for cooperative development in Maine and New England include the Cooperative Development Institute, or CDI, a member of the CooperationWorks! national network of cooperative development practitioners. CDI is the Northeast’s center for cooperative business education, training and technical assistance, supporting the creation and development of cooperatives in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New York.
Other resources include the National Cooperative Business Association, a membership association based in Washington, D.C., that serves cooperatives from all sectors and industries with advocacy and online resources.
Funders are an important part of the cooperative movement, including the Cooperative Fund of New England, a community development loan fund that has made over 600 loans to cooperative businesses and community-oriented nonprofits.
Cooperative Maine, a volunteer-led association, provides a network of support in Maine, trainings on cooperative development, and a wealth of knowledge about best practices, resources and cooperative models.
Cooperatives leave a lasting impression in local communities and economies.
“A cooperative is a very stable form of business — it doesn’t relocate, get sold or fold when someone dies,” Livingston said.
Cooperatives stay put, and so does the money that consumers invest and spend in cooperative businesses. Moreover, cooperative decision-making creates strong, sustainable organizations.
To be successful, cooperative management needs to be patient, willing to listen to all sides, and flexible, said Stacy Martin, co-founder of Black Bear Buying Club.
“What doesn’t bend, breaks,” she said. “I think it takes longer and more energy to make group decisions, but in the long run you can broaden your perspective. You are forced to consider ideas and options you never would have.”
Can your community do better business together? If your business idea calls for community engagement, local economic investment and social and environmental values, you might be a good candidate to start a cooperative. | <urn:uuid:d0ab5b54-cd05-43f3-be7b-e901ee36ef71> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://newventuresmaine.org/2012/12/better-together-the-benefit-of-cooperative-businesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.954314 | 1,070 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Projections have been made of the number of mesotheliomas, lung cancers, and cases of asbestosis that might occur over the period 1987 to 2020 in former workers at the Wittenoom crocidolite asbestos mine in Western Australia. Predictions were based on the observed mortality to the end of 1986 and modelling of the mesothelioma rate. Elimination of crocidolite from the lungs was included in the model. Between the years 1987 and 2020 it is predicted that between 250 and 680 deaths will occur due to mesothelioma. This wide range is due to uncertainty on the functional form of the relation between mesothelioma rate and time, and insufficient data to estimate the elimination rate of crocidolite from the lungs. The most likely range is the lower half of this total range--that is, between 250 and 500. It is predicted that between 340 and 465 deaths will occur due to lung cancer. About 45% of these deaths would be attributable to exposure to asbestos. It is estimated that currently there are up to 200 cases of undiagnosed asbestosis. Of these about 50 will die of lung cancer or mesothelioma and are therefore also included in the figures above. Up to 60 former workers may develop the first signs of asbestosis in the future but any such cases are likely to progress to more serious disease at a much slower rate than the cases that have already been identified.
Statistics from Altmetric.com
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways. | <urn:uuid:db36e5fa-bb60-41ea-b1ca-0b15d397d570> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://oem.bmj.com/content/48/12/793 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.951889 | 362 | 2.828125 | 3 |
APA FORMAT 2-4 PAGE, IN-TEXT CITATION REFERENCE PAGE ETC. IF YOU CAN NOT ADHERE TO THE DETAILS OR DEADLINE DO NOT TAKE THIS ASSIGNMENT.
USE THE UPLOADED REFERENCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THIS PAPER. TUTOR PLEASE ADD AT LEAST 2 MORE REFERENCS FOR IN-TEXT CITATION REFERENCE PAGE
Models of Grieving
The death of a loved one is a significant event that everyone experiences. An individual’s social environment, including societal and familial cultural factors, may influence how an individual approaches death or grieves the loss of someone else who dies. You can anticipate addressing grief in your social work practice and, therefore, should develop an understanding of the grieving process.
Two models of grieving—the Kubler-Ross and Westburg models—identify stages through which an individual progresses in response to the death of a loved one. Understanding the various ways individuals cope with grief helps you to anticipate their responses and to assist them in managing their grief. Select one model of grieving—the Kubler-Ross or Westburg model—to address in this assignment.
Addressing the needs of grieving family members can diminish your personal emotional, mental, and physical resources. In addition to developing strategies to assist grieving individuals in crisis, you must develop strategies that support self-care.
In this Assignment, you apply a grieving model to work with families in a hospice environment and suggest strategies for self-care.
Submit by SATURDAY 8PM NEW YORK TIME a 2- to 4-page paper in which you:
Zastrow, C. H., & Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2016). Understanding human behavior and the social environment (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Support your Assignment with specific references to the resources. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references. | <urn:uuid:b3675938-cd29-4b24-874e-eb36a2f683f0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://onlineessayhelp.net/models-of-grieving-social-science-homework-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.878258 | 408 | 2.875 | 3 |
Notes and seals on folios of a large 17th century Safavid illustrated and illuminated manuscript of the Shahnamah state that by the mid-18th century the manuscript was in the library of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
By 1822 it had passed to his great-grandson, Kamran Shah Saddozai of Herat. In 1837, the army of Muhammad Shah of Persia laid siege to Herat and the British government put pressure on him to withdraw by declaring it would consider the Persian occupation of Herat a hostile act. Kamran Shah subsequently sent this manuscript to Queen Victoria as thanks for British support. Kamran Shah’s wife Zahra inscribed a letter to Queen Victoria on folio 401r of the text, dated 21 December 1839. She addressed Victoria as ‘the Queen of Sheba of the West, Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, at whose command the mighty government of England, during the late siege, and subsequent to it, afforded timely and valuable assistance to the country and people of Herat.’
Queen Victoria received the manuscript on 5 May 1841. She confused the name of the text when she recorded its receipt in her journal: ‘After dinner we looked at a very curious book sent to me by the wife of a Shah of Herat, called, “the Book of Namah”, all in manuscript & splendidly illuminated’.
The Farasnamah is a work on horses and farriery. According to the preface it is a Persian translation of the Arabic medieval veterinary manual Kamil al-Sinaatayn fi al-Baytarah wa Zardaqah, which made on the instructions of Qazi Muhammad Idris Khan by order of Ahmad Shah Durrani (reg.1747-73).
The entire book is available here. | <urn:uuid:fa225386-5368-40de-bc13-b3056189faee> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pashtunhistory.com/library-of-ahmad-shah-durrani/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.961767 | 375 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Due to huge burden caused by injuries and rehabilitation processes to professional athletes, there is an increasing need and interest for objective monitoring of functional rehabilitation processes from muscle injuries.
There has been an estimation, made already in 1984, that 3–5 million injuries occur annually among competitive and recreational athletes in the United States alone. From Muscle injuries hamstring injuries are named one of the major problems, especially in sports that require sprinting, jumping or kicking, so e.g. in all ball games and athletics.
Training-related hamstring injury rates are constantly increasing (Ekstrand et al. 2016). Ekstrand et al. 2016 reported 4 % annual increase in hamstring injuries in European men football leagues between 2001-2015. Currently 22 % of the players sustain at least one hamstring injury during a season.
Strength deficits and bilateral right-left asymmetries have been reported to increase hamstring injury risk (Croisier et al. 2008). Knapik et al. 1991 reported a higher risk of injury in athletes with asymmetries in knee flexor strength or hip flexibility greater than 15% between the right and left sides. Also abnormal ratio between quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups (Q/H ratio), typically meaning too weak hamstrings, is a factor to increase hamstring strain injuries (Delextrat et al. 2010). In addition, a previous injury or fatigue may increase the injury risk (Ekstrand et al. 2011). Injuries affect the way our nervous system coordinates the movements. Following an injury, movement patterns are altered to avoid using a muscle that may have a strain, contusion, or tendinitis. By the time the muscle recuperates, a movement pattern has been developed that neglects this particular muscle or uses it less. The body has become familiar with this movement pattern and has no reason to change back (Cook 2003, 40). One-third of the injuries will recur with the greatest risk during the initial 2 weeks following return to sport (Orchard & Seward 2002). The high recur number suggests that most rehabilitation plans at the moment are inadequate and / or athletes return prematurely. Therefore, new methods to objectively monitor recovery from muscle injuries and to try to avoid them as much as possible, are more than welcome.
Right-leg balance and traffic light system to visualize muscle asymmetries
In Myontec we wanted to create a solution for muscle asymmetry evaluation using EMG. The general idea behind this was; with wearable system you are free from movement restrictions and can investigate your movement patterns and typical behaviors of your muscles in sport specific movements and during typical training routines and that gives you the true information about the movement patterns.
We know that movements patterns result from habits, typical activities, leg dominance and previous injuries (Cook 2003, 29). With use of Mbody we are able to show you movement patterns inhabited by your body, your strengths and weaknesses, that you can then concentrate on improving and possibly avoid injuries because of corrective actions taken on time. On the other hand, if you are recovering from muscle injury, Mbody shows you the progress in your rehabilitation program and helps objectively in decision making about return to sport. Lastly, you can add EMG to your typical conditioning test patterns to give you further information about your training progress.
We took all above and created a traffic light system. Our traffic light system gives warnings from muscle group based left-right asymmetries with very visual color system providing you with the following information.
- Green when asymmetry between right and left leg muscle groups is < 9 % (45,5% … 54,5%) meaning that everything is ok and muscle groups are well balanced.
- Yellow between 9 – 18 % (41% … 59%) difference between right and left sides. There is a clear trend towards asymmetry but the amount of asymmetry is still reasonably light.
- Red when there is substantial asymmetry of > 18 % (outside 41% … 59%) between left and right muscle groups and its origin should be defined and corrected actions sought in order to avoid injuries.
What do you think of the idea? Would this kind of information bring an extra value into your everyday activities and improve the quality of your training? In our next post we will be going more deep on implementation of our traffic light system into real-life training and try to convince you even more.
Merja Hoffrén-Mikkola, PhD (biomechanics), Content Developer, Myontec
Pekka Tolvanen, M.Sc. (Physics), Product Manager, Founder of Myontec
Published July 2017
Cook G. (2003). Athletic body in balance: Optimal movement skills and conditioning for performance. Human Kinetics. Champaign, IL, USA.
Croisier J., Ganteaume S., Binet J., Genty M. & Ferret J. (2008). Strength imbalances and prevention of hamstring injury in professional soccer players. American Journal of Sports Medicine 36 (8); 1469-1475.
Delextrat A., Gregory J. & Cohen D. (2010). The use of functional H:Q ratio to assess fatigue in soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine 31(3); 192-197.
Ekstrand J., Hägglund M. & Walden M. (2011). Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: the UEFA injury study. British Journal of Sports Medicine 45(7); 553-558.
Ekstrand J., Waldén M. & Hägglund M. (2016). Hamstring injuries have increased by 4% annually in men's professional football, since 2001: a 13-year longitudinal analysis of the UEFA Elite Club injury study. Br J Sports Med. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095359.
Knapik J.J., Bauman C.L., Jones B.H., Harris J.M. & Vaughan L. (1991). Preseason strength and flexibility imbalances associated with athletic injuries in female collegiate athletes. Am J Sports Med 19 (1); 76-81.
Orchard J. & Seward H. (2002). Epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League, seasons 1997-2000. Br J Sports Med 36; 39-44.
For the latest on Perform Better, follow us on Facebook, Instagram or Twitter | <urn:uuid:ec97a666-a57a-484c-abb3-6d5a85702719> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://performbetter.co.uk/blogs/news/10884-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.902274 | 1,309 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Canyonlands National Park in Summer
Canyonlands National Park is a stunning landscape of canyons, mesas, buttes, and rivers.
Get the Packing Lists!
Canyonlands in the summer means HOT temperatures, sometimes exceeding 100 degrees F!
Canyonlands is subdivided along the Green and Colorado Rivers into four unique districts, that are known as The Needles, Island in the Sky, The Maze and The Rivers.
Canyonlands in June: highs 93 / lows 60 F
Canyonlands in July: highs 100 / lows 67 F
Canyonlands in August: highs 97 / lows 66 F
Canyonlands Scenic Drives provides stunning views of the park landscape. Definitely have your camera ready to capture the beauty of these drives.
SWIPE UP TO READ MORE! | <urn:uuid:36301b31-6824-4ce9-83b2-6d3e138e41e7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://photojeepers.com/web-stories/canyonlands-national-park-in-the-summer-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.856361 | 169 | 2.75 | 3 |
You may think it’s laborious to string green beans, but with the correct techniques, you can complete the task in minutes.
Strings are the tough, thread-like, fibrous particles that lie along the edges of green beans.
So, go through this entire article to know the reasons to string green beans and remove the string fast with less effort.
Table of Contents Show
Do All Green Beans Have Strings?
When the beans grow and produce the pods, the pods with strings make it easier to disperse seeds on the ground.
All green beans do not have strings due to the difference in genetics, growing conditions and maturity.
The older heirloom varieties grow with strings, but due to the advanced technologies, scientists are successful in growing stringless varieties.
Nowadays, you can find several stringless varieties like Blue Lake, Bush Blue Lake, Contender, Derby, Provider, Harvester, and many more.
Such beans are difficult to grow and are generally more expensive than other types of beans.
However, there are several bean varieties with strings, including Kentucky Wonder, Pole Beans, Lima Beans, and other heirlooms.
Still, some people prefer beans with strings despite the difficulties in removing them due to their great taste.
Why Do You String Green Beans?
Generally, you have to string green beans to remove the tough threads from the edges.
Additionally, the flavor of the beans with strings is different from those when you remove the strings.
The hard threads with rough texture are actually the cellulose. Cellulose is more difficult to digest than other parts of the vegetable.
So, to make your eating experience more enjoyable and to make the beans visually appealing, it’s better to string green beans.
How To String Green Beans?
If your green beans are flat, it’s better to place them in a single row and cut the edges of all beans at once. Doing this will save you time and effort.
- Collect the healthy green bean pods that aren’t mature yet and wash them thoroughly to remove dirt particles.
- Place the beans on a clean utensil and pat them dry.
- Hold a bean pod and remove both ends. You will see the thread-like material protruding from the edge you just bent.
- Pull the thread until you reach the next end.
- Repeat the process for both edges of the bean until you find no thread-like protrusion.
- Then, bend the bean in half to remove the cellulose coating from both surfaces.
- Repeat the same process for all the green beans.
From Editorial Team
Are Green Beans With Strings More Nutritious?
Lots of people prefer eating green beans without removing the strings from them, thinking they are more nutritious than the ones with no strings.
However, there is no significant difference in nutritional content between beans with strings and those with no strings.
Still, if you like eating green beans with threads, cook them for a longer time. Eating undercooked strings may result in stomach upset. | <urn:uuid:1ce21b44-8394-46dc-af96-954f409a2128> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://plantscraze.com/how-to-string-green-beans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.920536 | 635 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Bushrangers were outlaws who roamed the Australian bush in the 19th century, often former convicts sentenced to transport to Australia. They lived in gangs and targeted travelers, coaches, and banks. High-speed chases were common as they tried to escape the police, while daring escapes were a significant part of their lifestyle. They had to be tough, resourceful, and expert horse riders, riding for hours on end without rest. The police were often slow to react, giving bushrangers the advantage, and the terrain of the bush was harsh, unforgiving, but familiar to them. Ned Kelly was a legendary bushranger after he escaped from jail and evaded the police.
High-speed Chases and Daring Escapes: The Life of a Bushranger
Bushrangers were outlaws who roamed the Australian bush in the 19th century. They were skilled in robbery, killing, and horse riding. The life of a bushranger was full of danger, drama, and adventure. High-speed chases and daring escapes were an integral part of their life. Let’s take a closer look at the life of a bushranger and how they lived.
The Life of a Bushranger
Bushrangers were men who lived outside the law. They were often former convicts who had been sentenced to transportation to Australia. They lived in the bush, away from civilization, and had to fend for themselves. They were expert horsemen and could ride for hours on end without rest. They had to be tough and resourceful, as the bush was a harsh and unforgiving environment.
Bushrangers lived in gangs and had a hierarchy. The leader was known as the captain, and he would plan their raids and set their targets. The gang would often target travelers, coaches, and banks. They were ruthless and would not hesitate to use violence if necessary.
High-speed chases were a common occurrence for bushrangers. They would often rob travelers and coaches and then try to escape before the police arrived. The police were often slow to react, and this gave the bushrangers an advantage. They would ride their horses as fast as they could, trying to put as much distance between them and their pursuers.
The police would often give chase, and this would lead to high-speed chases through the bush. The bushrangers were expert riders and knew the terrain well, so they had the advantage. They would often ride through narrow gullies, jump fences, and ride along riverbanks to evade the police.
Daring escapes were another part of the bushranger’s life. If they were caught by the police, they would often find a way to escape. This would involve breaking out of jail or overpowering their guards. The bushrangers were skilled at using weapons, and they would not hesitate to use them if necessary.
One of the most daring escapes was that of Ned Kelly. He was a notorious bushranger who was sentenced to death by hanging. However, he managed to escape from jail with the help of his gang. They overpowered the guards and then rode off into the bush. The police pursued them, and they engaged in a high-speed chase. The gang managed to evade the police, and Ned Kelly became a folk hero.
Q: Who were bushrangers?
A: Bushrangers were outlaws who roamed the Australian bush in the 19th century.
Q: What did bushrangers do?
A: Bushrangers were skilled in robbery, killing, and horse riding. They lived outside the law and targeted travelers, coaches, and banks.
Q: Why did bushrangers engage in high-speed chases?
A: Bushrangers engaged in high-speed chases to escape from the police after robbing travelers, coaches, and banks.
Q: How did bushrangers escape from jail?
A: Bushrangers would often break out of jail or overpower their guards to escape.
Q: Who was Ned Kelly?
A: Ned Kelly was a notorious bushranger who became a folk hero after escaping from jail and evading the police. | <urn:uuid:7d269c8a-52a5-4278-a37e-70791b817583> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://plantwatch.org/high-speed-chases-and-daring-escapes-the-life-of-a-bushranger/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.995228 | 857 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Lotteries are games that involve the draw of numbers to determine a prize. They are popular and have become an established part of life. While some governments have outlawed them, they continue to be legal in many states. The lottery is also an effective way to raise funds for public projects. In fact, some state lotteries are considering expanding their online presence.
There are four different types of lotteries. Depending on the jurisdiction, winners can choose between annuity payments and one-time payment options. Usually, the payouts are a percentage of the total advertised jackpot. However, the monetary value of a ticket is often less than the advertised jackpot when income taxes are applied.
Several multi-state lottery systems are based in the US. These include the Mega Millions and Powerball. Generally, proceeds from these games are aimed at environmental projects and natural resource conservation.
Some of these games also have an instant win component. A scratch card is similar to a scratch off ticket, but is used to match symbols to earn a prize. Another type of lottery is the pull tab, a quick and easy game with a minimum jackpot of only a few hundred dollars.
The earliest known European lottery was held in the Roman Empire. It was also a form of entertainment at dinner parties. Various towns and colonies held public lotteries to raise money for fortifications, roads, libraries, colleges, and other public services.
Many of these lotteries were tolerated in the early days. Alexander Hamilton wrote that people would risk a small sum of money for a chance at a large gain. This was also the case in the Netherlands. In the 17th century, lotteries were common in the Low Countries.
Several colonial governments used lotteries to raise money for fortifications and local militias. Among these was the Continental Congress, which used a lottery to raise money for the Colonial Army. Other colonies raised money for college and public libraries, town fortifications, and canals.
One of the oldest organizations in the United States is the Connecticut Lottery. Their profits are primarily used for education and the state’s general fund. In the past, the state has financed the construction of roads and bridges, and the college and university system.
Pennsylvania iLottery debuted in 2018. Their instant win games are now available for purchase online. As of now, the lottery is regulated by the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL). Although the Pennsylvania lottery does not offer MegaMillions or Powerball online, players can purchase tickets to several real-world drawing games.
Although some states outlaw online lotteries, the number of states that have authorized them is increasing. Online sales of lottery tickets are currently permitted in Alaska, Hawaii, and Nevada. Despite these restrictions, more states are expected to approve online sales in the future.
North Carolina has a lottery that is officially titled the North Carolina Education Lottery. The lottery has contributed more than $5.5 billion to educational programs in the state. | <urn:uuid:8d08701e-de00-4b91-996b-e7dcbe5c54d3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://poinmaster.online/how-to-play-the-lottery-online-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.973301 | 614 | 2.5625 | 3 |
General Dentist Characteristics Associated With Rural Practice Location
Purpose: To examine whether there is a difference in the likelihood that a general dentist practices in a rural location based on individual characteristics, including dental school attended, birth state, practice arrangement, sex, and age.
Methods: All private practice, general dentists in Iowa were included in this study. Data were extracted from the year 2010 version of the Iowa Dentist Tracking System, which monitors practice patterns of active dentists. Rurality of primary office location, categorized using Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes, served as the outcome variable. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to explain associations between rural practice location and dentist characteristics.
Findings: Fifteen percent of the state's population resided in isolated small rural towns, but only 8% of general dentists practiced here. Approximately 17% of dentists in isolated small rural towns were age 40 or younger, compared to 32% of dentists in urban areas. Among male dentists, those who were born in Iowa (P= .002) were older (P= .020), and graduated from dental schools other than the University of Iowa (P= .009) were more likely to practice in rural areas than were their counterparts. Conversely, among female dentists, solo practice (P= .016) was the only variable significantly associated with rural practice location.
Conclusions: The dentist workforce in rural areas of Iowa is dominated by older males who were born in Iowa. As this generation retires and increasing numbers of women enter the profession, state policy makers and planners will need to monitor changing trends in the rural workforce. | <urn:uuid:e5d1e8ca-c0bb-4593-b0b1-47565d98582b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ppc.uiowa.edu/publications/general-dentist-characteristics-associated-rural-practice-location | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.977384 | 337 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This article is part of a five-part series I am writing on affordable housing. Each article includes a podcast where I explore some of the themes and get a little personal with the experts I interviewed. Check out this article about the property industry’s role in affordable housing, this one about the 35-year-old tax credit that is shaping the affordable housing industry, this one about the growth of “naturally occurring affordable housing,” and this one about the ways that housing can help erase the racial inequality in our cities. This special series is made possible by the generous underwriting of MRI Software.
To understand public housing you have to understand the theory of poverty. I say theory because much of what we think about poverty has changed drastically over the last century. Each political era came with its own school of thought about how we should shelter our huddled masses. Our public housing buildings are living artifacts of the general consensus around poverty at the time it was built.
At the turn of the century, the prevailing theory of poverty was dominated by The Chicago School, a group of sociologists that were using nature as a way to understand how humans interact. Biological phenomena like natural selection and competition were applied to our societies and our cities. This led many to believe that poverty is an inevitable byproduct of industrialization and that slums, transitory places where ‘low-achieving’ workers concentrated, are unpreventable components of our cities. This oversimplification about the nature of poverty was the basis for an urban policy that would lead to a public works effort called urban renewal, the demolition of slums, and the construction of government-controlled residential buildings.
The theory of urban renewal had been around for a while before it got adopted in America, it was being done in London as early as the 1860s. But it was the New Deal that poured gas on America’s slum removal initiatives. As the country was awash in stimulus money, government agencies large and small were looking for shovel-ready projects. America’s version of urban renewal was to tear down the blighted, unsightly, and mostly ethnic urban slums and replace them with public housing for working-class, (mostly white) families.
There were lots of problems with this approach. First, ending poverty is not the same as replacing buildings or displacing the poor. These areas of concentrated poverty remained resource-constrained and many of the working-class families struggled there too. Eventually, they left for greener, more suburban pastures. Second, public housing forced governmental organizations into a role that they are arguably not well suited for: being a landlord. Underinvestment in many government-owned and operated buildings has created the same blight that the ‘projects’ were intended to replace. Lastly, the idea of poverty is endemic to cities and ignores the cultural and psychological influences that contribute to disenfranchisement and impede upward mobility.
Our theories around poverty have changed since then, reshaping our public housing buildings. Where the thinking used to be that subsidized housing should be enough to help some out of a bad situation, a policy called housing first, studies have shown that in order to help the poorest and most vulnerable citizens they need much more than just a place to sleep at night. “In the U.S. and elsewhere about five to ten percent of the population has economic and/or behavior challenges that make it hard for them to afford a place to live,” says David Smith, founder of the Affordable Housing Institute. That means building housing in a place with access to resources like healthy food, good jobs, and good education. It also means providing services like daycare, legal aid, and counseling. “Housing is essential,” Smith said, “but we don’t want to just provide housing. We want to help people regain their independence and to do that we have to be able to ask people to participate in programs to help them overcome whatever is making it difficult for them to be independent.”
The new, more holistic concept of poverty has transformed public and affordable housing developments from isolated apartment towers to mixed-use, mixed-income community centers. But in order to integrate affordable and public housing into market-rate projects, the private sector has to step in. Putting private organizations in charge of our most vital social safety net can often be controversial. But, after reviewing the current state of much of the 1.2 million public housing dwellings, many see it as inevitable. “There is controversy around bringing in outside capital into our public housing but it is critical to keeping and improving our public housing stock,” said David Quart, Board Member of New York’s Regional Plan Association and the Northeast Real Estate Market Leader at VHB. “I am a big believer in public/private partnerships, I think that they can be done in the right way that doesn’t displace people. It may be the only way to solve the current state of public housing.”
One of the most important pieces of legislation helping bring private money and professional management to public housing is the Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) program. Passed in 2012 and administered by the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development (or HUD as you likely know it), RAD allows for public, government-owned housing to be converted into private, subsidized housing. The program comes with some important restrictions like the right for current tenants to remain (or return in the case of a renovation). The number of units that can be converted is capped but that limit has gone from 60,000 to 450,000 thanks to the initiative’s effectiveness.
Even still, there are lots of roadblocks to bringing public housing into larger developments “Building affordable housing can be very difficult,” Quart said. He should know, he was part of the Essex Crossing project in the Lower East Side of Manhattan. The land was acquired for ‘urban renewal’ in 1965 but, due to both community opposition and political corruption, wasn’t approved for redevelopment until 2012. To get the project approved, Quart and his team worked with the community for years to understand their needs before plans were even submitted. “We had to work very hard to build trust,” he said, “which is challenging because you have people on both sides that either distrust the government or the private sector, or both.” As the project moves toward completion today, it will include 561 permanently affordable units spread across multiple buildings plus a grocery store (the first Trader Joe’s in the area to be exact), a park, a movie theater, and an expanded 150,000 square foot public market. Previously displaced tenants were given the first right to apply for the affordable units and the rest are being allocated through the city’s housing lottery system to locals and New Yorkers in need.
The struggles of the Essex Crossing development, over 50 years in the making, showcase both the difficulties and the impact of bringing affordable housing into larger developments. While collaborating with local community groups and providing social services might seem like a deviation from the core competency of the real estate industry, David Smith of the Affordable Housing Institute thinks that it should be seen as a required part of doing business. “Affordable housing is a business that exists for a double bottom line purpose. If you want to be in it, you have to be good at both the economics and the social impact, and that means being good at providing services as well as subsidized units,” he said.
Privatizing public housing also makes us have to reconsider whether or not we should think of subsidized housing as charity work. Until now, many affordable and public housing complexes were funded and managed by non-profits and charitable organizations. But that will not be enough to keep up with the growing need for low-income housing according to Smith, “If we want people to build affordable housing, we have to make it worth their while. If you don’t make a profit, then your business isn’t sustainable so the government should be paying enough to make it economically viable for businesses to operate in the space.”
The legacy of the projects
Even as we find new ways to allow the private sector to create and convert more public housing, it doesn’t solve the problem of what to do with the stock that is still in use. Millions of people live in government-owned buildings, many of which are in a state of disrepair. New York City’s Housing Authority is the biggest in the nation by far, housing over 400,000 residents. It is named one of the city’s worst landlords year after year because of the number of complaints and health and safety violations its properties get.
Part of the problem is funding. Public housing agencies have to fight for funds with other governmental organizations and often see their budgets cut. This is exacerbated by buildings that, built in the 50s, 60s, and 70s, are reaching the end of their expected life. Most older public housing properties need significant upgrades to get them to meet even the current standards for healthy and sustainable buildings. Renovating them to a point where they will meet our ever-increasing climate commitments will be nothing short of a monumental task.
There could be help on the way, in the form of a government stimulus package that was just passed. “The $1T bipartisan infrastructure bill did not include a housing component but there is the possibility of enhanced resources for rental housing development through the $3.5T reconciliation package,” said Beth Mullen, National Director of CohnReznick’s Affordable Housing Industry Practice. Whether or not this money will help improve our public housing comes down to the way that we define infrastructure. When we think about all of the important benefits of having a roof over the heads of the lowest-income workers, it is hard not to think of these programs as foundational to a functioning society.
Even if some of the infrastructure money gets earmarked for repairing and building public housing, there is still the question of how that money is best spent. If the old paradigm of large low-income towers is no longer seen as viable, what does the next iteration look like? First and foremost, any government-funded building should be a good place to live. “Historically the federal government has seen public housing as a liability and not an asset. That needs to change,” said James McIntyre, former Director of Capital Markets for New York State Homes & Community Renewal. “What is the point of owning uninhabitable housing?”
Every housing agency has been looking at new building techniques to create not only more livable but more sustainable housing. The New York State housing authority is in talks with a company called Project Etopia to help find ways to create lower cost, net-zero housing in using advanced materials and modular construction techniques. Perhaps one day modern, high-tech, and even modular construction could replace the soulless brick projects in our minds when it comes to public housing.
When it comes to affordable or public housing, any discussion inevitably gets philosophical. It all really boils down to one important question: Should the government be responsible for housing its citizens that can’t afford it otherwise? For nearly everyone I talked to that works in affordable housing the same answer to that question kept coming back up: Housing is a right.
This is a statement that many of us can agree with but the stickiness of this issue comes with the increasingly complicated theory of poverty. There is much more to the right of housing than just a place to sleep. We no longer see poverty and slums as inevitable parts of our cities, as the academics at the Chicago School did a century ago. With enough resources and planning, we can overcome systemic poverty. But while slums are not endemic to our cities we do still have to admit that lower-income citizens will always be an important part of our cities. Lower-paying jobs, after all, are what keep our urban areas clean, fed, and moving. David Smith of the Affordable Housing Institute summarized the importance of public and affordable housing the best: “Housing is where jobs go to sleep at night; affordable housing is where foundational jobs go to sleep at night. The people who make the city work should be able to live in it. | <urn:uuid:c73195b1-b241-4438-96a5-2611a320b3c1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://propmodo.com/public-housings-role-in-reducing-poverty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.972282 | 2,531 | 3.125 | 3 |
Result: Mile = Inch
i.e. mi = in
Article Contents
What does Mile mean?
All you need to know about Miles
A mile is a unit of distance. It is a British imperial unit and US customary unit. The symbol of miles is mi. or mi
1 mi = 1.609344 km i.e. 1 mile is equal to 1.609344 kilometer
1 mi = 1609.344 km i.e. 1 mile is equal to 1609.344 meter
1 mi = 5280 ft i.e. 1 mile is equal to 5280 English feet
1 mi = 1760 yd i.e. 1 mile is equal to 1760 yards
What does Inch mean?
What is Inch Unit - All You Need to Know
Inch is a unit of Length
What does Length mean?
Length is one of the most basic and important measurements used in a wide range of applications. It is a fundamental physical property that describes how long an object is. Measuring length accurately is essential in many fields, including engineering, construction, manufacturing, and science. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive guide to length measurements, including the different units of length and how to convert between them.
The Standard Unit of Length
The standard unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) is the meter (m). It is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second. This definition ensures that the meter is a universal constant that is independent of any physical object.
Other Units of Length
While the meter is the standard unit of length, there are many other units of length used in different fields and regions. Some of the most common units of length include:
Kilometer (km): One thousand meters.
Centimeter (cm): One hundredth of a meter.
Millimeter (mm): One thousandth of a meter.
Micrometer (µm): One millionth of a meter.
Nanometer (nm): One billionth of a meter.
Inch (in): A unit of length used mainly in the United States, equal to 1/12 of a foot.
Foot (ft): A unit of length used mainly in the United States, equal to 12 inches.
Yard (yd): A unit of length used mainly in the United States, equal to 3 feet or 36 inches.
Mile (mi): A unit of length used mainly in the United States, equal to 5,280 feet.
Converting Between Units of Length
Converting between units of length is a common task, and it is important to know how to do it accurately. Here are some examples of how to convert between different units of length:
To convert meters to centimeters, multiply by 100.
To convert meters to millimeters, multiply by 1,000.
To convert centimeters to meters, divide by 100.
To convert millimeters to meters, divide by 1,000.
To convert inches to centimeters, multiply by 2.54.
To convert feet to meters, multiply by 0.3048.
To convert yards to meters, multiply by 0.9144.
To convert miles to kilometers, multiply by 1.609.
When converting between units of length, it is important to keep track of the decimal places and round to the appropriate number of significant figures.
Applications of Length Measurements
Length measurements are used in a wide range of applications, including:
Construction: Accurately measuring length is essential in building and construction to ensure that structures are stable and safe.
Manufacturing: Length measurements are used in manufacturing to ensure that products are produced to the correct specifications.
Science: Length measurements are used in many scientific fields, including physics, chemistry, and biology, to understand the properties and behavior of matter and energy.
Navigation: Length measurements are used in navigation to determine the distance between two points, such as in GPS systems and maps.
Length is a fundamental physical property that is used in many applications. While the meter is the standard unit of length, there are many other units of length used in different fields and regions. Converting between units of length is important, and accuracy is crucial. Understanding length measurements are essential in many fields, and we hope that this comprehensive guide has been helpful in explaining the basics of length measurements.
How to convert Mile to Inch : Detailed Description
Mile (mi) and Inch (in) are both units of Length. On this page, we provide a handy tool for converting between mi and in. To perform the conversion from mi to in, follow these two simple steps:
Steps to solve
Have you ever needed to or wanted to convert Mile to Inch for anything? It's not hard at all:
- Find out how many Inch are in one Mile. The conversion factor is 63360.0 in per mi.
- Let's illustrate with an example. If you want to convert 10 Mile to Inch, follow this formula: 10 mi x 63360.0 in per mi = in. So, 10 mi is equal to in.
- To convert any mi measurement to in, use this formula: mi = in x 63360.0. The Length in Mile is equal to the Inch multiplied by 63360.0. With these simple steps, you can easily and accurately convert Length measurements between mi and in using our tool at Pyron Converter.
FAQ regarding the conversion between mi and in
Question: How many Inch are there in 1 Mile ?
Answer: There are 63360.0 Inch in 1 Mile. To convert from mi to in, multiply your figure by 63360.0 (or divide by 0.000015782828282828283).
Question: How many Mile are there in 1 in ?
Answer: There are 0.000015782828282828283 Mile in 1 Inch. To convert from in to mi, multiply your figure by 0.000015782828282828283 (or divide by 63360.0).
Question: What is 1 mi equal to in in ?
Answer: 1 mi (Mile) is equal to 63360.0 in in (Inch).
Question: What is the difference between mi and in ?
Answer: 1 mi is equal to 63360.0 in in. That means that mi is more than a 63360.0 times bigger unit of Length than in. To calculate mi from in, you only need to divide the in Length value by 63360.0.
Question: What does 5 mi mean ?
Answer: As one mi (Mile) equals 63360.0 in, therefore, 5 mi means in of Length.
Question: How do you convert the mi to in ?
Answer: If we multiply the mi value by 63360.0, we will get the in amount i.e; 1 mi = 63360.0 in.
Question: How much in is the mi ?
Answer: 1 Mile equals 63360.0 in i.e; 1 Mile = 63360.0 in.
Question: Are mi and in the same ?
Answer: No. The mi is a bigger unit. The mi unit is 63360.0 times bigger than the in unit.
Question: How many mi is one in ?
Answer: One in equals 0.000015782828282828283 mi i.e. 1 in = 0.000015782828282828283 mi.
Question: How do you convert in to mi ?
Answer: If we multiply the in value by 0.000015782828282828283, we will get the mi amount i.e; 1 in = 0.000015782828282828283 Mile.
Question: What is the in value of one Mile ?
Answer: 1 Mile to in = 63360.0. | <urn:uuid:befeb252-194a-4094-bfd5-89e6160de956> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pyronconverter.com/unit/length/mi-in | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.907597 | 1,676 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Many patients requiring transfusion, however, do not have timely access to safe blood and blood products. Every country needs to ensure that supplies of blood and blood products are sufficient and free from HIV, hepatitis viruses and other infections that can be transmitted through transfusions.
In high-income countries, transfusion is most commonly used for supportive care in cardiovascular surgery, transplant surgery, massive trauma, and therapy for solid and hematological malignancies. In low and middle incomes countries it is often used for management of pregnancy related complications, childhood malaria complicated by severe anaemia, and trauma-related injuries.
Often transfusions are prescribed when simple and safe alternative treatments might be equally effective. As a result, such a transfusion may not be necessary. An unnecessary transfusion exposes patients to the risk of infections such as HIV and hepatitis and adverse transfusion reactions.
In 2011, 71 countries reported collecting more than 90% of their blood supply from voluntary and unpaid blood donors, among them 60 countries collect 100% of blood supply from voluntary unpaid donors. But in 73 countries, less than 50% of blood supplies come from voluntary unpaid donors, with much of their blood supply still dependent on family/ replacement and paid blood donors.
About 50% of these are donated in low and middle-income countries where nearly 85% of the world’s population lives. The average blood donation rate is more than 9 times greater in high-income countries than in low-income countries.
About 100,000 blood centres in 168 countries reported collecting a total of 83 million blood donations. The median annual blood donations per centre is 15,000 in high-income countries, as compared to 3,100 in middle and low-income countries.
The median blood donation rate in high-income countries is 39.2 donations per 1000 people. This compares with 12.6 donations per 1000 people in middle-income countries and 4.0 donations in low-income countries.
All donated blood should always be screened for HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and syphilis prior to transfusion. Yet 25 countries are not able to screen all donated blood for one or more of these infections. Testing is not reliable in many countries because of staff shortages, poor quality test kits, irregular supplies, or lack of basic quality in laboratories.
Separating blood into various components allows a single unit of blood to benefit several patients and provides a patient only the blood component which is needed. About 97% of the blood collected in high-income countries, 78% in middle-income countries and 40% in low-income countries is separated into blood components.
Adequate and reliable supply of safe blood can only be assured through a stable base of regular, voluntary, unpaid blood donors. They are the safest group of donors because the prevalence of blood-borne infections is lowest among them. WHO urges Member States to develop national blood system based on voluntary, unpaid blood donations to achieve the goal of self-sufficiency in safe blood and blood products. | <urn:uuid:524e22fc-5071-4b37-8e79-48bc24c466b8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://rbcjamshoro.gov.pk/faqs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.928541 | 608 | 3.6875 | 4 |
It’s Christmas again . . .
It’s 35 degrees. Michael Bublé is crooning in the aisles of Woolworths. He sings: you better watch out, you better not cry, you better not pout, I’m telling you why, Santa Claus is coming to town. You realise that this is terrible behaviour guidance that teaches children to repress their feelings in order to please an authoritarian all-knowing bearded man . . . Bublé continues: he’s going to find out who’s naughty or nice.
Christmas is a fertile time for “doing” anti-bias in your curriculum. Even if Christmas is not a meaningful or celebrated cultural event in your community, it is almost impossible to avoid the huge commercial Christmas onslaught in the shops, the media and the streets. Because of this, it is important to think about how you might engage with Christmas in your setting.
When considering Christmas with an anti-bias lens, questions of equity quickly arise. For example, writing wish-lists of desired presents to Santa is commonly practised in many households, and children and educators often want to make wish-lists in their early learning settings too.
In any given setting, there will be children from across the socioeconomic spectrum, and children with a wide range of cultural practices surrounding Christmas. Some children may reasonably expect to receive hundreds of dollars worth of gifts, while others may receive something small or nothing at all.
While this is not something you as an educator can change, you can keep reflect as a team on anti-bias goal number 3 – each child and educator will increasingly recognise unfairness, have language to describe unfairness, and understand that unfairness hurts themselves and others (Scarlet, 2020a) – then question the whether, how and why of promoting wish-lists in your setting?
Christmas could also be a time to reflect on aspects of anti-bias goal number 2: each child and educator will express comfort and joy with human diversity (Scarlet, 2020a). The historical and religious tradition of Christmas is the story of a Middle Eastern baby, born in the town of Bethlehem, which is in modern-day Palestine. If Jesus and his family and community were Middle Eastern, why are they always white in Western iconography? How might you discuss this with children?
Another anti-bias “way in” to Christmas might be researching the story of Syd “Doc” Cunningham, a Yuin man who, throughout his life, raised money to deliver presents as Black Santa to Aboriginal children in western NSW.
Whether you decide to mark Christmas or not in your setting, the anti-bias goals are a wonderful thinking tool for your planning, documenting, reflecting and teaching. Just make sure to keep the Michael Bublé off the class party playlists . . .
How might you identify the different experiences people have when particular public celebrations, ceremonies and commemorations come around each year (Scarlet, 2020b, p.18)?
How might anti-bias approaches identify the inclusions and exclusions that can occur when some celebrations, ceremonies and commemorations are part of the curriculum without critical engagement and careful planning (Scarlet, 2020b, p.18)?
Alongside children, how can we critically reflect on the prevailing commercialism of Christmas in Australia?
Scarlet, R. R. (Ed.). (2020a). The anti-bias approach in early childhood (4th ed.). Multiverse Publishing. https://multiverse.com.au/product/the-anti-bias-approach-in-early-childhood-4th-edition/
Scarlet, R. R. (2020b). Pedagogical provocations. Multiverse Publishing. https://learning.theinclusionroom.com.au/courses/pedagogical-provocations | <urn:uuid:9522219b-7687-4e97-b5c5-c5016665b3e4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://redrubyscarlet.com.au/christmas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.924857 | 799 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Health Benefits of Miso
People in Japan start their days with a cup of miso soup, which is said to aid digestion and energise the body. Miso paste is prepared from fermented soybeans and grains and includes millions of beneficial bacteria, making it a common element in Japanese and Chinese diets. Miso comes in hundreds of varieties, each of which is associated with regional cuisines, identities, and flavours.
Because it provides an instant flavour base, the protein-rich paste is extremely popular. All kinds of meals, including soups & broths, salad dressings, vegetables, stews, glazes, and marinades, benefit from the addition of the fifth taste, known as “umami.” Yes that desired umami flavour you hear all the chefs talk about.
Miso is rich in essential minerals and is a good source of various B vitamins, vitamins E, K, and folic acid as well as vital minerals such as copper, manganese, and zinc. As a fermented food, miso nourishes the intestines with beneficial bacteria that help us stay healthy and happy; good gut health is linked to our general mental and physical health. 🙌🏻
Due to the fermentation process, miso is rich in enzymes. Fermentation increases the number of beneficial bacteria in foods. By consuming fermented foods, you add beneficial bacteria (known as probiotics) and enzymes to your overall gut flora and are thought to aid a wide variety of health problems, especially for the digestion, absorption, assimilation of nutrients and strengthen the immune system.
Miso has a high salt content and should be used in moderation, with no more than 6 grammes per day.
There has been a lot of study done on the health benefits of eating soy products. Despite the fact that miso is manufactured from soy beans, the amount taken is insignificant and unlikely to have a significant oestrogenic effect.
Soybeans that have been genetically modified (GM) are commonly used in the production of soy products. Check the label to ensure that the miso is made from organically farmed, non-genetically modified soy beans. If the miso is gluten-free, it will be stated on the label.
Health Benefits of Tofu
Tofu, like many soy dishes, has its origins in China. It was discovered over 2000 years ago, according to legend, by a Chinese cook who accidently curdled soy milk when he added nigari seaweed. Tofu was first introduced to Japan in the ninth century and was originally known as ‘okabe.’ It wasn’t until 1400 that its contemporary name was coined. Tofu was introduced to Western countries in the 1960s as a result of a growing interest in healthful eating.
It’s made by curdling fresh soya milk, squeezing it into a solid block, and cooling it, just like typical dairy cheese. The whey is removed, and the curds are pushed together to form a strong link.
Tofu is high in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phytochemicals, making it an excellent anti-inflammatory food. In addition to fibre, potassium, magnesium, iron, copper, and manganese, tofu is a rich source of ‘complete’ protein, which means it has a well-balanced amino acid profile. Talk about a one-stop shop for food and when you combine them…you have Miso Tofu Soup!
- 1 tablespoon miso paste
- 1 sheet nori, finely shredded
- 10g ginger, thinly sliced or grated
- 2 spring onions, finely chopped
- 300g firm tofu, cubed
- 120g rice noodles
- In a large saucepan, bring 6 1/2 cups water to the boil.
- Reduce heat, add miso and stir.
- Add nori, ginger, spring onions, and tofu. Cook gently, stirring occasionally, for 5 minutes.
- Add noodles and cook for 2-3 minutes.
- Add a little chilli oil or fresh chilli.
Add fresh asian mushrooms like oyster or shitake and your favourite greens like broccoli to make it even more delicious and nutritious.
Nutrition InformationYield 2 Serving Size 1
Amount Per Serving Calories 215Total Fat 9gSaturated Fat 1gTrans Fat 0gUnsaturated Fat 6gCholesterol 0mgSodium 340mgCarbohydrates 20gFiber 3gSugar 2gProtein 18g
Nutrition composition will vary depending on the exact ingredients used. This nutrition analysis is a guide only. | <urn:uuid:139ef656-3d69-4071-b00c-605ef493b83e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://samanthaball.com.au/miso-tofu-noodle-soup/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.935099 | 960 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Good health is a fundamental requirement for a satisfying and happy lifestyles. Maintaining desirable fitness requires conscious effort and dedication to particular behavior that promote physical, emotional, and intellectual well-being. In this newsletter, we talk essential conditions essential for right fitness: nutrients and physical pastime.
Introduction: Why Good Health is Essential
Good health is vital for an character’s typical properly-being. It permits individuals to live long, efficient, and satisfying lives. The World Health Organization defines health as “a state of entire physical, mental, and social nicely-being and now not merely the absence of sickness or disease.” Therefore, accurate health is not simply the absence of illness but encompasses numerous factors of an person’s existence.
Nutrition: The Foundation of Good Health
Nutrition is the foundation of suitable fitness. A balanced weight loss plan gives the body with the vital vitamins, nutrients, and minerals required to feature efficiently. A balanced weight loss program must comprise of:
Micronutrients are nutrients and minerals required in small portions through the body for various functions such as increase, improvement, and immunity.Macronutrients are the number one resources of strength for the frame. They encompass carbohydrates, proteins, and fat.
Water is important for the frame’s hydration and the transportation of nutrients.
A nicely-balanced eating regimen has several benefits, consisting of:
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Boosting immunity
- Reducing the risk of persistent sicknesses along with coronary heart ailment, diabetes, and cancer
- Improving mental health and mood
Physical Activity: The Key to Good Health
Physical pastime is an critical circumstance for properly health. Engaging in everyday workout has several advantages, consisting of:
Improving Physical Health
Physical pastime allows keep a healthful weight, reduces the danger of continual diseases, and strengthens muscular tissues and bones.
Boosting Mental Health
Regular exercise can enhance mental health with the aid of reducing anxiety, despair, and pressure ranges.
Physical pastime improves sleep fine and promotes restful sleep.
Increasing Energy Levels
Exercise releases endorphins, which boost power levels and improve average mood.
Conclusion: Make Good Health a Priority
Good fitness is vital for a happy and pleasurable lifestyles. Nutrition and physical pastime are two vital conditions crucial for exact health. Eating a balanced weight loss plan and tasty in regular physical pastime may have a profound effect on an individual’s standard properly-being. Therefore, it’s miles essential to make exact fitness a priority and undertake wholesome behavior that promote bodily, emotional, and mental nicely-being.
- What is a balanced food plan?
- A balanced diet consists of all essential macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fat) and micronutrients (nutrients and minerals) required for the frame’s right functioning.
- How a good deal bodily activity have to one engage in?
- The recommended amount of bodily hobby is one hundred fifty mins of moderate-depth cardio hobby or 75 mins of energetic-intensity aerobic interest in step with week, at the side of muscle-strengthening activities two times per week.
- Can physical hobby enhance intellectual fitness?
- Yes, physical interest can enhance intellectual health by using reducing tension, despair, and pressure tiers.
- Can a terrible weight loss plan result in continual illnesses?
- Yes, a bad weight loss program lacking important vitamins can result in persistent diseases which include coronary heart sickness, diabetes, and cancer.
- Can hydration effect typical fitness?
- Yes, hydration is critical for the frame’s right functioning, and dehydration can have adverse effects on an individual’s fitness. | <urn:uuid:4f8a7f90-7a32-40ee-b42b-63a78a316015> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://samapress.net/two-essential-conditions-for-good-health-nutrition-and-physical-activity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.889351 | 772 | 3.125 | 3 |
K-12 ISD Case Reporting
The K-12 Aged ISD Reporting page was obtained from Michigan's COVID-19 data page: https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/stats/k-to-12-aged-isd-reporting.
This report is created from data reported by the Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS) the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services' web-based communicable disease reporting system. Data is updated every week.
The purpose of the dashboard is to report the 7 day average of COVID-19 cases in Michigan school students aged 5 through 18 at the intermediate school district and school district levels, as well as display trends over time to better illustrate the changing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cases are attributed to an intermediate school district and school district if their listed ages are between 5-18 year and if heir listed address falls within the bounds of the shool district. Individuals who live in one district but attend a school in another, as well as students who attend private school or are homeschooled are not represented.
The report contains two graphs: Michigan Intermediate School District COVID-19 Case Reporting (CLI) and Michigan School District COVID-19 Case Reporting. There is also a weekly public use dataset entitled K-12 Aged ISD Reporting.
WMU ScholarWorks Citation
Michigan Department of Health & Human Services, "2022-08-02_MichiganOverview_ISDreporting" (2022). Michigan COVID-19 Outbreak Reports. 219. | <urn:uuid:0d199366-2c29-44e9-b2d0-620fd901ae0d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/michigan-covid-data-state-outbreak/219/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.943987 | 321 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Because Mercury is so close to the Sun, it is hard to directly observe from Earth except during dawn or twilight when the Sun's brightness doesn't outshine little Mercury. The first spacecraft to visit Mercury was NASA's Mariner 10, which imaged about 45% of the surface. NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft flew by Mercury three times and orbited the planet for four years before crashing on its surface at the end of its mission. The European Space Agency and JAXA launched a joint mission to Mercury in 2018. The mission, called BepiColombo, is made up of two spacecraft. Nine flybys are planned to help steer the spacecraft into orbit in late 2025. | <urn:uuid:aaef6cf8-4f88-4dac-95de-4218bfbfdee4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://science.nasa.gov/mercury/exploration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.946669 | 139 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Welcome to Module 2
Lesson 1: Appearance and Reality in Western thought
Buddhism & Quantum Physics
Lesson 1: Appearance and Reality in Western thought
During the course of this lesson, you will:
- Follow the development of the concepts of appearance and reality in modern and ancient Western philosophy;
- Learn about how these concepts shaped the birth of modern science.
This lesson explores the development of the concepts of appearance and reality in ancient Greek and European philosophy, and their role in the evolution of scientific thought. This lesson summarises the fundamental stages of this development, starting with Plato and other ancient Greek philosophers, and continuing with more recent European philosophers (such as Kant and Husserl) and the birth of modern science.
1a. Plato and the Origins of the Reality/Appearance Dualism
Western philosophy, the foundation of modern scientific thought, was largely influenced by Plato’s division of reality into two fundamental domains: the sensible world and the world of intellectual things – later called by Immanuel Kant the phenomenon and the noumenon. In this division, Plato (428-7 to 348-7 BC) believes that sensible things (the objects or phenomena that appear to our senses) are nothing more than the copies of intellectual things (the so-called Platonic Ideas, or noumena, which are basically a generality of the specific, sensibly existing things in our visible world). In other words, the sensible phenomena of our world only exist as the manifestation of transcendental ideas, concepts, and mathematical entities.
According to Plato, a sensible table can have different shapes and uses – for example, a low or a high table, a round or a square table, or a marble or a wooden table. One can think of small, high, round tables only used for drinking glasses during a reception, or long, rectangular, study tables that are used in most peoples’ houses as a dining table. In this way, we can understand that when we say ‘table’, this does not yet specify the exact table, although most people will understand what we mean by it. According to Plato, this general ‘meaning’ is generated by an Idea of the Table. This Idea is not like a sum of all the individual tables and their possibilities. Rather, it is the universal Idea that is the essence of all tables, undefinable in words, yet existing in all our minds as the underlying reality of each particular, sensed table.
Aristotle (384-322 BC) too believed that reality incorporates certain generalities, such as mathematical forms. He believed that science was based on these mathematical forms, thus taking science away from the changeable, sensible world and situating it closer to Plato’s notion of the world of Ideas. This idea of science was carried on all the way to modern times, for example by Arthur Eddington (1882-1944), who describes the ‘Nature of the Physical World’ as having two realities: the nature of the sensible table in your room, with colour and material, and the ‘scientific table’ which is “mostly emptiness. Sparsely scattered in that emptiness are numerous electric charges rushing about with great speed.” [The Nature of the Physical World, page 2 of the introduction by Eddington himself]
1b. Heraclitus & Democritus: Appearance & Reality in Ancient Greece
However, not all Greek philosophers shared the same view of reality as those of Plato and Aristotle, making a distinction between an intelligible and a sensible reality. The concept of reality described by Greek philosophers is not always easy to understand; this is partly because of the subjective interpretation of translations of ancient texts. For instance, a famous statement by Greek philosopher Heraclitus (540-480 BC) is often translated as ‘Nature loves to hide’. Following this idea, Western scientists and philosophers from Galileo to the Romantic period have discussed reality as something that is veiled, behind ‘ordinary reality’ – a bit like a mysterious book, written in mathematical or esoteric symbols that needs to be deciphered. Interestingly, Pierre Hadot (1922-2010) translated Heraclitus’ statement as ‘What is born tends to die’. This translation suggests that Heraclitus thought of reality as continuously changing (a concept that resonates with the Buddhist idea of impermanence) rather than as a ‘veiled’ realm that exists objectively behind our visible reality. This radical shift can also be found in the writings of both Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), who both emphasised the importance of change and the impermanent nature of reality, and denounced the idea that there is something like a veiled reality behind the appearance of our everyday world. Another statement that has led to several interpretations of reality is attributed to Democritus (460-370 BCE): ‘Sweet exist by convention, bitter by convention, colour by convention, atoms and Void (alone) exist in reality’. Democritus believed that features of the world beyond appearance (such as atoms) could only be inferred through reasoning based on what appears to the senses, and advocated for not losing sight of the essential connection between the sensible things of the world and our experiences of them, and our reasoning, deducting mind.
1c. The Birth of Modern Science: Newton, Kant, and Husserl
All of these ancient philosophical ideas had a profound impact on western thought and on the development of modern science. Isaac Newton (1643-1727), one of the fathers of modern physics, developed a new concept of science that has shaped the way that both scientists and philosophers of the 18th century and onwards investigated reality. According to Newton, we should not formulate a hypothesis of the essential nature of the world. Instead, we should reason about phenomena and the patterns that link them through mathematical laws, without speculating about the so-called ‘deeper’, or more fundamental nature of phenomena themselves.
Another key figure in the development of western thought was Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). This German philosopher described the idea of the objective and the real as two independent concepts. While ‘objective’ is a universal, inter-subjective connection between phenomena (hence Kant’s use of the word phenomena), reality, in itself, is independent of subjects (and therefore Kant called it noumenon). This is why Kant would argue for the famous ‘Ding an Sich’, which literally means the ‘thing in itself’. This thing in itself corresponds to what Kant would term the world of the noumenon: a reality that exists independently from the perception of the senses. In other words, Kant brought the original Platonic distinction between the world of the senses and the world of the Ideas back in a modern form, albeit with significant differences.
Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), the founder of the philosophical discipline called ‘phenomenology’, countered this interpretation of the two worlds by Kant while still using the distinction between the reality of things and those of appearances. Husserl used the two German words Real and Reell to further decipher the nature of reality, whereby real is similar to the world of objects and things, the mode of reality of things, and their fundamental nature. However, in contradistinction to Kant, Husserl argued that lived experience of those things, that which he called Reell, is what is undoubtedly existent: the lived experience of the appearance, according to Husserl, cannot be questioned, while the real (the world of objects) can be doubted (for example: how can we know if an object is real or a dream, real or a hologram, etc). | <urn:uuid:ae0ffeee-ed53-4fa1-9e49-390b81a8c9f8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sciwizlive.com/topics/lesson-1-appearance-and-reality-in-western-thought-3-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.938802 | 1,616 | 3.625 | 4 |
The Reading Like a Historian curriculum engages students in historical inquiry. Each lesson revolves around a central historical question and features a set of primary documents designed for groups of students with a range of reading skills.
This curriculum teaches students how to investigate historical questions by employing reading strategies such as sourcing, contextualizing, corroborating, and close reading. Instead of memorizing historical facts, students evaluate the trustworthiness of multiple perspectives on historical issues and learn to make historical claims backed by documentary evidence. To learn more about how to use Reading Like a Historian lessons, watch these videos about how teachers use these materials in their classrooms. | <urn:uuid:b9c337d8-84ae-4dd1-b799-030b56ed8793> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sheg.stanford.edu/history-lessons?f%5B0%5D=time_period%3A29&f%5B1%5D=time_period%3A31&f%5B2%5D=time_period%3A33&f%5B3%5D=time_period%3A34&f%5B4%5D=time_period%3A38&f%5B5%5D=time_period%3A41&f%5B6%5D=time_period%3A45&f%5B7%5D=time_period%3A47&f%5B8%5D=time_period%3A51&f%5B9%5D=topic%3A9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.930464 | 124 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Hijab in Iran
What’s the exact meaning of hijab in the Persian custom ?
Indeed hijab means wearing long clothes with long sleeves.
In common English, is a religious veil worn by Muslim women in the presence of any male outside of their immediate family, which usually covers the hair, head and chest.
The term can refer to any hair, head, face, or body covering worn by Muslim women that conforms to Islamic standards of modesty.
Hijab can also refer to the seclusion of women from men in the public sphere, or it may denote a metaphysical dimension, for example referring to “the veil which separates man, or the world, from God”.
For both sexes basically for women means covering some part of their heads, with a lace cloth ,even for Princess embroidered fabric or jeweled decorated crown and for Kings always jeweled crown.
In fact, high coverage indicated wealth and prosperity. It was also a kind of fashion in that time. In different eras Iran witnessed various form of coverage that sometimes was not necessary to cover all part of body.
For example, in the first and second Pahlavi period(20th century) women chose to follow western style coverage until 1979 (Islamic revolution) which brought a new form and stricter of hijab in Islamic form. The people had to follow the religious rules.
For instant, men should wear front collars front shirt ,men and women should cover all parts of their bodies.
Wealthy and poor should respect and follow this form of hijab as a governmental rule, but now a days we can see new generation with beautiful fashionable clothes.
Therefore, when you plan to visit Iran you should prepare suitable clothes with accordance to Islamic coverage.
It would be interesting to see yourself in new form of clothes.
At the beginning you might find it difficult to cover your head and you might think that the police or the religious people would rush you, but despite of all you read in the books and what you have heard about the hijab restrictions in Iran.
You will not face problems. Do not worry and feel home. Iran is the land of warmth and hospitality. | <urn:uuid:1731070f-f6f0-4811-bf09-bed83dc05ac7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sinargasht.com/hijab-in-iran-in-ancient-iran-there-was-a-kind-of/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.969075 | 442 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Though changing habitual behavior is easier said than done, to sleep better, one tweak may be as simple as putting in your earphones and pressing play, reports The Conversation.
Perhaps the answer is hidden in a more basic question. Given the way sleep is structured, can music even influence it to begin with?
The answer is yes and no.
Sleep is not a gentle slide into unconsciousness. Rather, it’s a complicated ride into an alternate conscious state, where reality is actively created from internal information, rather than external sensation.
That transition from “outside” to “inside” happens in four distinct steps. The sleep process manifests as a non-REM (NREM) phase (which is divided into three parts: NREM 1, 2 and 3) and Rapid Eye Movement (REM). | <urn:uuid:6a18efff-3ecf-4d90-8b19-37cdb66ef183> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sleepreviewmag.com/curated/can-listening-to-music-help-you-sleep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.944528 | 168 | 2.75 | 3 |
Without Regard… (For Managers)
Preventing Harassment & Discrimination in the Workplace
Without Regard… is designed to be a brief but effective overview of workplace discrimination for managers & supervisors - and is now in our eLearning Classic format! To avoid the high cost of workplace discrimination, organizations and their employees must know what is and isn’t discrimination, as well as what actions to take if discrimination occurs.
Learning Path & Details
Suggested Industry Usage
- Ensuring Professional and Compliant Behavior
- Understanding Diversity
- Fostering Inclusion, Equity & Belonging
- Managing for Peak Performance
- Understand that harassing or discriminating behavior, illegal or not, is unacceptable.
- Understand guiding principles for appropriate behavior in business and in life.
- Understand the necessary skills to identify and prevent discrimination in the workplace.
- Understand your role in preventing discrimination in the workplace.
- Audible Narration
- Linear Navigation
- Integrated Video
- Interactions and Activities
- Inline Quiz
- Downloadable Policy
- Downloadable Job Aid
Training Files (1)
Discrimination––especially subtle discrimination and harassment––continues to thrive in our workplace. While some discrimination is obvious, much of it is not. In fact, everyday stereotypes and assumptions about our differences are the basis for most discrimination claims. This program helps managers understand key concepts and gives them the tools needed to prevent harassment and discrimination in the workplace. | <urn:uuid:4895a950-9471-4618-a332-cdd712356c6d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sollahlibrary.com/assets/elearning/without-regard-for-managers-1469 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.865395 | 300 | 2.53125 | 3 |
You likely already know the importance of empathy in the classroom, and the basics of teaching this vital trait in your students. You may not know the steps to teach it or the value of technology to aid you in your quest.
Step 1: Assess your Student’s Empathy Skills
Assess to give you a starting point. Learning empathy isn’t a one and done experience. It’s a process, and kids need to go through several steps on their way to becoming empathetic. Parenting Science outlines three vital skills that kids need to gain as part of developing empathy:
• Emotional sharing (also called “emotional contagion”), which occurs when we experience feelings of distress as a result of observing distress in another individual
• Empathic concern, which is the motivation to care for individuals who are vulnerable or distressed, and
• Perspective-taking, the “ability to consciously put oneself in the mind of another individual and imagine what that person is thinking or feeling.”
Step 2: Teach the Language of Empathy
There’s a lot of language that goes into learning about empathy. Children need to know how to express their feelings and recognize those of others. This includes basic feeling words and more nuanced words like annoyed vs. irritated and happy vs. elated.
Use video clips, photos, and gifs to demonstrate with visuals what these emotions look and feel like. The visual component of emotions is vital. Technology gives us the capability to engage students and make vocabulary development more concrete.
Step 3: Teach the Skills
Like anything kids learn, empathy takes skills, a ‘very particular set of skills’ as Liam Neeson said. These skills need to be explicitly taught:
• Self-Regulation: The ability of kids to calm themselves down when upset and handle their emotions positively. How is this taught? According to Gwen Dewar, PhD,
“We can foster empathy by being ‘emotion coaches.’ That means acknowledging (rather than dismissing) our children’s negative feelings, and engaging them in conversation about the causes and effects of emotions. It also means helping kids find constructive ways to handle their bad moods.”
• Connecting with Others: Kids need to find things in common with peers and be able to create connections. ‘Hey, they’re just like me!’ kids think when they, for example, see that their bully likes Minecraft too!
• Sympathy for Others: Children’s emotional language abilities come into play here. Part of empathy is identifying how others are feeling and why. Teachers should ask questions like ‘How did you feel when (blank) happened to you?’ Or ‘How do you think she is feeling? What do you do when you feel that way?’
• Cognitive Empathy & Perspective Taking: While perspective taking is a higher order skill that many kids don’t fully develop until their teens, it CAN be learned. Kids can learn to both ‘feel with’ others and how to help them. Kids can be taught as young as two to think things like ‘When I’m sad I feel better with my favorite toy, so maybe I can help him feel better with a special toy too!’
• Reading Faces, Tone, and Other Communication Subtleties: For many students, especially those on the Autism spectrum, this can be difficult. Reading facial expressions, body language, tone, and irony, sarcasm, idioms, and double meanings need to be explicitly taught. Technology is extremely valuable here. For example, instead of (or in addition to), contorting your face into your full array expressions, search for photos of people with a variety of expressions from many backgrounds.
Step 4: Put it in Context
Kids now need to learn why their empathy skills are essential and how to apply them. Digital tools give us opportunities to teach kids in new ways. One great example is the variety of guest speakers that are available remotely via Skype. Kids can meet people from different backgrounds that they might not otherwise be able to meet and see new perspectives. They can see real-life environments. Perhaps they could view and virtually interact with a real job site. They could see how people interact with each other, rather than just reading about it.
Students also particularly enjoy video based curricula like First Job Survival Skills, which uses VideoModeling™ to enable students to learn real-life job skills vicariously through the characters on screen.
Step 5: Practice Makes Perfect
New VR (virtual reality) tools are available that help kids get a chance to feel what it is like to be in situations they haven’t yet encountered. Sometimes kids are shy or struggle socially, but in virtual reality, they can ‘practice’ their reactions in a simulated reality. Children can use a virtual identity to help develop their real self-image and to rehearse situations where empathy is typically formed.
If VR is not available to students, they can take advantage of educational apps like the Circles Social Skills Utility™. This innovative iPad app, based on the proven effective by Harvard Circles® Curriculum, teaches students about social boundaries for abuse prevention in an engaging, interactive format.
Many important aspects of communication are lost in digital conversations. In particular, tone can be difficult to decipher online – even more so for students who fall on the Autism spectrum. This makes it crucial to utilize technological resources to give students a well-rounded SEL education.
The child who is ‘left behind’ most is the one who leaves school without transition readiness.
Dr. James Stanfield, Ed.D. | <urn:uuid:00cbc43e-421e-427f-9d6a-9822032281ab> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://stanfield.com/technology-teach-empathy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.946758 | 1,176 | 4.40625 | 4 |
LAND INTO WATER--WATER INTO LAND: A HISTORY OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN FLORIDA, by Nelson M. Blake, reviewed by George E. Buker; A REVOLUTIONARY PEOPLE AT WAR: THE CONTINENTAL ARMY AND AMERICAN CHARACTER, 1775-1783, by Charles Royster, reviewed by Gerard W. Gawalt; THE BEGINNINGS OF NATIONAL POLITICS: AN INTERPRETIVE HISTORY OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, by Jack N. Rakove, reviewed by Robert A. Rutland; THE MADISONS: A BIOGRAPHY, by Virginia Moore, reviewed by John Hebron Moore; THE MAKING OF TOCQUEVILLE’S DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA, by James T. Schleifer, reviewed by Herbert Aptheker; CHATTEL SLAVERY AND WAGE SLAVERY: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN CONTEXT, 1830-1860, by Marcus Cunliffe, reviewed by Kenneth F. Kiple; WITNESSING SLAVERY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTE-BELLUM SLAVE NARRATIVES, by Frances Smith Foster, reviewed by Charles B. Dew; THE SOUTH AND THREE SECTIONAL CRISES, by Don E. Fehrenbacher, reviewed by Clement Eaton; THE UNION CAVALRY IN THE CIVIL WAR. VOLUME ONE: FROM FORT SUMTER TO GETTYSBURG, 1861-1863, by Stephen Z. Starr, reviewed by James Lee McDonough; THE PAPERS OF ANDREW JOHNSON, VOLUME 5, 1861-1862, edited by Leroy P. Graf, Ralph W. Haskins, and Patricia P. Clark, reviewed by Richard N. Current; THE PRESIDENCY OF ANDREW JOHNSON, by Albert Castel, reviewed by James E. Sefton; THE DAY OF THE CARPETBAGGER: REPUBLICAN RULE IN MISSISSIPPI, by William C. Harris, reviewed by William I. Hair; LOUISIANA’S BLACK HERITAGE, by Robert R. MacDonald, John R. Kemp, and Edward F. Hass, reviewed by Bess Beatty; UPROOTED AMERICANS: ESSAYS TO HONOR OSCAR HANDLIN, edited by Richard L. Bushman, Neil Harris, David Rothman, Barbara Miller Solomon, and Stephan Thernstrom, reviewed by George E. Pozzetta; THE ONE AND THE MANY: REFLECTIONS ON THE AMERICAN IDENTITY, by Arthur Mann, reviewed by David Chalmers; THE PEOPLE’S VOICE: THE ORATOR IN AMERICAN SOCIETY, by Barnett Baskerville, reviewed by Joseph D. Cushman, Jr.; CLIO WAS A WOMAN: STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN WOMEN, edited by Mabel E. Deutrich and Virginia C. Purdy, reviewed by Linda Vance; CIVILITIES AND CIVIL RIGHTS: GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA, AND THE BLACK STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM, by William H. Chafe, reviewed by David Colburn
Society, Florida Historical
Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 59:
4, Article 8.
Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol59/iss4/8 | <urn:uuid:abfb891f-866e-4df7-9030-9b046307db24> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol59/iss4/8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.816592 | 743 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Optical Computers; Industrial Robots
One of the solutions to the world's industrial and economic recovery and survivability is "Flexible Automation," wherein vision is the key to its cost-effective flexibility. Vision gives the robot a measure of environmental intelligence. The majority of present vision systems are patterned after the human eye, but this is not a requirement. It has been shown that the multi-aperture insect eye cannot image an object. The physiology of an insect eye is fundamentally different than that of the human eye in that it is not binocular by multioccular in nature. In order to study multi-aperture optics and indirectly the functioning of the insect eye an extremely high resolution robot system, resembling in some respects an insect eye was constructed. This system provided a wide field of view, and an excellent resolution with no need for optical alignment.
An individual eyelet of the vision system consists of a Gradient Index (GRIN) lens, and seven optical fibers which transfer the incident light on the lens to individual detectors. Each detector or pixel, integrates the intensity over the unique region that it sees, and gives a voltage as a function of that intensity. A uniform white sphere was chosen as a test object in order to reduce five degrees of freedom (x, y, z, θ, ф) into three, namely x, y, z. It was experimentally shown that each set of voltage outputs produced by a set of detectors was unique when the object was placed at exact coordinate points, in a cube of 5X5X10 cm. The voltage readings were cataloged in a data file. Identification of the coordinates of the object was possible by a simple comparison of input voltages to the cataloged values. Also, a mathematical model for this system was developed.
If this is your thesis or dissertation, and want to learn how to access it or for more information about readership statistics, contact us at STARS@ucf.edu
Walters, Roy A.
Master of Science (M.S.)
College of Engineering
Length of Campus-only Access
Masters Thesis (Open Access)
Baradar, Ali R., "Spacially Sampled Multi-Aperture Optical System for Robot Vision" (1983). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 667.
Contributor (Linked data) | <urn:uuid:6424375c-0d86-4e22-b542-353b0908d300> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://stars.library.ucf.edu/rtd/667/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00800.warc.gz | en | 0.906216 | 486 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.