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Adjudication is usually understood as having two functions: dispute resolution and law declaration. This Article presents the process of litigation as a third, equally important function and explains how in litigation, participants perform rule of law values. Performativity in litigation operates in five ways. First, litigation allows individuals, even the most downtrodden, to obtain recognition from a governmental officer (a judge) of their claims. Second, it promotes the production of reasoned arguments about legal questions and presentation of proofs in public, subject to cross examination and debate. Third, it promotes transparency by forcing information required to present proofs and arguments to be revealed. Fourth, it aids in the enforcement of the law in two ways: by requiring wrongdoers to answer for their conduct to the tribunal and by revealing information that is used by other actors to enforce or change existing regulatory regimes. And fifth, litigation enables citizens to serve as adjudicators on juries.
Alexandra D. Lahav,
The Roles of Litigation in American Democracy,
Emory L. J.
Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol65/iss6/12 | <urn:uuid:87d359a4-4dc4-47e4-aa20-bdb1accb9b26> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol65/iss6/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.932359 | 242 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Written at a time when feminism was not even a word, Kate Chopin’s “Story of an Hour” is one of the first feminine literary works in history, and has been critical to the rise of feminism throughout history. The story tells us about a woman who had recently lost her husband and portrays the various emotions felt by the protagonist during this ordeal.
The protagonist, Mrs. Mallard, was a tragic hero that many women could relate to and understand at a deeper level. In this story, the author uses imagery and empathy to show the protagonist’s feelings of grief, anger, happiness, and a sense of freedom. “Free! Body and soul free!” Kate Chopin’s ‘Story of an Hour’ uses themes such as freedom, marriage, and feminism to write an intriguing story that tells the readers about the inner struggles of women during the 19th century.
Mrs. Mallard, a woman living in the patriarchal late 1800s married to a man named Brently Mallard, is imprisoned in the same place she calls home. The protagonist’s situation turns Mrs. Mallard into a tragic hero to be sympathized with by the readers. The story begins with Mrs. Mallard hearing about the news of her husband’s unfortunate demise.
The demise of a loved one is a devastating and somber event for any individual and feelings of grief and sadness are expected from Mrs. Mallard. The story takes an interesting turn when instead of grieving for the loss of her husband, Mrs. Mallard focuses more on her freedom and begins to dream of a brighter future.
“Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own .”At this point in the story, the reader is allowed to make many assumptions about the protagonist’s past, and these assumptions prove vital towards the reader’s understanding of the story.
It is safe to assume that Mrs. Mallard felt controlled in her marriage and didn’t have a lasting relationship with her husband. A point to note is that she was unsure about her feelings about her husband. “And yet she had loved him—sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter!”
Perhaps this uncertainty had made her avoid the confusing feeling of love and instead embrace the sense of freedom felt due to her husband’s death. Marriage is an important theme in this story, making many readers relate to it. ‘Story of an hour’ was published in 1894, a time when many women felt trapped in their marriage. This formed a much deeper connection between the reader and the story and also promoted themes such as freedom and feminism within the story.
Freedom is a basic human right that seems trivial to many of us today. We all deserve it, but many have been snatched of this freedom. Mrs. Mallard has lived a depressing and trapped life and this suppressed life leads her to search for her freedom. One of the main points that shape a tragic hero, is that they deserve a fate greater than their own. Mrs. Mallard is a character that had her freedom stolen from her, which makes readers empathize with the character in the form of a tragic hero. As said by Moshe Dayan, “Freedom is the oxygen of the soul.”
The need for freedom makes Mrs. Mallard focus on this sense of liberty that arose from her husband’s death. As a woman living in the 19th century, Mrs. Mallard has a limited amount of freedom, which makes the somber event of her husband’s death into an opportunity for her to gain freedom. “Her fancy was running riot along those days ahead of her.” The story follows an interesting turn of events as the protagonist goes from feeling grief to finding “monstrous joy’ upon her newfound freedom. When the protagonist finally comes to peace with her feelings, Kate Chopin delivers another twist, and Mrs. Mallard goes through peripeteia when she finds out her husband hasn’t died and this highly anticipated freedom was once again snatched from her.
The story ends as Mrs. Mallard experiences a heart attack upon the sudden shock of seeing her husband. It could be said that Mrs. Mallard gained freedom from life and in my opinion, death proves to be a better fate for her, as going back to the oppressed life after gaining her freedom would have been a torturous event for Mrs. Mallard.
In conclusion, Kate Chopin’s ‘Story of an hour’ uses themes such as freedom, marriage, and feminism to create a captivating story that leaves a lasting impression on the readers. The story portrays Mrs. Mallard in the form of an Aristotelian tragic hero who can be sympathized with by the readers. It creates a story that can be related to the readers as many women in that period experienced the same feelings of suppression and captivity.
This story shows how a woman dreamt of her freedom, but fate had something else in store for her, and instead of gaining freedom from her husband, she gained freedom from life itself. “The Story of an Hour” is one of the first feminine works in history and portrays a captivating and tragic tale of a woman who wanted freedom. | <urn:uuid:dab2159e-6898-4846-8913-f76d56b43e30> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://schoolworkhelper.net/kate-chopins-story-of-an-hour-tragic-hero/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.971045 | 1,095 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Dynamite was invented by Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in the late 19th century as a safe way of using nitroglycerin as a demolition agent. Nobel stabilized nitroglycerin by mixing it with diatomaceous earth, the fossilized shells of diatoms. Dynamite has to be detonated using a blasting cap. Used as a military explosive at the turn 20th century, today, it is used widely in industrial blasting operations.
“Greek fire” was a name given to incendiary devices used in warfare prior to the invention of chemical explosives. It was used by the Byzantines in the 7th and 8th centuries to repel Muslim fleets. The exact chemical composition of Greek fire is unknown but may have been a combination of a petroleum distillate such as modern gasoline, sulfur and tree resins. This combination was launched at enemies using flamethrowers. Like modern napalm, it was sticky and could not be extinguished with water. The petroleum distillate was obtained by heating crude oil that seeped out of the ground in the region, called naphtha springs at the time.
Black powder, usually known as gunpowder, was the first chemical explosive. Its development can be traced to Chinese alchemists in the 8th century. It remained the main explosive used for warfare worldwide until the 19th century. The basic components of black powder are saltpeter, the chemical compound potassium nitrate, sulfur and charcoal. These ingredients are pulverized, pressed into cakes and dried before use as explosives. On detonation, the powder produces large amounts of smoke and soot. Black powder was used as a military explosive in the Civil War and by gold prospectors in California for blasting. By the 19th century, ammonium nitrate had replaced potassium nitrate in the black powder mixture.
In the 19th century, smokeless powder became a safer and cleaner replacement for black powder. This was based on the discovery of nitrocellulose. Initially called “guncotton,” nitrocellulose was produced by dipping cotton into nitric acid. The acid attacks cellulose in the cotton producing nitrocellulose that is highly flammable when ignited. Wood pulp later replaced cotton as the source of cellulose. The resulting nitrocellulose was blended in an alcohol and ether mixture and evaporated to produce a hard, plastic mass. This was cut up into small flakes of stable gunpowder. Nitrocellulose remains the basis for modern propellants.
In 1846, Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero developed nitroglycerin by adding sulfuric and nitric acids to glycerol. The glycerol was a byproduct of soap-making using animal and vegetable fats. However, unlike nitrocellulose that remains stable unless ignited in the presence of oxygen, nitroglycerin is a liquid that spontaneously explodes and can detonate on touch. Nevertheless, it was used widely in the 19th century for blasting operations in the oil and mining industries and in railroad construction. Alfred Nobel discovered a method of stabilizing nitroglycerin by mixing it with absorbent substances such as diatomaceous earth and silicates. In modern dynamite, much of the nitroglycerin content is replaced with ammonium nitrate and gelatin.
- Aeragon: Military Explosives
- The Scripps Research Institute: Chemistry of High Energy Materials
- University of Calgary: Greek Fire
- Dartmouth College: Explosive Chemistry
- Lind Hall Library: The Use of Black Powder and Nitroglycerin on the Transcontinental Railroad
- Petroleum History Institute: Nitroglycerin
About the Author
Based in London, Maria Kielmas worked in earthquake engineering and international petroleum exploration before entering journalism in 1986. She has written for the "Financial Times," "Barron's," "Christian Science Monitor," and "Rheinischer Merkur" as well as specialist publications on the energy and financial industries and the European, Middle Eastern, African, Asian and Latin American regions. She has a Bachelor of Science in physics and geology from Manchester University and a Master of Science in marine geotechnics from the University of Wales School of Ocean Sciences. | <urn:uuid:9ed1900f-4f53-4637-a78a-234cb57e5239> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sciencing.com/done-before-dynamite-invented-12672.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.950216 | 865 | 3.75 | 4 |
WASHINGTON — Earlier this year, America’s most famous investor, Warren Buffett, characterized cyberattacks as a bigger threat to humanity than nuclear weapons, calling them “the No. 1 problem with mankind.”
Buffett, who describes himself as a cyberthreats neophyte, was echoing the concerns of government officials and national security experts going back at least five years. The nation finds itself in a situation comparable to the Cuban missile crisis of 55 years ago, a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the deployment of Soviet ballistic missiles on America’s doorstep in Cuba, which followed American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey. This confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.
But the resolution of the crisis, involving a joint pullback by the two nuclear powers, laid the groundwork for the nuclear arms control and reduction treaties that have kept nuclear war at bay ever since. More than half a century later, we face comparable uncertainties in the global cyber-arena, and there is the same urgent need for de-escalation.
The similarities between cyber and nuclear weapons are painfully apparent: These attacks are capable of imposing catastrophic consequences on our critical national assets, with quick delivery times unimpeded by geographic boundaries. Conflicts between our nation and other countries, including Russia and North Korea, dominate the headlines. Our global landscape has become increasingly digitized, and this increased cyberconnectivity is changing the nature of the threats we face, posing serious implications for our national security.
In October, a report surfaced that hackers linked to North Korea targeted American electric utilities. The ability to impact national critical infrastructure, by either taking it offline or weaponizing it, constitutes a very real threat but with a significant difference from the Cuban missile crisis: The enemy is unknown and the path to resolution is unclear.
When it comes to traditional warfare, there is an understood set of norms — a code of conduct — between nation states. These norms give the system predictability, which leads to stability. In the cyberworld, the impacts are significant, but the code of conduct and the consequences for bad behavior haven’t been defined yet. The concept of “cyberattack” is not even clearly defined by the U.S. government, much less our potential enemies. And this lack of definitions and standards of conduct means that it is impossible to predict how a target will react or respond to a cyberattack.
This summer, we learned that the notion of a cyberattack against nuclear infrastructure within the U.S. is truly a practical reality. According to the New York Times, since May 2017, hackers have been penetrating the computer networks of companies that operate nuclear power stations and other energy facilities, as well as manufacturing plants in the U.S. and other countries. Among the companies impacted was the Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation, which runs a nuclear power plant near Burlington, Kan. Further reporting revealed that the U.S. government believed that the Russians were behind this and other attacks.
And this wasn’t the first instance of a cyberattack intentionally targeting some of the most sensitive facilities in the world. Stuxnet, a malicious computer worm that targets industrial computer systems first publicly identified in 2010, was responsible for causing substantial damage to Iran’s nuclear program. Although neither country admitted responsibility, the worm is frequently described as a jointly built American-Israeli cyberweapon. Stuxnet switched off safety devices, sabotaging centrifuges by making them spin out of control and destroy themselves. We’ve known for a decade that these potential consequences existed. In 2007, the Idaho National Laboratory conducted the Aurora experiment to demonstrate how a cyberattack could destroy physical components of the electric grid. The experiment used a computer program that rapidly opened and closed a diesel generator’s circuit breakers out of phase from the rest of the grid, causing them to explode.
The use and sophistication of these exploits is on the rise, and our physical national assets are not all that is being held at risk. The country is continuing to deal with credible allegations that our electoral and news media platforms were manipulated in the last election. Allowing for the obvious differences between cyberweapons and nuclear bombs, it’s not a stretch to say we are now heading toward a second Cuban missile crisis — of cyberwarfare.
And it calls for the same determination and ingenuity that resolved the original one. Experts say the U.S. is well-positioned to lead an effort toward an enforceable treaty that establishes norms on the use of cyberweapons. Until we take on that challenge, we are unsure as a nation which act will generate what response, and so we stand by as malicious cyber acts expand and escalate. Powerful nations continue to test their abilities to use and deploy new kinds of weapons, and conflict seems inevitable, if not already a reality. It is likely to end in a crisis that will demonstrate and define acceptable limits and unacceptable actions. In 1962, that limit was found when the arming of a tiny island in the Caribbean pushed us to the edge of a nuclear disaster. How will it be found in 2017?
Anthony J. Ferrante is head of cybersecurity and a senior managing director at FTI Consulting. He served as director for Cyber Incident Response at the U.S. National Security Council.
Read more from Yahoo News: | <urn:uuid:6948ab1f-998b-4359-b532-7516990a5c7f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sg.news.yahoo.com/cyberwar-eras-cuban-missile-crisis-need-de-escalate-now-100059558.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.953196 | 1,098 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Introduce children to nature in the South through fun activities and hands-on science projects.
With 14 states and a wide range of habitats, plants, and animals, the South is a wonderful region for getting outside and discovering nature. There is so much to see and appreciate, even in your backyard or at a nearby park. Teach your children to love and protect the great outdoors.
This workbook by Erika Zambello features more than 20 simple, fun introductions to astronomy, birds, geology, and more. Plus, over a dozen activities help kids to make hypotheses, experiment, and observe. The 19 hands-on science projects, such as raising native caterpillars, making mushroom spore prints, and attracting moths with an ultraviolet light, put students in control of their own learning!
You never know what your children will uncover outside. Every day is a little treasure hunt. If they keep good records and share what they find, their observations can even help scientists learn more about nature in the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, eastern Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, eastern Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. So get the Backyard Science & Discovery Workbook: South, and get started on a lifetime of discovery. | <urn:uuid:d61fb1e6-be4e-474f-947e-5b3816457049> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://shop.adventurewithkeen.com/product/backyard-nature-science-workbook-south/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.924421 | 263 | 3.515625 | 4 |
This week, we have developed our ‘All About Me’ topic to talk about our friends, what they mean to us, and how we can be good friends to each other at school. We read the book ‘Farmer Duck’ and discussed how the other animals were good friends to Duck, trying to make him feel better when he was sad and helping him with jobs on the farm. Some of us had fun making our own farms out of salt dough, and found out that it was much easier to mix up all the dough if we took turns and worked together!
We have even had some visitors from the farm helping us with our Maths learning, where we have been focusing on making patterns with objects, drawings and words. The lazy farmer himself came back and asked us to help him order his animals into a pattern, and the sheep showed us how to make patterned friendship bracelets for Duck! This week, we have learned that you can make patterns out of all kinds of things- playdough, natural resources and even our snacks! Maybe you could try drawing your own patterns at home this weekend, or making them with things you find outside like leaves, conkers or sticks.
In Phonics, we have continued using our musical instruments to make loud and quiet sounds, and have started learning how to apply these to songs and stories. We sang the ‘5 Little Monkeys’ song and decided when it needed loud music (like when the crocodile went “snap!”) and when it needed quieter music (like when the crocodile was sneaking up on the monkeys).
On Wednesday afternoon, we had a special session with our environmental teacher! She taught us how to plant daffodil bulbs in compost and what we need to do to look after them at home; give them lots of sunlight and water. If we take good care of them, we should see them grow beautiful flowers when springtime arrives in March! | <urn:uuid:f2b77e95-b17f-49e8-bb59-4d6a00ad661d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://st-josephs.islington.sch.uk/friendship-patterns-and-musical-sounds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.981627 | 399 | 3.25 | 3 |
Calculate Multiple Summary Statistics by Group in One Call (R Example)
In this R post you’ll learn how to get multiple summary statistics by group.
Table of contents:
Let’s dive right in:
Construction of Exemplifying Data
At first, we’ll need to create some data that we can use in the following example code:
set.seed(325967) # Create random example data data <- data.frame(values = rnorm(100), groups = letters[1:5]) head(data) # Head of random example data
As you can see based on Table 1, our example data is a data frame containing the two columns “values” and “groups”.
Example 1: Calculate Several Summary Statistics Using aggregate() Function of Base R
In this section, I’ll illustrate how to use the basic installation of the R programming language to calculate multiple summary statistics by group in only one function call.
data_summary1 <- do.call(data.frame, # Calculate summary stats using aggregate aggregate(values ~ groups, data, FUN = function(x) c(mean(x), sum(x), sd(x)))) colnames(data_summary1) <- c("groups", "my_mean", "my_sum", "my_sd") data_summary1 # Print summary data
So far, so good. However, in my opinion the previous R code is relatively complicated. For that reason, I’ll show an easier solution in the following example.
Example 2: Calculate Several Summary Statistics Using group_by() & summarize_all() Functions of dplyr Package
The following code explains how to use the functions of the dplyr package to calculate several descriptive statistics by group.
We first need to install and load the dplyr package:
install.packages("dplyr") # Install & load dplyr library("dplyr")
Next, we can use the group_by and summarize_all functions to compute different summary statistics by group:
data_summary2 <- data %>% # Calculate summary stats using dplyr group_by(groups) %>% dplyr::summarize_all(list(my_mean = mean, my_sum = sum, my_sd = sd)) %>% as.data.frame() data_summary2 # Print summary data
After running the previous R programming syntax the data frame shown in Table 3 has been created. As you can see, the output values are exactly the same as in Example 1. However, this time we have used the dplyr package instead of Base R.
Note that we have used the as.data.frame function to get the output as a data.frame. This step could be skipped, in case you prefer to work with the tibble class.
Video & Further Resources
Have a look at the following video on the Statistics Globe YouTube channel. In the video, I’m showing the R programming codes of this article in a live session.
Besides that, you may read the other RStudio tutorials on my website:
- Group Data Frame by Multiple Columns in R
- Summarize Multiple Columns of data.table by Group
- Select Top N Highest Values by Group
- Count Unique Values by Group in R
- Introduction to R
This tutorial has demonstrated how to compute multiple summary statistics by group in R. If you have any additional questions, don’t hesitate to let me know in the comments section below. | <urn:uuid:f51d196b-bc6c-4943-907a-61e518bd1b40> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://statisticsglobe.com/calculate-multiple-summary-statistics-r | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.791809 | 748 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Some medical schools in Europe to teach their students in English, while others do not. The main reason for this is the economic situation in some European countries. Medical services in many countries are provided through private practitioners who do not offer English speaking services. The fact that a lot of the jobs are going to Asia has played its part as well. In those areas where English is not an official language, it makes sense to learn the language when seeking a job with one of the large multinational corporations.
However, the situation has changed for the better and most medical schools in Europe are now offering a full English curriculum. Many medical staff members now speak English fluently. This has created a career opportunity for those students who speak only one or two languages. The choice of the language should not be dictated by the ability to speak another language. It is far more important to learn all of the important medical lingo in order to practice medicine competently. One can become fluent in multiple languages, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that one is capable of writing and speaking in any of those languages.
The number of schools in Europe that teaching in English is growing. There are also more colleges in Europe that offer programs in English. It is up to each institution to decide if it wants to offer classes in English as a second language. If a school will not offer an English program, it may be difficult to get into the program at a post secondary institution. There are also online medical programs available in which the students take the program on their own time. This can save a student money, but it might not be worthwhile if one is not a medical professional. | <urn:uuid:b273b34d-4d8a-4f00-b6f4-0e3d299e0ee7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://studymetro.blog/2020/07/06/why-some-medical-schools-in-europe-teach-in-english/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.979028 | 331 | 2.546875 | 3 |
How many syllables?
How it's divided?
- n. - The process of reasoning, or deducing conclusions
from premises; deductive reasoning.
- noun - The proposition arrived at by logical reasoning (such as the proposition that must follow from the major and minor premises of a syllogism)
- noun - Logical and methodical reasoning
6 Syllable Words Starting with? | <urn:uuid:9438c707-b827-47b2-a24e-105043defcef> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://syllablewords.net/syllables-in/ratiocination | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.893381 | 83 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Experts Warn of Cyber Security Risks in Artificial Intelligence Development
A top cyber security official has warned that urgent action is needed to build robust cyber security measures into artificial intelligence (AI) systems, as companies rush to develop new products.
Speaking to the BBC, Lindy Cameron, the chief executive of the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), highlighted the potential dangers of overlooking security in the early stages of AI development.
Without adequate security, malicious attacks could have devastating consequences, said Robert Hannigan, a former intelligence chief.
As AI becomes increasingly integrated into our daily lives, from autonomous vehicles to utilities and beyond, attacks on these systems could have severe consequences.
"As we become dependent on AI for all sorts of things, attacks on those systems could be devastating," Hannigan said.
Cameron agreed, emphasizing the importance of applying basic security principles in the early stages of AI development to avoid the risk of misuse.
One of the key challenges with AI is that the systems themselves can be subverted by those seeking to do harm.
A small group of experts has been studying the field of "adversarial machine learning" for many years, looking at how AI and machine learning systems can be tricked into giving bad results.
For example, researchers were able to change how self-driving cars see signs by placing stickers on a stop sign, making the AI think it was a speed limit sign.
Similarly, poisoning the data that AI is learning from can also lead to biased results, potentially with serious consequences.
The problem with AI is that it can be hard to understand, making it difficult to trust.
Even if someone suspects that their AI model may have been poisoned by bad data, it becomes harder to trust it.
"It is a fundamental challenge for AI right across the board as to how far we can trust it," Hannigan said.
The use of AI in national security is also a major concern.
If AI was used to analyze satellite imagery looking for military build-up, for instance, a malicious attacker could manipulate the results to miss the real tanks or see an array of fake tanks.
In conclusion, as the use of AI continues to expand and become more integrated into our daily lives, it is crucial that security is built into the early stages of development to prevent devastating consequences from potential attacks.
The NC The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in cyber security is becoming increasingly prevalent, as companies utilize the technology to detect and prevent cyber attacks.
However, adversaries are also seeking ways to bypass these systems, allowing their malicious software to move undetected.
As AI continues to advance, it is important to consider the potential risks and challenges it may pose.
A recent article co-authored by the chief data scientist at GCHQ highlights the potential security risks associated with large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT.
These models have the ability to process and generate human-like language, but they also pose serious concerns about individuals providing sensitive information when they input questions into the models, as well as the risk of "prompt hacking," in which models are tricked into providing inaccurate or harmful results.
With the rapid development of AI, it is crucial to learn from the early days of internet security and ensure that those building these systems are taking responsibility for security.
"I don't want consumers to have to worry," says Lindy Cameron of the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), "but I do want the producers of these systems to be thinking about it." As the use of AI in cyber security continues to grow, it is important to remain vigilant and proactive in addressing potential risks and threats. | <urn:uuid:a2db6f90-2acc-44b5-aa06-2755574e20b0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://techdigits.com/experts-warn-of-cyber-security-risks-in-artificial-intelligence-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.966108 | 741 | 2.859375 | 3 |
I recently attended the Vim Masterclass online course lead by vimcasts.org’s Drew Neil. It was a great learning experience and I immediately bought Drew’s book, Practical Vim, to learn even more. This got me thinking about why I love Vim and why, after more than two years, I’m still finding myself striving to improve my Vim skills.
Why Learn Vim
Without getting into the specifics, this line means, “Go to line 22, move the cursor to the first occurrence of the letter ‘z’ and delete the entire word.” Doesn’t this seem like coding? Obscure coding, for sure, but once you understand the syntax, it’s pretty powerful. Even though the biggest hurdle to understanding Vim is having to memorize such terse commands, there are plenty online tutorials to teach the mnemonics that will help you remember them.
Just like a programming language, there are many different ways to achieve the same outcome. And, just like a programming language, there are best practices to get the most out of what you type. In his online course, Drew Neil talks about what he calls “The Dot Formula.” In Vim, the Dot Command (pressing the dot key) will repeat a command. Since a lot of what we do as developers is repetitive in nature, this is a really handy feature. However, to get the most out of the Dot Command, you need to consider how you type your commands.
In the above two lines, they both will change a word to foo. The first command will use visual mode to highlight the word then change it to ‘foo’. This is nice because you see what you are about to change. However, you don’t get the full power of the Dot Command. If you moved over to another word and pressed the dot key, you get unexpected results. Now try the second command. This one changes the word under the cursor to ‘foo’ without using visual mode. Now move to another word and press the dot key. That works as expected.
Although the above is a somewhat trivial example, it shows that really understanding the mechanics behind Vim’s syntax can help you to be more efficient.
Coolest Thing I’ve Learned
I’m trying to get my point across without writing an insanely long post about Vim. So, I’m going to leave you with this one command that I learned from the Vim MasterClass that I was the most impressed with. The ‘normal’ command.
:10,20 normal A;<enter>
This essentially says, “Append a semi-colon to the end of each line on lines 10 through 20”. We are able to write one command to affect 10 lines of code. Additionally, you can use the Dot Command in normal mode to repeat the above on another selection of lines.
:30,40 normal .<enter>
This has barely touched the surface of what Vim can do. If you’ve never tried Vim, I hope I’ve made you curious. If you do use Vim, I hope I’ve given you something you haven’t seen before. | <urn:uuid:53fc59f7-5f34-436f-a137-8211cc7e2963> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://techtime.getharvest.com/blog/improving-my-vim-skills | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.938685 | 674 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Schools and courses in entrepreneurship are popping up all over the country. Each school has a slightly different approach to teaching this relatively new class study. Some schools have a few specific courses, while others have full curriculums devoted to entrepreneurship.
This results in a wide variety of approaches about how to teach entrepreneurship. Some schools stress the structure and function of building a business and borrow extensively from their business school curriculums, while others are very hands-on and even give academic credit to students engaging in start-ups. Entrepreneurship is so new that there is no consensus on exactly what should be taught.
With the exception of a few schools like Babson that has been teaching entrepreneurship since 1979 and devotes 100% of their classes to it, most schools offer entrepreneurship along with their main, more established majors.
Many universities know they must have entrepreneurship on their curriculum, but what is it exactly? What are the essential courses necessary to create successful graduates? And who will teach it? Have they been entrepreneurs themselves, and were they successful? How is the success of their method of teaching entrepreneurship measured? Is it number of new businesses launched? Or the number of businesses still operating in two years? And how is the success of the graduating students measured? Is it the amount of funding their start-ups garner, the amount of jobs they create, or is it the speed with which they achieve self-sustaining cash flow? These questions have advocates on all sides, and it’s still the Wild West out there when it comes to entrepreneurship education.
Since the first part of 2013, we have been traveling and speaking at colleges, universities and centers of entrepreneurship. We have participated with entrepreneurship education organizations where professors of entrepreneurship debate best practices for teaching this course of study. In the process, we have been exposed to many different approaches.
One of the Guiding Principles for Success we promote is to ask questions. We think it’s the best way to truly understand what your customers, employees, suppliers, and financiers really want. We encourage aspiring entrepreneurs to find out who their customers are at every level, identify their needs, and ask for constant feedback to provide relevant products and services. Why should it be any different for schools who teach it?
We were recently honored to be the guest speakers at Mississippi State University where we had a truly new and unique experience. From the board of advisers to the students, from the faculty to the Entrepreneurs Club, we were asked basically the same question, “What do you think we could do better to prepare students for the real world? Since you’ve been through it yourself and seen over 20 schools of entrepreneurship, what can you tell us about what others are doing, and how do you think we can improve our program?”
We hadn’t realized before that our experience of not only building Barefoot but, more importantly to them, visiting as many schools as we have gave us a unique overview.
We are not experts and what we know is based solely on our own experiences – building a successful consumer products brand, and talking with students and professors. We respected those who asked the question, and gave them several ideas about form and function that you can read in more detail on our Brand Building site, www.thebrandauthority.net
But one thing we did stress is the importance of the Liberal Arts and Sales Training, also known as the “Soft Skills,” because when you are an entrepreneur you are ipso facto a sales person. You must sell your own people, your buyers, their customers, your vendors and your financiers. It’s a firm foundation in the Liberal Arts that will give students a better understanding of different cultures and better communication skills, a necessity for sales. And after all, sales cures all ills!
Who We Are
Michael Houlihan and Bonnie Harvey co-authored the New York Times bestselling business book, The Barefoot Spirit: How Hardship, Hustle, and Heart Built America’s #1 Wine Brand. The book has been selected as recommended reading in the CEO Library for CEO Forum, the C-Suite Book Club, and numerous university classes on business and entrepreneurship. It chronicles their humble beginnings from the laundry room of a rented Sonoma County farmhouse to the board room of E&J Gallo, who ultimately acquired their brand and engaged them as brand consultants. Barefoot is now the world’s largest wine brand.
Beginning with virtually no money and no wine industry experience, they employed innovative ideas to overcome obstacles, create new markets and forge strategic alliances. They pioneered Worthy Cause Marketing and performance-based compensation. They built an internationally bestselling brand and received their industry’s “Hot Brand” award for several consecutive years.
They offer their Guiding Principles for Success (GPS) to help entrepreneurs become successful. Their book, The Entrepreneurial Culture: 23 Ways To Engage and Empower Your People, helps corporations maximize the value of their human resources.
Currently they travel the world leading workshops, trainings, & keynoting at business schools, corporations, conferences. They are regular media guests and contributors to international publications and professional journals. They are C-Suite Network Advisors & Contributing Editors. Visit their popular brand building site at www.consumerbrandbuilders.com.
To make inquiries for keynote speaking, trainings or consulting, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:291757ab-97eb-40e6-87bf-355d76d75c2d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thebarefootspirit.com/how-to-teach-entrepreneurship-its-the-wild-west/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.965808 | 1,121 | 2.59375 | 3 |
We think of ratification of amendments to the Constitution as a lengthy process, but of the 27 amendments to the Constitution, ten were ratified in less than a year and a half (less than 548 days).
This wasn’t only true when the US was relatively small: the last “fast-tracked” amendment was ratified as recently as January 1964.
12th Amendment (Electors are directed to vote for a President and for a Vice President rather than for two choices for President), approved in Congress on December 9, 1803, and ratified on June 15, 1804 (189 days)
13th Amendment (slavery or involuntary servitude prohibited), proposed on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865 (309 days).
15th Amendment (a person’s race, color, or prior history as a slave could not be used to bar that person from voting): the Congress passed the amendment on February 26, 1869, and it was ratified on February 3, 1870 (342 days).
17th Amendment (election of Senators by voters rather than state legislatures): passed by Congress on May 13, 1912, and was ratified on April 8, 1913 (330 days).
18th Amendment (Prohibition): passed by Congress on December 18, 1917, ratified on January 16, 1919 (394 days).
19th Amendment (women’s sufferage): passed by Congress on June 4, 1919, ratified on August 18, 1920 (441 days).
20th Amendment (shortens the time frame between federal elections and inauguration; stipulates that if a President-elect dies before inauguration, the Vice President-elect becomes President): passed by Congress on March 2, 1932, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1933 (327 days).
21st Amendment (repeal of Prohibition): passed by Congress on February 20, 1933 and was ratified on December 5, 1933 (288 days).
23rd Amendment (gives voters in Washington DC the right to elect a President and Vice-President): The Congress passed the amendment on June 17, 1960; the amendment was ratified on March 29, 1961 (285 days).
24th Amendment (made it illegal to impose a poll tax): passed by Congress on August 27, 1962, ratified on January 23, 1964 (514 days). | <urn:uuid:d4372e46-8719-4bea-96c2-c291b6d94aec> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thecapeblog.com/?m=201111 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.984882 | 475 | 4.1875 | 4 |
In 1943 Australian diggers fighting the Japanese army in New Guinea were in for at least one surprise when they started eating American GI rations. These rations included sauerkraut.
You can imagine the surprise of the 1943 Aussie digger brought up on meat and two veg being confronted with this pickled fermented cabbage. Certainly, a surprise to the digger but also a significant benefit to his gut health given the Australian army rations at that time. As long as the sauerkraut in question had not been heat treated it would have contained probiotics.
1943 were the days before the terms ‘prebiotics’ and ‘probiotics’ were used. But many cultures knew about the benefits of fermented foods such as sauerkraut and ate such foods.
These days in Australia yoghurts are probably the item mostly associated with a source of probiotics. However, as the 1943 diggers found out there are also a large number of other sources of probiotics.
Maybe it might be time to consider these other sources of probiotics and if nothing else give your taste buds something different as you benefit your gut health?
These alternative sources of probiotics include kim chi, natto, tempeh, and fermented tofu, as well as the aforementioned sauerkraut, and more, each with a ‘distinctive’ taste.
The question that intrigues me is how did people start eating these foods. In the case of kim chi and sauerkraut the answer is probably preservation of vegetables for eating over winter. In other cases, there presumably was accidental contamination of the food by the micro-organism and people found that such contamination improved the taste and/or texture.
My experience is that in Korea, kim chi comes with all meals. In Japan, natto is normally eaten with breakfast, with rice. The same with fermented tofu, normally with rice or as part of the rice porridge/congee. Sauerkraut seems to be typically eaten at breakfast.
Some people find the sourness of kim chi off-putting. If so, then see if your local Korean grocer has some just-made, not very fermented kim chi. The taste and texture is distinctly different to that of the pre-made kim chi normally found in supermarkets.
It’s worth remembering though, that if the food has been cooked or heat treated it is likely that the probiotic bacteria have been killed too.
A final note…
Another military connection with these probiotics is the 1975 episode of MASH (Mobile Army Surgical Hospital) TV series entitled ‘Of Moose and Men’. In this episode, Major Burns sees some Koreans burying a bomb which turns out to be a kim chi pot. Hawkeye’s explanation is “They ferment it in the ground. There are millions of these buried all over Korea.”
Intended as general advice only. Consult your health care professional to discuss any specific concerns. | <urn:uuid:a885bdf8-7c8b-4d25-a0e8-ca99df2b1274> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thehealthygrain.com/time-for-a-suprise-for-your-gut-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.969958 | 629 | 2.625 | 3 |
On April 18, 1619, George Yeardley arrived in Jamestown in the then-British colony of Virginia, assuming the position of deputy governor. Two months later, on July 30, 1619, Governor Yeardley would preside over the first session of the first representative legislative body, which became known as the House of Burgesses, beginning a four century-long tenure of the oldest continuous law-making body in the “New World.”
Marking the 400-year anniversary of the Virginia General Assembly, which became the body’s official designation in 1776 with the ratification of the Virginia Constitution, the House Clerk’s Office today released the completed iteration of its ambitious, multi-year project to record and share biographical sketches and legislative service information on the nearly 10,000 men and women who have served as Burgesses or Delegates since 1619.
Debuted in January 2019 at the start of the session on Bank Street in Richmond, the Database of House Members (DOME) is divided into four categories: Burgesses and Delegates, Speakers and Clerks, Legislative Sessions and Committees, and State Capitol Locations.
The first and second categories offer a multitude of personal, legislative, and historical information on current and former House members, as well as the institution’s chief presiding officers, the speakers, and the body’s chief administrators, the clerks.
The third category provides a chronology of legislative floor sessions over the past 400 years, listing leadership roles of members and their committee assignments.
The final category describes the various meeting locations at which the body has assembled, beginning with the church at Historic Jamestowne Island, the Colonial Capitol in Williamsburg, and the present seat of the Commonwealth’s government since 1788 atop Shockoe Hill in downtown Richmond.
DOME also contains a feedback mechanism which encourages user interaction, designed as a living research tool to encourage the public to help write the ongoing history of the historic House of Delegates and those who have been elected to serve in it by sharing what they may know from their own research or family archives.
“It is not only apt but fantastically fitting,” noted House Clerk Paul Nardo in a press release, “formally to launch this new educational resource 400 years to the day representative democracy began taking shape in North America.”
“I hope DOME increases public understanding of this venerable institution, its leaders and our individual members, and ultimately affords users the opportunity to make connections with our past in order to help shape a better future for our entire Commonwealth,” he added. | <urn:uuid:636ffbe8-c559-4269-8e7d-b535c7973ff3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://therepublicanstandard.com/featured/database-of-house-members-released-to-publicly-share-400-year-house-of-delegates-history/balemieux/2019/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.954874 | 539 | 3.203125 | 3 |
For as long as there has been science fiction, the concept of time travel has captured the imagination. Though it has long been dismissed as fantasy, physicists have not yet been able to prove or disprove that humans may one day be able to manipulate the fourth dimension.
"Time travel was once considered scientific heresy," writes Professor Stephen Hawking in the Daily Mail. "I used to avoid talking about it for fear of being labelled a crank." However, these days he's far less cautious, admitting he believes human will one day figure out how to travel into the future.
How could time travel be possible?
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"The question of time travel features at the interface between two of our most successful yet incompatible physical theories," explains physicist Martin Ringbauer. "Einstein's general relativity and quantum mechanics." Using both of these theories, scientists have suggested several ways they believe time travel could be possible – at least theoretically. These include:
Einstein suggested the theoretical existence of "bridges" through time and space – often referred to as wormholes. His theory has been further developed by numerous physicists including Stephen Hawking and Kip Thorne.
A wormhole would allow an object to travel from one point to another faster than the speed of light, by taking a shortcut through space-time, meaning the object won't break the rule of the so-called universal speed limit — the speed of light — because it will at no point actually travel at a speed faster than light.
"The basic idea if you're very, very optimistic is that if you fiddle with the wormhole openings, you can make it not only a shortcut from a point in space to another point in space, but a shortcut from one moment in time to another moment in time," Professor Brian Greene, a prominent string-theory physicist, told Live Science.
Problem : No wormhole has ever been discovered, and even if it was, it would be far too small for scientists to manipulate for the purposes of time travel – measuring just a billion-trillion-trillionth of a centimetre across. They also pose a significant risk, bringing with them the threat of sudden collapse, high levels of radiation and contact with dangerous exotic matter, Space.com warns.
Wormholes are unstable because of the feedback created by this radiation, explains Hawking. In the same way that excessive feedback between a microphone and a speaker will fry the equipment, a wormhole is damaged by the radiation feedback it generates. "As soon as the wormhole expands, natural radiation will enter it, and end up in a loop," he explains. "So although tiny wormholes do exist, and it may be possible to inflate one someday, it won't last long enough to be of any use as a time machine."
Described as one-dimensional "cracks in the universe" and some of the strangest structures observed by cosmologists, cosmic strings could help us navigate through time. "Cosmic strings are either infinite or they're in loops, with no ends", explains J Richard Gott, an astrophysicist at Princeton University. "So they are either like spaghetti or Spaghetti Os."
They are thought to have formed billions of years ago, moments after the Big Bang, and because they contain such large amounts of mass, some scientists believe they could potentially "warp" space-time around them. "The approach of two such strings parallel to each other, will bend space-time so vigorously and in such a particular configuration that [it] might make time travel possible – in theory," according to Live Science.
Problem: Again, cosmic strings only exist only in theory. "This is a project a super civilisation might attempt," says Gott. "It's far beyond what we can do. We're a civilisation that's not even controlling the energy resources of our planet."
Furthermore, in order to travel back in time just twelve months, it would require a cosmic loop that contains half the mass of the entire universe, which we are unlikely to see any time soon.
Supermassive black hole
Described by Professor Hawking as natural time machines, black holes are so dense that they have a dramatic impact on time, slowing it down more than anything else in the universe. If a spaceship were to orbit a black hole, those on board would only experience eight minutes of time for every 16-minute orbit.
"Around and around they'd go, experiencing just half the time of everyone far away from the black hole. The ship and its crew would be travelling through time," he explains. "Imagine they circled the black hole for five years. Ten years would pass elsewhere. When they got home, everyone on Earth would have aged five years more that they had."
Problem: Black holes are more practical than wormholes because they don't present the same paradoxes and won't be destroyed by feedback. "But it's pretty dangerous," concedes Hawking. "It's a long way away and it doesn't even take us very far into the future.
Again, the crew of a ship circling a black hole would need to travel at around the speed of light in order for this plan to work. Physicist Amos Iron at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel told Space.com of another limitation if one used a machine: it might fall apart before being able to rotate that quickly.
Travelling at the speed of light
Another possibility would be travelling at the speed of light, a constant, finite speed of 186,000 miles per second. In Einstein's special theory of relativity, “time” as a universal concept. Instead, time passes differently for different observers, depending on the observers' motion and - more importantly, speed.
"If you go fast, your clock runs slow relative to people who are still," explains physicist Professor Brian Cox in the Daily Mail. "As you approach the speed of light, your clock runs so slow you could come back 10,000 years in the future."
Problem: According to the laws of physics, nothing can travel as fast as the speed of light – let alone a spaceship. Even the Large Hadron Collider, the strongest particle accelerator in the word, can't make protons move that fast. "If a proton did achieve that speed, it would need infinite energy to go any faster, and we don't have an infinite supply of energy," explains the BBC's Jennifer Ouellette. Also, the human body would not be able to withstand time travel at all, as travelling at nearly the speed of light would kill you.
This concept is known as time dilation.
Why time travel may be impossible by any means
Apart from physical problems, several paradoxes stand in the way of time travel. These include the "grandparent paradox", which has long flumoxed physicists and philosophers
As Science Alert explains, a time traveller could in theory prevent his or her grandparents from meeting, "thus preventing the time traveller's birth". This would make it impossible for the time traveller to have set out in the first place and kept the grandparents apart.
However, cosmologists believe they have figured a way around this by suggesting that there is more than one universe in existence – the 'multiverse' model. This allows for every possible version of an event to take place. The Independent's science editor Steve Connor gives this example: "a woman who goes back in time to murder her own granny can get away with it, because in the universe next door the granny lives to have the daughter who becomes the murderer's mother."
This, and other paradoxes, are situations that "give cosmologists nightmares," writes Hawking. But, "even if it turns out that time travel is impossible, it is important that we understand why it is impossible," he says.
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Subscribed to The Week? Register your account with the same email as your subscription. | <urn:uuid:22344d9e-0d97-430a-912d-394864867fb2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://theweek.com/health-science/59106/time-travel-four-ways-in-which-it-could-be-possible | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.960154 | 1,656 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Social marketing and digital marketing are two distinct approaches to promoting products, services, or causes, using different channels and strategies to reach their target audience. Let’s discuss each of them separately:
- Definition: Social marketing focuses on promoting positive social and behavioral changes. It is primarily used by nonprofit organizations, government agencies, and activist groups to raise awareness about social, public health, and environmental issues.
- Objective: The goal of social marketing is not to generate profit but to promote the adoption of behaviors and attitudes that benefit society, such as quitting smoking, recycling, practicing safe sex, among others.
- Strategies: Social marketing strategies include awareness campaigns, public education, advocacy, and community mobilization. Traditional media such as TV, radio, and pamphlets are still used, but digital marketing is increasingly incorporated.
- Definition: Digital marketing is a discipline that uses online channels and platforms to promote products, services, or brands. It is primarily used by for-profit businesses, although nonprofit and government organizations also utilize it.
- Objective: The main objective of digital marketing is to generate profit, increase sales, and build an online presence for a company or brand. It involves strategies to attract, engage, and convert customers online.
- Strategies: Digital marketing strategies include SEO (search engine optimization), content marketing, online advertising (such as Google Ads and social media ads), email marketing, social media marketing, affiliate marketing, among others.
While these two types of marketing have different objectives, they can overlap in some areas. For example, nonprofit organizations often use digital marketing strategies to promote their social marketing campaigns. The choice between social marketing and digital marketing depends on the organization’s objectives and the target audience it wants to reach. Sometimes, a combination of both can be the most effective approach to achieve specific goals. | <urn:uuid:0a13cc0f-35b2-45a5-a599-45d9e527294c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thousand2.com/social-marketing-and-digital-marketing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.927329 | 368 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Another Reason for A Good Night’s Sleep
If your upper airway collapses during sleep, you may suffer from more than a snoring problem. Obstructive sleep apnea has been strongly associated with high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke.
A recent study from Australia (Ophthalmology, 2019;126:1372) supports a connection between sleep apnea and glaucoma in young adults. The research project measured the optic nerve health of 848 adults between 18 and 22 years of age, and found more nerve fiber layer thinning in those with sleep apnea. Nerve fiber layer thinning is an important sign in glaucoma development.
The hypothesis is that the obstruction experienced during sleep apnea may lead to relative low oxygen levels in the optic nerves.
“We know that sleep apnea causes intermittent oxygen desaturation,” according to Benjamin Ticho, MD. “Because some forms of glaucoma appear to be at least in part a problem with vascular perfusion, as opposed to just high eye pressure, it seems reasonable that apnea patients are more at risk.”
Benjamin H. Ticho, MD | <urn:uuid:e92ccab5-59f7-494c-a8b5-d8fa1c15f5a0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://tichoeye.com/ophthalmology-blog/another-reason-for-a-good-nights-sleep | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.933201 | 242 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In a study recently published in Nature Communications, scientists from The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability (DTU) and Yale University have investigated how bacteria that are commonly found in sugarcane ethanol fermentation affect the industrial process. By closely studying the interactions between yeast and bacteria, it is suggested that the industry could improve both its total yield and the cost of the fermentation processes by paying more attention to the diversity of the microbial communities and choosing between good and bad bacteria.
The scientists dissected yeast-bacteria interactions in sugarcane ethanol fermentation by reconstituting every possible combination of the microbial community structure, covering approximately 80% of the biodiversity found in industrial processes, and especially one bacterium deserves extra attention: Lactobacillus amylovorus. But how come exactly this one doesn’t fall into the category of ‘the bad guys’? The main reason is that it produces a lot of the molecule acetaldehyde, which is used to feed yeast and thus helps it to grow. You could say that Lactobacillus amylovorus is more generous by nature and shares the meal, whereas many other bacteria involved in these processes prefer simply to steal the food.
“It works almost in the same way as a probiotic that shields the bad bacteria from entering into the system. And when this bacterium grows, it will grow in a way that is almost symbiotic with the yeast which is very beneficial for the industrial process”, says Felipe Lino, former Ph.D. Student at The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability and Global R & D Manager at Anheuser-Busch InBev.
Significant improvement of yield
Thus, companies could take advantage of selecting not only for an ideal yeast strain for production, as they started doing already in the 90’s, but to select for the best-suited bacteria as well, since it is completely impossible to get rid of bacteria that are hanging around no matter what. An effort that could turn out to pay dividends already in a short-term perspective.
By using this probiotic in a sugarcane ethanol fermentation, it is estimated that the fermentation yield could increase by three percent. While three percent can sound like a rather low number this is definitely not the case. According to Brazil’s Biofuels Annual 2019, Brazil’s total ethanol production in 2019 was 34.5 billion liters with domestic demand for 34 billion liters making the country the home to the largest fleet of cars that use ethanol derived from sugarcane as an alternative fuel to fossil fuel-based petroleum.
These numbers indicate that optimized fermentation processes hold great potential. One way to start ensuring more efficient industrial production of ethanol would be to apply more targeted approaches and shift away from a ‘one-size fits all’ strategy where sulfuric acid treatment is used without further consideration to lower the pH and kill the bacteria to keep the population under a certain threshold. This would be beneficial both economically and environmentally, says Morten Sommer, Professor and Group Leader at The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability.
“Instead of using a broad range of antibiotics, one should go for a more specific solution where you keep the good bacteria inside the fermenter. This is definitely a paradigm shift because you are not per definition fighting against all bacteria, since some of the bacteria are actually good and improve your final output significantly while also having a positive effect on production costs and the environmental footprint.”
Japanese sake: The new pick-me-up? Yeast strain makes fatigue-fighting amino acid
Felipe Senne de Oliveira Lino et al, Complex yeast–bacteria interactions affect the yield of industrial ethanol fermentation, Nature Communications (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21844-7
Technical University of Denmark
Are ‘bacterial probiotics’ a game-changer for the biofuels industry? (2021, March 10)
retrieved 29 March 2021
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part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only. | <urn:uuid:6854a65e-7489-42d4-8e11-d3737b0878fe> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://todayheadline.co/are-bacterial-probiotics-a-game-changer-for-the-biofuels-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.924462 | 877 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Have you been searching for a detailed article that explains what business is thoroughly? Gladly, this article will cover areas that answer your question explicitly.
However, for better and easy understanding, I will explain the details of this article in sections. Each section will cover substantial ground on the topic at hand.
To begin with, I’ll give you a comprehensive rundown, how it has evolved overtime, and what it takes to operate a successful one in this blog post. Also, for a comprehensive understanding of this topic you need to follow this article closely.
Therefore, sitting back to read this article to the end will be the best choice you can ever make.
What Is Business: A Rundown
An activity or enterprise with the intention to make profits is referred to as business. Simply put, it can be carried out through the buying and sale of goods or services, or through the provision of goods or services. Also, it can be large, like a multinational corporation or small, like a corner shop.
Furthermore, each of these businesses has its own unique methods and goals since there are various types. There are some that focus on providing a service, while others can focus on providing a product. Even so, some may be nonprofit, while some may be for profit. One thing all businesses have in common is to make money, irrespective of the type you delve into.
In operating a business, there are numerous methods to it. When one person owns and runs a business, it is called a sole proprietorship but when two or more people operate it, it is known as partnership. Also, there are some that board of directors operates, which are owned by shareholders, these ones are called corporations.
Nonetheless, there are certain rules and regulations that all type of businesses should adhere to. The laws and regulations are put in place to protect the consumer’s right and to make sure that businesses operate fairly and ethically, although it varies from country to country.
There you have it! This article has extensively discussed given you a review on everything you need to know about business. Thus, the exchange of goods or services for money is called business. Moreover, it can be daunting to operate a successful one, although it’s definition is simple. From running and finance to marketing and sales, the moving parts varies.
Nevertheless, the aim of every business out there is make money. As a result, something of value has to be provided to the customers. | <urn:uuid:e32d577c-911c-499e-91d8-04168a687a67> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://uaccauction.com/business/know-more-about-business.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.964865 | 503 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Global security comprises of the diplomatic and military measures that international organizations such as NATO and the United Nations together with all countries take to guarantee security and safety. Hazards and threats to global security advance from Natural Technological Triad, Man-Made, and other factors that cause disturbance to world peace (ElBaradei, 2014). Consequently, some measures need to be in place so as to enforce global security. Examples of these measures are diplomacy, policy development, military action, technology changes, and the implementation and management process. In line with the increase of global terrorist’s attacks, it has become significant that states, private citizens, and nations, to become more concerned with a strategic vision, identify, prepare, and prevent the global terrorist attacks.
The number one terrorist threat to the United States
The White Americans are the greatest terror threat in the United States; it is evident that most of the terror attacks in the United States were carried out by white supremacists or radical anti-government groups. Conversely, a lot of people have died in terror attacks through American right-wing groups in comparison with the people that have died in attacks by Muslim rebels. However, attacks carried out by right-wing groups obtain moderately little reporting in the media. For instance, many people will try hard to remember the shooting at a Sikh temple in Wisconsin’s, which killed six people (Guion, 2015). Nonetheless, terrorism’s hard to define although it can be described as an ideological violence that comprises of mass shootings.
The history of the terrorist group
ISIS is the terrorist group that threatens to attack the United States, and it can trace its history from the al Qaeda in Iraq, and led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was responsible for the scores of kidnappings, beheadings, and bombings in Iraq after the invasion of the United States. Conversely, the leader was killed in 2006, ISIS is known as the Islamic State of Iraq, as it was born from a brutal al Qaeda group, it has grown from comparative insignificance to outshine its radical patrons (abc News, 2015). Consequently, the terrorist group now terrorizes large portions of Iraq, Syria, and targets the United States military operation in Iraq over the years and has caused cold- blooded deaths and execution of manifold westerners, continuously dominating the headlines.
Although al-Baghdadi is still a threat terror group to the United States, ISIS mainly centers attention on its objective previous to the United States initiated bombing campaign. Nevertheless, the United States and other nations continue to assail ISIS targets; the terror group regularly calls its clique and supporters to conduct lethal attacks at home. For instance, one of the gunmen in a double terror attack in Paris in January 2015 alleged that he was a member of ISIS; however the other shooters in the terror attack were associated with an al Qaeda link (abc News, 2015). Therefore, days after the Paris attack the government of the United States proclaimed they had detained an ISIS supporter, an Ohio man who intended to bomb the United States Capitol. Additionally, the Western intelligence agencies are apprehensive about those who travel to Iraq and Syria to fight with ISIS before they return home. Further, Rasmussen said in February 2015 that the battlefields in Iraq and Syria offer foreign fighters with contest experience, training, weapons, explosives, and access to terrorist’s networks, which may be planning attacks that target the United States.
What the United States is doing to address the terrorist threat
President Barack Obama said in a live address from the Oval Office that the terrorist threat has advanced and evolved into a stage that comprises of mass shootings. However, the nation and the international partners will triumph. The president continued to say that the threat from terrorism is bona fide. However, he says the United States will overcome the terror threats. Conversely, the United States has advanced in preventing sophisticated, versatile attacks like the attack that took place on September 2011 (The Economics Times, 2015). However, the terrorists have resulted in less convoluted acts of violence such as the mass shootings that occurred at Chattanooga, Tennessee in July, San Bernardino, California, and Fort Hood Texas in 2009.
President Obama laid out his strategy for wiping out ISIL; he said that the U.S military together with the partners will continue to gun down terrorist conspirators in any county (The Economics Times, 2015). For example, in Syria, and Iraq, airstrikes are capturing ISIL leaders, oil tankers, infrastructures, and weapons, and Germany, United Kingdom, and France have teamed up to the alliance military campaign. Secondly, the President continued to say that the alliance will equip and train thousands of Syrian and Iraqi armies who will fight ISIL on the ground to eradicate its safe asylum. Further, the President said that the United States has collaborated with allies and friends to prevent and stop the operations of ISIL by cutting off financial support, preventing recruiting efforts, and disrupting its plans and plots. Lastly, with the powerful American leadership the international community has implemented a timeline and a process to track political resolution and ceasefires to the Syria war. | <urn:uuid:3564222e-b2df-4c71-878e-22a86eea98a0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://uniquewritersbay.com/number-one-terrorist-threat-united-states-history-united-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.965803 | 1,030 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Loretta Walsh was the first female inducted into the United States Navy. Her story is not only inspiring, it is empowering; as she paved the way for women to join the military before they even had the right to vote.
Miss Walsh was born 22 April 1896 in Olyphant, Lackawanna, Pennsylvania, the daughter of James J. and Catherine [Cummings] Walsh. Described as spunky and ambitious, Loretta enlisted as a Yeoman(F) and was inducted on 21 March 1917, with a rank of Chief Yeoman; thus serving as the first active-duty woman to serve in the Armed Forces and the first female Petty Officer in the U.S. Navy.
Across the country, newspaper headlines hailed the arrival of the first active-duty female in the Armed Forces.
Although women had been serving as nurses in the military, those roles were still considered civilian positions. Thus Loretta Walsh paved the way for women to receive the same benefits as men serving in the Armed Forces.
Women followed Walsh’s lead and joined the Navy in record numbers. The Yeomanettes served primarily in clerical positions, and provided valuable skills to the war effort.
To learn more about Loretta’s life after the war, join me for part two.
Top Photo: Walsh, Loretta P. Photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress
Top left: “Bits of Pictorial News Gleaned at Home and Abroad.” The Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, Maryland), 13 May 1917, p: 59; Newspapers.com Web. 14 Dec 2018.
Top right: Associated Press. “First Woman Enlists in Navy.” The San Bernardino County Sun (San Bernardino, California) 22 March 1917, p: 1, col: 1; Newspapers.com Web. 14 Dec 2018.
Bottom left: “Philadelphia Woman Enlists In The Navy.” The New York Times (New York, New York), 22 March 1917, p: 2, col: 2; Newspapers.com Web. 14 Dec 2018.
Bottom right: “Philadelphia Girl is First Woman to Enlist in United States Navy.” Xenia Daily Gazette (Xenia, Ohio) 24 March 1917, p: 1, col: 3; Newspapers.com Web. 14 Dec 2018.
Navy Recruitment Poster
Christy, Howard Chandler, Artist. Gee!! I wish I were a man, I’d join the Navy Be a man and do it – United States Navy recruiting station / / Howard Chandler Christy. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2002712088/>. | <urn:uuid:93e60d11-3f3d-491a-8620-9f82dc54f083> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://veteran-voices.com/loretta-walsh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.944446 | 561 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Watch NASA’s SpaceX Crew-4 astronauts arrive at the International Space Station aboard their Dragon spacecraft Freedom. Docking is scheduled for approximately 7:40 p.m. EDT (23:40 UTC).
Once aboard the orbiting laboratory, astronauts Bob Hines, Jessica Watkins, and Kjell Lindgren of NASA, alongside Samantha Cristoforetti of ESA (European Space Agency), will spend nearly six months conducting new scientific research in areas such as materials science, health technologies, and plant science to prepare for human exploration beyond low-Earth orbit and to benefit life on Earth.
Crew-4 lifted off on April 27 at 3:52 a.m. ET (7:52 UTC) from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.
Watch the launch broadcast replay: https://youtu.be/JNKPbe_gacg
Watch NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Launch to the International Space Station
NASA’s SpaceX Crew-1 Undocking and Departure from International Space Station
NASA’s SpaceX Crew-4: A Scientific Journey
NASA’s SpaceX Crew-5 Mission Splashdown (Official NASA Broadcast)
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To find a coherent and systematic thought in the “western” tradition which relates the field of aesthetics with the field of politics, i.e. of the rules and conditions of human life in society, one should go back to Greece, and in particular to Plato and the neo-Platonists who established powerful links between aesthetics, metaphysics, and politics, or rather the virtues which must be the pillars of social life, a relationship at the heart of the problematics of western art.
One of the best introducers to platonic idealism is Plotinus, a philosopher born in Egypt at the beginning of the 3rd century, five centuries after Plato’s death, who later settled in Rome. Plotinus wrote a series of 54 treatises, the Enneades, one of which is titled “On beauty”, and another one “On intelligible beauty”. It is telling that emperor Gallienus entrusted Plotinus with the creation of a city in the region of Campania, which would have taken the name of Platonopolis, and where one would have lived according to the rules and laws drawn from Plato’s works. The project was never executed, of course. Those treatises are intended to be about metaphysics rather than aesthetics, but carry nonetheless major aesthetic ramifications.
To start with, Plotinus characterizes beauty. He says that for visible or perceptible objects, beauty consists in symmetry and measure, meaning proportion, and that there is no beauty in simple forms but only in composed ones. These ideas come from Plato, who considered the number to be the highest degree of knowledge (The Epinomis), and meditated at length about proportion and harmony (Timeos), inspired by Pythagoras (c. 580 to 500 B.C.) according to whom “everything is arranged in accordance with the number” (in Ieros Logos, a work attributed to Pythagoras). These ideas were then passed on by a number of thinkers such as Nichomacus of Gerasa (1st century A.D.) who left the only comprehensive treatise on the theory of Numbers to reach us from the Antiquity.
We can also mention Philolaos, a follower of Pythagoras who managed to survive the massacre around 450 B.C. of the primeval community which was established by Pythagora’s disciples in Sicily, in Crotone. Philolaos states that harmony is the unification of what is distinct and the reconciliation of what is discordant. Plotinus thought that each virtue is a beauty of the soul, and that all that is formless may receive a figure and a form; however, as long as it is not participated by a Reason or an Idea, it remains ugly and distant from the divine order. It is the Idea which coordinates in a whole any being composed of many parts. Taking the example of architecture, Plotinus says that a house may be considered beautiful because its external, visible reality is the materialization of its internal Idea distributed among the stones and other features which constitute its visible multiplicity.
One can now elaborate on the identity of the Beautiful and the Good, which are but two hypostases of the One, the divine principle. For the Greeks, the fields of ethics and aesthetics are one: Good is the same as Beauty, or rather they are inseparable. In the Republic, Plato considers the Good as the principle which informs, which structures the system of Ideas. He compares it to the sun. The Good organizes Ideas and makes them knowable just as the sun illuminates all natural beings and makes them live.
In The Open Society and its Enemies, Karl Popper notes that, for Plato, politics is the royal Art, and an art as eminent or more than music, painting or architecture. The statesman composes the State that it governs out of love for Beauty. Plato writes : “Never will a State know happiness if it was not drawn by artists who work in accordance with the divine model… Such artists will use the State and the character of people as a canvas that they will start to clear up, which is not easy. In any case they will be different from common legislators because they will only accept to take care of an individual or a State in order to design their laws once they will have received it cleared up, or made it such themselves”. That is to say when they will have erased what existed before, including memories and traditions, even if, as Plato will say in The Statesman, if they have to kill or exile such and such. We are faced with a form of radicalism, of “aesthetic extremism”, that will have a long posterity and is of course denounced by Popper. However, this text brings to light an interesting aspect of some fundamental similarities between art and politics, which may be comprised in the general concept of harmony.
We can relate such considerations to the theology of Suger, which inspired the architecture of the French cathedrals of the so-called gothic style. For Plotinus, the divine is the source of beauty which the soul craves to reach, or to be reunited with. The greatness of the soul lies in its contempt for all things from this lower world; once purified it becomes again Idea and Reason, intangible and beautiful: at a higher, which we may call spiritual level, or level of ideality, there is an identity between the being of Good and the being of Beauty. These ideas are very remote from the fundamentals of Christianity in that they reflect a dualism, but they have been nonetheless extraordinarily influential in the theology of Christianity for many centuries.
By means of the three following equivalences, we are thus getting close to one of the founding paradigms of western utopias:
Beauty = harmony = proportions, “numbers”
Beauty = virtue, Good
Good = Sun, light
It would be mistaken to think that such paradigms have only structured the worldview of some circles of ancient Greece; through the theology of light of Pseudo-Dionysius the Aeropagite, it has prospered during the Middle Ages and perhaps even more during the Renaissance. There is a vast tradition of hermetic inspiration which connects reforms here-below with heavenly transformations, human will and divine virtue, terrestrial harmony and celestial order. Giordano Bruno considered himself as a true prophet and philosopher of the “Copernican liberation”, propagating a heliocentric vision which opened the way to possible utopian miracles. For him, the reordering of celestial images would lead eventually to a general reform of humanity. In the Heavens, one may read a political-religious message which laws will shape human society: they will protect the poor, rein-in the tyrants, foster the arts and sciences for the common good.
Bruno is among the first to elaborate about the astronomical revolution of the planets as a metaphor of the social revolution, of a radical change of human societies through the destruction of the old order, based on the occultist tradition which became so much in favour in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries. In this tradition, the Sun, Gold, Truth and Goodness are all symbolically united; therefore the Copernican theories seem to provide a coherent explanation in both astronomical and cosmological terms, the revolution of the planets being seen as the symbol of an alliance between man and the universe. In Concerning Cause, Principle and Unity (1584), he writes:
“O wandering stars, see that I too will take the circular path, together with you, if you shall open the way”.
Bruno greets a mobile Earth able to renew itself and be born again. The revolution of the planet is the wheel of change. After evil and damage comes the time of a better world.
These ideas which permeate intellectual circles will meet the realities of architecture and urban planning. The Renaissance is soon faced with an urban problem, inherited from mostly dirty, chaotic medieval cities. For a man of the Renaissance, the city is an image of the world in its totality, a microcosm according to the neo-platonic terminology, a model of the universe just as the cathedral was a reflection of, or at least a finger pointed at, the Heavenly Kingdom.
The progress of mathematics and the rediscovery of the Greek works which relate to harmony and proportion led many to conceive of architecture as a model of Reason, a victory over Chaos, a victory of the demiurgic man over natural elements. This can be said of urban planning as well as of the architecture of gardens.
Utopia is by itself the symptom of an aspiration to a better and just world, a “docta spes” or conceptualized hope. It is however its very nature to cease being such once translated into reality: that is the paradox of the Ideal City. Indeed, the Ideal City is ideal because the aesthetic reflection of those who conceived it led them to create it as a formal equivalent to the utopias upon which they are based. This translation requires a theoretical urban-architectonic basis. After the Antiquity itself, the formulation of such a theory emerges for the first time during the early Renaissance.
The city of Thurii (Θούριοι), in southern Italy, was founded around 444 B.C. at the initiative of Pericles, and in accordance with the urban conceptions of Hippodamus of Miletus who was also, says Aristoteles in his Politics, a theoretician of the State. Thurii must have been a kind of Ideal City reflecting the democratic ideal, in the ancient sense of this political concept. It is now thought that the projects carried out by Hippodamus of Miletus are a development of the theories of Pythagoras, and that the orthogonal grid design which characterizes the “Hippodamian Plan” is to represent ἰσονομία, the rule of equality, of equal distribution in space.
There is a temporal coincidence between the first modern architectural theory, Alberti’s De Re Aedificatoria, written in 1452 and published in 1485, the construction of the first Ideal City, Pienza, which starts in 1459, and the first major literary equivalent, the Utopia by Thomas More (1516).
If we take as an example the city described by Leonardo da Vinci in the so-called Manuscript B of the Institut de France, we are reading about a city built on two levels, autonomous one with respect to the other, in which the upper streets are reserved to gentlemen while the lower ones are for the use of carriages and the “amenities of the people”.
Leonardo defines in some detail the function of each level, based on social class distinctions. It is a clear example of aesthetic considerations made to correspond to a political design of the city. The point is how to replace the medieval city, which had been growing for centuries in a disorganized manner, by a new city planned according to a rational design, the question being of course which principles and criteria should drive this rational approach, since “reason” must be given a something upon which to build and develop; and that something cannot be discovered by reason alone, since it would otherwise be common to all times and places.
Obviously, the concept of Leonardo with its luminous upper level and toiling lower level are a reminiscence of the Platonic and neo-platonic correspondences between the State and the human body, between the political and the architectural structure, among others. Plato’s Republic was indeed translated many times during the 15th century, both in Florence and in Milan. In the Codex Atlanticus, where Leonardo provides advice to Ludovico il Moro, the duke of Milan from 1494 to 1499, for the embellishment of his city, we may observe that “beauty” corresponds to the ideal functionality of a rational form, where space is put at the service of the demands which are made by human nature.
For the man of the Renaissance, there are seminal reasons, immanent mathematical laws which man must discover within himself, in his being, and which allow him to introduce his own works into Nature, adjusting as he should to the rationality which govern the whole. Therefore the Ideal City is both natural and rational, built according to Man’s measure.
Urban planning treatises talk of hygiene, public security, defense; and beyond those concerns we perceive the epidemics, the mutinies, plunder and famine: such treatises are also inevitably imbued with political thought, as urban planning cannot be separated from the politics and social constraints of the time.
No less important is the fact that these texts from the early 15th century present the city-state as the ideal form of political organization, by contrast with ancient and medieval conceptions of large imperial – indeed sometimes universal – political organizations. This is a city which discovers the secret of peace and freedom through the coexistence of, and balance between, different sorts of powers and autonomies; it has no interest in vast religious programs or political conquests, but mostly contemplates the solution to concrete matters. Consistently with the little they know or assume from the city-states of ancient Greece which they intend to emulate, the political and cultural elites see the Ideal City as the one which the Greeks supposedly achieved by conforming to reason and nature.
In his Historiae Florentini populi, Leonardo Bruni, Secretary and historian of Florence and one of the first translators of Plato and Aristoteles, extols the small state as the ideal of the urban merchant class. For him, Florence and its political institutions represent the ideal type of the just and harmonious polis. Bruni also considers that there is an intimate correspondence between the socio-political structure and the architectural structure, and he promotes a concept consisting in concentric circles very much in line with the sixth book of Plato’s Laws. Bruni’s city is no imaginary construct as it is identified with an existing city and regime which he only aims at improving by applying more rationality. When comparing the literature of the 15th and the 16th century, it is obvious that the former extols the virtues of existing cities such as Florence, Venice or Milan, with the occasional advice to improve upon the existing status, while the latter becomes really utopian, to use an oxymoron… In the meantime, a long string of war and disasters had unfolded, with Italy having become the battlefield between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg Empire, and large political entities having come back on the front stage with a vengeance.
The 15th century holds a great confidence in the virtue of man, his capacity for building the city in accordance with reason. What was felt most attractive in the work of Plato was precisely the rationality of the just state, and justice is the supreme symbol of a functioning city. In Florence, when the gonfalioniero, who is the main civil authority, takes on his assignment, he must pronounce a public eulogy of justice, analyze its essence, and clarify his understanding thereof. The aim is of a justice able to insert the human order into the natural one, to build human law upon natural law.
For Alberti, the physicality of buildings is what lends a concrete existence to the polis, the city as a community bound by laws and political institutions. The energy and dedication with which rulers such as Cosimo de Medici or Pope Nicholas V planned and carried out the construction and embellishment of their cities could not be understood separately from the underlying social developments of their time.
Antonio di Pietro Averlino, known as Filarete, born in Florence in 1400, is the author of a Treatise of Architecture in 25 books, dedicated to Francesco Sforza, the Duke of Milan. He is the first “modern” to elaborate the detailed plan of an Ideal City, called Sforzinda, in which all buildings are designed to organically respond to human necessities.
However, these rational projects were to collide with historic processes. Reading 15th century documents, one can see how the theme of chance takes root and expands, how wariness grows about the possibilities of humans, how the demotion or crumbling of the great cities of the Antiquity is attributed to fate. As the century goes by, prophecies of misfortunes and renovation, of disasters and redemption proliferate. The Florence of Savonarola, mystical heir to Jerusalem, is very far from the Florence of Leonardo Bruni. Rigorous rational thinking, austere discussions about institutions taxes, the correct width of streets and height of buildings, are progressively replaced by a vision of new Jerusalem, solar cities, universal monarchies. The 16th century is one of emergence of imaginary republics which, in the midst of invasions and imperial wars, represent a manner of anachronic attempt to safeguard the illusion of the survival of small city-states.
Hope lies in the advent of a new century where humanity will be free of all forms of servitude, emancipated from the class hierarchies which the model of platonic republic or the Aristotelian state tended to reinforce. These hopes, these aspirations will find a response in the Solar City of Tommaso Campanella or the New Atlantis of Francis Bacon.
It is Leon Battista Alberti who gives the city its theoretical dimension of an artwork; he is the one who states that all future cities will need to be planned. In his masterwork on the Italian Renaissance, Jakob Burckhardt coined the phrase of “the State as an artwork”. This is a time when city and state are virtually interchangeable terms.
Let us have a look at the particular case of Pienza, today a small city in the hills of Tuscany. Pope Pius II (1405 – 1464), Enea Silvio Piccolomini, transformed with the help of Alberti his birth city of Lorsignano in the Ideal City project of Pienza. Of course, he has these monuments built for the glory of his family. This is apparent through the presence of his coat of arms alongside the insignia of the papacy on many of the buildings of Pienza and Siena. At the root of the restructuring of this small city is the will to build a monument to himself and his family. We do not see in Pienza the concrete translation of any political ideal, but rather of the ideals of the Renaissance man. The pope continues the tradition of the Roman emperors as founders of cities. To some extent imperial Rome is, in the imagination of that time, the ideal of the city, its golden days, the ones of domination over the known world in terms of civilization ; it is also a hope which endured through the whole Middle Ages of the resurgence, the restoration of the greatness of Rome which had acquired a mythical status. It is not by chance that the pope elects the name of “Pius”, a clear allusion to Virgil’s Aeneid where Aeneas, the mythical father of Rome, says: “sum pius Aeneas”.
The architect of Pienza was Bernardo Rossellino, a florentine, probably suggested to the Pope by Alberti himself. Most of what could be build in Pienza was around the main square, of trapezoidal shape, where we can read a new relationship of powers between the four main buildings, the Palazzo Piccolomini which stands for the Pope and the Prince all at once, the cathedral, the municipal palace, and the episcopal palace, all united in a quasi-scenographic arrangement. It is noteworthy that the church is oriented north-south, rather than the usual east-west of the Christian symbology. We have left behind the intellectual context of the Middle Ages, and the orientation of the church has been subordinated to a formal rather than symbolic necessity; it is now part of a balance of institutional powers when before it would have stood clearly in the centre of the square. A square which is conceived both as an aesthetic object and a reminder of ancient Rome: in his Comentarii, Pius II calls it the “forum”.
We also note a hierarchy between the buildings, which is made apparent by the materials used with the hardest stone – the travertino – for the church, a sandstone for the episcopal palace and the Palazzo Piccolomini, and tufa, the softer material, for the municipal palace. The city reflects the world and the hierarchy of its powers.
The circle often represents the quest for the ideal form which organizes the city and its functions, giving it a life and a unity; it is also often associated to the checkerboard planning. In the Neoplatonic conception, the circle stands for the cosmos, the celestial world of ideas, while the square stands for what is terrestrial. Therefore, a square inscribed in a circle represents the totality of the universe.
This urban plan also holds a military value, and it should be remembered that architecture in a 16th century plagued by wars is to some extent a military architecture planned by engineers. It is the case of Bramante and Da Vinci, at the service of Ludovico il Moro, of Antonio da Sangallo in Florence, of Francesco di Giorgio for the Dukes of Urbino. After 1530, the whole of Europe becomes dotted with cities planned by military engineers. One can mention in Italy Sabbioneta and Palmanova, built between 1593 and 1600.
Sabbioneta in particular, the “new Rome”, nothing less, is erected between 1554 and 1588 for the Duke Vespasiano Gonzaga, one of the most singular characters of the 16th century in Italy. A soldier, a condottiere, he was educated by Giulia Gonzaga, one of the most cultured women of the Renaissance. And of course he reads Vitruvius’s De Architectura, perhaps the single most influential book on architecture ever written, later reformulated by Alberti in 1452. Vespasiano Gonzaga wished to translate his many readings and vast knowledge into reality, into a city which might represent a “happy State”. The project was born as a collaboration between Gonzaga, the architect Domenico Giunti and Girolamo Cataneo, the theoretician of fortifications and author of important comments on Vitruvius.
Sabbioneta brings us back to the old Roman structure of the cardo and decumanus which divide the city in four sectors, with different functions. All public buildings including the church, the ducal palace, the Palace of Reason and the theater are in the northwestern quadrant. In the southwestern quadrant one finds the caste and military quarters. The city was meant to be able to satisfy all physical, intellectual and spiritual necessities of its inhabitants. For instance, Gonzaga founded an academy which purpose was “not only to propagate the mechanical arts and what is useful for the protection of human life, but also and above all humanities and the scientia libera without which it is impossible to live well”.
In reality, Sabbioneta reminds us of a theater set in which Vespasiano Gonzaga held the main role; indeed, the last building to be constructed was the magnificent theater by Scamozzi (1548 – 1616), the same who had built the famous Teatro Olimpico of Vicenza. In Sabbioneta’s theater, the perspective painted on the set corresponded to the archetype of the comic set defined by Sebastiano Serlio (1475 – 1554) in his Seven Books of Architecture. Serlio was the inventor of the stage perspective in his Second Book on Perspective published in Paris in 1545. He applies his concept to the three main types of sets inherited from Vitruvius, the tragic, the comic, and the satirical. The tragic one includes elements of the ancient city such as temples and arches, as we can see in Vicenza; the comic one includes private houses, inns and shops; on the stage of Sabbioneta, they were the exact representations of the city’s houses so that, as if by a game of mirrors, the set was the city, and the city was a set. By implication, life itself was thought of as a play meant to follow the rules which render its actors-citizens happy: was the set not designed for comic plays ? This is in a sense the ultimate phantasy of the Ideal City. The theater was inaugurated in 1590, one year before the death of Vespasiano Gonzaga. There was to be only one theater season…
As Serlio’s tragic set was mentioned, it is appropriate to examine a painting, now in the ducal palace of Urbine, which was always called “The Ideal City” (or more appropriately the Ideal City). There exists a similar one in the museum of Baltimore. This painting was traditionally attributed to Piero della Francesca, but is more likely to have been painted by either Francesco di Giorgio, the author of important treatises on architecture, or Luciano Laurana (1420 – 1479).
This painting makes the semiotic proximity between the theater set, the ideal city, and underlying ideology of linear perspective quite obvious. We do not know if this painting was meant to be a “serlian” tragic set; but there is no doubt that, during the Renaissance, a relationship existed between the Theater, the City and the State. The 16th century is a time of climax for public festivities; let us not forget that organizing them was Leonardo Da Vinci’s main job at the service of the Duke of Milan. Festivities are auxiliaries to power, the performance where politics is enacted. One could quote as an example the entry of Ferdinando de Medici and Christine de Lorraine in Florence for their marriage, in 1589, orchestrated by the well-named Buontalenti. This is a time when drama flourishes in Italy wherefrom it will spread all over Europe. Indeed, fingerprints of Italian drama are obvious in the work of Shakespeare, of whom the first mention seems to be in 1592. Many of his plays have their source in Italian novellas; the plot of Romeo and Juliet, for instance, is taken entirely from Matteo Bandello who borrowed it from Luigi da Porto’s novella written in 1524, on the basis of a Sienese legend. Plays such as La Mandragora by Machiavelli (1520), or Il Marescalco by Aretino (1533) met with considerable success, while the Commedia dell’Arte is already well structured by 1545 – 1550 around a fixed set of characters and the concept of improvisation from a short storyline.
Di Giorgio’s (or Laurana’s) painting, dated around 1500, presents the city as the solemn set of ceremonies, festivities, and ultimately power. The central building is a temple, a place of triumph perhaps, but not an actual church: it could be as well the temple of Reason, or of any form of transcendental Power; and only a power which we cannot identify, but which we can certainly perceive is capable of ordaining, planning, and execute such an urban set where no individual initiative seems to be allowed to break the general harmony. This is also an urban set which cannot be changed over time, as modifying one element would require to change the whole in order to maintain a harmony between the parts, and between each part and the whole. It is therefore eternal by design, or at the very least meant to reflect eternity.
It is also a matter of the heroic imitation of Roman antiquity, considering that one of the dimensions of utopia during the 16th century is a return to the “archeological model”, the golden age of Augustus, the age of virtù in the complex sense of moral virtue and courage, strength and striving for the good.
Plotinus told us that the soul which gains access to the world of Ideas is perfectly beautiful, it is in direct contact with the ultimate Good, purified, adorned with all virtues. And indeed, there is always a close relationship between utopia and virtue, including in the utopias of the 20th century such as communism, or those of political ecology today. For Plato, beauty is always a vision or at least a reflection of the world Beyond.
In the visual world, one of the characteristics of beauty is symmetry. Inherited from the monuments of Antiquity, and reflected in the human body itself, symmetry is necessary to monumentality, to the spectacular, the awesome, and usually associated to simple forms which have an internal symmetry such as the square, the circle, or the pyramid. Symmetry is an instrument of illusion, as geometrically engineered by means of the rules of linear perspective. It stresses the drawing rather than the colour, or the shading. The drawing as a paradigm of creation, the line which defines a here and there, a “visual being”, a rule. Without the line, nothing visually identifiable may exist, it is akin to the Logos which separates an object or a concept in the universe and thus creates it for the mind. One could say that the art of Piero della Francesca is the father of abstract constructivism, the great art of the 20th century utopia, perhaps the last of the sons of Plato. A utopia that will meet a rather tragic end, a tragedy reflected in De Chirico’s pittura metafisica as order inevitably breeds melancholy: the revenge of Dyonisos.
The Ideal City has occasionally manifested itself in a city of brick and mortar; but it is mainly a city of ideas, and these ideas materialized in the art of gardens which has known a new golden age during the Renaissance, after centuries of oblivion in Europe, except for medicinal gardens. Gardens are also theatre stages where the Prince, i.e. power in one guise or another, orders nature and society around himself, and re-enacts in a highly symbolic setting the drama of a social order as reflection of the cosmic order that guides it and justifies it. The performances, dances, and hunting that oftentimes follow festivities are no less a reminder and re-actualization of actual social and cosmic forces than, say, the bullfight was, in the days of the Bronze Age, a re-actualization of the immemorial fight between light and chaos which has survived until today without the awareness of its initial meaning. In the garden, the borders between theater and reality are blurred; it is a contact point between microcosm and macrocosm in a manner comparable to a church. The roles are ritualized, as prescribed by tradition and protocol; they are nonetheless binding on the “characters”. In the garden, which is designed as a metaphor of the cosmos, social life is the play. Harmony is restored.
Of course, the Italian Renaissance is far from being the only time and place where the Ideal City has found fertile ground. As is well-known, Thomas More’s Utopia, published in 1516, was immensely influential, and indeed perhaps the most influential description ever of a utopian society, but it is short on architectural and urban planning details. Such is not the case of two of his 17th century followers, Johann Andreae who published his Christianopolis in 1619, and Tommaso Campanella who achieved considerable reputation with his City of the Sun written in 1602 and published in 1623. Both cities are conceived as places where utopian Christian societies may flourish, and both emphasise the importance of mathematics and astrology. As in the painting by Di Giorgio, both cities have a temple in their centre, from which the city is then deployed in accordance with a geometric pattern which is meant to reflect the harmonious structure of their societies. Christianopolis was square as the New Jerusalem described in Revelation 21:16, while the City of the Sun was circular, as our planetary system and as the symbol of Heavens.
Ideal cities took a different meaning with the Enlightenment, and the conceptions which were to lead to the French Revolution. The architect and theoretician Etienne Louis Boullée (1728 – 1799) writes, in his Essay on Art: “It is from symmetry, the image of order, that the constituent principles of architecture were born, since any disparity is revolting in an art based on the principles of parity”. His architecture is mostly experimental: he imagines all kinds of buildings, from triumphal arks to fortifications and cenotaphs, and will dream at the end of his life of an ideal city which would be designed as a “tree of knowledge”. From its centre, generous branches would grow and extend to all parts of the empire. Boullée wants architecture to be taught to everyone, and to become a compulsory topic for “all men who aspire to high position in the State”. Some of his drawings will inspire the Russian avantgarde of the 1920s.
Another key architect and theoretician to be considered is Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1736 – 1806). In his treaty Architecture considered in relation to art, customs and legislation (1804), he dares write : “Doesn’t the architect possess a colossal power ? He can, within nature of which he is but a disciple, create another nature…” After his work at the Royal Salt-works of Arc-et-Senans, Ledoux starts dreaming of an ideal city, the city of Chaux.
Its drawings will be engraved before the Revolution, but published only in 1804 with his treaty. While he is building the salt-works, commissioned under the reign of Louis XV, he proposes to Turgot, a key minister of Louis XVI but also a physiocrat and the author of a dissertation On the Historical Progress of the Human Mind, to build a city around the salt-works. The program – which remained a project – is a true architectural encyclopedia where each function in human and social life finds a building adapted to its necessities. Chaux is devoted to the collective and harmonious effort of production. Using pure geometric forms, Ledoux puts together this architectural “catalogue” of forms meant to bring about “well-being, balance, harmony, happiness, human fulfillment in a healthy organization of work”, including among many other buildings the pacifère to resolve conflicts, the panaréthéon to teach virtue and morals, not to forget a “monument of gaiety”.
Here Reason is celebrating itself, and made god; the god of rationality and human progress which is still celebrated today, though more and more grudgingly perhaps. In his book, Ledoux had placed an Exchange at the centre of the city; on the drawings, it was the salt-works. If not entirely out of the picture, God is sidelined, and so are the other traditional powers. The city is to be egalitarian in its structure as well as in its society, but in reality, isn’t Organized Work emerging as the new god, and Reason mistaken for metrics in all things? | <urn:uuid:5f12dba2-d2e2-4d50-bb87-da88f0293e43> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://visual-worlds.org/2021/01/29/the-good-and-the-true-paradigms-of-the-golden-age-and-the-ideal-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.962964 | 7,357 | 2.734375 | 3 |
For those who have anxiety, you may feel misunderstood by others. It is crucial that you are doing the studies you need to do to enable you to care for yourself. Your doctor can present you with a few ideas about handling anxiety, but here are some tips for coping with anxiety you sense today.
Learn helpful techniques to assist you through anxiety, be it, relaxation, mental exercises or quiet music. Be aware of what is useful for you whenever you feel overwhelmed by anxiety so that you are able to deal with it somehow. This should help you survive through and give you some all-important control.
Learn how to breathe deeply out of your diaphragm. Once you take deep, regular breaths from your diaphragm, you may increase your calming feelings and start to chill out. Give attention to breathing out of your midsection, near your belly button. The stomach should extend outwards, in case the breath is coming from the right area.
Discover how to exaggerate your fears. This may sound crazy, but it has been established to function. In case you are afraid you are going to trip when walking on the stairs at an event, imagine yourself not only tripping, but rolling down the staircase and taking others down with you. Turn it into a funny, extreme mental picture, and you may feel your anxiety disappear quickly.
The simplest way to cope with anxiety is usually to figure out how to minimize it. Many people try this through deep breathing methods. This really is the best way to figure out how to control your own emotions and bring a level of balance into your life, while boosting your mind.
You need to know that anxiety will be your mind informing you you need something. Whether it is something simple just like a break, or simply the need to talk with a friend or family member, you need to address the root cause. In case your anxiety is creeping up because you need to handle something handle it. You are going to thank yourself later.
Laughter really is the ideal medicine. Laughter has long had a good reputation for being beneficial to your mind. When you have ever seen contagious laughter actually in operation, you understand this to be real. Next time you really feel anxiety and worry accumulating, put on your chosen funny movie or album of stand-up comedy. Although you may don’t feel as if it in the event it starts, you may quickly find yourself in a better mood in the end.
Volunteer in your neighborhood. Finding something which really making you feel better about doing the work, will have a very positive impact in your own life. The happier you are, the less anxious you will feel. You can work at a homeless shelter, read to kids at the library, or work at an animal shelter. Whatever makes you feel the best can help you the most.
Your personal doctor is going to be a big part of your anxiety journey, but you could do some things on your own that alleviate your anxiety. Incorporate the ideas laid out in the following paragraphs into your life, and you will probably commence to notice you feel more relaxed. It is possible to feel better much sooner. | <urn:uuid:c78f2e71-5375-43e9-9e58-14f9ce63269e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://whatdoesanxietyfeellike.com/attack-your-anxiety-by-using-these-simple-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.964422 | 642 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Anxiety is something many people deal with every day. Although anxiety isn’t something that will disappear, you can learn strategies to manage it. The following article will help you to understand how to cope with anxiety. *If you suffer from anxiety, you should reduce sugar and caffeine intake. This can sometimes make you feel more anxious than usual. You should not consume caffeine or sugar if you have a need. How you react to anxiety is directly affected by your daily diet. If you have anxiety or panic attacks, it is important to ensure that you can calm down by properly breathing. Remember that our bodies are like machines and that proper breathing is what fuels them. To relieve anxiety, you can lengthen your exhalation. *Removing sugar and refined carbs from your diet is one of the best things you can do to help anxiety. Low and high levels of sugar in your blood can trigger anxiety. These fluctuations can trigger anxiety attacks and panic attacks. Limit your exposure to newspapers and television if you are anxious about worldly matters. Keep up with current news, but don’t get too caught up in it. You can also increase your anxiety by being exposed to constant negativity. *You need to find a company that you can talk to about anything. Talk to this person about your anxiety as soon as you can. Talking to someone you trust can make a big difference. Anxiety can lead to more problems. Write down your thoughts and feelings in a journal. Many people allow their stressful thoughts to build up in their heads and they don’t have an outlet. It would be a good idea to write down all of your worries and thoughts in a journal. This will allow you to focus on the present instead of dwelling on past or future events that could cause anxiety. *Keep busy. The more you do, the less you’ll have to dwell on what might be bothering you in your day. You will then be able to set aside some time to address your problems without having to think about them throughout the day. Consult a professional if you feel like you are always thinking about the problems or issues you face throughout the day. Talking about your problems with someone else can help you get them out there so they don’t become bottled up or leading to anxiety. *You don’t have to let anxiety rule your life. Use the information in this article to take control of your life. You can enjoy the fullness of the world without worrying about anxiety attacks or panic attacks. | <urn:uuid:06d2ce0a-7dfb-470e-81df-0a46fab4daef> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://whatdoesanxietyfeellike.com/fix-your-broken-life-reduce-anxiety-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.971248 | 505 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Fasteners Suppliers screws encounter condensate in polluted air. Pollution refers to a large amount of sulfides or carbon oxides. In contact with water, it will form sulfuric acid and hydroxide, which chemically corrode stainless steel screws.
The screw will rust because the protective film of the stainless steel is damaged, the stainless steel is oxidized, and the ability to resist corrosion is weakened, so the stainless steel screw will also rust.
The tensile strength of stainless steel screws with semi-circular heads is relatively uniform in the temperature range of 15~80°C.
As the temperature decreases, the impact toughness of stainless steel screws decreases slowly, and there is no brittle transition temperature. Therefore, stainless steel can maintain sufficient plasticity and toughness at low temperatures.
So what are the precautions for Nanjing screws during storage:
1. The protection of the product should be strengthened during the storage of stainless steel screws. In a dry environment, the electroplated iron screws should not be placed in a damp place.
In addition, care should be taken during the packaging process, not violent packaging.
If non-standard parts with special requirements are needed, they need to be wrapped in a mesh bag or other objects, taking care to avoid colliding with each other.
2. The hardness of the stainless steel screw indicates the ability of the material to resist the pressing of hard objects into its surface.
It is one of the important performance indexes of metal materials.
Generally, the higher the hardness, the better the wear resistance.
Commonly used hardness indexes are Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness and Vickers hardness.
3. When testing the hardness of stainless steel nuts, there is no heat-treated bolt, only the surface hardness should be within the qualified range.
If it is Stud Manufacturer's heat-treated bolts, it is necessary to have a large hardness on the surface without cutting a diameter. The hardness test is at 1/2R on the surface. | <urn:uuid:02b31af5-da6f-4208-9278-ac3a4b3d76c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://wijvallenaf.nl/forum/how-does-stud-manufacturer-do-product-storage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.916537 | 412 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho is a federally recognized tribe indigenous to the Northwest Plateau.
Official Tribal Name: Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
Address: PO Box 1269, Bonners Ferry, ID 83805
Official Website: www.kootenai.org
Recognition Status: Federally Recognized
Traditional Name / Traditional Meaning:
Common Name / Meaning of Common Name:
The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho is named after the Kootenay (Canadian spelling) or Kootenai (U.S. spelling) River, a major river in southeastern British Columbia, Canada and the northern part of the U.S. states of Montana and Idaho.
Alternate names / Alternate spellings / Mispellings: The Kootenai River used to be called the Flatbow. Alternate spelling:Kutenai
Name in other languages:
State Today: Idaho
The Kootenai people lived along the Kootenai River in Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia.
Source: US Government via Wiki Media Commons
Town of Bonners Ferry along the Kootenai River
Reservation: Kootenai Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land
The Kootenai Reservation was first established in 1896. After subsequent land loss, the reservation was re-established in 1974.
Land Area: 3,985-acres
Tribal Headquarters: Bonners Ferry, Idaho
Time Zone: Pacific
Chief Three Moons, a former chief and legendary leader of the people, is represented by the drawing of three moons.
The tribe has status as a non-treaty nation, depicted by the empty arrow quiver, an unsigned treaty and another shield to show perpetuity.
The nation’s ongoing relationship with the State of Idaho is shown by the state map wrapped in a red ribbon with Kootenai Tribe of Idaho inscribed on the ribbon.
The seven bands of the Kootenai Nation are represented by seven feathers. They depict the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, the Lower Kootenai Band in Creston, B.C., the St. Mary’s Band in Cranbrook, B.C., the Columbia Lake Band in Windermere, B.C., the Sushwap Band in Invermere, B.C., the Tobacco Plains Band in Grasmere, B.C. and the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribe in Elmo, Montana.
Population at Contact:
Registered Population Today: 67 in 1974.
Tribal Enrollment Requirements:
Name of Governing Body: Kootenai Tribal Council
Number of Council members: Three general Tribal Council members, two alternate Tribal Council members plus the executive officers
Dates of Constitutional amendments:
Number of Executive Officers: Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer
The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho is divided into three districts based on family groups. Members of the Kootenai Tribal Council are selected from the districts from which they are members. Elected officials serve a four-year term.
Language Classification: Kutenai
The Kutenai language is a language isolate, meaning it isn’t related to any other languages.
Number of fluent Speakers:
Bands, Gens, and Clans
Other Kootenai people, Flatheads, Kalispel people.
Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation
Warfare for the southern Coast Salish was primarily defensive, with occasional raiding into territory where there were no relatives.
The common enemies of all the Coast Salish for most of the first half of the 19th century were the Lekwiltok aka Southern Kwakiutl, commonly known in historical writings as the Euclataws or Yucultas.
Regular raids by northern tribes, particularly an alliance between the Haida, Tongass, and one group of Tsimshian, are also notable. With earlier access to European guns through the fur trade, they raided for slaves and loot. Their victims organized retaliatory raids several times, attacking the Lekwiltok.
Ceremonies / Dances:
Modern Day Events & Tourism:
Legends / Oral Stories:
Art & Crafts:
Winter villages had cone-shaped houses made from wooden poles and rush mats.
The Kootenai people were hunter-gatherers who relied heavily on the salmon runs. They also harvested many kinds of berries and roots. Camas roots, which can be prepared like a potato or ground into a flour, were important foods.
Reservation industries include timber, tourism, and selling sand and gravel. The tribe also owns a sturgeon hatchery.
The Kootenai Tribe built the Kootenai River Inn in Bonners Ferry, Idaho in 1986. It is now the Kootenai River Inn Casino and Spa, and also has the Springs Restaurant, Casino Deli, the Kootenai Day Spa, and a gift shop.
Religion & Spiritual Beliefs:
Quilxka Nupika, the supreme being or Creator God
Famous Kootenai Chiefs and Leaders:
In 1855 the tribe refused to sign a treaty with the US government that would require them to cede their aboriginal lands in Idaho and consolidate with several other smaller tribes in Montana. The Dawes Act broke up tribal land holdings into individual allotments.
Due to illegal land loss, the tribe was awarded $425,000 in a land claims settlement in 1960.
On 20 September 1974, the members of the Kootenai Tribe formally declared war on the United States seeking federal recognition. They did not engage in violence, and, by calling attention to their situation, the tribe was deeded 12.5 acres
In the News: | <urn:uuid:c9c0d7cc-26d0-4b07-8d8e-108eae5d5584> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.aaanativearts.com/kootenai-tribe-index | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.916518 | 1,217 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Multiple Themes in Charles Dickens' "Great Expectations"
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This essay explores Charles Dickens' classic work of literature, "Great Expectations" and looks at how multiple themes are used to provoke a much more complex and enjoyable novel.
From the Paper:"Most works of literature can be said to have one overriding theme that dominates the work. It can be said, however, that many themes woven together with a unique story can create a much more complex, not to mention more enjoyable, novel. Charles Dickens represents this to the letter in his mysterious yet revealing novel, Great Expectations. Through the themes of childhood innocence, isolation, and redemption, Dickens creates a complexity in his novel as well as a flow to the story that would not be as effective with only one clear theme."
Cite this Book Review:
Multiple Themes in Charles Dickens' "Great Expectations" (2003, February 17) Retrieved December 09, 2023, from https://www.academon.com/book-review/multiple-themes-in-charles-dickens-great-expectations-1673/
"Multiple Themes in Charles Dickens' "Great Expectations"" 17 February 2003. Web. 09 December. 2023. <https://www.academon.com/book-review/multiple-themes-in-charles-dickens-great-expectations-1673/> | <urn:uuid:35f8d83f-04c1-4a51-8b66-e57715ac818e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.academon.com/book-review/multiple-themes-in-charles-dickens-great-expectations-1673/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.917672 | 304 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Judo ranking system and belt colours
image credit: Shutterstock.com
In Judo, improvement and understanding of the art is represented by a system of ranks. These are indicated with various systems of coloured belts, with the black belt indicating a practitioner who has attained a certain level of competence.
There are 2 groups of belt holders, Kyu grades and Dan grades. Kyu grades, also known as mu-dan-sha, are for beginners learning the art of Judo, which consists of 6 ranks starting with brown belt (Ikkyu), followed by blue belt (Nikyu), green belt (Sankyu), orange belt (Yonkyu), yellow belt (Gokyu), and lastly white belt (Rokyu). After which, a test will be taken by the Rokyu, to advance further into the Dan grades (Black Belt Grades).
The black belt group is called yū-dan-sha, which also means “black belt holder”. There are ten ranks within this group starting with a first degree black belt. Everyone in this group wears a black belt to signify that they are part of this group, however there are some optional belts that can be worn.
A red and white paneled belt may be worn by people who possess a 6th, 7th, or 8th degree black belt. A red belt may be worn by those who possess a 9th or 10th degree black belt. These optional belts are usually worn during special events.
To receive the latest updates on the happenings in the Singapore sports scene, or to find out more about some of the latest programmes on offer at ActiveSG, like our Facebook page here. | <urn:uuid:92bab9ad-bb28-404c-bcf3-0ff2effb52e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.activesgcircle.gov.sg/learn/judo/judo-ranking-system-and-belt-colours | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.963277 | 347 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The healthcare field has experienced rapid growth in recent years. The aging baby boomer population and new medical and insurance regulations have prompted a need for a wide range of healthcare professionals beyond those providing immediate medical care. In 2012, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projected that the healthcare field would add more jobs than any other industry over the following decade, estimating an increase of over 4 million jobs by 2022.1
What is Healthcare Management?
Healthcare managers serve in a variety of roles to pan, direct, and coordinate healthcare services in various organizations and settings. Within the industry, employment of medical and health services managers is projected to grow at a faster rate than the national average, with the BLS predicting 72,100 new jobs created from 2016 to 2026 (a growth rate of 20%).2
Skills for Healthcare Management
Healthcare managers, also referred to as medical and health services managers, often hold bachelor’s degrees prior to entering the field. Master’s degrees, however, are also common.2
Healthcare managers direct entire facilities, specific departments, or medical practices and are therefore required to possess several skills including:2, 3
- Analytical Skills – Understanding and abiding by current regulations, as well as adapting to new laws
- Communication Skills – Effectively communicating to convey policies and procedures to other health professionals and ensuring compliance with current regulations and laws
- Detail Oriented Skills – Paying attention to details, including organizing and maintaining the scheduling and billing information for substantial facilities like hospitals
- Interpersonal Skills – Discussing staffing problems and patient information with other professionals, such as physicians and health insurance representatives
- Leadership Skills – Hiring, training, motivating, and leading staff, as well as finding ways to creatively solve staffing and administrative issues
- Technical Skills – Staying current in healthcare technology advancements and data analytics for coding and classification software usage or electronic health record (EHR) system implementations
- Critical Thinking – Identifying strengths and weaknesses, and finding alternative solutions or approaches to problems through logic and reasoning
- Active Listening – Offering one’s full attention with regard to what others say, asking questions when appropriate, and not interrupting during inappropriate times
- Coordination – Adjusting one’s actions with regard to another’s actions for effective work collaboration
- Judgment and Decision Making – Examining both benefits and consequences of potential actions to help determine those most appropriate
As you work to develop the specific skill sets required for these types of jobs through work experience and/or an online healthcare management degree program, consider how you can highlight these skills on your résumé and job application materials. AIU offers an online Bachelor’s in Health Administration and an online MBA in Healthcare Management.
If you are interested in pursuing a healthcare management degree, contact one of our Admissions Advisors to request information and learn more.
1. “Healthcare: Millions of Jobs Now and in the Future.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from: https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2014/spring/art03.pdf (Visited 09/13/18).
2. “Job Outlook.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/medical-and-health-services-managers.htm (Visited 09/13/18). This data represents national figures and is not based on school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary.
3. “Medical and Health Services Managers.” O*Net Online. Retrieved from: https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9111.00 (Visited 09/13/18). This data represents national figures and is not based on school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary.
American InterContinental University cannot guarantee employment or salary. For important information about the educational debt, earnings and completion rates of students who attended this program, go to www.aiuniv.edu/disclosures. Financial aid is available for those who qualify.
The presence of specific potential jobs on this list does not guarantee availability of career opportunities. All statistics referenced are national historical averages and the figures in your area and at the time of your job search may be different.
Classes Start January 10, 2024 | <urn:uuid:cb4025cb-211b-44f0-b591-899c7db6073e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.aiuniv.edu/degrees/healthcare/articles/10-top-skills-for-healthcare-management-jobs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.92848 | 909 | 2.65625 | 3 |
BY AUTUMN MCBRIDE (TAU, BRENAU UNIVERSITY), ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF DIVERSITY, EQUITY AND INCLUSION INITIATIVES
We are real, strong women diverse in our experiences, identities, stories and opinions. At times, it might seem like our diverse viewpoints can lead to division rather than harmony. While most would agree that harmony is important, putting it into practice can be challenging. Some members may quickly find common ground, while others may struggle to navigate conversations with differing perspectives. That’s why, as members, it’s important to embrace the art of consensus.
So, what is consensus? In simple terms, it's when a group of individuals can make decisions together that lead to positive outcomes, even when faced with differing opinions. By building consensus together, we can promote civility, foster collaboration and strengthen our bonds.
Now, let's explore how we can create environments where individuals with diverse viewpoints can come together in a respectful and constructive manner. Consider the recommendations below as you strive to cultivate harmony!
PRACTICE ACTIVE LISTENING – THE FOUNDATION OF TRUST
Trust is the foundation upon which consensus is built and the best way to build that foundation is by practicing active listening with your sisters and others. Active listening is not just hearing words, it is a fundamental skill that involves fully engaging with the speaker and striving to understand their thoughts and feelings. For example, instead of just nodding along or waiting your turn to speak, consider providing verbal cues like "I understand” or "Tell me more, to show the speaker you are engaged and attentive.
Through active listening, we foster empathy and perspective-taking, encouraging us to appreciate all that is noble in another! Active listening also helps clarify misunderstandings and prevent potential conflicts.
Think back to a time where active listening could have helped change the outcome of a conversation for the better. How can you strike a balance between listening and responding in your next conversation?
IDENTIFY SHARED VALUES – BUILDING BRIDGES
Shared values act as a bridge that connects individuals from different backgrounds, beliefs and experiences. Recognizing these commonalities makes it easier to relate to one another; however, understanding shared values does not mean you have to give up your own beliefs. Instead, it's about focusing on what unites us, allowing us to embrace and respect diversity. Identifying our shared values and goals also brings clarity and purpose to the conversation, helping us answer the question: "What are we striving to achieve together?
Identify ways you can create an environment where sharing values and goals is not only encouraged but actively supported. What steps can you personally take and how you can encourage others to do the same!
ACKNOWLEDGE DIFFERENCES – OPPORTUNITIES FOR GROWTH
Alpha Chi Omega encourages all members to embrace our interconnected and diverse world. Open and honest discussions about differing opinions or approaches are a great way to begin. Respecting diverse perspectives allows us to recognize their value, even when they differ from our own. If conflicts arise during your discussions, address them respectfully. Remember, differences can be a source of strength and innovation within groups, rather than division.
Challenge yourself to actively embrace differences as opportunities for growth and consensus building! Consider how this change in mindset can positively impact your relationships with others and promote a more harmonious community.
HOLDING DIALOGUE – A CONTINUOUS JOURNEY
Cultivating harmony is a continuous journey that takes time, patience and a willingness to engage in meaningful conversation. Together, let's actively encourage others to create a space for and embrace open dialogue, as it not only fosters understanding but also provides opportunities for connecting with one another. Engaging in these interactions also allows us to collaborate effectively and foster a strong sense of belonging!
Take a moment to think about the power of communication in fostering understanding and community. How can you actively promote open discussion within your circles?
As you continue your personal development journey and work towards cultivating harmony, remember that these recommendations are foundational and serve as a starting point and not a checklist. Embracing consensus building requires intentional effort and may not always be easy! Yet, it is through our ongoing efforts and commitment that we cultivate harmony and build lasting connections and aim to focus on what unites us rather than what divides us – and that’s the beauty of sisterhood.
Learn something valuable from this Notes of Belonging? Want to share your thoughts or personal experience with belonging through your Alpha Chi Omega experience? Share your story now! | <urn:uuid:b4870ec0-1103-4c04-a695-20194b32b637> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.alphachiomega.org/blogs/october/notes-of-belonging-cultivating-harmony | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.928357 | 945 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Heat Supply of Buildings and Structures with the Participation of Wind Power Plants
- 10.2991/isees-19.2019.6How to use a DOI?
- renewable energy sources; heat supply; wind power plant; boiler house; energy saving; energy efficiency; fossil organic fuel.
One of the main ways to increase the efficiency of traditional heat supply systems is the transition to alternative energy-saving technologies for the production of heat energy based on the use of unconventional and renewable energy sources and in particular wind energy. In this case, wind energy may be involved in heat production technologies and then spent on the needs of heat supply. An assessment is made of the possible use of wind power plants in conjunction with the boiler house in ensuring the schedule of heating load of consumers located in an area with high wind potential, the average annual speed of which is about 7 m/s. The duration of the heating season in this area is 9-10 months per year. It is shown that the joint use of the boiler house and wind power plants for heat supply during the year can reduce the share of the boiler house in the heat supply of consumers by 50-70% or more.
- © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press.
- Open Access
- This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
Cite this article
TY - CONF AU - A.V. Bezhan AU - A.I. Furtaev PY - 2019/08 DA - 2019/08 TI - Heat Supply of Buildings and Structures with the Participation of Wind Power Plants BT - Proceedings of the International Symposium "Engineering and Earth Sciences: Applied and Fundamental Research" dedicated to the 85th anniversary of H.I. Ibragimov (ISEES 2019) PB - Atlantis Press SP - 801 EP - 805 SN - 2590-3217 UR - https://doi.org/10.2991/isees-19.2019.6 DO - 10.2991/isees-19.2019.6 ID - Bezhan2019/08 ER - | <urn:uuid:6ee8560f-2e05-42df-807b-1771a71ea762> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/isees-19/125914139 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.874573 | 455 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Jamie Davis and Jessica Groff, teachers at Sutter Park Elementary School, share how they use the stair step tool with their preschool students to assess the learning target and their teaching to see where they need to go next.
"We've created a place where children know they are appreciated and know that every step in the learning process is celebrated," said Ms. Davis.
This video was produced in partnership with the Ohio Department of Education. Want to see how other teachers and leaders are using formative instructional practices? Check out the FIP Your School® Ohio video library to watch clips from schools across the state. | <urn:uuid:ba73da91-2d4e-4a18-8e7e-c52e04e3476a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.battelleforkids.org/Insights/learning-hub-item/sutter-park-celebrating-every-step-in-the-learning-process | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.975894 | 123 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Sports Medicine Learning Targets
Health, HS Sports Medicine
ALT 1 - Concepts
Comprehend concepts related to health promotion and disease prevention.
AST 1.1 - Safe Behaviors : Explains safe behaviors to reduce injury during sports/recreational participation.
AST 1.2 - Preventing Injuries : Describe rules and laws intended to prevent injuries.
AST 1.3 - Skeletal System : Describe and identifies both the microscopic and gross structures and functions of the skeletal system.
AST 1.4 - Post Operative Rehabilitation : Have a complete understanding of post-operative rehabilitation guidelines and restrictions for knee ligament reconstructions and repairs, rotator cuff repairs and shoulder instability reconstructions.
AST 1.5 - Basic Terminology : Apply basic terminology used in the area of sports medicine to discuss a sports related injury, location on the body or communicate with the medical community.
AST 1.6 - Rehabilitation Plan : Explain a specific rehabilitation plan with short and long term goals.
ALT 2 - Interpersonal Communication
Demonstrate the ability to use interpersonal communication skills (verbal and nonverbal) to enhance health.
AST 2.1 - Physical Exam : Demonstrate proficiency by evaluating and treating sports injuries through application of physical examination tests specific to the diagnosis.
AST 2.2 - Patient Relationship : Demonstrate the ability to develop an appropriate relationship with a patient that fosters communication, respect, and ethics of the highest degree.
AST 2.3 - Listening and Communication : Demonstrate effective listening and communication skills with patients, which may include both verbal and non-verbal skills.
AST 2.4 - Respond Appropriately : Demonstrate ability to understand and respond appropriately to patient inquiries.
AST 2.5 - Taping : Demonstrate proficiency by taping injuries through application. | <urn:uuid:3cb600cd-097c-47ae-a091-850aed777ff3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.beaverton.k12.or.us/departments/teaching-learning/curriculum-instruction-assessment/learning-targets/health/sports-medicine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.825571 | 369 | 3.375 | 3 |
Eels comprise a wide variety of fish that tend to appear slim and attractive and you could even say “eel-elongated.” Explore Facts About Eels here!
Some are huge. Others are small and certain species have frightening jaws. Naturalists have been studying their mysterious behaviors for centuries and here are the 11 facts we’ve learned about the fish.
Facts About Eels
Electric eels technically don’t count as eels.
If you’ve caught an extremely long thin fish, it could be an eel, but it could be another species. Eels that really belong to the order Anguilliformes, which comprises more than 800 species. The”electric eels” or “electric eels” of South America aren’t included because they are part of the non-related class Gymnotiformes. The electric eels are genetically related to more affinities to carp and catfish. Shocking, right?
Also, read Amazing Tree Facts
Moray eels have jaws that are secret.
Anguilliformes are a large group of anguilliform. Moray eels don’t have a lot of suction when they eat things. To drag prey into their gullets, the fish use a different group made up of ” pharyngeal jaws” concealed deep within their throats. They are adorned with sharp teeth. Jaws shoot upwards and grab victims who are caught between the second jaws.
The American Eel’s life cycle is complex.
This is an explanation from the Cliffs Notes Version: American eels ( Anguilla rostrata) are born through eggs laid on the Atlantic Ocean. The Sargasso Sea, a body of mid-ocean waters whose boundaries are defined by various currents – is believed to be the main spawning grounds of this specie (although other breeding sites may be present).
The eels’ first stage is larvae with leaf shapes; later, they transform into 2- to 3-inch-long juveniles, referred to as glass eels. They also discover new habitats in brackish coastal areas in a different stage, called elvers. Later in the last stage before sexual maturity transform into yellow eels. Between three and 40 years later, they turn into silver eels up to 5 feet as they come back to the Atlantic to breed.
European glass eels could utilize magnetic fields to navigate.
Another migratory fish the specie ( Anguilla Anguilla) has the same life cycle as the American eel. It spawns and then is dead at sea in the North Atlantic, spending the remaining time in the coastal regions of Europe. A few studies suggest that young eels (i.e., “glass” eels) can be able to detect the magnetic field and alter their swimming behavior according to the magnetic field. If this is the case, it may aid in understanding how they navigate their routes towards the Sargasso and return.
Also, read Facts About Hamsters
Some oceangoing snakes target moray eels.
Apart from their rope-like bodies, the two species do not share much in common. But they do share a commonality. More than 50 species of snakes spend the majority of all time in oceans. Furthermore, certain amphibious species are known as sea kraits frequently hunt moray eels and eat them whole. One researcher has even reported the length of a five-foot sea krait eating the body of a moray that was 4 feet long.
The popularity of Eels in Japan.
Unagi Don is one of the very popular summertime dishes from the Land of the Rising Sun. Its primary component is the roasted eel flesh, which is usually harvested from Japanese or Japanese eel ( Anguilla japonica) or an American species. It’s served with sauce and pepper on rice. Some questions have been asked about the sustainable harvesting of American and Japanese eels. However, each species is listed in the threatened category as per the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
Be aware: Conger eels bite occasionally diving.
You can ask Jimmy Griffin, a veteran diver who was attacked by sharp-toothed eels in County Galway, Ireland, in 2013. Conger eels are known to weigh more than 200 pounds and the one in this particular case was approximately 6.5 feet in length. It swam towards Griffin at 82 feet beneath the sea’s surface and took a bite of his face. It caused an injury that necessitated 20 stitches and cosmetic surgery. For divers or fishing enthusiasts, this wasn’t an isolated incident.
Also, read 25+ Fun Facts About Peru!
An eel that was discovered in 2011 appeared strange enough to warrant its own distinct family.
Protanguilla Palau is found in the reef caves of the Republic of Palau and has the distinct structure of gills typical of a modern feel. Because the animal doesn’t appear to belong to any known eel family (like morays), scientists created the new family just to be it. Protanguillidae. Scientists believe the ancestral ancestors of Protanguilla Palau were different from the other early eels about 200 million years in the past and followed a distinct evolutionary route.
Waterfalls shouldn’t be a hindrance to this New Zealand longfin eel.
The species is renowned for its climbing abilities young longfins have the ability to climb 65-foot waterfalls and also dams made by humans. The species that migrates is found in the freshwater lakes of New Zealand and rivers.
One moray eel can be fed in the open air.
“Snowflake moray eel” is an adorable name, however, they’re a terrifying predator. The research published in 2021 proves that they are adept at (partially) transporting them on dry land and then grabbing prey as crabs above the waterline thanks to their pharyngeal jaws.
True eels are referred to as “ray-finned fishes.”
They are more than half of the vertebrate species present at the moment. Ray-finned fishes, a group that includes the Anguilliformes – are named for the bone-like, stiff joints which support the fins. This is in stark contrast to the muscular, fleshy parts which are part of “lobe-finned fishes” like coelacanths. | <urn:uuid:7f84b91a-4c21-4c3f-ac0e-3baa07085e94> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.bestfactsabout.com/facts-about-eels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.953196 | 1,350 | 3.3125 | 3 |
These tall, trumpet-like plants not only look great, but their sweet nectar will also lure in insects, who will be consumed by digestive liquid at the base of the plant! Just like natural Mortein.
WATCH: How to make a water garden in a bowl
How to grow pitcher plants
Native to southeastern America, where there are over 80 varieties, pitcher plants occur naturally in swampy, waterlogged areas, and are quite tolerant of frosty conditions. Given this, they are best suited to cooler climates.
Part shade to full sun make the best conditions for this carnivorous plant, however note that different species prefer different light levels, so it's always best to check the tag that comes with them.
Pitcher plants are perfect in areas of wet soil, such as bog gardens or the fringes of a pond. Make sure the soil is low in nutrients and drains well. Their carnivorous habit is the result of a lack of nutrients in their soil – the bugs they catch boost the nitrogen levels.
It's best practice to keep the soil moist, but not soggy. Pitcher plants are sensitive to chemicals in tap water, so opt for distilled or rainwater where possible.
Generally, pitcher plants don't need supplementary feeding, but if you feel the need, you can spritz them with a diluted mixture in spring and summer – or even feed them insects!
If you're looking to grow your pitcher plant in a pot, it should grow successfully as long as it has a saucer of water to keep the soil damp and is positioned in a sunny spot. However, pitcher plants are not suitable for growing as an indoor plant.
During winter, they will go through a period of dormancy and much of the foliage will die back. Just before the start of spring, trim off any remaining dead leaves in order to tidy the plant up ahead of its fresh growth spurt.
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How to grow olives | <urn:uuid:2840db59-6871-48c3-a45a-26aca3ee9784> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.bhg.com.au/pitcher-plants?category=garden | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.955554 | 419 | 3.515625 | 4 |
19 Oct Top Five Study Habits to Develop for Academic Excellence
As students at Baba Manjh Convent School, one of the Best Convent Schools in Hoshiarpur, we all strive for academic excellence. Developing effective study habits is essential to achieve our goals and excel in our studies. In this blog, we will discuss the top 5 study habits that will help you succeed academically.
- Set a Consistent Study Schedule
Establishing a consistent study schedule is crucial for effective learning. Determine the best time of day when you are most focused and alert. Designate specific hours each day for studying and stick to your schedule. This regularity helps train your brain to be in the study mode at those particular times, enhancing your concentration and overall productivity.
- Create a Distraction-Free Environment
Having a dedicated study space that is free from distractions is a game-changer. Find a quiet area away from the noise, such as the TV or siblings playing. Put away your phone or any other distractions that may tempt you. Also, inform your family members about your study schedule, so they respect your need for concentration. A peaceful environment allows you to focus better and absorb the information effectively.
- Break Down Your Study Material
The thought of studying a vast amount of material can be overwhelming. To make it more manageable, break down your study material into smaller, easily digestible units. Prioritise the topics that require more attention and allocate time accordingly. Breaking down the material helps you to grasp the concepts thoroughly and prevents you from getting overwhelmed.
- Practice Active Learning
Active learning involves actively engaging with the study material rather than passively reading or listening to it. Find different ways to interact with the content, such as summarising the main points, teaching someone else, or creating flashcards. Actively participating in your learning process enhances your understanding and retention of the material.
- Take Regular Breaks and Practice Self-Care
Studying for long periods without breaks can lead to mental fatigue and reduced productivity. Make sure to schedule short breaks during your study sessions. Use this time to stretch, take a walk, or relax your mind. Additionally, prioritise self-care by getting enough sleep, eating nutritious meals, and exercising regularly. Taking care of yourself physically and mentally will optimise your focus and overall well-being.
By developing effective study habits, you can set yourself up for academic excellence at Baba Manjh Convent School, a renowned CBSE Convent School in Hoshiarpur. Creating a study schedule, setting specific goals, engaging in active learning, using effective study strategies, and developing self-discipline will help you achieve academic success. Remember that developing these habits takes time, effort, and dedication. Be patient with yourself, celebrate your progress, and focus on the journey. | <urn:uuid:e9def0a5-5b3c-4173-972c-31e7c2482e51> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.bmcshsp.com/top-five-study-habits-to-develop-for-academic-excellence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.922631 | 576 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Idiom of the week: Bright-eyed and bushy-tailed
Definition: Be full of energy and enthusiasm, ready for anything.
Example: BRIT’s students are fantastic. They always arrive bright-eyed and bushy-tailed at class.
This expression dates back to the nineteenth century, according to «Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins» by Robert Hendrickson, Facts on File, New York, 1997.
Some claim that it is an analogy to squirrels since they are always very alert and perky.
Others say that, on the one hand, bright-eyed is obvious as it is used to say that someone is eager; fresh and enthusiastic. And that, on the other hand, the bushy-tailed refers to the tail of a cat, which is known to fluff up when it becomes excited.
All in all, whether the expression comes from squirrels or cats no one can assure but what we cannot doubt is that it is a nice expression to talk about someone who is cheerful and lively, so why don’t do it?
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Abrimos nuevos grupos continuamente en diferentes horarios según la demanda.
Contacta con nosotros y explícanos qué estás buscando. | <urn:uuid:0c8f33aa-352b-4010-aeed-758e408d3bb8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.britenglishschool.com/words-power/idiom-of-the-week-bright-eyed-and-bushy-tailed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.743735 | 339 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Have you ever noticed how you are criticizing yourself on a constant basis? I certainly have a whole list of self-critical thoughts. "I don't do enough sports; I am not efficient; I should not have said this; why can't I switch off?" and so on.
Thoughts like this are automatic and unconscious. They just pop out of nowhere, they are very convincing, and we are often not even aware of them. Even if we have learnt, (for example, in a mindfulness class), to see thoughts not as facts but simply as mental events that come and go like clouds in the sky, we very often take it for the truth what our inner voice is telling us. As our inner critic is so convincing, we quickly come to believe that something is wrong with us.
These types of self-critical statements can be detrimental to your well-being. They put you down and make you feel small. Furthermore, research shows that they can contribute to feelings of anxiety, depression, and exhaustion.
We all talk to ourselves continuously. Most of this "self-talk" is unconscious, but it impacts our feelings, thoughts, and actions. We are often much more critical and harsh on ourselves than on others. It is like a little voice continuously judging and criticizing what we are doing, that it is never good enough.
Often the origin of this perception of not being good enough is to be found in the past, as we internalize the kind of talk we hear from our parents and caregivers. We might have been expected to be "perfect", or to "try harder", or perhaps only success really mattered rather than the effort we put into a task (even if we "failed" in the end). If this was the case growing up, then we often expect from ourselves the same perfectionism and success once we are adults.
We push ourselves to do our best and criticize ourselves harshly if we "fail" or don't reach our wildest dreams. We usually think that we simply are not good enough or have not tried hard enough. We don't even notice how exhausting this is - until we crash.
Participants in our courses report that one of the most fundamentally transformative practices they learnt in a mindfulness course has been practicing kindness towards themselves.
But is self-compassion not egoistic? Why would it be good to be on your own side? There are several reasons why being kind to yourself is important:
- All beings deserve decency and care - including you.
- You are responsible for your future self.
- It is important for your own wellbeing and health. Research shows that being kind to yourself boosts your resilience and well-being.
- It is good for others to be good to yourself. If you are happy and fulfilled you will become a better and kinder person to others. Therefore it is an act of kindness towards others to take good care of your own happiness and well-being.
So how can you become kinder to yourself?
In practicing self-compassion we respond to our pain or suffering or to difficult emotions in the same way we would hope to be treated by a good friend: with love, understanding, and support.
Self-compassion is not selfish or egocentric, it is also not self-pity. Self-compassion is about noticing when we are suffering and being kind to ourselves in return. We don't practice self-compassion to feel better, so we don't aim at changing anything, but we practice it because we are having a hard time right now.
A lot of research has been done about the practice of self-compassion, and it has been shown that it can decrease the amount and duration of our difficult emotion. We gain more perspective on what is going on and keep the bigger picture in mind. It also leads to more kindness towards others, as self-kindness is a prerequisite for treating others kindly. The sooner we can get to a place of acceptance and forgiveness, the sooner we will be able to refocus our attention back to the present moment.
According to self-compassion teacher Kristin Neff, self-compassion is formed of 3 concepts
- Paying Attention = Mindfulness. In our mindfulness courses we learn to experience emotions in the body rather than analysing them. An important aspect of becoming aware of our feelings is to simply notice them without judgment or trying to alter them. Research has shown that being aware of your feelings and physical experience is beneficial for your well-being.
- Common Humanity: None of us are alone with our struggles, because there may be other people nearby having similar difficulties. We acknowledge that suffering and pain are part of human life. Therefore, self-compassion is about seeing your suffering as a universal experience and not as a personal one.
- Kindness: This is about the words and tone of voice we use with ourselves. When we are in moments of difficulty, instead of judging ourselves we can be understanding and kind. We soothe and reassure ourselves just as we might soothe or support a dear friend in trouble.
Self-compassion does not come naturally, but the good news is that it can be learnt like any other skill. You just need to practice it regularly. It may feel a bit awkward at first, but with practice it will feel more and more natural.
The first thing you need to learn when something difficult is emerging, is to pause, then turn towards the pain and acknowledge it, "this is really difficult right now," realizing that difficulty and pain are a part of life (for example, "I am not alone. Other people experience the same stress/pain/struggle."). Then finally ask yourself, "How can I comfort and care for myself in this moment?" You may want to say something like, "may I be strong," "may I be patient with myself," or "may I accept myself the way I am." Let these kind words sink in and stay with them for several breaths.
You can also practice a longer meditation to strengthen your self-compassion, for example with this loving kindness meditation. | <urn:uuid:f26306fa-1765-4b36-ad6a-0a4d9a4fa147> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.brusselsmindfulness.be/blog/how-to-heal-your-inner-critic-with-self-compassion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.977054 | 1,247 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Games Help Launch Lighthouse School’s STEAM Adventure
Project aims to boost student achievement in science, technology, engineering, arts, and math
By Dave Conrad
How do you inspire a future generation of scientists, researchers, engineers, and explorers to imagine new possibilities for their lives?
You start by having fun, of course!
That’s just what a group of 6th-8th-grade students, parents, and other family members did recently at the Sarah J. Rawson Elementary School in Hartford.
They met people from the Connecticut Science Center, Blue Hills Civic Association, the Connecticut Pre-Engineering Program (CPEP), and CBIA to see what’s new at the Hartford elementary school and learn why they should join in: including in new after-school and weekend program offerings.
Science Center staff challenged students and parents with a mini engineering activity: develop and build a functioning prototype of a rocket glider that could be a reusable space vehicle.
CPEP engaged students in both a hands-on engineering challenge and a computer-based math learning game to showcase the types of activities they would experience in an upcoming five-week CPEP Saturday Math Gaming Challenge program.
And the Blue Hills Civic Association had everyone playing a “Human Tic Tac Toe” game that introduced in a lighthearted way the concepts of interpersonal communications, problem solving, and decision making.
Rawson is the state’s first “Lighthouse School,” working with a team of businesses, community groups, and educators to engage the school’s students in the world of STEAM: science, technology, engineering, arts, and math. CBIA’s Education Foundation serves as the Rawson Lighthouse project manager.
Step number one is to get the students, their families, and neighborhoods on board and aware of the programs and resources available to them. The Family Fun Night was the first of many planned community outreach events.
Attendees experienced the Lighthouse focus on project-based learning strategies and the benefits of its unique network of community- and business-based partners.
Michael Ross, STEM program coordinator for the Science Center, says building rockets was designed to “help the students and adults see how real-life problems are solved. Throughout the 15 minutes of design, they used their creativity and science knowledge to create, test, and improve their designs.
“Students actually experienced how science, technology, and mathematics all work together. The engineering design process is a tool that can be used to solve any kind of problem.”
CPEP also stretched participants’ critical thinking and problem solving skills, said Noah Ratzan, CPEP programs manager, with a challenge to build a structure at least 12 inches high using 10 index cards and masking tape. Oh, and it would have to support the weight of a heavy object for at least 10 seconds.
“Students also got the chance to experience CPEP’s innovative and fun computer-based learning model, presented through teacher-based face-to-face instruction and the use of online math gaming software,” said Ratzan.
According to Gabriel Boyd of the Blue Hills Civic Association, the Human Tic Tac Toe game was engineered to introduce such basics as following directions and working as a team. The twist was that the rules of the game and expectations of the teams gradually increased after each round of play: simulating how real-life work assignments often change in process. “Our goal was to introduce, highlight, practice, and reinforce basic career competency skills”_and personal qualities,” said Boyd.
CBIA Education Foundation Executive Director Andrea Comer says, “The Blue Hills neighborhood is a vibrant community with tremendous resources. By infusing the school with quality partnerships and a commitment to rigorous, arts-integrated STEM curriculum, the potential for sustainable impact: in and beyond the school: is boundless.”
The Lighthouse School project is designed to improve students’ achievement and revitalize their communities. Under a State Department of Education grant, the Sarah J. Rawson Elementary School in Hartford will get resources, supports, and partnerships with community, education, parent, and business organizations to focus on developing students’ STEAM knowledge and skills: ultimately to help meet the increasing demand for talent in STEAM-oriented industries in Connecticut.
Dave Conrad is a senior writer at CBIA. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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CBSE Class 9 English Letter Writing – Story Writing
Story Writing For Class 9 CBSE
A story writing is an art that requires a lot of communication skills. First of all it requires the art of narrating things in an interesting way. You will be given either the introductory lines or some hints given in the input or both. You have to develop the story basing it on the information given in the input or the introductory lines. You have to develop it on the same theme as intended by the introductory lines or by the input. You can’t go against the stated theme.
You can master in English Grammar of various classes by our articles like Tenses, Clauses, Prepositions, Story writing, Unseen Passage, Notice Writing etc. https://www.cbselabs.com/cbse-class-9-english-letter-writing-story-writing/
SALIENT FEATURES OF A GOOD STORY
- Basically, developing and writing a good story needs the art of narration. You have to narrate the incidents in a sequential order leading to the final conclusion.
- Students should follow the basic theme as expounded by the input or by the introductory lines. They are not supposed to invent new and different themes.
- Within the given limits, students are left with enough space where they can give expression to their creative talents.
- The beginning and the concluding lines must support the main part or the events described in the story.
* As per the CBSE syllabus, you are required to write a story in about 150-200 words.
Story Writing Class 9 CBSE
More Resources for CBSE Class 9
- NCERT Solutions
- NCERT Solutions Class 9 Maths
- NCERT Solutions Class 9 Science
- NCERT Solutions Class 9 Social Science
- NCERT Solutions Class 9 English
- NCERT Solutions Class 9 Hindi
- NCERT Solutions Class 9 Sanskrit
- NCERT Solutions Class 9 IT
- RD Sharma Class 9 Solutions
Story Writing Topics For Class 9 CBSE Question 1:
Aradhna started writing a story of ‘Two Boys in a Jungle’. Due to the pressure of heavy engagements, you gave up, after writing a line or so. Taking help from the input given below and basing on the introduction Aradhna made, develop a complete story.
Veeru and Karim were young Keralites. Next week their school was going to organise a camp near a forest in Ponmuddy …
Outline: Went out to explore forest…. lost the way…….. away from the camp…….. cries of animals…… heard “thump-thump” sound……. a large elephant……. trumpted angrily ……. came towards them……… a balloon……. started blowing…….. big balloon……. hit hard with hand…… “bang-bang”…….. loud noise……. elephant turned away……. saved.
Two Boys in a Jungle
Veeru and Karim were young Keralites. The next week their school was going to organise a camp near a forest in Ponmuddy. The following week they joined the camp. One day they went out together. They thought of going inside the forest to explore it. Soon they lost their way. The sun had set. They were walking along the Periyar river. They heard a loud noise. They stood still and listened to it. They heard the sound of an animal coming towards them. It was the sound of a big elephant. He was just fifty metres away from them. The elephant smelled them too. He saw them standing quietly behind an oak tree. He raised his long trunk up in the air and trumpted loudly. The boys didn’t move. Veeru was a little frightened, but Karim was not. Slowly the elephant started coming nearer and nearer. Now he was only ten metres away. “Let’s do something,” said Karim. “Do it, before he attacks us,” said Veeru.
Karim pulled out a balloon from his pocket. He put it in his mouth and started blowing into the balloon. At last, it was blown to the size of a small bag. Karim hit the full blown balloon hard with his hand. “Bang-Bang!” The elephant stopped and trumpeted angrily. He was confused.The elephant turned away and disappeared into the forest. The boys ran and ran till they reached safe at the camp.
Class 9 Story Writing CBSE Question 2:
Sneha wanted to write a story but could not go beyond a line or two. Taking help from ,the information given below along with the lines Sneha wrote a complete story.
Mr. Aggarwal was a very wealthy businessman. One day he was alone sitting at his dining table when…
Outline: Thief entered…….. Mr. Aggarwal thanked……… to give company……. birthday ……. gave him good food and drinks…….. gave a purse full of silver coins………… years passed by……. fortunes changed…….. business was ruined……… Mr. Aggarwal became poor……. 50th birthday……….. alone……. no food………. no drinks…….. bell rang …….. a man emerged…….. recognised…….. the old thief…….. came with fruits, sweets and drinks and a bag full of money.
The Return Gift
Mr. Aggarwal was a very wealthy businessman. One day he was alone sitting at his dining table. It was his birthday. He heard the footsteps of a man behind the curtains. He knew there was a thief there. “Come on! Thank you for coming to my house on my birthday. I’m alone,give me your company.” The thief was starving. He had good food and drinks. Mr. Aggarwal gave him a big purse. It had silver coins. Years rolled by. His fortunes changed. Mr. Aggarwal ,was a very poor man now. His business was ruined.
Today was his 50th birthday. But he had become a pauper now. He was alone reflecting over his good old days. It was 9 pm. The bell rang. “Who can be at such a time to visit a poor man?” thought Aggarwal. He saw a man in a new suit with a lovely bouquet of red roses. He had many packets of gifts, fruits, sweets and a few bottles. He tried to recognise the man. “I’m your old thief,” replied the man. With the money you gave me I did some business. I earned a lot of money within these years. Now I am a rich businessman. “Let’s celebrate your birthday,” he said. “It is for you, a little return-gift.” He gave a bag to Mr. Aggarwal. Mr. Aggarwal opened the bag. It was full of new currency notes.
Story Writing In English CBSE Class 9 Question 3:
Mahesh wrote only a few lines and couldn’t complete the story he wanted to write. Taking help from the given input, and basing it on the beginning Mahesh made, write a complete story.
A woodcutter was chopping down trees on the bank of a river. His hands were so much wet with his sweat that he lost his grip………..
Outline: Axe fell down into river…….. couldn’t swim….. unhappy at his misfortune and wept…… God of Forests appeared……….. promised to get back his axe……. dived……… came out with an axe of gold… “not mine”……… dived again……… came out with silver axe …….. “not mine” said woodcutter…… dived again……… came out with woodcutter’s axe…….. “this is my axe”……. truly honest…….. rewarded all three axes to the woodcutter.
Honesty Pays in the Long Run
A woodcutter was chopping down trees on the bank of a river. His hands were so much wet with his sweat that he lost his grip over the axe. It slipped away from his hands and fell down ; into the river. The poor man couldn’t even swim. He thought that his axe was lost forever. He was very sad at his misfortune and started sobbing and weeping. Suddenly there was a flash of light. The god of the Forests appeared before him. The woodcutter explained what had happened. The god consoled him, “Don’t you worry. I’ll get back your axe for you.” Having said these words, he dived into the river. After a few moments he came out with an axe. It was made of gold. “Is this yours?” he asked. The woodcutter only said “No!” A few seconds later he came out of the river with another axe. It was made of silver. “No, no, sir, this is not mine,” said the woodcutter. He dived again and came out with the third axe. The woodcutter cried loudly looking at the axe “Yes, yes, it’s mine—the woodcutter’s axe with an iron blade.” The god of Forests was impressed with the woodcutter’s honesty. “Keep all three of these axes as a present from me.” The god uttered these words and disappeared.
Story Writing Questions CBSE Class 9 Question 4:
Mohan wrote just a few lines but couldn’t develop the story he wanted to write. Taking help from the input given below and the introductory lines written by Mohan, complete the story.
The celebrated archer Guru Dronacharya taught the royal princes the finer points of archery. One day he wanted to test…
Outline: Selected a tree in forest……. placed a wooden bird on a bare branch……. were to hit the bird in the eye…… Yudhisthir stepped forward…….. “Can you see me?” asked Dronacharya. ‘Yes’ replied Yudhisthir…… asked him to put down the bow……….. each prince replied the same……. asked to retire from the competition…… finally came Aijuna ……. “Aijuna, do you see me?” asked Dronacharya. “I see only my target,” said Aijuna Aijuna hit the bird’s eye.
Arjuna: The Most Accomplished Marksman
The celebrated archer Guru Dronacharya taught the royal princes the finer points of archery. One day he wanted to test the archery skill of his pupils. They came to a forest. The Guru chose a tree standing in the open. He placed a wooden bird on a bare branch of that tree. The princes were asked to stand 200 yards away and aim at their target one by one. They were to hit the eye of the bird. Yudhisthir was asked to start the competition. He took his bow and looked at his target. “Can you see me?” asked Dronacharya. “Yes sir!” replied Yudhisthir. “Put down your bow,” asked the Guru. The disappointed prince retired from the contest. The same thing happened with all other princes. The same question was asked and all of them gave the same reply. Hence, all of them were asked to retire from the competition.
Finally, it was Arjuna’s turn. “Arjuna do you see me?” asked the Guru. “I see nothing but only my target, the eye of the bird,” replied Aijuna. “Good, Aijuna, shoot now,” asked Dronacharya. Aijuna released the arrow aiming at his target. The arrow hit the eye of the wooden bird. And finally, Aijuna was adjudged as the most accomplished marksman.
Story Writing In English Class 9 CBSE Question 5:
Renuka started writing a short story. However, due to an unavoidable reason, she had to give it up after writing a few lines. Taking help from the input given below and using the beginning Renuka made, write a complete story.
Raghu and Raj were two friends and neighbours. Raghu had a servant named Ramu. The name of Raj’s servant was Shammu …
Outline: Both servants foolish……. two friends debated…….. who is more foolish?……. Ramu or Shammu?…… decided to give a test………. Raghu told Ramu “Run back to my house to find out if I am there or not”…. Ramu rushed home……. Raj told Shammu……. Go to your room and find out if you are there or not.” Ramu and Shammu returned …….. Ramu complained…….. wasted time……… master could have phoned to find himself….. Shammu reported…….. he was not in the room……. nothing to choose between them.
Who is a Lesser Fool?
Raghu and Raj were two friends and neighbours. Raghu had a servant named Ramu. The name of Raj’s servant was Shammu. Both the servants were big fools. The two friends debated for hours whose servant was a greater fool. At last, they decided to give them a test to find out who was more foolish.
Next morning all the four gathered at Raj’s house. Raghu told his servant, “Run back to my house and find out if I am there or not.” Without wasting even for a second, Ramu rushed home. Then Raj called his servant Shammu and said, “Hurry up! Go to your room and find out if you are there or not.” Without even thinking for a moment, Shammu ran to his room. After some time they returned. Both of them were annoyed with their masters. Ramu complained, “Why did you waste your time? You could have phoned to find out whether you were there or not.” Shammu expressed his displeasure in these words: “Why didn’t you tell me before? I would not have come out of my room.” He reported that he was not found in the room. Raghu and Raj heaved a sigh. There was really nothing to choose between the two fools. Only God could decide who was the lesser fool?
Story Writing CBSE Class 9 Question 6:
Taking help from the information given below, write a story on ‘A Grain as Big as a Hen’s Egg’. You can invent your own details.
Outline: Children found a thing shaped like a grain……… a traveller bought it from the children……. sold to the king……… asked wisemen……… it was a grain……… when and how was it grown? asked the king……… an old farmer was called………. he was on two crutches……. weak and deaf…… told he never sowed or reaped anything like that …. old farmer’s father was called…… he walked with one crutch……. told the same thing……… the grandfather of the old farmer was called….. he was healthy, walked freely…… could hear clearly……. told they sowed and reaped such grains…….. the king asked why his old grandson and son were so weak, miserable and unhealthy……. the grand old man replied ……. in his old times all land was free…….. there was no money…….. men lived on their own labour…….. in his grandson’s and son’s time men started grabbing others’ land……. depended on others’ labour…….. didn’t live according to God’s law and were miserable.
A Grain as Big as a Hen’s Egg
One day some children found a thing shaped like a grain of com. A traveller bought it from the children for a penny and sold it to the king. The king called together his wisemen, and told them to find out what the thing was. The wisemen told him that it was a grain of com. The king ordered the wisemen to find out when and where such com had grown. The wisemen presented an old farmer. He was pale, toothless and walked on crutches. The old man saw the grain. He told the king that he never sowed or reaped any grain like it in the fields. Perhaps his father could tell him, something about it. The king sent for the old farmer’s father. He was shown the grain but he also didn’t know anything where a com like that grew. He told that perhaps his father would tell something about the grain. The old man’s father was called. He could walk easily and without crutches and spoke clearly. The old grandfather looked at the grain. He told that people used to grow grain like that everywhere long time ago. “Did you buy it or grow it all yourself?” asked the king. The grand old man told that in his time it was a sin to buy or sell land. They knew nothing of money. Each man had com enough of his own. Their fields were God’s earth. Land was free. Labour was the only thing men called their own. The king asked why his grandson walked with two crutches and your son with one. He needed no cmtches, his teeth were sound, speech clear and hearing perfect. The grand old man answered that his grandson and son made themselves miserable as men had ceased to live by their own labour. They were miserable as they started depending on the labour of others. In the old times men lived according to God’s law and had only what was their own.
Story Writing Examples For Class 9 CBSE Question 7:
Taking help from the information given below and inventing your own ideas, write a story on ‘Alyosha’.
Outline: Young Alyosha….. weak and thin……. father placed him with a merchant……..did everything as required……… never set eyes on his wages…….. his father grabbed all his wages…….. Cook Ustinia watched him…….. took interest in him…….. she was ready to marry Alyosha ……. But the master and his wife didn’t want married servants………… Alyosha’s father forbade him…….. Alyosha consented……… one day fell from the roof ……. priest was called………. Alyosha thanked Ustinia for being kind to him……. died.
Alyosha was tiny, thin fellow with ears like wings and a huge nose. At twelve he began to plough and drive the cart. He was weak but cheerful. His father placed him with a merchant. He did everything quickly and readily. He forgot nothing and found time for everything. He would get up before daybreak, chop the wood, sweep the yard, feed cows and horses and cooked. Alyosha never set eyes on his wages. His father used to take his wages from the merchant leaving nothing for him. Towards the end of the second year the most startling thing happened to him. He felt for the first time in his life that he too was important for some human being. The cook Ustinia would sit watching him and it worried Alyosha. He feared that it might interfere with his work. She told him all about her life. She was ready to marry him. Alyosha’s father came to the merchant to collect his son’s wages. He came to know from the merchant’s wife that Alyosha wanted to marry Ustinia. Both the merchant and his wife told him that they didn’t want and approve of married servants. They would not keep them in the house. His father told Alyosha that he couldn’t marry Ustinia. Alyosha consented. From that day Alyosha went to his work as usual. One day he fell down from the roof and hurt himself. He was taken to the lodge, and the doctor examined him. He was about to die. A priest was called. “Are you going to die?” asked Ustinia. “Of course, I am.” He thanked Ustinia for being so good to him. They were lucky that they didn’t marry. He lay in wonderment, then stretched himself and died.
Story Writing Format Class 9 CBSE Question 8:
Taking help from the information given below and inventing your own details, write a short story on ‘Evil Allures, But God Endures’.
Outline: Lived a noble and generous man……… all his slaves adored him……. the Devil was vexed……. he got one of the slaves Aleb on his side……. was to incite others against the master …… master was showing rams and eves to his guests……….. special praise for a ram…….. priceless……… Aleb played mischief…….. seized the left leg of the ram and snapped before the master……… The Devil was happy at Aleb’s conspiracy………… The master looked heaven wards…… “O Aleb, Aleb! Your master bade you anger me; but my master is stronger than yours. I am not angry with you.”…….. The Devil grinding his teeth fell down from the tree.
Evil Allures but God Endures
There lived in the olden times a noble and generous man. The slaves prided themselves on their master. They considered him the best master under the sun as he fed and clothed them well. The Devil was vexed to hear such words of praise for the master. He got one of the slaves Aleb on his side. He asked Aleb to incite other slaves against their master. Aleb did the mischief. He tried to prove that their master was good because they were good to him. He would repay evil for evil and act differently in such a situation. The other slaves opposed Aleb. Aleb pledged to make the master angry. The master was walking around his enclosure showing his guests his eves and lambs. He had special praise for a twisted homed ram. He considered it priceless. Aleb rushed like a lion among the sheep. He seized the left hind leg of the ram and just before his master’s eyes snapped it like a dry branch. The ram’s leg was broken. The visitors and the slaves cried in dismay. The devil was sitting up in a tree. He was happy that Aleb had done his job rather very cleverly. The master raised his eyes heavenward. He looked down at Aleb with a smile saying: “Oh, Aleb, Aleb! Your master bade you anger me but my master is stronger than yours. I am not angry with you, but I will make your master angry.” He set Aleb free. The kind master returned with his guests to the house. The devil, grinding his teeth, fell down from the tree.
Story Writing In English For Class 9 CBSE Question 9:
Taking help from the information given below and inventing your own ideas, write a short story on ‘God Sees the Truth, but Waits’.
Outline: In Vladimir lived a young merchant Aksyonof……. going to Nizhny Fair……… met a merchant at the inn…… stayed in the adjoining rooms………. next morning he was arrested…….. blood stained dagger found……. remained in prison for 26 years in Siberia ……. one day a new prisoner Makar came……. from his talks and movements Aksyonof was sure that Makar killed the merchant……… Makar dug a tunnel……. asked Aksyonof to go out……. the tunnel discovered………. Aksyonof didn’t tell anything about Makar’s conspiracy…….. Makar came to Aksyonof at ‘night’…….. wept…….. confessed his guilt to the police Aksyonof died before he could be released.
God Sees the Truth, but Waits
There lived in Vladimir, a young merchant Aksyonof. One summer he was going to the Nizhny Fair. When he had travelled half-way, he met a merchant whom he knew quite well. They stayed at the same inn and went to bed in an adjoining room. The next morning, Aksyonof continued his journey. Two soldiers and an officer stopped him on the way. Aksyonof was searched and a blood-stained knife was recovered from his bag. He was arrested for killing and looting his fellow merchant in the inn. Aksyonof pleaded innocence. He was charged with the murder and robbing the merchant of 20,000 roubles. For twenty six-years Aksyonof lived as a convict in Siberia. His hair turned white and his beard grew long, thin and grey. No news reached from his home’ and Aksyonof didn’t know if his wife and children were alive or not. One of the new convicts was from Aksyonof’s town Vladimir. He was Makar. He told that Aksyonofs were rich but their mother was dead and father was in Siberia. Aksyonof asked Makar if he had heard who killed the merchant. He replied that the man in whose bag the knife was found must be the murderer. He asked, “How could anyone put a knife into your bag while it was under your head”? Aksyonof felt sure that Makar was the man who had killed the merchant. One night Makar came to Aksyonof’s room and told him that he had dug a tunnel under the wall and Aksyonof could go out of the prison. The next day, the soldiers found the tunnel. They asked Aksyonof who dug the tunnel. “It is not God’s will that I should tell!” told Aksyonof.
That night Makar came to Aksyonof and confessed that it was he who had killed the merchant and hid the knife in his bag. He wept bitterly and asked for forgiveness. He would confess and Aksyonof could be released. “Where could I go now?……. My wife is dead, and my children have forgotten me. I have nowhere to go.” Makar confessed his guilt. But when the order for Aksyonof’s release came, he was already dead.
Story Writing Format CBSE Class 9 Question 10:
Taking help from the information given below, write a short story ‘Where there is Love, there is God’. You can invent your own details.
Outline: Martin……. a cobbler…….. his son died……… no interest in life……. a religious man reminded that Martin couldn’t judge God’s ways……. heard a voice……… “Martin! Look out in the street tomorrow, for I shall come”…….. next morning an old man stood shivering in cold…… Martin invited him inside……. offered tea……. no one came…….. next morning a poor woman stood with a baby in arms….. Martin gave her his bed…….. food and cabbage soup….. Martin kept on waiting but no one came…….. in dream……… first saw file old man……. then the woman with the child ………. Martin crossed himself………the Lord had really come to him.
Where there is Love, There is God
In a certain town there lived a cobbler named Martin. He could recognise the people by their boots. His only son died young and Martin didn’t wish to live any more. One day a noble man reasoned with Martin. He told him that they could not judge God’s ways. God gives him life and he must live for him. Martin fell asleep. Suddenly he heard a voice. “Martin! Look out into the street tomorrow, for I shall come.” Next morning, he saw an old man standing near his window. He was shivering in cold. “Come in and warm yourself a bit.” He asked him to sit down and have some tea. While the old man drank his tea, Martin kept looking out into the street. He told that he was expecting the Lord Himself. The old man thanked Martin for his hospitality and went away. No one came. When Martin was anxious, he saw a poor woman standing near the window with a crying baby in her arms. “Why do you stand out there with the baby in the cold?” Martin led her to the bed near the stove. The woman was hungry. He gave some bread and cabbage soup to her. She had no warm clothing as she had pawned her last shawl for six pence yesterday. Martin gave her six pence to get her shawl out of pawn. After the woman had gone, his eyes were still fixed at the window. And a voice whispered in his ear. “Martin, Martin, don’t you know me?” Martin looked around in surprise. And out of the dark comer stopped the old man, “It is I.” Then the figure disappeared. “It is I,” said the voice once more. And now the woman with the baby laughed and they too vanished. Martin crossed himself. He understood that his dream had come true. And the Lord had really come to him that day, and he had welcomed him.
Story Writing Questions For Class 9 CBSE Question 11:
Ramolla started writing a story but couldn’t complete it. Taking the help of the information given below, complete the story in about 150-200 words.
There lived a rich man in Varanasi. He had only one son who had turned ten …
Outline: good adviser for son before death. collected all relatives….. asked “Am I a wise and good man?”…. they called him wisest and best man.. man gave a diamond to each.. one man didn’t answer…. rich man sought his opinion…. “you are wise and good but there have been wiser and better persons than you,” said the man….. appointed him adviser…….next day all relatives complained… diamonds given not real. “They were as false as your words,” said the rich man.
The False Diamonds
There lived a rich man in Varanasi. He had only one son who had just turned ten. He had a lot of land and property. He wanted to find out a good adviser for his son before his death. The man must be true and honest. This was what the rich man had thought. One day he invited all his relatives to a grand feast. He asked each of them if he was a wise and good man. Every relative called himself the “wisest and best” man in the world. “Ah!” exclaimed the rich man. He gave a diamond to each of his relatives. But one relative remained silent. The rich man asked what he thought of him as a man. The relative replied, “You are a wise and good man but there have been wiser and better men than you”.
This time the rich man gave a smile of satisfaction. He gave him a diamond as big as an almond. He had found the kind of man he wanted. He appointed him his son’s adviser. The next day other relatives came. They complained that the diamonds given to them yesterday were not real. “Yes, they were as false as your words,” said the rich man.
Story Writing For Class 9 Topics CBSE Question 12:
Rohini wanted to write a story but could write only a few lines. Using the input along with the introduction Rohini had made, develop the story.
Humayun was the king of India. Sher Shah, an Afghan chief and his bitter enemy gave…
Outline: attacked by Sher Shah at night………. escaped……… horse fell into river……….. struggling for life…….. a water carrier jumped with water-bag………… put Humayun on water bag……. saved him…….. Humayun asked what he could do for him……. “… make me king for 3 hours,” said water carrier………. reached Delhi…….. made him king for 3 hours leather coins made water carrier’s name on them.
The King for Three Hours
Humayun was the king of India. Sher Shah, an Afghan chief and his bitter enemy, gave him no peace. Sher Shah’s army attacked the Mughal soldiers at night. Humayun escaped. He decided to cross the river on horse back. He fell into the river and struggled for life. A water-carrier was on the bank. He realised that Humayun’s life was in danger. He jumped into the river with his water bag. The bag was full of air and floated on the water. He put Humayun on the water bag and brought him safely out of the river.
Humayun was grateful. The water-carrier had saved his life. “Tell me, what can I do for you?” asked the king. “Your Majesty, make me king for three hours,” said the water-carrier. “Let it be so,” said Humayun. The king reached Delhi. “Tomorrow, for three hours, you will be the king,” said the king. The water-carrier sat on Humayun’s throne. He ordered the courtiers, “Make coins from my water-bag.” They cut small round pieces of leather from the water-bag. The name of the water-carrier was stamped on it. And the people used those leather coins for three hours!
English Story Writing CBSE Class 9 Question 13:
Sunder started writing a story but couldn’t go beyond a few lines. Using the information given below along with the introduction made by Sunder, develop the story.
Darius was the king of Persia. Zubaid, his only son fell seriously ill. The king …
Outline: worried……… called all doctors……. tried every medicine…….. didn’t get well ……. gave up all hopes……… Zubaid sure to die……….. gave alms………. Darius walked round Zubaid’s bed seven times……. prayed to God………. “save my son and take my life instead”after some weeks Zubaid got well Darius died.
Father’s Love Saves the Son
Darius was the king of Persia. Zubaid, his only son fell seriously ill. The king was worried. He called all the best doctors from Persia. They examined the prince. They tried every medicine. Even doctors from India and China were called. But the prince did not get well. On the other hand, Zubaid’s condition became still worse. The king had no other child to sit on the throne after his death. He cursed himself and his stars. He gave alms to the poor. But that too made no difference. Zubaid showed no sign of improvement. The king was heart broken. He was convinced that the prince would die sooner or later.
At last, the king had lost all hope. He came to his sick son. He looked at his weak and lifeless face for the last time. He stood up and walked round the prince’s bed for seven times. Every time he prayed, “Allah! save my son. Take jny life instead.” Then a miracle took place. Zubaid started showing signs of improvement. On the other hand, Darius fell ill. The prince was on the road to recovery but the king was nearing death. One day Zubaid got well and came out of the sickman’s bed. The moment he got up, Darius fell down dead never to rise again.
Story For Class 9 CBSE Question 14:
Mohan/Mohini decided to write a story. But due to other pressing engagement, she couldn’t complete it. Using the information given below along with the beginning Mohini made, complete the story.
Once a wise monkey lived on a big mango tree …
Outline: gave ripe mangoes to crocodile ……. took some for wife………. she was wicked……. wanted to eat the monkey itself……. she invited monkey for dinner…….. crocodile didn’t cooperate……. wife adamant……… crocodile gave in………… invited monkey for lunch……. monkey on crocodile’s back…….. in the middle of the river…… he disclosed wife’s plan……. clever monkey told…….. heart hanging on the tree……. back to the tree ……. climbed again……. laughed………… ‘heart is inside me’ friendship ended.
Once a wise monkey lived on a big mango tree on a river bank. Very near lived a crocodile in the river. They became intimate friends. Quite often the monkey gave ripe mangoes to his friend.One day the crocodile demanded some mangoes for his wife. She had never tasted mangoes in her life. The generous monkey picked a big ripe mango and gave it to the crocodile.
The crocodile’s wife liked the delicious mango very much. She was very cunning and wicked.She thought of eating the monkey itself. “One who eats such sweet mangoes, his heart must be very sweet,” said she. The poor crocodile was upset. He told his wife clearly that he would never allow to get such a friend killed. But the wicked wife made the crocodile’s life really miserable. At last, he gave in. The next day he went to the mango tree. He invited the monkey to have lunch with them. He took the monkey on his back. When they were in the middle of the river, the crocodile revealed the truth. His wife actually wanted to eat his heart. The wise monkey was quiet for a moment. Then he hit upon a plan. He said, “I’ve left my heart hanging on the mango tree. I want to go back and bring it.” Soon they were under the tree. The monkey lost no time in climbing up on the topmost branch. He pointed to his heart and said, “My heart is inside me. Go away and never come near the mango tree again. It’s the end of our friendship.”
Story Writing Format Cbse Class 9 CBSE Question 15:
Bhima started writing a story but couldn’t write beyond a line or two. Taking help from the given input and basing your story on the basis of the beginning develop the story.
The boat capsized but I managed to survive. I walked on and on …
Outline: searched for men or houses…….. completely exhausted……….. collapsed……… I woke up…….. arms and legs found tied down………. thousands of strings………. heard noises around…….. forty tiny men ………. climbed on me……… each 3 inches tall………. didn’t understand what they wanted……… felt thousand needles pricking my hand………. shooting arrow……… protected eyes……. soon the ladder came………… sent hundreds of men up to my face……… I got milk and food……. my first day among the Lilliputians.
My First Day in the Land of Lilliputians
The boat capsized but I managed to survive. I walked on and on till I could walk no more. I was completely exhausted. I collapsed on the short, soft grass and fell into a deep sleep. It was daylight now. I woke up. I tried to get up but couldn’t stand. I found my arms and legs tied down to the ground with strings. I found myself in a hopeless and helpless situation.
I could hear noises around me. They were faint human voices. Then I felt something moving on my body. It came near my face. He was a tiny little man of 3 inches. He was dressed like a soldier. Forty more followed him. I was amazed to see such tiny men. I couldn’t understand what they wanted to do with me. Then I felt as if a thousand needles were pricking my body.The little men were shooting arrows at me. Then I lay still without moving. One of the elders, perhaps their leader, stood on a raised platform near me. I indicated for food and water. He seemed to understand me. He sent hundreds of men up to my face. I had my dinner. After the generous dinner, I went to sleep again. This was my first day among Lilliputians.
Taking help from the information given below, write on ‘The Story of the Fisherman’. You can invent your own details.
Outline: A poor fisherman,……. used to cast his net only four times…… one day cast his net…….. found in it the carcass of an ass…… second time came ajar full of mud and sand ……. third time came broken jars and pots……… last time came a bottle with Suleman’s seal……. fisherman happy…….. could sell the seal for 10 gold coins………. rose a cloud from the bottle……. a Jinn appeared………. threatened to kill…….. the fisherman pleaded that he had liberated him…. wondered how such a huge Jinn could enter the bottle……..the Jinn entered the bottle little by little…… fisherman lost no time…….. sealed the bottle…. the Jinn pleaded……… fisherman took the bottle and threw it deep into the sea.
The Story of the Fisherman
There was a poor fisherman. It was his custom to cast his net not more than four times a day. One day when he cast his net soon he found it to be very heavy. He pulled up the net but was disappointed to find in it the carcass of an ass. He cast the net second time and this time he found only a large jar full of sand and mud. The third time he got only broken jars and pots. He raised his head towards heaven, and said, “O God, Thou knowest that I cast not my net more than four times.” With the name of God he cast the net for the last time. This time he found in it a bottle of brass with a stopper of lead, bearing the seal of Suleman. He was rejoiced as he could sell it for ten pieces of gold. He shook the bottle and opened it. Nothing came out of it except a cloud of smoke which was condensed into a Jinn. The Jinn threatened to kill him. The fisherman told the Jinn that he had liberated him from the bottle and rescued from the bottom of the sea. The Jinn was unrelenting. The fisherman then said, “How was Thou in this bottle? How can it contain the whole body?” He said that he would never believe it until he saw in it. Upon this the Jinn was converted into smoke and then became condensed and entered the bottle little by little. The fisherman hastily sealed the bottle. The Jinn tried to escape but in vain. “Open to me, I may confer benefits upon thee,” said the Jinn. The fisherman replied, “Thou liest, thou accursed!” And he threw the bottle back deep into the sea.
Taking help from the information given below write on ‘The Story of the Merchant and the Jinn’. You can invent your own details.
Outline: There lived a merchant in Basra……….. felt hungry……… ate bread and a date ……. threw the stone of the date……….. a Jinn appeared……… threatened to kill because the stone of the date killed his son…….. he raised his arm to strike him……. with a sword ……. told the Jinn……….. had to pay debts…….. settle the property issue…….. say good bye to wife and family…….. pledged to come back……. Jinn liberated the merchant……. came back to the Jinn as promised……. Jinn impressed………. liberated him………. gave lots of gold in bargain.
The Story of the Merchant and the Jinn
There lived a merchant in Basra. He had great wealth and traded extensively. One day he was mounting on his horse journeying to a neighbouring country to collect his due. When he felt hungry, he ate a morsel of bread and a date. Having eaten the date, he threw aside the stone.
Immediately appeared before him a Jinn holding a drawn sword in his hand. He threatened to kill the merchant, as the stone of the date killed his son. The merchant pleaded that he didn’t do it intentionally and he should be pardoned. The Jinn replied that his death was indispensable. Saying this he raised his arm to strike him with the sword. The merchant wept bitterly. Then the merchant said that he had debts to pay, property to settle and say good bye to his wife and children. He bound himself with a vow that he would return to him and he could do what he wanted to do with him. The merchant returned to his town, paid every one what he owed him and informed his wife and children of the event. On hearing this, all members of the family wept. Ultimately, the merchant presented himself before the Jinn. The Jinn was impressed with his honesty and sincerity. He spared the life of the merchant and liberated him. The Jinn also gave a lot of gold and jewels to him in the bargain.
Taking help from the information given below and inventing your own details write on ‘The Story of the Hunchback’.
Outline: There lived a tailor in Baghdad………. met a hunchback……….. invited him to his house…….. his wife served dinner ………. a large piece of fish stuck in throat………… hunchback died…….. the dead body to a Jewish physician…….. set the dead man against the wall…….. die physician struck against hunchback’s body in the dark………. physician thought that the sick man died with his blow……. placed the dead body in the terrace of his neighbour……. a steward and a Muslim……… the steward thought a thief was hiding ……. struck with a great mallet……….. thought he killed the hunchback……….. took the
body to market place…….. placed file dead hunchback there…….. soon came a! Christian clerk in intoxication……… struck him…….. the watchman handed him over to the chief police magistrate…… he was to be hanged………. when the rope was put around his neck ……. came running the Muslim steward……….. confessed…….. the rope was put in his neck…….. when the Muslim steward was to be hanged……… came the Jewish physician running…….. confessed and the rope was put around his neck……… in the end came the tailor…….. the unique case was presented before the king…………. pleased that so many honest and sincere people lived in his kingdom……. set all of them free.
The Story of the Hunchback
In ancient times there lived a tailor in Baghdad. When he was returning home, he met a hunchbacked man. His aspect was such as to excite laughter even in the angry and dispel grief. The tailor invited the hunchback to his house to enjoy the pleasure of gazing at him. The tailor’s wife served him a large piece of fish and asked him to swallow it once. The hunchback swallowed it. It got stuck in his throat and he died at once. They took the dead body to the house of a physician who was a Jew. They set the dead man up against the wall and went out. The physician came out to see the sick man in haste. In the dark, his foot struck against the lifeless hunchback. He thought that his foot made him fall down the stairs and die. He was frightened. He wanted to dispose of dead body. He went to the terrace and threw the dead hunchback into the house of his Muslim neighbour. When the Muslim steward went up, he saw a man standing in the comer. He took him for a thief and struck him with a great mallet. The dead body of the hunchback fell down and the steward found him dead. The Muslim steward took the dead body to the market place and placed it by the side of a shop and retired. Soon after there came a Christian clerk.in a state of intoxication. So when he saw the hunchback standing there, he concluded that he intended to harm him. He struck him on the neck and attempted to throttle him. As he was doing it, the watchman came. He bound his hands behind him and took him to the chief police magistrate. “Why did you kill him?” said the magistrate. He was sentenced to death. The executioner threw his rope round the neck of the Christian. When he was to hang him, the Muslim steward came running. He confessed that it was he who had killed the hunchback. The executioner put the rope around the neck of the Muslim steward. Then came running the Jewish physician. He confessed that it was he who killed the hunchback. The rope was put around the neck of the Jewish physician. He was about to be hanged when the tailor came and pleaded guilty. He requested to liberate the Jew. The matter was reported to the king. He was surprised that such true and honest persons were still alive in his kingdom. They would not let others die for their sins. He was pleased and granted freedom to all.
Taking help from the information given below, write on ‘The Story of Two Sindibads’. You can also invent your own details.
Outline: In Baghdad there lived a poor man………. Sindibad the Porter…… bore burdens for hire upon his head ……… tired……… stopped to take rest in front of a palatial building …… started singing……. a young servant invited him……….. went inside.. …the master was sitting with nobles ……… a little paradise ………… good food, wine, flowers, music and beautiful girls………. the master asked the Porter to sing ……….. heard when he was singing outside…….. asked his name and place…….. the master told that his name was also Sindibad …… he was called Sindibad of the sea………. he took many voyages…….. struggled and earned money, name and fame….. he appointed Sindibad the Porter as his personal assistant.
Story of Two Sindibads
In Baghdad, there lived a man called Sindibad, the Porter. He was a poor man who bore burdens for hire upon his head. One day the heat was oppressive. The porter put down his burden outside a palatial house. He thought about the rich. They were free from worries and wretchedness. He started singing. When he was about to stand up and depart, a young servant came to him. He told the porter that the master had called for him. He entered the grand mansion and saw noblemen and great lords sitting there. There were all kinds of flowers and scents, wines and varieties of fresh and dried fruits. A lot of music and beautiful slave girls made the place a portion of Paradise. The porter saluted the assembly and stood hanging down his head in humility. The master of the house gave him the permission to sit beside him. He asked his name and trade. He answered that he was Sindibad, the Porter and bore upon his head men’s burden for hire. The master smiled and told him that his name was like him. He was called Sindibad of the sea. He told that he attained so much wealth, respect and fame not all of a sudden. He struggled hard and performed seven voyages and attained that prosperity. He desired to let him hear the verses that he sang while he stood at the gate. The porter recited those verses to him and they pleased Sindibad of the Sea. He employed Sindibad, the Porter as his personal assistant giving him and his family a big furnished house with lots of conveniences.
Taking help from the information given below, write on ‘The First Voyage of Da’ud’. You can invent your own details.
Outline: Da’ud inherited lots of wealth ………. became a spendthrift ………. wealth soon passed away…….. sold buildings and land…… collected 3000 coins……… bought goods and commodities……. sea voyage ……. ship landed on an island……… not an island but a huge sea fish ….. captain warned…….. many boarded the ship…… Da’ud was left…….. saved……. swam to the coast with a wooden plank……….. island full of sweet water and fruits…….. lived there for months ……. grew a beard………. couldn’t be recognised……. one day saw a ship coming… … the ship anchored……. the captain didn’t recognise Da’ud ……. but Da’ud recognised……… got all his merchandise back……. returned to his home town and family.
The First Voyage of Da’ud
Da’ud had inherited a lot of wealth and property from his wealthy father. But the life of ease and comforts made him a spendthrift. He soon found that his wealth had passed away. Then he returned to his region and collected what he had. He sold his buildings and land and amassed three thousand pieces of silver. He bought for himself goods and commodities and other things required for performing a sea-voyage. He came to the city of Basra with his fellow merchants. They had passed by island after island and from sea to sea selling, buying and exchanging merchandises. They cast the anchor near an island and gave to eating and drinking. The master of the ship signalled an alarm bell. He announced that the ship had anchored on a huge fish stationed in the midst of the sea. Many hastened to go up into the ship. Da’ud was among those who remained behind the island. But God saved him from drowning as he swam across with the help of a wooden plank. He threw himself upon the island like one dead and soon became unconscious. The island had fruits in abundance and sweet water. Therefore, his health and spirit revived. He spent a few months, grew a beard and his face bore a different resemblance. One day when he was walking upon the shore of the island, he saw an indistinct object in the distance. Suddenly a great ship approached and anchored near the shore. The captain saw Da’ud but didn’t recognise him. He told him that there were some goods in the hold of the ship. Their owner was drowned in the sea at one of the islands during their voyage there. He also told Da’ud that they desired to sell those things and give the money to his family in Baghdad. Da’ud had already recognised the captain and said, “O master, I am the owner of the goods, and I am Da’ud”. The captain welcomed him aboard the ship. Da’ud proceeded to have a reunion with his wife and children. He got a lot of money after selling the merchandise in Baghdad.
Be imaginative and develop a readable story in about 100-120 words with the help of the given outline.
Outline: A poor woodcutter………. cutting trees in a forest………. one day axe falls into the river……… water deep……… helpless woodcutter weeps………. God Mercury appears ……. asks woodcutter the reason ……….. brings a golden axe ………. woodcutter does not accept it……… God Mercury then brings a silver axe………… woodcutter again refuses it ……… brings his own iron axe…… woodcutter happy………… takes his axe……. God is pleased rewards him.
Once a woodcutter lived in a village with his wife and children. He was poor, no doubt, but honest and truthful. Each day, he would go to the forest with his axe to cut trees for wood. One day while he was felling a tree at the bank of river, his axe slipped out of his hand and fell into the water below. The poor woodcutter began to weep in extreme frustration. God Mercury heard his cries. He appeared before him and asked him why he was weeping. The woodcutter told him the whole story. God said, “Don’t worry, I’ll get back your axe”. The very next moment he took off his clothes and dived into the river. After a while, He came out of the water with a golden axe. The woodcutter said, “This axe is made of gold. It is not mine”. Then the God dived into the river again and came out of the water with an axe made of silver. The woodcutter said, “This isn’t mine. Mine is an ordinary iron axe”.God dived into the water the third time. After a few minutes he came out with an iron axe. The woodcutter jumped up with joy on seeing the axe and cried, “This is mine! This is mine! Thank you very much! God was pleased with the honesty of the woodcutter. He gave all the three axes to him as a reward for his truthfulness.” | <urn:uuid:0d4b5885-0350-4c84-988a-c39e284762d4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.cbselabs.com/cbse-class-9-english-letter-writing-story-writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.985179 | 12,018 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Compressible gas flow with significant variation in density along pipes is commonplace in the chemical processing industries (CPI). In designing these pipes for compressible flow, it is important to calculate the pressure loss or maximum gas-handling capacity for safety and economic reasons.
Due to the complexity of the equations for compressible flow, which often require time-consuming iterations, current engineering practice considers three special flow conditions to simplify calculations: incompressible (fluid density is constant), isothermal (fluid temperature is constant) and adiabatic (there is no heat transfer between the fluid and its surroundings). However, when flow conditions are unknown, and assumptions must be made, engineers can become concerned with the accuracy of calculations. Through thorough derivations and analysis of literature, this article will delve deeper into pressure-drop calculation methods to form a valid comparison of each method.
Amidst the confusion of choosing the proper pressure-drop calculation method, two questions arise that must be addressed. Firstly, engineers may wonder which equation is more conservative, in terms of pressure-drop calculations: isothermal or adiabatic? API Standard 521 recommends the isothermal method to size all pipes in relief systems, with the exception of cryogenic conditions, where the adiabatic equation is preferable. Yu finds that the isothermal equation method is not always as conservative when compared with the adiabatic method, which is sometimes more conservative depending on inlet pressure and other fluid properties.
The second major concern engineers may have is determining when it is appropriate to assume incompressible flow. Accepted literature concludes that the incompressible equation can be applied if the density does not vary by more than around 30%. It is reported that the incompressible equation can be employed using an average density when the pressure drop is less than 40% of the inlet pressure. This article will clarify these concerns and will demonstrate which pressure-drop calculation methods are most appropriate in various scenarios.
Compressible fluid flow
First, the basics of fluid flow in pipes must be discussed. The flow of an ideal gas through a horizontal pipe with constant cross-sectional area is governed by Newton’s second law, the first law of thermodynamics, the ideal gas law and the law of conservation of mass. Equation (1) defines Newton’s second law. For definitions of the symbols and abbreviations used throughout this article, please refer to the “Nomenclature” section.
The first law of thermodynamics (steady-state) is shown in Equation (2), where h is specific enthalpy.
The ideal gas law, shown in Equation (3), is crucial for fluid-flow calculations.
pv = nRT (3)
Equation (4) illustrates the law of conservation of mass.
dpv = 0 (4)
The conditions corresponding to incompressible, isothermal and adiabatic flow must also be defined. These are shown in Equations (5), (6) and (7) below.
dρ = 0 (5)
dT = 0 (6)
dh = –cpdT (7)
By inserting any of Equations (5), (6) and (7) into Equations (1) through (4), the incompressible, isothermal and adiabatic flow equations can be derived accordingly.
Another important term that must be defined is the Mach Number (Ma), which is the ratio of gas velocity to the local sonic velocity, as shown in Equation (8).
When Ma ≥ 1 (gas velocity exceeds sonic velocity), sonic choking occurs. The expression for Mach number is independent of flow conditions.
In isothermal flow, the fluid temperature remains constant. By using Equations (1) through (4) and Equation (6), Equations (9) and (10) for isothermal flow of ideal gases at known upstream or downstream conditions can be derived .
Equation (9) is used when upstream conditions are known. Here, Mi is used to denote Mach Number, as the specific heat ratio γ is not present.
Equation (10) is used when downstream conditions are known.
In Equations (9) and (10), Mi1 and Mi2 are inlet Mach number and outlet Mach number, respectively, and they are given by Equations (11) and (12).
Unlike Equation (8), Equations (11) and (12) do not have a physical meaning, they are just the result of grouping υ2, T and M together when deriving the isothermal equation . In order to distinguish from the Mach number expressed in Equation (8), Mi is used instead of Ma when there is no specific heat ratio (γ) in the expressions throughout this article. It can be simply demonstrated that the maximum Mi1 is equal to one based on two boundary conditions: fL/D ≥ 0 and 0 < p2/p1 ≤ 1. Since the ratio of Mi to Ma is equal to the square root of γ the isothermal flow will be choked when Ma equals one over the square root of γ.
An isothermal flow chart developed by Mak is one of two graphical methods that have been adopted by API Standard 521 to size discharge pipes for relief devices. In the chart, p2/p1 is plotted against fL/D using either Equation (9) with known inlet conditions or Equation (10) with known outlet conditions. The interested reader is referred to Branan’s book for the detailed procedure on how to use Mak’s chart. In this article, Mak’s chart is extensively used to compare the aforementioned three pressure-drop calculation methods.
Adiabatic flow has no heat transfer into or out of the fluid. Adiabatic conditions prevail if the pipe is well insulated or if the heat transfer rate is very small compared to the fluid flow. The adiabatic flow expression illustrated in Equation (13) can be derived by using Equations (1) through (4) and Equation (7).
There are both inlet and outlet Mach numbers in Equation (13), in contrast to only one Mach number in the isothermal equation expressions derived in Equations (9) and (10). In order to plot the adiabatic flow equation in Mak’s chart, we have to find the relationship between Ma1 and Ma2 and eliminate one of them from Equation (13). The ratio of downstream to upstream pressure is given by Equation (14).
The ratio of squared upstream to downstream Mach number is denoted below in Equation (15).
Using the ideal gas law, we arrive at Equation (16).
Rearranging Equations (14), (15) and (16) gives expressions for υ1 and T1, shown respectively in Equations (17) and (18).
For an ideal gas, we know that dh = cpdT and cp = γR/(γ – 1). Integrating Equation (2) from inlet to outlet yields Equation (19).
Assuming that T2 > T1 in Equation (19), T1 and υ1 can be eliminated by inserting Equations (17) and (18) into Equation (19), resulting in Equation (20).
Rearranging Equation (20) gives Equation (21).
By grouping T2 and υ2, Equation (21) becomes Equation (22).
Equation (23) simplifies matters by denoting the lefthand side of Equation (22) as φ.
Solving for the roots of Equation (22), and knowing that both α and φ are greater than zero, the expression’s valid root is given in Equation (24).
By inserting Equation (15) into Equation (13), we get Equation (25).
The term α is expressed as in Equation (24), or, alternatively, as shown as in Equations (26) and (27).
With only one Mach number in Equations (25) and (26), we can now plot the adiabatic flow equation using Mak’s chart. A typical graphical representation of Equations (25) and Equation (26) is shown in Figure 1, for known outlet and inlet conditions. In Figure 1b, the dashed line represents the boundary between the subsonic and supersonic regions. Ma2 is equal to one along the dashed line.
From Equations (25) and (26), we can also see that p2/p1 is affected by pipe data (fL/D), Mach number (Ma1 or Ma2), specific heat ratio (γ) and molecular weight (M). Figure 1 clearly shows how p2/p1 varies with different fL/D and Mach number. In the following section, the effect of molecular weight and specific heat ratio will be investigated.
Four virtual fluids with the same specific heat ratio (γ = 1.4) and different molecular weight (2, 10, 20 and 40) are selected for comparison. They pass through the same pipe (diameter and length) at the same mass flowrate. The outlet pressure (p2) and Mach number (Ma2) for all four fluids are identical. The calculated p2/p1 change with fL/D is shown in Figure 2. The clustering of the four curves in Figure 2 indicates that the effect of molecular weight on pressure drop is negligible.
Similarly, the p2/p1 values of four fluids with the same molecular weight and different γ is plotted against fL/D. In contrast to Figure 2, Figure 3 shows four curves with wide separation, indicating that, unlike molecular weight, specific heat ratio significantly affects pressure drop. At the same pipe length, p2/p1 decreases with increasing specific heat ratio. Since all four fluids have the same outlet pressure (p 2), a smaller p2/p1 in Figure 3 corresponds to larger p1 and larger pressure drop. At fL/D values of around one, the calculated p1 for a fluid with γ of 1.4 is about 6% higher than that for fluid with γ of 1.1.
Isothermal versus adiabatic
With the adiabatic flow equation plotted in Mak’s chart, we now can compare isothermal and adiabatic flow in graphical form. A virtual fluid with γ = 1.4 and M = 20 is chosen for the comparison. The fluid passes through a pipe with a length of L and an internal diameter of D. The real flow condition is unknown, instead, we assume isothermal and adiabatic conditions for the pressure-drop calculation. The results are then compared. Two scenarios are considered in the calculation, one with known inlet conditions, and one with known outlet conditions. For both isothermal and adiabatic flow, the Mach number (Ma) based on sonic velocity, as defined in Equation (8), is used in the comparison.
Scenario 1: known inlet conditions. With inlet conditions p1, υ1, T1 and Ma1 known, outlet conditions p2, υ2, T2 (which is the same as T1 for isothermal flow) and Ma 2 must be calculated. Using Equations (9) and (26), adiabatic and isothermal curves are plotted for p2/p1 versus fL/D in Figure 4, where the red and blue lines represent the boundary between subsonic and supersonic region. In Figure 4, it is notable that, at large Ma1 values, the solid line is below the dashed line, which means that calculated p2 values for isothermal flow are smaller than that for adiabatic flow at the same fL/D.
In other words, isothermal flow provides more conservative results regarding pressure-drop calculations. Also, it should be noted that the solid and dashed lines nearly overlap with each other at small values of Ma1, implying that the difference between isothermal and adiabatic flow assumptions is insignificant. The discrepancy only becomes obvious when the Mach number is very large (>0.3). Additionally, the red line is above the blue line, which shows that the critical pressure at the pipe’s outlet (p2), for a given flowrate and pipe length, is lower for adiabatic flow than for isothermal flow.
Scenario 2: known outlet conditions. In the next scenario, p1, υ1, T1 and Ma1 under isothermal and adiabatic flow are to be calculated and compared using known outlet parameters (p2, υ2, T2 and Ma2). The result is shown in Figure 5. Similar to the previous scenario with known inlet conditions, the solid line and dashed line almost overlap with each other at small Mach numbers (Ma2 < 0.3), implying that the difference between the two methods is negligible. When Ma2 becomes larger (Ma2 ≥ 0.4), the two lines separate and the solid line is below the dashed line, suggesting that isothermal flow gives a larger p1 value than predicted by adiabatic flow. It is also worth mentioning that the difference between isothermal and adiabatic flow is small at large fL/D values (greater than 10) regardless of the Mach number. Thus, we can apply either isothermal or adiabatic flow equations in this scenario.
Overall, the isothermal flow equation is more conservative than the adiabatic equation in terms of pressure-drop calculations, because the solid line is below the dashed line in Figures 4 and 5 at most conditions. However, the question arises as to whether isothermal flow is always conservative, even when the solid and dashed lines are visually inseparable. A careful look at Figures 4 and 5 finds that the answer is “yes” for known inlet conditions but “no” for known outlet conditions, in which the dashed line turns out to be above the solid line when p2/p1 decreases to a critical value. This critical p2/p1 value is found to be greatly dependent on the fluid’s molecular weight, but not on specific heat ratio. As shown in Figure 6, criticalp2/p1 continues to decrease with molecular weight. For hydrogen with a molecular weight of 2 and a specific heat ratio of 1.3, the adiabatic equation becomes more conservative (larger p1) as p2/p1 drops below 0.53 when the outlet Mach number Ma2 is 0.04.
Temperature and velocity
The pressure drop and variation in temperature and velocity along a pipe are always interrelated. With known inlet conditions, the dimensionless temperature (T2/T1) and velocity profiles (υ2/υ1) for both isothermal and adiabatic flow are depicted in Figure 7. At both small and large Mach number values, it can be clearly seen that υ 2/υ 1 under isothermal flow is larger than that under adiabatic flow at the same pipe length (fL/D). Since higher velocity will result in larger pressure drop, Figure 7 indirectly explains why isothermal flow is more conservative in term of pressure-drop calculations. Figure 7a also shows that the temperature drop for adiabatic flow is very small (< 0.1% when fL/D < 50).
So we may conclude that the temperature remains constant at a small inlet Mach number (Ma1), even if the flow is adiabatic. Comparing Figure 7a and Figure 4, we can understand why the solid and dashed lines overlap each other when Ma1 is less than 0.3.
Critical mass flux
Critical mass flux under isothermal flow is defined as the maximum mass flowrate per unit duct area at Mi1 = 1. It is reported by Lapple and referenced in API Standard 521 that the critical mass flux of adiabatic flow (where γ = 1.4) is 12.9% higher than that of isothermal flow under the same inlet conditions. However, Lappel’s model represents gas expansion from an infinite reservoir through a frictionless convergent nozzle, which has an inlet velocity equal to zero. This assumption is not valid for gas flowing in pipelines. With the equations derived in this article, we can calculate and compare the critical mass flux for isothermal and adiabatic flow and find that the reported value of 12.9% is not accurate. The detailed calculations are presented below. First, we define critical mass flux under isothermal flow at Mi1= 1 as the maximum mass flux (Gmax) in Equation (28).
At any pipe length, Gmax under isothermal flow can be expressed as Equation (29).
Where p2i and υ2i are outlet pressure and velocity when the conditions in Equation (30) are true.
Therefore, the ratio of critical mass flux at any pipe length to maximum mass flux under isothermal flow is given in Equation (31).
By solving Equation (10) and setting Mi2 equal to one, p2/p1 can be determined. At any pipe length, the critical mass flux under adiabatic flow can be expressed as Equation (32).
The ratio of critical mass flux under adiabatic flow to maximum mass flux under isothermal flow is shown by Equation (33).
Based on Equations (14) through (17), we arrive at Equation (34).
At critical flow, Ma2a is equal to one, so Equation (34) is simplified to Equation (35).
In Equation (35), Ma1a can be calculated by solving Equation (13) at any fL/D and setting Ma2a equal to one. Equations (31) and (35) are plotted in Figure 8 for three fluids with different specific heat ratios. At any pipe length, the ratio of critical mass flux of adiabatic flow to isothermal is given by Equation (36).
Equation (36) can be simplified to Equation (37) since p1/p2a and Ma1a equal one when the square root of fL/D equals zero.
At γ = 1.4, Gca/Gci is equal to 1.183, so the critical mass flux under adiabatic flow is 18.3% higher than that under isothermal flow, which is different from the reported value of 12.9% from API Standard 521.
Isothermal versus incompressible
In deciding whether to apply the incompressible flow equation for compressible fluid flow conditions, engineers often rely on certain rules of thumb. However, some of these rules of thumb can be quite misleading . In the following section, we examine the difference between isothermal and incompressible equations for pressure-drop calculations.
For an ideal gas flowing through a horizontal pipe, Equation (38) shows that the total pressure drop is the summation of pressure drop caused by friction and acceleration.
∆pTotal = ∆pFriction + ∆pAcceleration (38)
For incompressible flow, the acceleration term is negligible. So Equation (38) becomes Equation (39).
In Equation (39), ρm and υm are the averaged density and velocity, which are defined in Equations (40) and (41), respectively.
Moving fL/D to the lefthand side in Equation (39) gives Equation (42).
Substituting ρm and υm with Equation (40) and (41) in Equation (42) results in the expression shown in Equation (43).
Equation (43) can be transformed to Equation (44) with a known outlet Mach number Mi2.
Equations (43) and (44) are the incompressible flow equations. Comparing with the isothermal equation defined in Equation (9), it is seen that the natural log term is cancelled out. Since pressure drop due to acceleration is negligible for incompressible flow, it can be deduced that the natural log term in Equation (9) accounts for acceleration and the first term accounts for friction, as illustrated in Equation (45).
The difference between the calculated pressure using the isothermal equations defined by Equations (9) and (10) and the incompressible equations defined by Equations (43) and (44) is shown in Tables 1A and 1B for both known inlet and outlet conditions. The difference is expressed for known outlet and inlet conditions by Equations (46) and (47), respectively.
For known outlet conditions:
For known inlet conditions:
It can be seen from Table 1 that η depends on both pressure drop (p2/p1) and Mach number (Mi). At certain Mi values, η is at its maximum at p2/p1 values of around 0.7–0.8 and gradually decreases with p2/p1. However, η might not be practically correct when p2/p1 is very small since it requires immense energy to maintain constant temperature. The values with a difference larger than 1% are highlighted in green in Table 1. Since Equations (43) and (44) do not contain natural log terms, we can very quickly size compressible fluid pipe with known error as shown in Table 1. Detailed below are the steps for calculating p2 using Equations (43) and (44). By rearranging Equation (44), we arrive at Equation (48), an expression for p2/p1.
|Table 1A. Mach Number at pipe outlet (Mi2)|
|(a) Calculated inlet pressure difference (at known outlet conditions) between using the incompressible and isothermal equations (η >1% is highlighted green)|
|Table 1b. Mach Number at pipe inlet (Mi1)|
|(b) Calculated outlet pressure difference (at known inlet conditions) between using the incompressible and isothermal equations (η >1% is highlighted green)|
For given pipe characteristics (length, diameter and roughness), fluid flowrate, Mi2 and p2, fL/D is first calculated — f can be read from a Moody diagram or calculated with various equations. Next, we must calculate p2/p1 using Equation (48). Afterwards, we determine η from Table 1A based on Mi2 and p2/p1(incomp.). If η is acceptable, then p1 is reported as the final result. If η is not acceptable, the isothermal expression in Equation (10) must be used to re-calculate p2/p1(isothermal) and report a new p1 value.
Modified incompressible flow
From Table 1 and Equations (43) and (44), it can be seen that the isothermal flow equation is more conservative than the incompressible equation because the latter does not include the acceleration term. Here, we present a modified incompressible equation to account for the missing acceleration term in Equations (43) and (44). Equation (49) defines fa, the acceleration factor, where υm and pm are averaged velocity and pressure.
The total pressure drop and pressure drop due to friction can be linked as in Equation (50) below .
Further expanding Equation (49) gives Equations (51) and (52).
The pressure drop due to friction is expressed in Equation (39). By substituting υm and pm, Equation (39) becomes Equation (53).
Inserting Equations (51) and (53) into Equation (50) yields Equation (54).
Moving fL/D to the lefthand side brings us to the expressions in Equations (55) and (56).
With known outlet conditions, Equations (55) becomes Equation (56).
Equation (56) is the modified incompressible flow equation. Comparing Equation (56) with Equation (43), it can be seen that the second term on the righthand side accounts for acceleration. Equation (56) and Equation (10) are plotted in Figure 9, which shows the solid and dashed lines overlapping each other at all chosen values for the Mach number. Therefore, the modified incompressible flow equation can be used to size pipes where fluid flow is compressible.
Based on the derivations in this article, some important conclusions can be made:
1. For pipe sizing with compressible fluids, the isothermal flow equation is preferable since it gives a more conservative pressure drop estimate in the scope of practical engineering design.
2. When considering whether it is acceptable to use the incompressible equation to size gas pipes, both pressure drop and Mach number should be considered.
3. For a given pipe length and diameter, the critical mass flux under adiabatic conditions is larger than that under isothermal conditions. The maximum ratio between critical mass flux under adiabatic and isothermal condition is equal to the square root of γ.
4. Under adiabatic flow, specific heat ratio has significant effect on pressure drop, but the effect of molecular weight is negligible.
With these conclusions in mind and the equations derived in this article, engineers can begin to make educated assumptions when they are asked to size and determine pressure drop for pipes with compressible fluid flow.
1. American Petroleum Institute, Standard 521, Pressure-relieving and Depressuring Systems, 5th Ed., Washington D.C., 2007.
2. Yu, F.C., Compressible Fluid Pressure Drop Calculation-Isothermal Versus Adiabatic, Hydrocarbon Processing, pp. 89–95, May 1999.
3. Darby, Ron, “Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics”, 2nd Ed., CRC, 2001.
4. Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe, Technical Paper No.410, Crane Co., Joliet, Ill., 1988.
5. Saad, M.A., “Compressible Fluid Flow”, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1998.
6. Mak, H.Y., New Method Speeds Pressure-Relief Manifold Design, Oil and Gas Journal, Nov. 1978.
7. Branan, Carl R., “Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers”, 4th Ed., Gulf Professional Publishing, Burlington, Mass., 2005.
8. Lapple, C.F., “Fluid and Particle Mechanics”, University of Delaware, Newark, Del., 1951.
9. Walters, T., Gas-Flow Calculations: Don’t Choke, Chem. Eng., Jan. 2000.
Fucheng Teng is a process technologist/specialist at Jacobs Canada Inc. (205 Quarry Park Blvd. S.E., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2C3E7; Phone: +1 403-640-8149, Email: [email protected]). He holds a B.S. degree in polymer material and engineering from Dalian University of Technology and an M.S.Ch.E. from the University of Alberta. He has accumulated seven years of engineering experience, including commissioning and startup, wastewater treatment, mineral processing and SAGD (steam-assisted gravity drainage) facility design. Teng is a Certified Six Sigma Green Belt (CSSGB) from the American Society of Quality.
Mark Heigold (Phone: +1 403-258-6440, Email: [email protected]) is a technical design supervisor at Jacobs Canada Inc. He holds a B.S.Ch.E. from the University of Calgary. He has more than 19 years experience in process design in the fields of power generation, SAGD, heavy oil, upstream gas processing and water treatment. Heigold is a member of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists | <urn:uuid:deb856a4-e42b-4ff7-884c-2e84614352b3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.chemengonline.com/compressible-fluid-flow-calculation-methods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.868706 | 5,899 | 3.421875 | 3 |
How Do You Do a Testicular Self-Examination?
The testicular self-exam (TSE) is a way for males to check their own testicles to make sure there are no unusual growths, lumps or bumps. Unusual growths, lumps or bumps may be the first sign of testicular cancer.
Although testicular cancer is rare, it is most common between the ages of 15 and 35. If it is found early, treatment is usually very successful. Testicular cancer usually affects only one testicle (very rarely does it involve both testicles). Males should do a self-exam every month so they are more likely to notice changes in the size, shape or firmness of the testicles.
Signs and Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
- A lump or nodule on a testicle
- Enlargement or a change in the firmness of a testicle (the affected side might be noticeably larger than the normal testicle)
- A dull ache in the scrotum (the sac holding the testicles)
Examination of Testicles
- Examine testicles monthly during or after a warm shower or bath. This is when the scrotum is most relaxed and easiest to examine. Having soap on your fingers will help make the exam more comfortable.
- Normal testicles feel smooth and spongy and will move easily inside the scrotum. Feel the testicles for pea-sized lumps or other irregular areas at the front and sides of the testicles. There is a tubular, ropelike structure along the back of the testicle that is normal. This is called the epididymis.
- If you feel a hard lump on the testicle, call your doctor right away for an appointment to check the testicle.
- Lumps or bumps are not always cancerous but you should have your doctor check them as soon as possible. Testicular cancer is almost always curable if it is caught and treated early.
How to Perform the Exam
Follow these simple steps for a thorough TSE:
- Examine one testicle at a time, repeating the process described here.
- Use both hands to examine each testicle.
- Hold the testicle with one hand between your fingers and thumb. Use the other hand to feel the testicle and examine for any lumps or bumps.
- Roll the testicle between the thumbs and fingers with a gentle pressure that causes no pain or discomfort.
- Examine both testicles regularly, at least once per month. | <urn:uuid:b5527e44-6e6b-4606-8662-e5de28814263> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/t/testicular-self-examination | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.923167 | 532 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This phase 1 pilot investigation was funded by CBR (Cord Blood Registry®, a newborn stem cell company) to determine the safety and initial effectiveness of infusions of autologous umbilical cord blood in 11 children diagnosed with acquired SNHL. (Acquired SNHL occurs after birth, as opposed to congenital SNHL, which occurs during gestation.)
Study findings also showed improvement in auditory brainstem response in 45% of the participants after the infusion. Study co-lead, Dr. James Baumgartner, MD and Pediatric Surgeon at Florida Hospital for Children, believes that the cord blood cells may also help spur regeneration of cilia in the inner ear.
“Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, unique properties of the cord blood cellular components are believed to spur regeneration of the cilia (hair) and support cells within the cochlea,” said Dr. Baumgartner.
Umbilical cord blood, or cord blood, is the blood remaining in the umbilical cord and placenta after a baby is born and the cord is cut. Because cord blood is very rich in stem cells, some families choose to store or donate this blood in the event it could be used in the future to treat certain conditions or diseases.
To learn more about the study, read CBR’s press release. | <urn:uuid:af808d49-2cf4-448f-b776-2ad1e5ecf1b7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.clarkeschools.org/news/clarke-slp-co-leads-study-indicating-cord-blood-cells-may-improve-hearing-in-children-with-sensorineural-hearing-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.940044 | 280 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Setting goals is an essential part of any successful business strategy. Goals help teams focus their efforts and stay motivated, but the process of goal setting can be challenging. Without clear expectations and a well-defined plan, goals can become vague or meaningless, leading to a lack of focus and direction. In this post, we will explore why clarity matters for goal setting and how leaders can set clear expectations to drive results.
The Importance of Clarity in Goal Setting
Setting clear and measurable goals is critical to the success of any team or organization. Goals provide a roadmap for progress and help keep everyone on the same page. When goals are well-defined and communicated clearly, team members know exactly what they need to do to achieve success, and they can focus their efforts accordingly. Clarity helps teams stay motivated and engaged, as it provides a sense of direction and purpose.
Clarity also helps teams stay accountable. When goals are specific and measurable, it is easier to track progress and identify areas that need improvement. When team members know exactly what is expected of them, they can take ownership of their work and take responsibility for achieving their goals. This can lead to a sense of pride and accomplishment, which can boost morale and drive further success.
Setting Clear Expectations
To set clear expectations, leaders must communicate their goals effectively. This means breaking down goals into specific, measurable, and actionable tasks that team members can easily understand. Leaders should explain why each goal is important and how it contributes to the success of the team or organization.
When setting expectations, leaders should also take into account the resources and constraints of their team. Goals should be challenging but realistic, and leaders should ensure that team members have the necessary support and resources to achieve them. This includes providing clear guidelines, training, and feedback to help team members stay on track and make progress.
Clear expectations and a well-defined plan are essential for driving results. When team members know exactly what is expected of them, they can focus their efforts on achieving their goals. Leaders can track progress and identify areas that need improvement, which helps them adjust their strategy and stay on track.
To drive results, leaders must also be flexible and adaptive. They should be open to feedback and willing to make changes to their approach if necessary. Leaders should also celebrate progress and recognize the achievements of their team members, as this can help build momentum and drive further success.
Clarity is essential for effective goal setting. When goals are well-defined and communicated clearly, team members can focus their efforts and stay motivated. Leaders can set clear expectations by breaking down goals into specific, measurable, and actionable tasks, and providing the necessary support and resources. By driving results through clear communication and a well-defined plan, leaders can help their teams achieve success and drive growth for their organizations. | <urn:uuid:accb161b-7c66-4aca-a203-6729783063ed> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.compassproductivity.com/post/clarity-matters-why-leaders-need-to-establish-measurable-goals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.965767 | 570 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Significant improvement of environmental footprint of paper sacks9 March 2021
the European kraft paper and paper sack industry has put further efforts into improving its carbon footprint. In only three years, between 2015 and 2018, the carbon intensity of a single paper sack was reduced by 8%. This is concluded by the latest carbon footprint analysis on European paper sacks conducted by the Swedish research institute RISE on behalf of the European Paper Sack Research Group (ESG), a collaboration between EUROSAC and CEPI Eurokraft.
Significant improvement of environmental footprint of paper sacks
The European kraft paper and paper sack industry has put further efforts into improving its carbon footprint. In only three years, between 2015 and 2018, the carbon intensity of a single paper sack was reduced by 8%. This is concluded by the latest carbon footprint analysis on European paper sacks conducted by the Swedish research institute RISE on behalf of the European Paper Sack Research Group (ESG), a collaboration between EUROSAC and CEPI Eurokraft. An infographic presents the most important results.
The recently published report by RISE on the fossil carbon footprint of average European paper sacks summarises an impressive achievement: in this three-year period, the industry improved its emissions during the subsequent stages of production from cradle to the factory gate by 8%, from 92 g CO2e to 85 g CO2e. Part of the explanation for this is lightweighting effects based on an improved paper quality and a reduction of the share of other materials such as plastic films in the paper sack. Per tonne of sack kraft paper the fossil carbon impact decreased by 0.5% from 458 kg CO2e in 2015 to 455 kg CO2e in 2018. The emissions arising during kraft paper production account for 66% of the total carbon footprint for each individual paper sack.
Target of EU action plan exceeded
When looking at the data for a longer period, there is a consistent downward trend in the cradle-to-gate fossil carbon impact of average European sack kraft paper and paper sacks. It even exceeds the targets set by the EU climate action plan of reducing the greenhouse gas emission by 20% between 1990 and 2020. In only 11 years (from 2007 to 2018), the fossil carbon impact per tonne of sack kraft paper has been lowered by 20% (from 570 kg CO2e to 455 kg CO2e). With 28% improvement (from 118 g CO2e to 85 g CO2e), the result for paper sacks is even more significant. The efforts of the European kraft paper and paper sack industry to continuously improve its environmental imprint will be just as high in the upcoming years. “With a reduction of the emissions by 40% to even 55%, the European Union has set an ambitious target for 2030,” says Catherine Plitzko-Kerninon, General Delegate, EUROSAC. “Paper sacks are a low carbon, circular and bio-based packaging solution – this is a good starting point for our industry to contribute to its achievement.”
Climate-friendly and efficient production
One key factor is a climate-friendly production: already today, the production of sack kraft paper is, to a high degree, energy self-sufficient: 77% of all energy needs (heat and electricity) is generated on-site. Adding to that, the production uses a high degree of renewable energy sources: 89% of the fuels are renewable and used to generate heat, steam and electricity. Most of them, that is 81%, are produced as side streams of the pulp and papermaking process.
Positive climate impact with extended system boundaries
When extending the analysis to include biogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the calculation, paper sacks would already be climate-positive packaging solutions today. Biogenic emissions arise from the combustion or degradation of biofuels and bio-based products. The removals refer to the carbon sequestration that is associated with forest management, the production of biofuels and of bio-based non-fibre inputs. In 2018, the cradle-to-gate biogenic carbon footprint accounts for –120 g CO2e per paper sack. In combination with the cradle-to-gate fossil carbon footprint of 85 g CO2e per sack, the result would even be at –35 g CO2e per paper sack which has a positive impact on the climate. The key data of the study is summarised in an infographic. A fact sheet gives further background information on the analysis. All documents are available for download on the CEPI Eurokraft and EUROSAC websites.
Climate change is a topic of high public interest. Stakeholders are increasingly looking at standards, labels and other instruments that broaden the focus beyond emissions related to production activities to encompass the entire value chain. In this context, the fossil carbon footprint that is associated with the whole supply chain – including the manufacture, transport and distribution of a certain product or packaging – is an established tool that gives customers an indication about a product’s impact on the climate. CEPI Eurokraft and EUROSAC are pleased to present the carbon footprint for sack kraft paper and paper sacks in Europe for 2018. The report also contains an extended analysis method which also includes biogenic removals and emissions in the calculation. This even gives a more complete and realistic picture of the environmental friendliness of paper sacks.
About the research
The analysis has been carried out by the Swedish research institute RISE using two different methods. Both calculations are based on tools developed by the International Confederation of Paper and Board Converters in Europe (CITPA) and by the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI).
· As the first step, a cradle-to-gate calculation of the fossil carbon impact of sack kraft paper and paper sacks was conducted following the CEPI1 and CITPA2 guidelines established in 2007.
· The second step ensured that the study also extended the system boundaries from cradle-to-grave, thereby including the total carbon impact (i.e. fossil carbon emissions, biogenic carbon emissions and biogenic carbon removals).
The calculations make use of the gate-to-gate life cycle inventory data covering sack kraft paper production and paper sack converting compiled by CEPI Eurokraft and EUROSAC for 2018 from representative European mills and converting facilities. Fossil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions factors for electricity are sourced from the International Energy Agency (IEA) Emissions Factors 2019. Carbon factors for emissions and removals have been sourced from the recognised life cycle inventory databases ecoInvent, GaBi professional, and the European reference Life Cycle Database (ELCD).
Paper sacks specification
Paper sacks are manufactured from sack kraft paper combined with other components to deliver an effective, lightweight, and functional package. The sack kraft paper is made from virgin fibres. The paper sack composition considered in this analysis is summarised in the table below:
Component Share of composition by weight
Paper 92.7% 117.2 g
Film (HDPE/LDPE) 4.0% 5.0 g
Glue (starch and PVA glues) 2.0% 2.6 g
Ink 1.1% 1.4 g
Other components 0.2% 0.2 g
Total 100% 126.4 g
CARBON FOOTPRINT RESULTS
There is a consistent downward trend in the cradle-to-gate fossil carbon impact of average European sack kraft paper and paper sacks.
For the production of sack kraft paper
· 2015 to 2018: The reduction in fossil carbon impact per tonne of sack kraft paper was approximately 0.5% – from 458 kg CO2e to 455 kg CO2e.
· 2007 to 2018: There is a significant reduction in fossil carbon impact per tonne of sack kraft paper of approximately 20% – from 570 kg CO2e to 455 kg CO2e.
For the production of paper sacks
· 2015 to 2018: The fossil carbon impact per paper sack is reduced by 8% – from 92 g CO2e to 85 g CO2e per sack in 2018. The emissions are as follows:
Description Fossil GHG emissions Percentage
Production of purchased kraft paper 56 g CO2e 66%
Production of purchased fuels and non-paper inputs 15 g CO2e 18%
Production of purchased electricity 7 g CO2e 8%
Transport to converting operation 5 g CO2e 6%
Direct emissions from production site 2 g CO2e 2%
85 g CO2e 100%
· 2007 to 2018: The fossil carbon impact per paper sack has been reduced by 28% – from 118 g CO2e to 85 g CO2e. The figure below shows the improvement since 2007:
Extending the system boundaries
Forests sequester and store carbon. When including the cradle-to-gate biogenic removals as well as emissions in the 2018 calculation, the carbon footprint even comes to a negative result – which has a positive impact on the climate:
· The cradle-to-gate biogenic removals (associated with forest management, production of biofuels and production of bio-based non-fibre inputs such as starch) are –447 g CO2e per paper sack.
· The cradle-to-gate biogenic emissions (associated with combustion of biofuels) are 327 g CO2e per paper sack.
· In total, this gives a net biogenic carbon result of –120 g CO2e per paper sack.
· Combining the cradle-to-gate fossil carbon footprint result (85 g CO2e per sack) with the cradle-to-gate biogenic carbon footprint result (–120 g CO2e per sack) totals –35 g CO2e per paper sack.
The production of sack kraft paper is very energy-efficient and uses a high degree of renewable energy sources:
· 77% of all energy needs (heat and electricity) is generated on-site.
· 89% of the fuels are renewable and used to generate heat, steam and electricity.
o 81% are produced as side streams of the pulp and papermaking process.
o The remaining 8% are purchased.
· Purchased fossil fuels make up only 11%. | <urn:uuid:847694bc-b162-43d2-b0dc-ac6cfa46f522> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.convertingtoday.co.uk/features/featuresignificant-improvement-of-environmental-footprint-of-paper-sacks-8585184/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.91922 | 2,126 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A recent report published in the Journal of Cleaner Production explores how the cosmetics industry has moved sustainability forward.
According researchers Marto, et al., from the University of Lisbon, Portugal, sustainability in the cosmetics industry has received growing interest not only from consumers, but also industry, academics and organizations. Drivers include intensifying concerns over cosmetics safety; impact on the environment, i.e., deforestation; and fair trade/social effects.
As such, efforts have been made to formulate cosmetics with more sustainable ingredient alternatives, although lacking performance, instabilities and aesthetic challenges have been limiting factors. Still, product developers continue to iterate next-gen solutions to make a sustainable future a reality.
This article provides an overview of the relationship between sustainability and the cosmetics industry including where the challenges lie, but also the reason(s) for progress in sustainability: for one, the fact that we're addressing it.
For this review, the authors examined a body of literature on the design and formulation of cosmetics to consider the impact of the different phases of a cosmetic's product development cycle on its sustainability. Also considered were formulating challenges and the structure and function of raw materials in relation to their sustainability.
Various means of data collection and analysis are outlined and include reviews of: journal articles, reports, books and book sections, websites, theses and patents. Notably, Cosmetics & Toiletries came out on top as the resource having published the most on sustainability in cosmetics. (Big thanks to our authors.)
The analysis revealed cosmetics sustainability is, of course, a complex and multifaceted issue that cannot be evaluated considering single aspects but instead using an integrated assessment about the environmental, social and economical dimensions and about the final product quality and performance. However, some notable steps being taken by the industry were identified; following are select examples.
Notably, Cosmetics & Toiletries came out on top as the resource having published the most on sustainability in cosmetics.
Sustainability assessment: For the cosmetic industry, sustainability metrics are becoming more important to business, as it is fundamental to define indicators and use specific tools to measure, monitor and evaluate the sustainable standards. The entire cosmetics supply chain can have an impact on sustainability, so it is important to consider and not neglect all steps in the lifecycle of a product—from the initial design and sourcing of raw materials, through manufacturing, packaging, distribution, consumer use and disposal or post-consumer use phase.
In relation, many ingredient suppliers and manufacturers have devised apps and other means to trace ingredient sourcing to ensure it is sustainable. And how many types of recyclable and biodegradable packaging have hit commercial shelves?
Sustainable ingredients: Another heavily focused area, as demonstrated at any cosmetic tradeshow today, or all over Cosmetics & Toiletries and Global Cosmetic Industry news, is, of course, sustainable ingredients. What does this mean? Interpretations vary, which is why the authors note that his term has no single, universal definition but typically refers to a product with environmentally preferable attributes. It also is typically attributed to ingredients designed with ethical, social and economic responsibility in mind.
"While it is not possible, to officially label a cosmetic product as 'sustainable,' there are fair trade labels, eco-labels and sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) indexes that, in this context, tend to draw nearer to the classification of what a sustainable cosmetic is," writes Marto, et al.
Sustainable transport: One last factor of rising interest to the cosmetic industry is the sustainable transport of ingredients, materials, packaging and final products. Waterless formulations and concentrates provide prime examples; not only do they save on cost, but they reduce carbon emissions and lower a company's carbon footprint.
The article continues for some 20 pages, with discussions on specific core ingredient categories including emollients, exfoliators, surfactants and polymers, as well as solvents, colorants, fragrances, UV filters, preservatives, pH adjusters, chelating agents and antioxidants. See the Journal of Cleaner Production for more information; in the meantime, know that what we're doing is driving progress to make a difference. | <urn:uuid:2c8a919d-bf0a-4330-8c58-f29fb328abc2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/research/literature-data/news/21842888/cosmetics-move-sustainability-forward | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.937274 | 854 | 2.78125 | 3 |
For Jurgen Habermas (“Part IV: the Kantian project and the divided West” ), and many other critics of international relations, the 1990s were ambivalent and deeply distressing. The UN, though, came into its own as an “important forum of global politics” (p. 169). From the outbreak of the first Iraq war, from 1990 to 1994 alone “the Security Council authorized economic sanctions and peacekeeping interventions in eight instances and military interventions in five further cases. It has proceeded somewhat more cautiously since the setbacks in Bosnia and Somalia; aside from arms embargoes and economic sanctions, there have been UN authorized missions in Zaire, Kosovo, East Timor, the Congo, and Afghanistan” (ibid.). There has been much debate regarding the effectiveness of the Security Council, but Habermas points out the UN enhanced the reputation it had acquired by rejecting the US’s invasion of Iraq in 2003 as a breach of the UN Charter. They also refused to “grant retrospective legitimacy to the military facts on the ground” (ibid.).
The successes and failures of UN intervention
The authority of the UN was provocatively evident when they intervened in “conflicts within states, be it, (a) in response to violence caused by civil wars or breakdown in government (as in the former Yugoslavia, Libya, Angola, Burundi, the Central African Republic, and East Timor); or (b) in response to gross violations of huma rights or ethnic cleansing (as in Rhodesia [Zimbabwe] and South Africa, Northern Iraq, Somalia, Rwanda, and Zaire); or, (c) in order to promote democracy (as in Haiti or Sierra Leone” (p. 170). The Security Council also tapped its tradition of Nuremburg and Tokyo in establishing “war crimes tribunals for the massacres in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia” (ibid.).
But so-called “successes” can be balanced against serious failures in a number of countries where UN peacekeepers intervened. Roland Paris in At war’s end: building peace after civil conflict (2004) demonstrates that in the case of Angola, the intervention (with assumptions regarding the beneficent results of democratization market liberalization) actually fueled the tribal and political animosities of opposed sides in the aftermath of elections.
Paris suggests that introducing structural adjustment measures in Rwanda in September 1990 actually worsened the economic situation, making the government more susceptible to hate propaganda. What Paris dubs the Wilsonian solution—democratization leads to peace—failed miserably (in fact, often exacerbated the latent, age-old hostilities) in Angola, Rwanda, Cambodia, Liberia, Bosnia, Croation, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala. UN peacekeeping actions appear to assume that the learning processes for embracing democratic structures and institutions can happen rapidly and root deeply. Most decidedly, this has not happened. A furious Habermas lambastes the West: “The reckless disregard for obligations applies especially to the West, which is today confronted with the negative impacts of a failed process of decolonization in addition to the long-term consequences of its colonial history, not to mention the effects of processes of economic globalization that are insufficiently counterbalanced by political institutions” (p. 171).
New kinds of “privatized violence” are now disturbingly present in our disordered world (a jigsaw puzzle tossed to the winds). September 1, 2001 provides the sobering historical example. These (and other) trends, “which are currently capturing attention under the heading of globalization, do not only run counter to the Kantian project of cosmopolitan order; they also meet it halfway. Globalization also provides supportive context for the aspiration to a cosmopolitan condition, one that mitigates the initial appearance of invincibility of the forces opposed to a political constitutions for global society” (pp. 172-3).
Habermas always seems to pull the hopeful rabbit out of the hat. Keep focused on the “sparks of hope” evident in history’s movement—he counsels us. Habermas knows well—to say the least—that: “The reform agenda for the core domains is not especially controversial. It follows as a matter of course from the record of the successes and failures of the existing institutions” (p. 173). How will Habermas cut through some pretty prickly bramble to secure a clear way forward? What debris does he need to remove to articulate a realizable vision for humanity? What role does he foresee for the world’s only superpower? Here, expressed schematically, are six key ideas.
1) “The Security Council must be harmonized with the new geo-political situation and its capacity for action strengthened, assuring adequate representation for whole continents organization” (ibid.).
2) The Security Council must not be captive to any particular nation-state in its “choice of agenda and its resolutions. It must bind itself to actionable rules that lay down, in general terms, when the UN is authorized and obligated to take up a case” (ibid.).
3) “Given the decentralized monopolies on the use of violence enjoyed by individual states, the executive must be reinforced to a point where it guarantees the effective implementation of resolutions of the Security Council” (ibid.).
4) “The International Court of Justice has now been augmented by an International Criminal Court (though the latter has not yet won broad recognition). The adjudicative practice of such a Court will promote the requisite definition and codification of the loosely defined crimes laid down in international law” (pp. 173-174).
5) “The legislative decisions of the Security Council and the General Assembly require a more robust, if indirect, form of legitimation from a well-informed global public opinion” (p. 174). This maxim is, perhaps, a potential chink in the armour.
6) “But this weak legitimation will suffice for the activity of the world government only if the latter restricts itself to the most elementary tasks of securing peace and human rights on a global scale” (ibid.).
One of the main reasons why Habermas specifies the above series of reforms is quietly simply the vast complexity of the UN and world organizations. He thinks that the fundamental significance of the “loosely connected international organizations in the narrower and wider penumbra of the UN lies in the emergence of a world society, chiefly as a result of the globalization of markets and communication networks” (p. 175). Echoes of Kant’s vision of perpetual peace ring loudly across the valley. William Scheurman (“Global governance without global government? Habermas on postnational democracy does not think that Habermas has probed deeply enough into the important question of how we can (down here on the rocky ground) actually move from the “present-day UN where the hegemonic ‘law of the stronger’ is legally entrenched in the Security Council and the veto it outfits each of its permanent members” (p. 141). Like other critics, Scheuerman doubts that the Habermasian goal of securing peace and human rights can be accomplished without acquiring substantial political and military muscle as well as acquiring some “familiar attributes of modern statehood” (ibid.).
In his recent book, What is at stake now: my appeal for peace and freedom (2020), Mikhail Gorbachev urges us to reject pessimism. “Pessimism,” he says, is “no ally of ours.” Citing the words of a great Veda teacher – “Walk and ye shall reach” – Gorbachev comments that: “There is great wisdom in these words. They articulate the conviction that humankind, having learned to negotiate vast expanses, to penetrate the mysteries of the universe, to create innumerable material benefits, can also rise to another, possibly more arduous challenge—that of organizing the global world in a way that would enable all its peoples and individual denizens to live in safety and security, in judicious union with nature, and in accordance with the demands of reason and morality” (p. 123). | <urn:uuid:da2da833-d934-4f00-8161-714170475c42> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.counterpunch.org/2022/04/29/examining-the-progress-of-the-united-nations-towards-a-post-national-constellation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.928525 | 1,716 | 2.578125 | 3 |
There’s no doubt that aging is a difficult transition. There are a number of things you might be worrying about, but your brain and memory are likely at the top of your list. Cognitive decline doesn’t have to be inevitable. Hearing aids and engaged communication can be optimal defenses against cognitive decline, isolation and depression.
The results of a recent French study that lasted a quarter of a century and followed 3,700 individuals aged 65 and over showed that people who experienced hearing loss were more likely to experience steep cognitive decline. Those who opted to use a hearing aid, however, did not experience the same rapid decline.
About 30% of individuals age 65 and older experience some degree of hearing loss. That number increases to 70-90% by the time people are over the age of 85.
Why You Lose Your Hearing
There are certain things that can lead to hearing decline, including exposure to loud sounds. This could include working at a construction site, working at an airport, listening to loud music or simply being exposed to loud noises. Loud environments can damage your ears so that it becomes increasingly difficult to hear accurately over time.
Most people may first notice some hearing degradation when they struggle to hear people in a room with subtle background noise. For example, let’s say you’re at your neighborhood coffee shop or chatting with a friend at a party and you’re having a really hard time hearing your friend. Yes, you might attribute this to the background noise—other conversations nearby, music, etc.—but if it never used to be a problem but it is now, it shows that your hearing is getting worse. When it gets to the point that you’re having trouble hearing your television or making sense of what people are saying around you, the condition is worsening.
Pay attention to the cues of others. If you’re constantly being told to turn down the television or radio because the music is too loud, it might be a sign that your hearing is deteriorating. If you notice people might be talking to you less because they don’t think you’re listening, it might also be a warning sign.
Why Your Hearing Matters
Your ability to hear plays a major role in your quality of life and overall safety. It keeps you engaged with your friends, family and community, and it keeps your brain active and engaged.
The study I mentioned earlier clearly indicates how hearing impacts cognitive skills, depression and other areas of mental health. The research team learned that people who experienced hearing loss and refused to use a hearing aid also experienced more severe declines in cognitive ability—especially when compared to those who didn’t lose their hearing or who decided to combat hearing loss with a hearing aid.
When you can’t hear, it is very difficult to stay engaged. People experiencing hearing problems often don’t admit their struggles because they don’t want to bother others, don’t want to be treated differently or don’t want to admit they have a problem. Instead of dealing with the problem or informing others, they slowly begin to isolate themselves. This can lead to depression and further accelerate cognitive decline. When it comes to hearing, much like other health problems, suffering in silence often does far more harm than good.
How to Prevent and Treat Symptoms of Poor Hearing
Staying away from others and avoiding communication is the worst way to deal with difficulty hearing. This, in fact, can create a vicious cycle that can lead to isolation and depression.
Here’s how it works: when somebody can’t hear as well, they are less likely to engage in conversation. And if they do, they might miss out on information that can lead to isolation. The lack of engagement and fear of communication as a result of one’s inability to properly hear can ultimately lead to isolation.
- Stand face-to-face: If you think you’re hearing is fading, talk to people while looking directly at them. So although you might not hear every word, you can follow their lips and watch their facial expressions. This will keep you engaged and help you follow what they are saying. When you talk to somebody you can’t see head on, you lose the ability to track these valuable cues.
- Ask people to speak clearly: If you don’t understand somebody the first time around, ask them to speak a little more slowly and clearly so you can follow. Do it especially with family and friends, as these relationships are especially important to maintain as a way of seeking daily engagement.
- Limit background noise: When you’re talking to others, eliminate distractions that can make it more difficult to hear. Turn off the television or music when you’re talking to somebody to help you get the most from the conversation.
- Stay engaged: If you notice your hearing is going, don’t let it pull you away from relationships and other things you enjoy. Staying active and engaged can fight off cognitive decline and depression.
- Get a hearing device: Book an appointment with your doctor to be fitted for a hearing aid device. They can help keep your brain functioning optimally, battle depression and isolation and help you get more satisfaction out of your interests and relationships.
Hearing Your Way to Happiness
Fight off cognitive decline and keep depression at bay by paying attention to your hearing. A hearing aid can keep you happy and engaged, and should definitely be considered if your hearing is wavering.
Sources for Today’s Article:
“Hearing aids may slow mental decline in hard-of-hearing elderly,” CBC News web site, last updated November 5, 2015; http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/hearing-loss-cognitive-1.3305819, last accessed November 9, 2015.
McCullough, D., “We must tackle the stigma of age-related hearing loss,” Nursing Times web site, November 2, 2015; http://www.nursingtimes.net/break-time/practice-comment/we-must-tackle-the-stigma-of-age-related-hearing-loss/5091580.article.
Jaret, P., “Hearing Loss: Tips to improve communication,” WebMD web site, http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/features/complementary-hearing-loss-strategies, last accessed November 9, 2015. | <urn:uuid:57305f5b-8dee-47ed-80b0-fc9bf8ccec51> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.doctorshealthpress.com/prevent-and-treat-symptoms-of-poor-hearing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.948706 | 1,339 | 3.09375 | 3 |
- Mar 15, 2020
- Posted by: admin
- Category: Abstract of 2nd-ics21
Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences in the 21st Century
The Peculiarities of the Traditional Societies and Non-Traditional Societies and Their Transformation
Urunova Hamida Umarboevna and Zohidov Ochil
The article analyses the peculiarities of the traditional and non-traditional societies and the process of their transformation. The author of the article emphasizes that the peculiarities of the mentality of the national communities depend on their historical and cultural specification and that the level of social-cultural development depends on the life style, the system of values and the psychological peculiarities of the nation. Therefore she considers that it is necessary to make a comparative analysis of the spiritual cultures of both traditional and non-traditional societies and to assist in saving the stereotypes of thinking and behavior of the people which have a perspective and uniting character. Also she thinks that it is important to identify those elements which should be corrected and borrow from the non-traditional societies those elements which can promote modernization of the traditional society.
Keywords: traditional society, non-traditional society, transformation, modernity, traditionalism, liberalism, postmodernity. | <urn:uuid:c9406730-5276-407c-8631-8a0a572bb1ee> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.dpublication.com/abstract-of-2nd-ics21/95-694/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.894692 | 261 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Conventional wisdom in the 21st Century says that the salvation of our economic future will come from the so-called “knowledge economy“, an economy based largely on technology and that sees education and knowledge as both a business product and a productive asset. In knowledge economies, the need for high-skill workers is amped up and these workers are, presumably, paid more because their skill sets are more desirable.
Few communities embody the concept of a knowledge economy as well as Washtenaw County in Michigan. Home of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Eastern Michigan University in Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County is also the home base for a wide array of technology-focused companies. Here, one would assume, you will find a community that bucks the trend of the rest of the state, where the problem of income inequality would improving relative to places where manufacturing, service, or agriculture-based economies are more prevalent.
A new report released today by the University of Michigan-Dearborn Center for Labor and Community Studies proves that income inequality in a knowledge economy is still a critical problem, however. Using Washtenaw County as a case study, the researchers show that, while the number of jobs in Washtenaw County has grown since 2005, median wages have dropped and the number of residents living in poverty has grown over the same time period. You can read the report titled “Growing Together or Drifting Apart?” HERE.
Here are some of the key findings of the report:
- Wages became more unequal in Washtenaw County between 2005 and 2013.
As this chart from the report shows, the overall number of jobs in Washtenaw County has increased by 2% from 2005-2013, a period that straddles the Great Recession that heavily impacted our state. The chart also shows that jobs in the “knowledge” sector increased by 26%:
However, during that same time, the mean income, which takes into account the impact of inflation, has dropped for workers overall, including the knowledge sector. Industrial workers were the hardest hit, experiencing a 25% decrease in real wages:
- 37% of individual workers in Washtenaw County do not earn enough to meet basic family needs.
Despite having one of the most robust economies in the state of Michigan, over a third of Washtenaw residents earn less than $32,000 a year. According to the study, “This is less than a basic needs budget for the county as determined by the Michigan League for Public Policy (MLPP).” The number of workers in this situation increased for workers in all sectors discussed in the report:
- 24% of households in Washtenaw County do not earn enough to meet basic family needs.
- Nine of the ten largest job categories in Washtenaw County pay less than $32,000 per year.
- Nine of the ten job categories with the largest projected future employment growth also pay less than $32,000 per year.
Ian Robinson, president of the Huron Valley Central Labor Council (HVCLC) which represents 37 local unions in Washtenaw and Livingston Counties, is one of the authors of the study. He had this to say about what their research has revealed:
Jobs may be growing in Washtenaw County, but for far too many, income is not. One-third of workers in our county don’t earn enough to meet basic family needs. That’s a problem for all of us, because our local economy is driven by strong families and healthy consumer spending.
This study debunks the notion that reliance on a “knowledge economy” is the solution to income disparity in our state and in our country. The authors do not proscribe a solution to this problem in the study. However, the Huron Valley Central Labor Council has convened the Growing Together Task Force, which includes community, business, labor, and elected leaders, to address the challenge of growing income inequality and to develop appropriate policy responses.
Hopefully this study will help guide policy makers and legislators as they craft solutions address income disparity in the USA. If the solutions that are proposed are based on flawed assumptions, they are doomed to fail before they begin. It is clear from this work that the solutions must not be based solely on a shift to a knowledge economy since evidence shows that that approach will do little to improve the lives of those who do not earn enough to even support their families.
[Arrow image: FreeDigitalPhotos.net] | <urn:uuid:9ea3e672-edf7-48ab-a1f0-6673868117d1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.eclectablog.com/2015/03/new-study-washtenaw-county-is-a-case-study-of-the-realities-of-income-inequality-in-a-knowledge-economy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.965653 | 923 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This week, USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service released its monthly Milk Production report, showing yet another annual decline in the number of licensed dairy operations in the United States. After many years of depressed prices, some dairy farmers faced an extremely tough year as the industry struggled with a global pandemic, negative Producer Price Differentials and Federal Milk Marketing Order de-pooling while others enjoyed near record milk prices due to volatility in cheese prices (More Negative PPDs and De-Pooling Reignite Federal Milk Marketing Order Debate). This year-over-year decline in the number of dairy operations continues a long trend of farmers deciding to exit the dairy business. Since 2003, the U.S. has lost more than half of its licensed dairy operations, now just shy of 32,000 dairy operations.
Dairy Herd and Milk Production
U.S. dairy farmers enter 2021 still in a state of flux following the disruptions caused by COVID-19 throughout 2020 and uncertainty on how new food assistance programs may impact milk and dairy commodity prices. USDA’s Milk Production report showed that annual milk production in the United States in 2020 was 223 billion pounds, increasing just over 2% from the 218 billion pounds produced in 2019. In early 2020, the dairy price environment was very favorable, and despite the craziness of the pandemic, milk-feed price ratios throughout much of 2020 were favorable for dairy herd expansion. However, the rising price of corn and soybean meal prices that began in late 2020 are likely to carry through 2021 as higher feed prices, which will be particularly tough for milk producers as milk prices are trending lower. While the total milk cow inventory at the end of 2020 was the highest since 1995, herd expansion is likely to stop this year and the cow inventory could potentially decline. In addition to a higher cow inventory at the end of 2020, the January cattle inventory report showed a decline in heifers being retained for milk cow replacement. The replacement heifer as a percentage total milk cows rate sits at 48.8%, the lowest level since 2009. Dairy cow slaughter numbers did not significantly spike recently, meaning that the likely milk cow inventory decline will be driven by fewer additions through replacement heifers rather than liquidation of the current herd.
One thing to keep in mind when looking at milk production is the ever-increasing productivity of the milking cows. Milk produced per cow in the U.S. averaged 23,777 pounds for 2020, 382 pounds above 2019’s 23,395, marking a strong year-over-year gain. Unlike the fluctuating overall number of cows, milk production per cow has steadily increased approximately 11.5% from 2011. In 2021, USDA predicts that daily output per cow will increase nearly 1.7%, which would be the highest rate of growth since 2014.
California is the largest milk-producing state in the U.S., clocking in at 41.3 billion pounds. The state is followed by Wisconsin, Idaho, New York and Texas, with 30.7 billion, 16.2 billion, 15.3 billion and 14.8 billion pounds, respectively. Growth in production over the past decade has not been evenly distributed. While production has grown in most of the country, since 2010 it has declined in certain regions, such as much of the Southeast. Colorado has experienced the largest growth in percentage terms, growing 83%, albeit from a smaller base production number. Milk production in Texas has increased 68% since 2010, pushing the Lone Star State into its current position as the fifth largest milk-producing state in the country.
The Decline of Licensed Dairy Herds in the U.S.
This Milk Production report also showed the fourth-largest year-over-year decline in the number of licensed dairy operations in the last 15 years, and the second-largest (right behind 2019) year-over-year percentage decline since 2003, the first year for which the data is available. There were 2,550 fewer licensed dairy operations in 2020 than in 2019, when the number dropped by 3,261. The overall number of licensed operations in the U.S. has marched steadily downward since data collection began, declining by more than 55%, from 70,375 in 2003 to 31,657 in 2020. The last three years of data show larger year-over-year declines than any other decline in the last 13 years. This recent acceleration of the decline reflects how difficult it is to operate a dairy in a low milk price environment. Since the end of 2014, dairy farmers have struggled with low prices followed by an industry-disrupting pandemic that increased milk price volatility and rendered risk management tools mostly ineffective.
No state registered an increase in licensed dairy operations from 2019 to 2020. In terms of the decrease in the number of licensed operations, Wisconsin led the country with 610 fewer operations in 2019 than a year earlier. Following Wisconsin was Minnesota, Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio, with declines of 380, 300, 240 and 195, respectively. The Upper Midwest and the eastern Corn Belt lost the most licensed dairy farms. The loss of licensed dairy farm operations during 2020 closely aligns with Chapter 12 farm bankruptcies – especially in Wisconsin, Minnesota and in the Northeast (Farm Bankruptcies During 2020).
U.S. dairy farmers enter this year still in a state of flux following the disruptions caused by COVID-19 throughout 2020. Uncertainty remains as to how future food assistance program will impact milk price volatility in 2021. NASS’ most recent monthly Milk Production report showed yet another decline in the number of licensed dairy operations in the U.S., and one of the largest year-over-year percentage declines registered since 2003, when the data was first collected. After many years of dealing with depressed prices, many dairy farmers faced an extremely tough year as all of agriculture struggled in dealing with a global pandemic. This year-over-year decline in the number of dairy operations continues a long trend of dairy farmers deciding to sell the cows and close the barn doors. | <urn:uuid:3c3a9952-fa31-430e-82d2-4a4a925de81a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.fb.org/market-intel/usda-report-u-s-dairy-farm-numbers-continue-to-decline | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.961987 | 1,223 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The European Union’s health regulator backs giving a booster shot of Pfizer and BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine to adolescents aged 12 and over, as well as the expanded use of Moderna’s shot in children ages six to 11.
The recommendations by the European Medicine Agency’s (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use will be followed by final decisions by the European Commission.
The moves come after several EU countries have already started to offer booster doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine to teens.
Cyprus has agreed to offer the booster jab to those over 12 who belong to vulnerable or high-risk groups such as cancer sufferers.
Germany’s vaccine committee in January recommended all children between the ages of 12 and 17 receive a booster following the initial two-shot course.
In a report this month, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) said that 10 countries in the European Economic Area, which comprises the 27 EU member states plus Liechtenstein, Iceland and Norway, had already recommended a booster dose for those under 18 years of age.
Member States’ decision on whether and when to offer boosters in this age group will need to consider factors such as the spread and likely severity of the disease in younger persons and the known risk of side effects like the rare heart complication myocarditis the EMA said.
The agency also recommended approval of Moderna’s COVID vaccine for use in children aged 6 to 11.
Moderna’s Spikevax COVID shot is already approved for use in adults and children aged 12 and over in Europe.
In the United States, the Moderna vaccine is authorized as a primary two-dose regimen and booster dose for adults 18 years and older.
The company has yet to win clearance for use in younger age groups.
The dose of Spikevax in 6- to 11-year-olds will be 50 micrograms instead of the 100 micrograms used for people aged 12 and over. | <urn:uuid:be532989-77f4-4258-aa09-6d1b00af37d8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.financialmirror.com/2022/03/01/covid19-eu-approves-booster-jab-for-teens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.947752 | 422 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What Is a Dermatopathologist?
A dermatopathologist is an expert in the microscopic diagnosis of diseases of the skin. This entails the examination and interpretation of specially prepared tissue sections, cellular scrapings, and smears of skin lesions by means of light microscopy, electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy (ABD, 2017). Dermatopathologists often have general training in clinical dermatology, pathology, or a combination of both.
Dermatopathology is a medical sub-specialty within the fields of dermatology and pathology that focuses on the study and diagnosis of diseases of the skin and associated mucous membranes, cutaneous appendages, hair, nails and subcutaneous tissues (Dermatologist, 2017).
Pathology is the study of the cause, course and progression of a disease, as well as any complications arising from that disease. Pathologists are trained to identify and interpret pathological specimens to diagnose diseases. Anatomic pathology, also known as histopathology, is the study of structural and compositional changes that occur in organs and tissues caused by a disease. Dermatopathology is the study and description of structural and compositional changes of the skin due to a skin disease.
A dermatologist is a physician who is trained to evaluate and treat children and adults with benign and malignant disorders of the skin, hair, nails and adjacent mucous membranes. A dermatologist has had additional training and experience in the following (ABD, 2017):
Dermatologists also manage cosmetic disorders of the skin, including hair loss, scars, and the skin changes associated with aging.
The Difference Between Dermatology and Dermatopathology
The difference between dermatology and dermatopathology is simple: dermatology is visual, whereas dermatopathology is analytical. Dermatologists examine skin, and Dermatopathologists examine microscope slides. There are many unknowns with a visual examination, and a dermatopathologist can help answer those questions to help narrow the scope or origin of the possibility of disease. Dermatologists directly interact with patients, and dermatopathologists typically work in a laboratory, with little to no patient contact.
Other Dermatology Sub-Specialties
A pediatric dermatologist is a dermatologist who has additional training and expertise in the evaluation and management of skin diseases which occur more commonly or exclusively in children. Examples include: all types of birthmarks, neonatal dermatology, genetic diseases of the skin, pediatric infections or inflammatory processes and skin diseases in children with complex medical conditions requiring coordinated multispecialty care (ABD, 2017).
Cosmetic dermatologists work with patients who have the desire for improvements to their appearance, although there may be no medical reason related to their treatment. Examples of cosmetic dermatology procedures include Botox, facelifts, diminishing the appearance of scar tissue, liposuction and eyelifts. Most cosmetic dermatology procedures are minimally invasive.
Immunodermatology is the practice of diagnosing and treating skin disorders that present due to a dysfunction of the immune system. Exposures to chemicals, biological agents or microorganisms and other foreign materials can lead to a defective response of the immune system displayed in symptoms such as irritation, rash, lesions, and many others.
Named after its founder, Dr. Frederic E. Mohs, Mohs surgery is a micrographic skin procedure that involves a precise removal of cancerous skin tissue or layers, leaving the cancer-free tissue behind. This type of surgery is considered the most effective technique for treating basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. There are multiple stages of this procedure, as each skin layer is analyzed by a dermatopathologist for the presence or absence of cancer cells or indications of the disease. This allows for the smallest amount of skin removal possible, thus preserving healthy tissue and skin cells.
Mohs surgery is performed by a team of physicians, including a surgeon to remove the diseased tissue, a dermatopathologist to analyze the specimen, and a surgeon to close the wound or perform reconstruction. The surgery is typically done in one day, and breaks are taken while the dermatopathologist analyzes the tissue removed.
Teledermatology involves the audio, visual and data telecommunication technologies that are used by medical professionals to exchange patient information. This allows for easier discussion and consultation between dermatologists and other medical specialists to provide comprehensive medical care and obtain second opinions for skin cancer or other diagnoses.
Skin Biopsy Examination
The interpretation of skin biopsies and specimens is an extremely complex task, as there are many skin diseases with similar inflammatory processes or patterns. The skin biopsy examination done by a dermatopathologist involves a scientific method and process to ensure accurate evaluation and diagnosis. The specimen is first processed and stained with a solution that will indicate the presence of cancerous skin cells, or the presence of other disease to identify the origin, nature and distribution of the cells that are present. In some cases, the dermatopathologist will look for substances deposited in the skin, such as iron or melanin.
The dermatopathologist evaluates the structure of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, subcutis, fascia and underlying structures. In some cases, they may be able to definitively identify the disease, and in other cases, they may be able to provide several different possible diagnoses. The results of the biopsy are then integrated with additional clinical information to create a final diagnosis and treatment plan.
There is the possibility of an erroneous biopsy diagnosis, which is why it is important to evaluate the entire clinical record of the patient. Inaccurate diagnoses may be due to a variety of errors, including the following:
Dermatopathologists receive extensive education and training in skin biopsy examination, and they focus on reducing the possibility for error as much as possible. With any scientific method or examination, there is always a slight possibility for error, but if used in combination with clinical data, these errors can be significantly reduced.
Testing Methods for Skin Irritation
Patch testing for allergic response is used to obtain information on the irritancy of chemicals on human skin. The skin of laboratory animals is thinner and more sensitive to irritation than human skin. In-vitro testing using human epidermal cell cultures has been increasingly used to test the potential irritation factor of various materials including cosmetics, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Models have been developed to compare the release of inflammatory mediators and mitochondrial response different chemicals produce in the epidermal cells. In addition, DNA microarray and proteomic analysis methods are used to identify cellular responses.
Chloracne is the most disfiguring type of acne in humans. It is caused by exposure to PCBs and TCDD and other chloracnegens. Chloracne is characterized by comedones and straw-colored cysts present behind the ears, around the eyes, shoulders, back, and genitalia. In additions, increased hair growth in odd locations, hyperpigmentation, brown discoloration of finger and toe nails, conjunctivitis, and eye discharge may be present. Liver, nervous system, and stem cell effects are also associated with chloracne.
Ultraviolet Skin Exposures
Ultraviolet (UV) rays are thought to be a both a mutagen and carcinogen. Both UVA and UVB exposures have been associated with the development of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Most skin cancers in the United States are now UV-induced. Nonmelanoma Skin cancers (NMCS) and cutaneous malignant melanoma are the most common skin cancers. UVB exposure induces pyrimidine dimers and 8-oxoguanine modifications, which elicit genetic mutations.
P-53 (an amino acid protein) is a major target of UVB damage. P-53 is a protein that has a major role in regulating gene expression, specifically tumor-suppression. Tumor-suppression genes encode proteins to inhibit cell division, promote DNA repair or apoptosis on DNA damaged sites. It is detectable in most squamous cell carcinomas. The loss or damage to p53 prevents cell repair and apoptosis, therefore the mutated cells have a growth advantage. UV light also has immunosuppressive effects that may allow skin tumor survival.
The Stages and Progression of Skin Cancer
Initiation is the first step in the process and is considered a stable, heritable change. This stage is a rapid, irreversible process that results in a mutation induced by a carcinogen. Initiating agents lead to genetic changes such as mutations and deletions. Most chemical carcinogens that function in the initiation stage are indirect-acting genotoxic compounds that must be metabolized in the target cell to produce DNA damage. The initiating event is fixed when the DNA damage is not repaired, or repair is incomplete, which can lead to inappropriate base pairing and formation of mutations.
Once initiation begins, there are several possible outcomes for the initiated cells:
Promotion involves the selective clonal expansion of initiated cells to produce a pre-neoplastic lesion. Tumor promotors function in this stage. They act through several mechanisms involving gene expression changes that can result in cell proliferation and/or the inhibition of apoptosis. Nongenotoxic carcinogens function at this stage. Growth of pre-neoplastic lesions requires repeated applications or continuous exposure to tumor promotors. Promotion can be reversible, if the agent is removed, the cell may return back to the initiation stage. Typically, tumor promotors have a threshold for effects: at low doses they do not induce cell proliferation.
Progression is the final stage of the carcinogenesis process, and it involves benign preneoplastic lesion conversion into a neoplastic cancer. DNA synthesis in cell proliferation in the preneoplastic lesions is increased, and additional DNA damage and chromosomal damage can occur. This drives the transfer from preneoplastic into neoplastic cell populations. Cells accumulate mutations and can outgrow surrounding cells and to attract necessary nutrients for continued growth. Autonomous and/or lack of growth control is achieved, and spontaneous progression can also occur in mitotically active initiated cells.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Irritant contact dermatitis accounts for 80% of all contact dermatitis cases. It results from direct action of toxins or toxicants on the skin. Known contact dermatitis irritants cause adverse effects depending on concentration and exposure time. Some chemicals including strong acids, alkalies, and strong oxidizers and reducing agents can cause second degree burns that can lead to scarring. Some plants can also cause irritant contact dermatitis by stimulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines.
Cumulative irritation can also occur from repeated exposure to mild irritants such as soaps or detergents. Inflammation and eczema can occur from chronic cumulative irritation, in addition to skin thickening and/or hardening. Areas with sensitive skin, i.e. eyelids, are therefore more sensitive to toxin/toxicant exposure. There is also a large variation in response between individuals. Incidences are seen in 20% of children in industrialized societies, and individuals with a propensity of produce IgE antibodies to allergens and suffer from hay-fever have higher frequency of persistent dermatitis. In addition, a genetic defect in the protein filaggrin is associated with persistent dermatitis and can also lead to the development of asthma.
Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed T-cell mediated hypersensitive response. The chemical penetrates the lipid barrier and is introduced into the immune system by attaching to carrier proteins. The antigens then attach to Langerhans cell surfaces, and over a 1-3-week period, memory T-cells are generated and enter circulation. Exposures to the same chemical subsequently cause clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells and release of inflammatory cells. Thousands of chemicals can induce allergic contact dermatitis.
With irritant dermatitis, the response is typically proportional to the dose concentration and exposure time; whereas allergic dermatitis is a response with very small doses, although higher doses are associated with increased sensitization, and smaller doses tend to have a cumulative effect. Many chemicals and some toxins are associated with both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis.
Equipment used by a Dermatopathologist
The total equipment needs of a dermatopathology lab can cost at least $50,000 but may far exceed that cost depending on the size of the laboratory and the process techniques utilized (Derm, 2017). Equipment includes a tissue processor, embedding center, microtome, water bath, incubator, manual or automatic slide staining system, fume hood and flammable storage cabinet. Computer systems and software for generating specimen and pathology reports are often used as well.
The History of the American Society of Dermatopathology
The American Society of Dermatopathology (ASD) was established by a group of nine men, some who also served on the Committee on Pathology of the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) in December of 1962. In 1963, the first scientific meeting of the ASD was held, which is considered the beginning of significant developments in the sub-specialty field of dermatopathology.
Prior to the establishment of the ASD, the major forum for the presentation and discussion of anything new in dermatopathology was in the dermatopathology courses and the Clinicopathologic Conference (CPC) of the AAD (Freeman, 1993). Gradually, the ASD became the focal point for discussing advancements and innovations in the dermatopathology medical field.
The initial concept of the ASD was to maintain a small relatively exclusive group of physicians who were intensely interested in and actively practicing the subspecialty (Freeman, 1993). Free discussion was encouraged, and an organizational structure was developed, with requirements for attendance and acceptance established.
The Merging of Dermatology and Pathology
Although “dermatopathology” was first coined by Henry Seguin Jackson in 1792, progression toward the integration of clinical findings with pathological findings seen on a microscopic level was slow (Derm, 2017). Some of the earliest treaters of skin disease were pathologists who had already learned the skills of careful observation and analysis of morphological data that make up the core of work of both dermatology and pathology specialties (Freeman, 1993). The discovery of the stains used for microscopic analysis and the development of histological techniques led to the evolution of dermatology toward histopathology.
Today’s dermatopathology is done through microscopic evaluation using histological, histochemical, immunological, ultrastructural, molecular and microbiological techniques (Derm, 2017). There are more than 1,500 existing skin diseases or conditions that have been identified, which presents a significant challenge for clinical dermatologists.
How to Become a Dermatopathologist
It will take over a decade to become a licensed dermatopathologist, due to the extensive education and clinical training requirements. A future dermatopathologist should make sure they apply to an accredited medical school, residency or fellowship program to avoid issues with licensing and certification.
The first step toward becoming a dermatopathologist is to complete an undergraduate degree. Although there are no specific requirements for a major, most students major in a science such as chemistry or biology, while some may choose a social science major such as psychology or sociology. Maintaining a high grade point average, participating in extra-curricular activities, and volunteering at a medical center or hospital are all recommended for undergraduates aspiring to get into medical school.
During the third year of an undergraduate program, students will need to take and pass the Medial College Admissions Test (MCAT) examination to be accepted into an accredited medical school. The higher the MCAT score, the greater your chances are of being accepted, although there is a minimum score required to pass the exam.
A dermatopathologist must obtain a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Osteopathy (D.O.) degree from an accredited medical school or school of osteopathy. During the first two years of medical school, the focus will be on coursework including biochemistry, physiology, medical law, pharmacology and many others. The last two years of medical school involve hands-on training in a clinical setting under the direct supervision of a licensed physician. During this time, students gain exposure to a wide variety of medical specialties including dermatology, pediatrics, internal medicine, emergency medicine and other specialty fields.
A future dermatopathologist will complete residency training in dermatology, anatomic pathology or anatomic and clinical pathology, which may take anywhere from 3 to 5 years. The residency program should be accredited by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA), and a fellowship must be approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). The residency training provides additional practice in the clinical dermatology or pathology field, and provides some exposure to the sub-specialty of dermatopathology.
Although all general dermatology residents receive comprehensive training in each of these subspecialties, candidates who pursue the additional year(s) of training in subspecialty fellowships will have met additional standards and qualifications that will prepare them for specialized careers in teaching, research, and/or the practice of these subspecialties (Derm, 2017).
The fellowship program allows the student to receive additional hands-on experience in the sub-specialty field of dermatopathology. A minimum of 4 months of training must be exclusively devoted to dermatopathology, and be part of at least half of the entire fellowship program, with anatomic pathology or dermatology as the focus. The best fellowship training opportunities are at hospitals or medical centers who analyze a high volume of specimens, because the student gets more exposure to unique and challenging diagnoses.
Licensing and Certification
A dermatopathologist must be licensed in the state they wish to practice in, and each state has its own unique requirements, although many of them are similar in nature. Doctors in this medical field must pass an examination to become both licensed and certified. A valid and unrestricted license is required to qualify for and maintain certification, in addition to other eligibility requirements.
The certification process consists of a thorough evaluation and examination of the knowledge, experience and skills of a dermatopathologist. The American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) oversees 24 specialty boards, including the American Board of Dermatology (ABD) and the American Board of Pathology (ABP). Certifications have a 10-year limit, during which time continuing education and training is required.
In addition to a valid license to practice, eligibility requirements for certification include completing a M.D. or D.O. degree from an accredited institution, completing a residency program (assessment and documentation of performance may be required), and passing a written and clinical examination by the certifying organization.
Most dermatopathologists work in a laboratory setting within a hospital or medical center, although there are some opportunities to work in academic and government institutions. According to Salarylist.com, the average salary for dermatopathologists is over $219,000 annually.
ABD – American Board of Dermatology. What is a Dermatologist? 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017 from: https://www.abderm.org/public/what-is-a-dermatologist.aspx.
Yung, Anthony, MD. Dermatopathology. Dermatologist, Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton, New Zealand, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2017 from: https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/dermatopathology/
Robert G. Freeman, MD. The History of the American Society of Dermatopathology. Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 1993: 279-287. Retrieved November 7, 2017 from: http://www.asdp.org/about-asdp/history/
The Dermatologist. Subspecialties in Dermatology: Dermatopathology. 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017 from: https://www.the-dermatologist.com/content/subspecialties-dermatology-dermatopathology
Klaassen, Curtis D. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 8 ed., 2013. | <urn:uuid:37da1fd4-533a-4fc8-b8a2-f074388d77cb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.findatopdoc.com/doctor-by-city-index/specialty/dermapathologist | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.931493 | 4,181 | 3.203125 | 3 |
It is important to choose the right level of any subject when you are picking out a curriculum for your kids. Too hard and everyone is going to be frustrated, too easy and your kids are going to fly through it, not learning, and they are going to be bored. Choosing the right RightStart Math level is going to make or break your homeschool year.
This post contains affiliate links, see my disclosure policy for more information.
What is RightStart Math?
The RightStart™ Mathematics homeschool program is set up with levels, rather than grades so that your child can begin at the proper level and advance at their own pace.
Practice is provided with math card games, minimizing review worksheets, and eliminating stressful flash cards. These games provide interesting and varied repetition that is needed for automatic responses to the facts. More importantly, these games provide an application for new information and create hours of fun learning math facts and concepts.
How to Pick A RightStart Math Level
To start, RightStart has a placement test you go through. Actually, they have 2. They have a paper option that you can print off and go through with your kids. The other option is an online digital option, you answer the questions based on your child’s math skills and it tells you where to start them.
With just those two tools, you should have no problem finding the level that will be a perfect fit for your child.
RightStart Math Can Work for You
I do not like math, I am not confident in teaching my kids something I don’t know, and I think it is important to be confident when you are teaching your kids something, knowing how to explain a concept they are just learning or might be struggling with.
RightStart Math has pre-recorded webinars that you can watch to help you. Between debunking myths, teaching fractions (this is where I get lost in math), and using games in math. There are currently more than 20 different ones that you can watch.
Super Saver Option
RightStart also offers a Super Saver option that provides a more pared-down set of manipulatives. With this option, you’ll need to print and prep several more materials, though, too.
What Levels There?
There are currently eight different levels available, A-H.
You can check out these posts to learn more about our experiences for RightStart Math: | <urn:uuid:e5feffe2-39dc-4220-ae78-b4c233eba4d2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.forgetfulmomma.com/2021/05/05/choosing-the-right-rightstart-math-level/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.944633 | 499 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The healing power of plants
Harnessing the Medicinal Potential of Nature
In our quest for a healthier and more fulfilling life, it's crucial to recognize the profound healing powers that nature offers.
Beyond its positive impact on mental health, numerous studies indicate that engaging with nature can have medicinal benefits, potentially reducing the risk of mental diseases. Rather than pursuing conventional anti-aging methods or restrictive meal plans, I advocate for embracing a life intertwined with the healing essence of the natural world.
Cultures across the globe, particularly in Africa, have long revered the medicinal properties of plants. Boiling specific plants, mixing various leaves, or harnessing the power of nature's fruits are age-old practices still prevalent today.Here are just three of the many healing powers of plants.
Fever Tea/Wild MintThriving along the banks of rivers, Fever Tea, a wild plant with a mint-like appearance, stands out for its aromatic qualities. The leaves, when boiled into a tea, have been traditionally used to combat colds, flu, and fevers, particularly associated with malaria, influenza, and measles. Beyond its internal benefits, the smouldering herb's smoke is known to be effective against asthma and chronic coughs when inhaled. This indigenous shrub exemplifies the multifaceted healing potential nature provides.
The Sausage Tree FruitStanding tall with large branches and deep green leaves, the Sausage Tree is a remarkable sight in nature. While its fruit is inedible in its raw form, once cooked and processed into powder, it becomes a potent source for various medicinal uses, particularly for skin care. Rich in properties that purify, soothe, and rejuvenate the skin, this fruit has found its way into beauty products. Its application has shown promise in reducing signs of damaged or aging skin and addressing skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. Whether used in paste form for healing skin infections or as a protective barrier against the sun, the Sausage Tree Fruit exemplifies nature's role in skincare.
Marula Tree FruitThe iconic Marula Tree, known for providing a picturesque backdrop for leopard sightings, also boasts juicy fruits enjoyed by elephants. Beyond its vitamin C-rich flesh, the hard seed or pip within the fruit hides a treasure trove of benefits. Cold-pressing extracts oil that, when applied, can reduce wrinkles, brighten the skin, and minimize scarring. The Marula Tree serves not only as a skincare resource but also contributes to the creation of Marula beer and the flavorful Amarula liquor enjoyed in coffee—an embodiment of nature's diverse offerings.
Click here for safari experiences to the Greater Kruger National Park
Please contact us and we will arrange a dream safari for you to experience the amazing Greater Kruger National Park | <urn:uuid:23be64b3-548f-4e7e-994d-c5c00e2bd98f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.gosafari.co.za/blog/on-safari-in-southern-africa/healing-power-of-plants.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.925373 | 577 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Picture the scene: An R&D lab where ground-breaking research is taking place.
"Will this new molecule work in the treatment of Alzheimer's?" the scientist asks.
A computer responds. "Gathering data .... Analysing data ... Working... Analysis complete. This new molecule has a 56% chance of showing effects in the treatment of Alzheimer's but only in the male population with gene mutation X."
This is how the utopian state of R&D will work if scientists have their way, but getting there will push artificial intelligence (AI), and all associated technologies that fall under that banner, to the extreme.
We are currently seeing a massive uptake of machine learning, deep learning and assisted intelligence in the R&D space - not just in life sciences, but in all areas of product development where science plays a part. Investment organisations, who think they have found their next big opportunity to make money, are even publicly advertising for AI-based companies to hand their cash to.
But the big question is, how close are we to the point where AI fulfills the role we hope it will?
We need to be realistic about what we hope AI can become, and what role it can fulfil today. Looking beyond the media hype, we should sit back and take all of it with a pinch of salt. After all, we are still in a phase of technology evolution and technology acceptance and validation. There are plenty of stories in the media about robot overtaking man, but we may not be there just yet.
Don't lose heart though; there are definitely promising signs - the upsides and opportunities are mind boggling, while still a lot of work needs to be done.
The change we've seen in the last decades has already been phenomenal. Back in the early 90s I worked with neural networks as part of my PhD and - with limited compute power - the results were encouraging, even without the huge data sets and massive compute power available today. With the advent of cloud access, and chip sets designed to massively improve compute performance, the stage is now set and the foundations are in place to enable AI concepts to be proven in the real world.
There are already examples of deep learning algorithms that are able to match or exceed human-based decisions. The catch, however, is that these algorithms can't learn on their own just yet: they need to be taught. And this teaching, for the time being at least, needs to come from humans.
For 'deep learning' to work, there needs to be a defined relationship between the inputs and the outputs. In the lab, we used to call it the 'fudge factor' and to get a fudge factor that is good at predicting, it needs as much training data as you can give it - but remember, more data isn't always the answer, as your success depends on the quality and accessibility of this data.
So, AI tools absolutely have a role to play in today's R&D world - just look at deep learning for an example of automating a human process and continually optimising it to make it more accurate. We already see this in the areas of pathology and disease identification, where AI takes what a human does (diagnosing a disease based on a set of inputs - images, test results, etc.) and automates it.
Some areas of R&D do have reasonable data, and good quantities of it - but often this data is not connected and is not accessible. There are new emerging companies that are looking to change this by providing 'data lakes' and enrichment tools that allow the data to be polished and rendered usable. Furthermore, some tech companies are leveraging systems and algorithms from other industries to assess the quality of data sets so that they can be weighted in the algorithm training.
This is great news for R&D - as it could provide both more data and better quality data.
But yet, for hope to meet reality, we still need to do more work: the next trick will need to be understanding what questions need answering and what the data can actually answer - as you can imagine, these are not always aligned - meaning very high expectations are being laid at the feet of the AI community which can't always be met (well, not yet at least!).
The next few years will be very interesting both from a technological and commercial, point of view; will organisations combine their data to help train and advance the algorithms and insights? We have seen this in the pre-competitive space in the pharma industry, but will it move to be more commercially-driven and competitive? My money says yes - and AI will be at the forefront. | <urn:uuid:2a6931e3-77d1-40eb-9dc1-dc5919eb4c81> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/paul-dennygouldson/artificial-intelligence-i-1_b_18552206.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.961443 | 946 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Chronic Disease Nurses
Chronic disease nurses work in a primary health care setting with other health-care professionals such as your doctor, nurse practitioner and dietitian. They work as part of team to help you stay healthy and maintain as much independence as possible while living with a chronic disease.
Together you’ll focus on disease prevention as well as the day-to-day management of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease. With a chronic disease nurse’s support, you will learn about chronic illness and receive support in facing the daily challenges of living with a chronic illness.
Chronic diseases are illnesses that last a long time. They do not go away on their own, and are rarely cured. Prevention, early detection and management of chronic disease is key to a healthier life. A chronic disease nurse can help you learn to live a healthy life with your chronic illness. | <urn:uuid:557aaf0c-2deb-4897-a200-844dcba3a8cd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ierha.ca/programs-services/primary-health-care/chronic-disease-nurses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.975384 | 182 | 2.734375 | 3 |
These orbs of liquid aren’t magically levitating: they’re hovering on the power of sound waves.
Scientists at Argonne National Laboratory used sound waves to float droplets of various solutions infused with medicines.
Why? While it does initially look like a cool party trick, the real benefits are for the pharmaceutical industry.
Medicinal drugs with a high solubility (amorphous drugs) enter into the body’s circulation more easily than crystalline drugs when taken. Because amorphous drugs are more quickly absorbed, their active effect occurs sooner when introduced into the body.
“One of the biggest challenges when it comes to drug development is in reducing the amount of the drug needed to attain the therapeutic benefit, whatever it is,” explained Argonne X-ray physicist Chris Benmore, who led the study.
The true challenge presents itself when altering a drug from solution into its amorphous form: if it evaporates while within a vessel, it’s much more likely to harden into a crystalline state. “It’s almost as if these substances want to find a way to become crystalline,” Benmore added.
To be able to alter the state of a solution without it coming into contact with any containers does seem like a riddle. But this is where the sound waves come in. The acoustic levitator used in the video below was originally developed for NASA to simulate the conditions of microgravity.
Altering the frequencies of the acoustic levitator allows scientists to better see how the drugs react in solution with minimal contact.
The Argonne team of scientists is now working with scientists at Purdue University and Arizona State University to determine which drugs the levitation device will affect the most.
[H/T: Argonne National Lab] | <urn:uuid:19a4d0ef-1368-4d18-9980-b8dce2f47aa8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.iflscience.com/scientists-use-power-acoustics-real-life-levitation-29960 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.90732 | 371 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The conflict in Syria has become the 21st century’s worst humanitarian crisis. The numbers are staggering:
- Over 300,000 killed
- close to 4.5 million refugees
- more than 9 million internally displaced peoples
Combined, that’s over half of Syria’s pre-war population.
The devastation of Syria’s once robust higher education sector is no less dramatic. According to the UNESCO Institute of Statistics, 26% of Syrian young people (including young women) were participating in tertiary education on the eve of the conflict. Along with these 350,000 students, approximately 8,000 faculty were teaching and conducting research. Inside Syria, the higher education system has been decimated, and we estimate that amongst the refugee population are as many as 2,000 university professionals and a minimum of 100,000 university-qualified students.
While the U.S. and other governments around the world debate their responses to the Syrian conflict and the resulting refugee crisis, these students remain cut off from their education indefinitely – that is, unless the international community steps in to help.
Some humanitarian actors, even those within the international education community, have viewed the higher education of these millions of displaced Syrians as a luxury. They have considered higher education to be a noble goal that did not necessarily belong on the agenda of international governments and organizations given the dire humanitarian situation and unmet primary and secondary educational needs of children. This perception has largely changed, in part due to the unrelenting demand from Syrians themselves for higher education opportunities.
It is now widely recognized that without an educated generation of future leaders, the rebuilding of Syria will be impossible. Additionally, we know that as millions of Syrians settle – potentially permanently – in Europe, North America, and parts of the Middle East-North Africa region, education presents an important alternative to crime and radicalization.
These realities have led to a substantial increase in international programming to support higher education opportunities for Syrian refugees. Equally significant, Syrian enrollment at universities in Turkey – the country hosting the largest number of Syrians – has risen dramatically in the last few years. That’s the good news.
The bad news is that the demand continues to far outstrip the opportunities available. With each passing year, the problem compounds itself as more Syrian youth who would have pursued university studies are cut off from their educations and careers. There remains a tremendous funding gap, as well as a need for better knowledge sharing and enhanced coordination between international actors, educational institutions, governmental agencies within the hosting countries, and Syrian groups.
Recognizing these needs, on October 6-7, 2015, Al-Fanar Media in partnership with IIE and the Dutch NGO SPARK organized a workshop in Istanbul, Turkey on the topic of “Delivering Higher Education to Syrian Refugees.” The workshop brought together stakeholders from regional and international governments, UN bodies, local and international NGOs, universities, and Syrian students and professors, to share best practices and enhance coordination.
This very practical workshop took several important steps toward improving knowledge sharing, facilitating collaborations, and exploring the scale up of existing efforts. Participants, including IIE, presented concrete ideas and proposals, soliciting both feedback and partnerships. Topics covered included specific scholarship programs, blended and online learning, vocational education, students’ administrative and documentation hurdles, and developing work opportunities, among others. Building on the workshop’s success, another event likely will be convened in March 2016.
The workshop report, which can be accessed here, claimed that “There was near-universal agreement that the workshop was one of the most useful events that [participants] had attended recently on the subject of refugee education.” A bold claim but very true. I certainly departed Istanbul buoyed by the many remarkable individuals in attendance who are committed to increasing higher education opportunities for Syrian youth, as well as by the successful and scalable models that are already out there. IIE was proud to partner with Al-Fanar Media in organizing the event.
IIE will continue to do its part to help address the educational needs of Syria’s youth through the IIE Syria Consortium for Higher Education in Crisis, Emergency Student Fund for Syrian Refugees, the Scholar Rescue Fund, and original research on Syrian refugee access to higher education. And we are not alone. An excellent and extensive article about Syrian refugee students from Inside Higher Ed outlines some of the many approaches organizations are taking to address this crisis of education. Many of these efforts were represented in Istanbul.
My hope is that this workshop will jump start better coordination, increased funding, and a broader consensus that higher education for Syrian youth is at once a critically important humanitarian issue and a significant strategic concern. The stakes are far too high to ignore, and there are too many motivated and talented Syrian young people that deserve our support. | <urn:uuid:c795c837-4c9f-49a4-97ee-59c5bd3b1fc0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.iie.org/blog/2016-january-the-delivering-higher-education-to-syrian-refugees-workshop/?element=XQEPNDKD&form=FUNSMCRRLJY | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.961993 | 981 | 2.875 | 3 |
The whole course of Indian literature and in a broader sense the course of Indian civilization was influenced largely by the concept of devotional worship of a personal deity. This very influencing factor to a great extent structured a cult era in Indian literature whilst giving rise to the historical development of the Bhakti movement. Just not the religion, Indian philosophy, Islamic tradition and indeed the Dravidian culture all were once the influencing factors which determined the silhouette of Indian literature. The French, British, Dutch, Portuguese, and English also influenced the dominant Sanskrit tradition, thereby influencing the Indian literature to a great extent. The influencing factors on Indian literature since ages have molded and reshaped Indian literature.
Factors which Influenced Literature In Ancient India
The incredible influencing factors on Indian literature pertain to those subjects which has enlivened writers from time immemorial. Right from the Vedic Period, as can be very well comprehended from Sanskrit literature, socialistic factors influenced the Indian literature a lot. . Indeed, it can be stated that social influence on Indian literature is one such domain, which can perhaps never be ignored or overlooked at any time. The society and its social beings is an integral portion of any literature, which forever is mirrored in every writer's creation. The surroundings have over and over again been recognised as a personified being in Sanskritic literary influences in literature from India. Works like Ritusamhara or Vikramorvasiya by Kalidasa verily depicts that society in erstwhile Indian times, times when India was still fondled by lores and its majestic or mythical kings. The ancient period in India indeed was a melting pot of rendering superlative influences on Indian literature, primarily the socialistic or majestic influences, basically performed by writers to appease the royal household with their dedicated works.
Ancient times in Indian literature, precisely of the 7th or 10th centuries had also remained spectator to the arrival of Buddhism, Jainism and other linguistic influences, which were however, not although as potential as Hinduism. As such, the Bhakti influence of Indian literature with Meera Bai, Buddhist influence on Indian literature with Gautama Buddha, Jain influence on Indian literature with Vardhamana Mahavira and the dazzling linguistic influence on Indian literature that had come with it, was incredibly focused on to making literary overlapping a matter of much ease and poise. The indelible and verdant mark that was noticed side by side with Sanskrit literature and its influence in the Indian literature culture was that, the country was awaiting in bated breath of its subsequent arrival of the influential majesties and luminaries to come for Middle and Colonial culture.
Factors which Influenced Literature In Medieval India
The arrival of Middle Ages, i.e., the Medieval Period in India, had to very much stay witness to and rely upon the overwhelming and new advent of Islamic culture in the Oriental soil. The Middle Ages was also one period in India, which not only did impact the literature as a whole, but also the whole essential indigenous Indian set-up. The previous period was one, which was thoroughly identified with the Hindu religious and Hinduism rising more towards peak excellence. However, broader and more extensive influence on literature from India was one that had been scripted during the Medieval Indian times. This redefines that era, which witnessed, for the very first time that Indian regal rulers could also succumb to alien incursions, those coming from the corners of Persia, Turkey, or even the European voyages to chart a world map. As such, an uncanny amalgamation was noticed with Muslim and European mixtures of culture, which also brought in literatures and languages from Persia, in the form of Urdu and its consequent brilliant after-effects. Influences on Indian literature also were furnished with the option of a kind of dichotomy to hand-pick from the beneficial or the malicious influences on the literary write-ups. However, intelligent enough as the writers were from medieval India, they chose to select the beneficial ones to give life to memorable pieces. The Muslim era upon India, with the Delhi Sultanate and the later most esteemed Mughal Empire, can be blindly named the masterminds, under whom the Indian cultural ethos expanded to its most stretching extent. Not only Urdu literature, but every other Indian indigenous literature was lent an impetus under the hands of the Sultanate or the good-hearted Mughal emperors. As such, such extolling and respected influencing factors on Indian literature can never be dismissed, which are perhaps only available to the contemporary Indian natives only in picturesque format.
Factors which Influenced Literature In colonial and post colonial India
The colonial period, which was at first dealt with much subtlety and humour in the literal sense, did take on many momentous and grave proportions due to the British Raj and its cruel domination. In fact, European arrival on Indian soil was one such aspect, which had begun already during the times of Mughal Emperor Jehangir. Yet, British domination, beginning with the East India Company perhaps had surpassed every other literary influence on Indian literature, with 200 years of ruthless reigning. Be it the Company or the later British Empire under the Crown annexation, Indian literature never did remain the same again. Indian regions were turned into provinces and the leading port cities, into Presidency administration. Each of the administrational system was overhauled, which began to gradually make a profound impact upon the mass and the class alike. The cultural ethos, the cultural distinctiveness that India owned, was completely shattered owing to English power and ascendancy. This no doubt was to make its shielding as well as protesting a mark in regional Indian literature, which again was a societal duty for any author. Cultural influence on Indian literature was mostly viewed in the limelight, with writers attempting to at times make headway for nationalists, or, the others, supporting the beneficial cause of the rare-to-find kind-hearted Englishman. Whatever was the case, Indian literature was tremendously influenced from its every single angle of advancement.
Yet another path breaking aspect was the arrival and permeation of English language was a major means of communication for the class first, and later, the mass. Those kind-hearted Englishmen, who had taken the task upon them to bring natives to justice, had planned to create special position in native heart, by spreading English language and literature into every Indian soul. As such, one of the main influencing factors on Indian literature was the English language. English language thoroughly had influenced the Indian literature. Colonial influence in Indian literature was so much an aspect of everyday basis, that after some time, neither the ruler nor the ruled were very much taken in by it. If India was made a colony under British Empire, it was very very much obvious that colonialism would make its everlasting influence upon any kind of literary work from Indian nationals, be it in English, or be it in the regional languages. However, a distinct thin line still remained between these 'ruler-ruled' relationship, in terms of communication, with the latter forever trying effectively to root out the former. And this very element very much became a reality in 1947, with India gaining Independence after 200 years of merciless suppression!
The sudden darkness and lack of light that was felt with the Partition of India, intensely had impacted upon any quintessential Indian, mirrored very much in the then-framed 'Indian Diaspora' and its cluster of writers and authors. Post-colonial influence on Indian literature is that very sphere, which can still be viewed in the Indian English literature, not forgetting the sporadic regional literatures of 21st century. The abstract anxiety of helplessness, the angry young man restlessness, or the masked features of any Independent Indian human mind is still perfectly intact in the core of Indian literature, which however has taken towards fresh directions under the gradually arriving globalisation and its influence onto Indian literature. | <urn:uuid:18dfacbf-4546-4b96-9b98-4be65d7535e0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.indianetzone.com/41/influencing_factors_on_indian_literature.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.972219 | 1,604 | 3.109375 | 3 |
This Kerala Man Has Designed A Homemade Wind Turbine That Can Meet A Household's Energy Needs
Several energy sources in nature can be used to generate clean and renewable energy around the year, and not utilising them is a crime, that is was IP Paul, a resident of Kerala's Thrissur firmly believes.
It is this belief that led Paul on a quest for over a decade until he perfected a mini wind turbine, that can be installed even on rooftops and generate enough power from 'normal' wind to power an entire house.
How it started
Paul who was an avid DIY enthusiast had a keen interest in electricity and electric devices from a young age.
"I became interested in electricity when I was a school student. I used to do small experiments with batteries, wires, and power at home itself," Paul told Indiatimes.
After working in the middle east for nearly 15 years as an electrical technician, Paul returned to his hometown in 2008 and continued exploring his passion.
13 years to get it right
"One of the drawbacks I felt about solar energy was that the power generation was limited to the daytime and not around the clock. The other option was wind energy, but the turbines were massive, expensive and loud. They could not be installed at homes. So I started exploring how to make a wind turbine for a home," Paul said.
And that search went on for nearly 12 years until Paul finally managed to create a working model of his axial flux wind turbine.
"I experimented with several designs, models and materials for the wind turbine. The R&D went on for many years and I spent lakhs of Rupees in the process. There were several failures and setbacks but I refused to give up," Paul said.
Producing energy from normal wind
His persistence finally paid off and in 2021 the wind turbine was up and running in the garden of his house.
The wind turbine has a diameter of 12 feet and weighs just over 35 kg. It can produce up to one unit of electricity an hour.
The three-phase electricity generated is then converted and stored in batteries.
According to Paul, the most difficult part was designing the blade which should be durable, lightweight, and rotate at a slow wind speed.
"The biggest challenge was to design the blades for the turbine. After trying out several materials I used fiberglass and even made the wooden molds myself. The blades have to be designed with precision as if it becomes thin, the blade will break in high wild and if it is thick it won't rotate in slow wind conditions," he explained.
From critics to fans
Unsurprisingly Paul's family and friends didn't share his enthusiasm and were highly critical of him for wasting money.
"When I started doing this I was well aware that it was not going to be an easy task. I have spent several lakhs of Rupees on this. Even my family used to get upset at times wondering what I am up to. Sometimes they would support me throughout, only to realise later that the prototype field which irritated them. But now things have changed and my critics have become admirers," Paul said.
According to him a wind turbine that can generate enough power for an average household could cost a little over Rs 1 lakhs.
Flooded with calls and business proposals
Paul's wind turbine soon became a hit and after the word spread on social media he is getting flooded with calls for installation and business proposals from across Kerala, and other states. Even representatives from some African countries contacted him expressing interest in his invention.
"I am getting so many calls these days to the point where I can't answer many of them. I also got many inquiries from foreign countries. Mostly it is installation requests. Some also have promised to become investors if I want to manufacture the turbines commercially, which I have no plans as of now," he said.
"But I don't want to rush and compromise on the quality so I am only accepting orders that I can complete the installation within a month," he added.
For more on news, sports, and current affairs from around the world, please visit Indiatimes News. | <urn:uuid:de9caab3-f5db-4a31-9738-bd4ee659406d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/kerala-man-has-designed-a-wind-turbine-that-can-meet-a-households-energy-needs-584314.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.983583 | 850 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The nature of religious faith is quite mysterious. As part of their religious faiths, people believe in a variety of deities. There are people who have religious faith in the unseen supreme transcendental power and then there are others who believe in some humans as Gods, animals (e.g. monkeys), fire, idols made of stone, and the list goes on.
A lot is associated with having a religious “faith”. Part of it has to do with beliefs passed on through generations. People’s identities therefore get tied to it. Many times, these beliefs and associated feelings are not completely demonstrable by reason or any rational arguments. There is nothing right or wrong with this but that’s just how the nature of religious faith has come to be.
Everyone thinks they are right in their faith and beliefs. Being with people and groups with similar faiths further strengthens people’s faiths and they see it as “right” even though logical reasoning and argument sometimes can’t explain it all. That’s human psychology.
Islam’s arguments based on intellectual reasoning
Muslims believe however, that the Islamic religion is different in this context. One may argue that similar to other faiths there are aspects of it which are not completely demonstrable by reason but on the other hand, the Quranic text, which is Allah’s words addressing the humanity at large, uses intellectual reason, critical thinking, and the process of reflection as a means to not only reinforce the faith of the believers but also to call non-believers to ponder about the authenticity of Islam as the way of life for the humanity at large. Although no religious beliefs can be fully based on logic and reasoning, Islam and Quran provide more than enough examples and an opportunity to examine the truth and the soundness of its message through the lens of empirical evidence and knowledge.
No one (Muslim or otherwise) would argue that critical thinking and reflection can be a major catalyst for changing of ones life. Critical thinking has been used by many to improve their lives simply because a critical thinker asks probing questions about a situation, collects as much information as possible, reflects on the ideas collected and generated in context of the information available, keeps an open and unbiased mind and carefully scrutinizes assumptions and seeks alternatives.
This is the reason therefore that new Muslim converts would attribute the use of intelligent reasoning, reflection and critical thinking when explaining their journey to Islam. Such people cut through the hysteria created by some in the media to view Islam from a critical lens and following the truth thus comes naturally to them as part of this process. How else can one explain the increase in conversions with the increase of anti-Islam rhetoric? How else can one explain that more non-Muslim preachers have been converting to Islam than ever before? Although as Muslims we believe that the guidance (hidaya) comes only from Allah, the use of a person’s God-gifted intellectual reasoning has a very powerful role to play in Muslim converts making that destiny changing decision. And once converted, they rarely go back to their old faiths simply because a faith whose foundations are built on logic and reason is much less likely to be shaken down than one which builds simply upon a set of rites and sacraments.
Reasons attributed by new Muslim Converts
Some of the reasons attributed by people who convert to Islam are listed below. We can see that most of these reasons can only be attributed to the process of critical thinking and intellectual reflection.
- Eloquence of Quran’s language – The uniqueness and beauty of Quran’s text has been marveled by the best of Arab linguists and scholars from the days it was revealed until today. The more knowledgeable people are in the language, the more they appreciate the wonders of the textual fluency of the Quran.
- Overwhelming scientific evidence and proofs – The Quran, revealed more than 1400 years ago has numerous scientific facts that are being validated by science only in this era.
- Divine wisdom behind various social issues – The Quran provides a solution to numerous social issues, a deviation from which has known to cause societal chaos at all levels.
- Arguments rooted in intellectual reasoning – Quran is the only known religious text that challenges mankind to think, reflect and ponder over the creation at large, social issues, God’s existence, and more. Quran in many instances challenges people to reflect and think on their own rather than heeding to the lose talk of those whose criticism is based on baseless foundations.
- A confident assertion of a supreme being – Quran is the only known religious book that has a confident assertion of a supreme being on all issues ranging from the creation of the universe to social issues.
- Divine Text – Quran’s language and prose is very different from the language in the hadith (Porphet’s sayings) thus proving that Quran is not the “imagination” or words of Prophet Muhammad, as many doubters have alleged in the past and do so even today.
Quran’s challenge to people on thinking and reflection
The Quran on numerous occasions challenges humanity at large to think, reflect and ponder over their affairs. Here is some of what the Quran states:
When studying the many cases of new Muslim converts, we see that engaging in critical thinking and intellectual reasoning have led people to change their non-Islamic faiths – the same faiths that earlier supposedly could have moved mountains, get diluted by the voices of reason easily heard in the roots of Islam. A mere process of thinking and reflection brings so much to the limelight that otherwise remains veiled by distractions and forces of the anti-Islam pundits. Those who are bent to see only the negative, fail to see the light of truth and instead engage in a never ending superficial analysis to unsuccessfully prove their misguided philosophies.
There are many statistics in the media that highlight the phenomenal rate at which people are converting to Islam. Although, the authenticity of all these sources has not been validated for the purpose of this post, some of them include the following:
- According to “The Almanac Book of Facts”, the population increased 137% within the past decade, Christianity increased 46%, while Islam increased 235%.
- 100,000 people per year in America alone, are converting to Islam. For every 1 male convert to Islam, 4 females convert to Islam
- TV Report: 4000 Germans Convert To ISLAM Each Year
- About 25000 people convert to Islam every year in the UK alone
- …many more examples exist.
If voices of reason embedded in the teachings of Islam are causing non-Muslims to revert to Islam in droves, why is it that so many Muslims usually born into the religion fail to fully follow and thus enjoy the teachings of the religion? The fact is that it is this lack of critical thinking and reflection even on some Muslims part that is forcing Muslims to have a substandard way of life. Islam and its teachings hold the promise of a fulfilling and peaceful life for all. Yet, Muslims continue to ignore the basics and get mired in social and moral issues causing unnecessary pain and suffering on themselves and their families. The fact is that only if they could think and reflect on the teachings of their own religion, they can escape the many problems and challenges that face them.
To non-Muslims who have only scratched the surface about learning Islam and who may be getting distracted by those who are the wrong torch bearers of this religion and also distracted by the biased voices in the media, the message is simple – try to view the teachings of Islam with a critical lens and you may be able to see more reason than you may not have thought was present. To Muslims, the message is that sometimes we do not appreciate the teachings of our own religion simply because we never think and grow beyond the few religious practices in operating our lives. A focused effort to learn, think and reflect more will help us get closer to the religious teachings in ways that can drastically improve our lives. | <urn:uuid:5311c393-f988-4465-bdf9-b4307722dff2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.iqrasense.com/about-islam/what-drives-people-to-convert-to-islam.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.958579 | 1,627 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The Origin of The Stop
If you've ever wondered where 'The Stop' began, read on...
An introductory explanation for persons who have never served in the fire service
'The Stop' message is recognised in fire and rescue services across the nation as a key message passed from an Incident Commander to his Fire Control Centre at a key stage of an incident.
The message indicates that whatever resources, in terms of engines and crews, the commander has at the incident, it is sufficient and that they shall not be requiring any further assistance. If sent verbally by radio the Stop is used to construct a message as per the typical example - 'From Incident Commander at High Street, Newport. Stop for fire in commercial premises, over'.
This is a key piece of information for the Control Operators who, in the case of a potentially developing incident, will be anticipating requests for further fire engines and will be considering how to supply them, where from, and how best to disperse remaining engines and crews to cover the wider area for which the service is responsible. Receiving the Stop means they can stop planning these contingencies.
Increasingly the Stop is more regularly used to indicate that the incident has come to a close - which by definition retains the original value of the message that no further resources are required.
The difference in use between decades past and today became apparent when I first scoured the pages of Ryde's original watchroom logs from the 1950's. At that time one fireman would be dedicated to the role of Watchroom Orderly tasked with maintaining contact with Fire Control by telephone from where he would receive timed details which he was expected to transcribe into the Turnout Log - from contemporary accounts I gather this was not a popular job - all firemen wanted to be at the fire not stuck in the watchroom.
The very first incident I read in the 1950's logs involved Ryde Fire Station deploying their Main Pump to a fire on the Esplanade. The time at which the call was received was detailed followed a few minutes later by the time the engine departed the station including how many were in the crew and the name of the Officer in Charge (OiC). Next appeared the time at which the OiC reported in attendance at the incident and this was followed by receipt of the Stop message - just three minutes later. My initial thought was - wow they worked quick at that job - until noting that they remained at the incident for a further fifty minutes before returning to the station. This evidenced the Stop message being used by its traditional definition - that the OiC used those first few minutes to size-up the job and decided that his single fire engine and crew was sufficient for the task which they then engaged in and took almost an hour to complete.
In the modern fire service it is more common for the Incident Commander (IC) to refrain from issuing a Stop message until the action of the incident is all but over. It means the same thing but is delivered much later in the operation and as such for the firefighters on the ground, hot, sweaty and tired, it is a welcome sign that they can soon begin making up the equipment ready for departure.
But for many years I could never ascertain the origin of the Stop. When first in the service I asked several of the older hands and officers, a few of them had been serving since the 1960's but none of them could give me an answer. For a message of such significance for all concerned, known by every UK firefighter and used in services the length and breadth of the country every single day, it seemed madness that no-one understood where it came from.
The answer, which I discovered by chance, is revealed below.
When researching the Victoria period of the history of Isle of Wight firefighting I found it useful to access any material of the era with a link to firefighting to get a feeling for brigades, the society in which they existed, how they functioned and how they fought fires.
During that quest I visited a second-hand book store at Sedburgh in Cumbria and discovered a dusty copy of Fighting the Flames, by Robert Michael Ballantyne, published in 1867.
By the 1860's Ballantyne was a revered writer of children's adventure stories in the vein of a Boys Own yarn. At the beginning of that decade a major conflagration in London's Tooley Street saw the London Fire Engine Establishment's celebrated superintendent James Braidwood perish beneath the debris of a collapsed structure. The death, in such tragic circumstances, of the man who created the world's first municipal fire brigade at Edinburgh and then moved south to create London's first co-ordinated service, caught the attention of all levels of society and his funeral of 29 June 1961, with its one-and-a-half mile cortege, reached state-like proportions as his body was conveyed to Abney Park Cemetery at Stoke Newington.
It would take a man of equal pedigree to replace the man who had commanded firefighting in the capital for over thirty years. That man was Captain Eyre Massey Shaw, an Irishman with a captaincy gained as a commissioned officer of the military.
With interest in the heroics of the LFEE still filling pamphlets and papers, Ballantyne (Fig.1) befriended the new superintendent and secured permission to live on stations and attend fires with London's firemen for the purpose of gaining valid experiences to use in his intended publication Fighting the Flames.
I read Fighting the Flames and found it an easy uncomplicated yarn of the battle between cunning pyromania and heroic deeds with the focus on one particular fireman and his precocious younger brother who longed to reach adulthood and emulate his elder siblings endeavours.
To enlighten readers to the world of the fire brigade, Ballantyne interspersed the tale with short passages of factual explanation, to enable the reader to grasp the context and meaning behind phrases used and actions taken.
In Page 92 of the 16th edition (1882), the protagonist Fireman Frank Wilders, is chatting with his colleagues in the station watchroom (Fig.2 an accompanying image from the book) when...
...a young fireman entered the room with his helmet hanging on his arm.
'Is it go on?' he enquired, looking round.
"No it's go back, young Rags" replied Baxmore, as he filled his pipe "it was only a chimney so you're not wanted."
After blagging a wad of chewing tobacco from Baxmore - "Young Rags put the quid in his cheek and went away humming a tune".
At this point of the book Ballantyne breaks from the narrative to illuminate the reader with the context of the brief conversation between Baxmore and Rags.
What follows is Ballantyne's words, verbatim, that explains the system of The Stop, as created by Superintendent James Braidwood (Fig.3) sometime between 1833 and 1860 as an standard procedure in the life of the London Fire Engine Establishment during his reign. It's incredible to think that Braidwood's simple method of controlling resources created over 160 years ago, is now commonplace and used every day by fire and rescue services across the United Kingdom - albeit via the channel of modern communications facilities.
In explanation of the above incident, it is necessary to tell the reader that when a fire occurs in any part of London at the present time, the fire station nearest to it at once sends out its engines and men, and telegraphs to the head or centre station at Watling Street. London is divided into four districts, each district containing several fire stations, and being presided over by a foreman. From Watling Street the news is telegraphed to the foremen’s stations, whence it is transmitted to the stations of their respective districts, so that in a few minutes after the breaking out of a fire the fact is known to the firemen all over London.
As we have said, the stations nearest to the scene of conflagration turn out engines and men; but the other stations furnish a man each. Thus machinery is set in motion which moves, as it were, the whole metropolis; and while the engines are going to the fire at full speed, single men are setting out from every point of the compass to walk to it, with their sailor’s caps on their heads and their helmets on their arms.
And this takes place in the case of every alarm of fire, because fire is an element that will not brook delay, and it does not do to wait to ascertain whether it is worth while to turn out such a force of men for it or not.
In order, however, to prevent this unnecessary assembling of men when the fire is found to be trifling, or when, as is sometimes the case, it is a false alarm, the fireman in charge of the engine that arrives first at once sends a man back to the station with a ‘stop’, that is, with an order to telegraph to the central station that the fire turns out to be only a chimney or a false alarm, and that all hands who started from the distant stations may be ‘stopped’. The ‘stop’ is at once telegraphed to the foremen, from whom it is passed (just as the ‘call’ had been) to the outlying stations, and this second telegram may arrive within quarter of an hour of the first.
Of course the man from each station has set out before that time, and the ‘stop’ is too late for him, but it is his duty to call at the various fire stations he happens to pass on the way, where he soon finds out whether he is to ‘go on’ or to ‘go back’.
If no telegram has been received, he goes on to the fire; sometimes walking four or five miles to it, ‘at not less than four miles an hour’. On coming up to the scene of the conflagration he puts on his helmet, thrusts his cap into the breast of his coat, and reports himself to the chief of the fire brigade or to the foreman in command, and finds, probably, that he has arrived just in time to be of great service in the way of relieving the men who first attacked the flames.
If, on the other hand, he finds that the ‘stop’ has been telegraphed, he turns back before having gone much more than a mile from his own station, and so goes quietly home to bed. In the days of which we write the effective and beautiful system of telegraphy which now exists had not been applied to the fire stations of London, and the system of ‘stops’ and ‘calls’, although in operation, was carried out much less promptly and effectively by means of messengers.
No.68 Watling Street, headquarters of the London Fire Engine Establishment (1833-1865) as mentioned in Ballantyne's explanation. Continued in use as headquarters of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade (1866-1878). | <urn:uuid:a169a86b-8d7b-4684-913e-7d2c1c7049ba> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.iwfbf.co.uk/special-features/the-origin-of-the-stop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.97104 | 2,305 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Kushida Shrine Hakata
Kushida Shrine: read a guide to Kushida Shrine in Hakata, Fukuoka which was founded in 757 when Kyushu was the main arrival and departure point for Asia.
Kushida Shrine, Hakata 櫛田神社
The Kushida Shrine in Hakata, Fukuoka city, is the most important shrine in the area.
Kushida Shrine was founded in 757 when Hakata was the point of arrival and departure for trade and diplomatic missions between Japan, China and Korea.
The main deity enshrined here is Ohata Nushina no mikoto, an obscure kami who is claimed to be the ancestor of the Watarai lineage of priests from the Outer Shrine of Ise Jingu in Mie Prefecture.
From early to mid July the shrine hosts the Yamakasa Gion Matsuri, the biggest festival in Fukuoka. On the last day of the matsuri seven teams from the seven neighborhoods of Hakata race carrying giant floats called kazariyama.
Each of the floats are decorated with traditional figures and scenes and are up to 10 meters tall and weigh1 ton. One of the huge floats is on permanent display in the shrine grounds.
Kushida Shrine Torii GateKushida Shrine Hakata
Kushida is an urban shrine, and its grounds are not extensive, but every corner is packed with something interesting.
There are several sub-shrines, each with its own style and accouterments, a towering gingko tree said to be over 1,000 years old, tons of statuary, several huge rounded stones said to be anchors from the Mongol invasion fleet (though more likely from Chinese trading ships), and in the main shrine building, some unusual Tengu masks with the longest Tengu noses you will ever see.
Ask at the shrine office for an information sheet in English.
Kusida Shrine Access
Kushida Shrine1-41, KamikawabatamachiHakata-ku Fukuoka Tel: 092 291 2951Kushida Shrine Map
Kushida Shrine, Hakata, Kyushu | <urn:uuid:a9bade3c-6d88-475e-97d4-fc2d574093a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.japan-experience.com/all-about-japan/fukuoka/temples-shrines/kushida-shrine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.942239 | 452 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca site located 2,430 metres (7,970 ft) above sea level. Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor. Often referred to as the “City of the Incas“, it is perhaps the most familiar icon of Inca civilization.
The Incas built the estate around 1450 but abandoned it as an official site for the Inca rulers a century later at the time of the Spanish Conquest. Although known locally, it was unknown to the outside world before being brought to international attention in 1911 by the American historian Hiram Bingham. Since then, Machu Picchu has become an important tourist attraction.
Since the site was not known to the Spanish during their conquest, it is highly significant as a relatively intact cultural site. Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. In 2007, Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a worldwide Internet poll.
Since its discovery in 1911, a growing number of tourists visit Machu Picchu, as Peru‘s most visited tourist attraction and major revenue generator, it is continually threatened by economic and commercial forces. In July 2011, the Direccion Regional de Cultura Cusco (DRC) introduced new entrance rules to the citadel of Machu Picchu. The tougher entrance rules were a measure to reduce the impact of tourism on the site. The entrance was limited to 2,500 visitors per day, and entrance to Huayna Picchu (within the citadel) was further restricted to 400 visitors per day, in two allocated time slots at 7 am and 10 am. | <urn:uuid:8d29cf36-3b35-4ab2-91b1-11454005177c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.joejourneys.com/machu-picchu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.974034 | 359 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Kamratkompassen is a hands-on approach, based on existing methods, to help the child develop their mentalizing ability and their language skills. This is accomplished by systematically reflecting on different recorded scenarios with the child. The program is based on the latest research concerning mentalization and its development.
Kamratkompassen is a swedish title and can be translated as "The Friend Compass" in english.
The manual is constructed so that the reader first gets a theoretical background and instructions. Each session is then presented in detail, with questions suitable for each session. Kamratkompassen consists of three parts; 1) A short breathing exercise, 2) Scenarios discussed with the child, 3) Paired Reading, which is a reading intervention between parent and child. The Paired Reading part is done by the parents in their home. At the same time, the therapist sees the child for the therapeutical interventions in Kamratkompassen. Each session lasts approximately 20 minutes due to the child's often limited concentration span. Kamratkompassen is designed to be 13 sessions long. However, there are more scenarios to choose from to fit each individual child.
If you're interested and want to know more about mentalization, here is some suggested reading:
Allen, J. G. & Fonagy, P. (2006). Handbook of Mentalization-Based Treatment. West Sussex, England: Jon Wiley and Sons, ltd.
Anderson, V. & Beauchamp, M. H. (2012). Developmental Social Neuroscience and Childhood Brain Insult- Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (2012). Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
Goleman, D. (1995). Känslans Intelligens. USA: Brockman, Inc.
Midgley, N. & Vrouva, I. (2012). Minding the Child: Mentalization-Based Interventions with Children, Young People and their Families. East Sussex, England: Routledge | <urn:uuid:fa94714f-2df7-4d68-9cc9-21112db7a085> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kamratkompassen.com/kamratkompassen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.890681 | 450 | 2.875 | 3 |
In all societies across the world public transport is a matter of paramount importance. Out of all land-based transport, the bus is the most patronized mode of passenger mobility. Nevertheless, in contrast with railways (both light and heavy) it at times loses out on the appeal despite its capability to offer sustainable means of accessibility and mobility. Further in many countries (both developed and developing) retaining the patronage of public transport in general and particularly that of the bus. The countries that are rapidly transitioning towards a high level of economic efficiency and are marked by increasing aspirations and the capability to own and use an automobile, it would emerge as a growing challenge and is expected to impact the prospects of all kinds of land-based public transport particularly that subsumed under the majority of regional and urban travel.
There has been a considerable change over the past few years as far as the provisioning of route bus services in quite a few countries. Until the 1970s the provision typically comprised private players which is a common practice in developing countries, after which it was exclusively provided by the public sector. However, the 1980s marked a significant shift to the private sector which was in large part due to the felt need of minimizing the expenses from public funds, create provisions for private sector innovation which was perceived to enhance customer services and contribute to further cost reduction. Moreover, in developed countries there increasing attention has been paid to the creation of a completive environment. This would not only increase the patronage by delivering enhanced passenger transport services but also minimize the amount of subsidy paid from the government purse to both public and private operators. Competitive tendering or CT was the instrument that has been implemented for the achiever of rights of provisioning of services in most of the locations where the competition was deemed fit. The eagerness for delivery of route bust services by private operators through CT has been diverse among countries. In mainland Europe, negotiated contracts were prevalent with certain exceptions Viz. the Netherlands, Sweden, and Norway. On the other hand, the presence of the private sector in the provisioning of bus service has always been the practice in Australia, and during the 1990s initially in Adelaide and Perth through tendering out of services, the functions of the private sector were increased. Later there was a shift from negotiated contract to CT in Sydney that was only applicable to private operators to protect the comparatively less efficient public operators. However, in 2018 comprising an element of demand-responsive services for the first time, a private operator won the right to deliver services. Thus, such initiatives by the national governments underscore the instrumentality of contracting that has been beneficial passenger transport sector, thus to a certain extent the global bust market.
With the growing development in autonomous vehicles, the global bus market growth is expected to be further challenged. Further, gradual incapability of public transport systems to respond to the evolving needs of the market and the inherent attributes of flexibility and convenience that is offered by car have effectuated in the loss of market share, particularly in large metropolitan areas of certain western cities even though there have been certain promising signs of revival in certain cities. Further, the present market profile is marked with the preponderance of certain noteworthy features which are (a) greater complexity of activities carried out in the daily life cycle, (b) increasing wealth and the growing availability of attractive credit facilities from banks, among others and (c) the flexibility offered by alternative forms of transport (and non-transport responses such as telecommuting). These are influential agents of change that push conventional regular fixed-route public transport even further away depriving it the chance of catering to the mainstream demands of everyday passengers.
Nevertheless, there have been a few indications that suggest an increasing use of public transport, even though modal shares are being impacted due to quite a few reasons which are inclusive of but not limited to train journeys which are destined to lower-priced residential locations and take relatively longer hours. However, the consequence of the aforesaid on the overall transport task is usually of minor significance. Additionally, in a growing number of developing economies as well as in developed economies, rail transport and motorized urban public bus transport is a niche market provider and appears to remain that way over the not-so-distant period. This possibility is despite the facilitation by the greater and increasing availability of digitally supported technology of new vistas to provide better information to the public about the scope of service offered by public transport. The role which is expected to be played by the bus during the coming years as well as in the multi-modal developments which are related to Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is somewhat indeterminate, despite the growing perception that a MaaS sans public transport at its center will increasingly become car-based which wouldn’t lead to an ideal environment. Thus, in view of the diverse needs of customers that encompass both latent and real needs and the kinds of services which are made available to the via public transport offerings that are capable of capturing certain passenger markets, the bus, among others is an instrumental mode of public transport.
Therefore, there are quite a few aspects that are beneficial for the automotive industry as a whole and the potential to drive the global bus market growth which has been forecasted by Knowledge Sourcing Intelligence LLP to grow at a CAGR of 4.47% and attain a market value of US$66.780 billion by 2025 from the market value of US$51.355 billion that has been estimated for 2019. With the rapid rate of urbanization, an increasing number of commuters who travel to and from home to reach their fixed workplace, the bus market growth is augmented. Additionally, a growth in population which according to the medium-variant projection of the United Nations forecasts to reach 9.7 billion in 2050 from the 2019 estimates which are in the order of 7.7 billion is also anticipated to effectuate a healthy global bus market growth. In this regards the expanding population of school children is an attractive passenger market as well. Further, the growing number of a variety of events that are being organized by event management companies necessitates the provision of pick-up and drop services for delegates, participants, and other stakeholders. | <urn:uuid:c3cafdc0-91f9-4c57-ae2a-3e3c6cf97653> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.knowledge-sourcing.com/resources/blogs/global-bus-market-a-key-determinant-to-the-global-mass-transit-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.974025 | 1,245 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Updated: Jul 21
The Road not taken appeared as the first poem in one of Robert Frost's poetry collections titled, Mountain Interval (1916). The first copy of this poem was mailed to Edward Thomas in 1915. The poem has 4 stanzas written in narrative technique. The rhyme scheme of the poem is ‘ABAAB’. This poem has a lot of controversial arguments by critics. Many interpret it differently and this is considered to be Frost’s most misunderstood poem. The theme of the poem is “parting of paths in life and how an individual’s choice changes everything.”
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
The Road not taken poem summary:
The poet in the poem narrates an incident where he has to choose a path on a road fork in yellow woods (it is autumn). He says that he saw the fork and felt sorry that he cannot travel both paths. He is a single traveler who stood there still for a long time and tried to look as far as he could look deep inside each path. All he could see is the dense forest and grass not what was behind them.
In the second stanza, the poet started to walk on the path that looked fair i.e. without any obvious leg prints. He thought that this should be the better path in comparison to both. He says that the road appeared as if it wanted to get tired with its walk. But while walking, his mind thought about the possibility of choosing the wrong path and what if both paths were equally used.
In the third stanza, the poet says how he found no trace of leg prints in any of the yellow leaves. He thought for instance what if he keeps the first path for another day? Here, his mind again brought him a possibility where he might not get the chance of returning to this same fork ever again.
In the final stanza, he took the road, he chose the one with less usage (path with fewer legs prints). He then, while walking, thinks of the future where he says to somebody, that once he stood in front of a fork in the road where he had to choose a path and the result of it is responsible for the differences in his life.
~ Literpretation Education | <urn:uuid:1e532bcf-5e51-4ae6-965c-2bf6dc14136b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.literpretation.com/post/the-road-not-taken-poem-summary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.982128 | 645 | 3.15625 | 3 |
LSTM has been awarded a new US$3.9m grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for the ESSENTIALS project. This initiative aims to speed up the evaluation process for new malaria control tools, to ensure they are deployed as early as possible in affected communities.
The project is led by Professors Ranson and McCall at LSTM, in collaboration with Imperial College, and national medical research institutes in Burkina Faso (Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, CNRFP) and Tanzania (National Institute for Medical Research, NIMR). The aim is to develop a robust set of entomological indicators that can be used to assess the public health value of new vector control tools, reducing the need for lengthy and expensive randomized controlled trials.
Professor McCall explains that better knowledge of how mosquitoes interact with bednets underpinned this new award: “We now have a much better understanding of how mosquitoes respond to insecticide treated bednets, and how this in turn impacts their ability to transmit malaria parasites. This has enabled us to develop a series of simple bench top assays that we can use to measure the performance of new bednets against different mosquito populations. By working with mathematical modelers, we can convert these entomological outcomes into predictions of the impact of new tools on malaria transmission.”
After more than a decade of success in reducing malaria across Africa, primarily through methods targeting the mosquito vector, progress has stalled. Bed nets treated with different insecticides are needed to overcome resistance to the single class of insecticides, pyrethroids, that have been used for over 20 years in bed nets. While these so-called ‘Next Generation’ bednets are becoming available, they are more expensive than the original nets, raising numerous questions about their effectiveness and where and when they should be used, and delaying their deployment in communities that need them.
The ESSENTIALS (Essential Entomological Indicators for Assessment of LLINs) project will be conducted in the same sites as key clinical trials, or large-scale pilot deployments of Next Generation bednets, now getting underway across Africa, enabling results from our modelling predictions to be compared with epidemiological data from those trials or programmes.
Professor Ranson explains that this provides an ideal opportunity to address the critical questions of whether entomological endpoints can predict the clinical efficacy of new malaria control tools: ‘This is a very hot topic today; countries experiencing a rebound in malaria are eager to adopt new tools but of course they also want to be certain that these will be effective in the particular transmission settings in their country. We are hopeful that the outcome of this project will be a robust, but much quicker, approach to assessing when and where to use which malaria control tool to have the maximum impact in reducing transmission”. | <urn:uuid:24c91a12-5242-40e7-b973-9443558d5219> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.lstmed.ac.uk/news-events/news/lstm-receives-grant-to-accelerate-evaluation-of-next-generation-malaria-control | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.923958 | 590 | 2.546875 | 3 |
I kid you not – when I say, “Get out your iPads and go to Nearpod” my 8th graders literally say, “YESSSSS!” and give a little fist-pump… every time. It’s not necessarily Nearpod that they love, but the peer interactions and instant feedback it facilitates. In a nutshell, making your Nearpods about “them” and not about “you” is the way to go. Think about what the students will be doing versus what you, as the teacher, will be doing. Students should be engaged and have ample opportunity to show what they know during any NPP (Nearpod presentation).
Perhaps having a few days away from the classroom is getting those creative juices going in the minds of math teachers. This week I’ve been contacted several times by different math folks all aspiring to use Nearpod in their mathematics classrooms. Even more specifically, mathy people are wanting to use Nearpod more effectively, and have asked me for ideas regarding “Nearpod Best Practices” in the mathematics classroom.
Here are some excerpts from e-mails I’ve been sending to individuals – I hope these first-hand experiences and tips will help as you Nearpod in the New Year!
Yes, I just used Nearpod as a verb.
Nearpod ≠ PowerPoint
It’s tempting to just refresh those digital presentations you might already have by dumping them into Nearpod. This idea in and of itself isn’t a bad one, but if there are more static slides than opportunities for student input, your Nearpod may fall flat. I’ve had success in limiting the number of “static” slides in a NPP and adding lots of assessment tools that constantly gauge student thinking.
In my humble opinion, Nearpod is best used as a segment of a lesson, not the ENTIRE lesson. Consider a Nearpod at the start of class to pre-assess or review homework. Consider a Nearpod to introduce a topic. Or, use Nearpod to review and assess after a lesson has taken place. Just as a PowerPoint or Keynote shouldn’t last 50 minutes, a NPP shouldn’t either.
Nearpod “Draw” = Instant Error Analysis
It’s really not about the NPP – it’s about the peer relations Nearpod facilitates with ease. “Draw” doesn’t have to mean “draw a picture” – mathematical work can be “drawn” too! Present some content, then ask the students to solve a problem and “draw” what they know. (AKA “show your work!”) This allows you to virtually send every student to the board! Think of the paper “exit ticket” of the past, but administered when needed during a lesson (rather than only at the end) with instant digital work samples from every student (rather than annoying little piles of paper to sort in hopes of helping your students tomorrow.) Nearpod redefines the “exit ticket” concept completely.
Don’t be selfish and keep all of those awesome work samples to yourself. Launch correct and incorrect work to ALL students’ screens, or at the front of the class, so discussion can immediately ensue. Consider framing each anonymous, launched work sample by saying, “Tell me something you like about this student’s work, and then tell me something you don’t like about it.” Or, “Tell me something you notice about this problem, and then tell me something you’re still wondering about.” Students are happy to comment on their peers’ work, especially in an error-analysis mode. Being able to scan instant student work samples is powerful data for the teacher, but gains the MOST power when shared with students to encourage rich mathematical discussions. Trust me, they are very happy to comment on their peers’ work.
Nearpod “Polls” and “Quizzes” = Positive Peer Pressure
Students also love polls and quizzes, but please don’t keep that pretty pie chart to yourself! When launching a poll or quiz, I put my iPad under the document camera and zoom in so only the moving pie chart is visible on the screen at the front of the class. They LOVE this – we even have weird sayings about these graphs during “quizzes”. Since green sectors indicate correct submissions, and red sectors show incorrect submissions, my students yell for “key lime pie” (green) and get all worked up when a graph starts turning red (“No! No more cherry pie! C’mon guys!!!”) This is a silly thing that has developed in my own classroom, and they really do like it… and own it. Peer pressure plays a positive role in Nearpod “quizzes” and “polls”.
Do you feel like your Nearpods are boring? Here are some questions to consider:
- Do you have enough interactive features in your NPPs versus static slides of information?
- Do you try using Nearpod for shorter spurts of the lesson rather than for an entire class period?
- Do you encourage student dialogue as a key part of Nearpod experiences?
- Do you display class data for everyone to see, versus keeping it only on your own screen?
I’d love to hear how you’re using Nearpod with success in the mathematics classroom! Feel free to comment below.
To hear me share more “Nearpod love” check out this interview.
To see Nearpod content I designed, click here.
Thanks for the mention on the Nearpod blog! | <urn:uuid:0bfae943-334d-4fc9-acf5-39dc5efe2cd2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mathycathy.com/blog/2013/12/nearpod-best-practices-for-math-class/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.940448 | 1,207 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What is multi cultural diversity?
“Multicultural” is defined as relating to or made up of several cultural or ethnic groups within a society. “Diverse” means to show a great deal of variety. Being poised to embrace that variety, various cultures, different beliefs and attitudes, and so much more is a sign of a truly “inclusive” school.
Can cultural intelligence be learned?
Although some aspects of cultural intelligence are innate, anyone reasonably alert, motivated, and poised can attain an acceptable level of cultural intelligence, as we have learned from surveying 2,000 managers in 60 countries and training many others.
What is a good CQ value?
~14 to 38
How can I improve my cultural intelligence?
Five Ways to Build Cultural Intelligence
- Be curious and interested in learning about other cultures.
- Develop an awareness of self in relation to others.
- Make your mind a clean slate.
- Develop an awareness of your biases towards other cultures and traditions.
- Put yourself in situations with people from different cultures.
How can I improve my CQ?
Here are five things you can do right now:
- Take a quick, free CQ test.
- Alternatively, organise a free company-wide CQ test.
- Learn more languages with companies that enhance integration.
- Volunteer with a company like Breaking Barriers.
- Travel broadens the mind…
What is Cultural Intelligence How important is it to doing business globally?
It is important for businesses to know how well you interact and communicate with people different than yourself. With the increase of merging markets, businesses are being forced to make their international products adaptable to different local cultures in which they are sold.
What are the 4 main dimensions of cultural intelligence?
Cultural Intelligence is conceived as an aggregate multidimensional construct. In line with Sternberg’s (1986) multiple-loci of intelligence theory, the authors propose four CQ dimensions: metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral.
What does being culturally intelligent mean and how does it assist at a workplace?
Cultural intelligence offers a number of benefits, including: Creating productive relationships based on giving importance to people’s differences. Communicating effectively in different cultural settings. Establishing a common ground. Maximizing teamwork in groups where people act and think differently.
What is a CQ Researcher?
CQ Researcher is often the first source that librarians recommend when researchers are seeking original, comprehensive reporting and analysis on issues in the news. Each single-themed report is researched and written by a seasoned journalist, footnoted and professionally fact checked.
What qualities would a person with a high cultural intelligence display?
Individuals with high Cultural Intelligence (CQ) display four critical competencies: CQ Drive is a willingness to work with diverse others. CQ Knowledge is an understanding of culture and cultural differences. CQ Strategy is an ability to flex mentally and take alternative perspectives.
What is the relationship between culture and intelligence?
The main message of the paper is that intelligence cannot fully or even meaningfully be understood outside its cultural context. Behaviour that is considered intelligent in one culture may be considered unintelligent in another culture, and vice versa.
What can you do to prepare yourself to work with all types of different cultures some of which will have values and beliefs very different from you own?
10 Ways to Work Effectively Across Cultures
- Start with yourself. Before you start looking outward, look inward at your own ways of thinking and behaving.
- Be objective. Remember that all approaches to work have their own advantages and disadvantages.
- Be willing to adapt.
- Stay curious.
- When in doubt, ask.
- Be friendly.
- Patience is a virtue.
What does CQ stand for?
|CQ||Calling Any Station (Morse Code abbreviation)|
|CQ||Seek You (radio shorthand)|
|CQ||Charge of Quarters|
|CQ||Classical Quarterly (Classics journal)|
What is cognitive CQ?
CQ Knowledge (Cognitive CQ): the level of a person’s understanding about how cultures are similar and how they are different. CQ Strategy (Meta-cognitive CQ): the degree to which a person plans for, remains aware during, and checks after multicultural interactions.
How do you respond to CQ?
If you hear a reply like, “Yes it is!” or more politely, “Yes, thanks for asking,” tune to another seemingly clear frequency and start again. Call CQ. Always include your callsign and your location in the CQ. And always make a CQ last at least 20 or 30 seconds.
Is CQ Researcher a journal?
Jan 31, 2018 3754. CQ Researcher is an unusual source because it’s sort of both a database and a journal at the same time. So the best citation format you should use is for a journal article, and the name of the journal is CQ Researcher.
What are three things that you can do to continue learning to be a better cultural leader?
Become a Better Leader With These 5 Cultural-Awareness Tips
- Language. Fortunately for Americans, English is the global language of business.
- Non-verbal cues. It is important to remember that not all cultures have the same non-verbal cues as us.
- Time observations.
- Roles and status.
What is cq strategy?
CQ strategy is the extent you to which you are aware of what is going on in a multicultural or diverse situation, verify, and plan accordingly.
Why is cq important?
Individuals with high levels of CQ are better able to accomplish goals in a respectful and effective way no matter what the cultural context. CQ allows individuals to gain a better understanding of cultures enabling them to work in a positive and compassionate way with people from various cultures.
What is the CQ?
Cultural intelligence or CQ is measured on a scale, similar to that used to measure an individual’s intelligence quotient. People with higher CQs are regarded as better able to successfully blend into any environment, using more effective business practices, than those with a lower CQ.
How can I improve my cognitive CQ?
Increase Your Cultural Intelligence With These Three Strategies
- UNDERSTAND YOUR CULTURAL HISTORY. Before you can begin to understand the cultures of other people, you need to understand your own culture.
- EXPERIENCE A DIFFERENT CULTURE. To learn about another culture, you have to be in it.
- LEARN NEW LANGUAGES.
- GET GLOBAL IN YOUR STUDIES.
How does cultural intelligence affect management?
Developing an understanding and awareness of different cultures can help managers and employees from different backgrounds interact more effectively. Cultural intelligence (CQ) focuses on how well individuals can relate and work across cultures.
How can I improve my CQ strategy?
Here are a few ways to get started:
- Reflect on your CQ Capabilities.
- Take a CQ Assessment.
- Connect Cross-Cultural Work with Another Passion (CQ Drive)
- Study your Own Culture (CQ Knowledge)
- Notice, Don’t Respond (CQ Strategy)
- Join a Diverse Team (CQ Action)
Can cultural intelligence be unethical?
In order to acquire cultural intelligence one must pass through three phases: awareness, knowledge, and skills. Cultural intelligence cannot be unethical for three reasons, two of which can be found in the definitions of these three phases. Businesses’ (and cultures’) espoused codes, values, ethics, principles, etc.
How do you develop cultural knowledge?
So here are seven things you can do to promote cultural literacy and awareness in your business.
- Get training for global citizenship.
- Bridge the culture gap with good communication skills.
- Practice good manners.
- Celebrate traditional holidays, festivals, and food.
- Observe and listen to foreign customers and colleagues.
What is an example of cultural intelligence?
For example: Get to know people in different communities and social groups. Learn a foreign language – and improve your cross-cultural communication skills in general. Volunteer for projects that put you in contact with teams, organizations or groups from different cultures.
What is cultural intelligence and why is it important?
Cultural intelligence helps develop an in-depth understanding of working styles in other cultures. A culturally intelligent workforce will demonstrate better tolerance, trust and understanding of global colleagues.
What are the three components of Cultural Intelligence?
Cultural intelligence, or CQ, is the ability to make sense of unfamiliar contexts and then blend in. It has three components–the cognitive, the physical, and the emotional/motivational.
What is motivational CQ?
Motivational CQ is the individual’s ability to show interest and direct efforts in understanding the cultural differences in order to operate effectively in a given situation (Ang & Dyne 2008).
What is cultural intelligence in psychology?
Cultural intelligence (CQ) can be defined as the ability to adapt successfully across varied cultures. It captures an individual’s capacity to gather, interpret and act upon different cues in order to function effectively across different cultures or in multicultural situations (Earley & Ang, 2003; Tan, 2004). | <urn:uuid:88f59809-8082-4ddf-94ef-6df5271333e4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.meatandsupplyco.com/what-is-multi-cultural-diversity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.906466 | 1,979 | 2.53125 | 3 |
WHY? is our attempt to answer all the questions every little kid asks. Do you have a question? Send it to firstname.lastname@example.org.
Actually, it does! But only in some places where it's really, really cold, like the Arctic or Antarctica. Water is made of tiny molecules (MOL-uh-kyools) that move around a lot. As the temperature gets colder, the water molecules slow down. When the temperature falls to 32°F (F is short for Fahrenheit), these slow-moving molecules find each other and start sticking together to form ice crystals.
Ocean water is different from fresh water, which you find in lakes, ponds, and rivers. Ocean water has salt dissolved in it. Salt has small particles called ions that surround the water molecules and keep them from sticking together to form ice. Ice will only begin to form when the ocean water gets even colder—about 29°F.
As sea water gets colder, it gets denser. That means its molecules pack tightly together. Because it's more dense, this salty water begins to sink. That leaves less salty water on the top of the water. And this water begins to freeze. Sea ice has almost no salt in it. In fact, if you melt it, you can drink it!
In places that get super cold, like around the North and South Poles, there is a lot of sea ice at the surface—especially in winter. That doesn’t mean the whole ocean is frozen, though. Under the ice, the ocean water is still there. Otherwise, it would be very hard for seals and fish to swim, and for Arctic polar bears and Antarctic penguins to dive below the icy surface to hunt them.
More and more sea ice melts every year. To learn more about why this is important, watch this Discovery video on disappearing penguins. | <urn:uuid:3618627e-8577-4f07-bb79-5bfb2adcdc04> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/75984/why-doesnt-ocean-freeze | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.953821 | 382 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Zinc (Zn) is contained mainly in bones, teeth, hair, skin, liver, muscle, leukocytes, and testes. Zinc is a component of several hundred enzymes, including many nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenases, RNA and DNA polymerases, and DNA transcription factors as well as alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, and carbonic anhydrase.
(See also Overview of Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity Overview of Minerals Six macrominerals are required by people in gram amounts. Four cations: Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium Two accompanying anions: Chloride and phosphorus Daily requirements range from... read more .)
The recommended upper limit in adults for zinc intake is 40 mg/day; the upper limit is lower for younger people. Toxicity is rare.
Ingesting doses of elemental zinc ranging from 100 to 150 mg/day for prolonged periods interferes with copper metabolism and causes low blood copper levels, red blood cell microcytosis, neutropenia, and impaired immunity; higher doses should be given only for short periods of time and the patient followed closely.
Ingesting larger amounts (200 to 800 mg/day), usually by consuming acidic food or drinking from a galvanized (zinc-coated) container, can cause anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea. Chronic toxicity may result in copper deficiency and may cause nerve damage.
Metal fume fever, also called brass-founders’ ague or zinc shakes, is caused by inhaling industrial zinc oxide fumes; it results in fever, dyspnea, nausea, fatigue, myalgias, and a metallic taste in the mouth. Symptom onset is usually 4 to 12 hours after exposure. Symptoms usually resolve after 12 to 24 hours in a zinc-free environment.
Diagnosis of zinc toxicity is usually based on the time course and a history of exposure.
Treatment of zinc toxicity consists of eliminating exposure to zinc; no antidotes are available.
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
|Drug Name||Select Trade|
|Aquaphor 3 IN 1 Diaper Rash, Aquaphor Baby Fast Relief Diaper Rash, Aquaphor Fast Relief Diaper Rash, Balmex, Boudreaux Butt Paste, Boudreauxs Rask, Carlesta, Coppertone, COZIMA, DermacinRx Zinctral, Desitin, Desitin Maximum Strength, Desitin Rapid Relief, Diaper Rash , Dr. Smith Adult Barrier, Dr. Smith's, Dr. Smith's Diaper Rash, Dr. Smith's Rash + Skin, DynaShield, Eucerin Baby Sunscreen Sensitive Mineral , Eucerin Sunscreen Sensitive Mineral, Flanders Buttocks , Medi-Paste, Novana Protect, PanOxyl AM, Triple Paste, Triple Paste Adult Incontinence, Z-Bum| | <urn:uuid:2d39baa3-9030-425c-9dba-3bb2787760dd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/mineral-deficiency-and-toxicity/zinc-toxicity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.850379 | 621 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Cardiovascular medications - ACE inhibitors
The use of captopril, fosinopril, or ramipril may cause depletion of sodium. Trandolapril may deplete sodium and calcium.
Calcium, along with vitamin D, keeps your bones strong and healthy.
Low levels of calcium may cause:
- Muscle cramps
- Numbness or tingling in toes and feet
- Irregular heartbeat
- Bone pain
- Spinal problems
Sodium deficiency is rare because it is widely available in dietary sources. When it does occur, low levels have been associated with:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Memory impairment
- Reduced attention
- Muscle cramps
- Strong, rapid or irregular heartbeat
- Lack of energy
Severe cases can cause seizures, loss of consciousness, and possibly coma. The development of symptoms depends on how fast you lose sodium.
The information presented here covers some of the nutrients that may be affected when you take certain medicines. If you have any of these signs and symptoms, it does not always mean you have low levels of these nutrients.
Factors that affect the level of nutrients are:
- Your medical history
- How long you have been taking the medicine
Please talk to your health care provider. They can best address your health care needs and see if you are at risk for low levels of any nutrients.
Braun LA, Rosenfeldt F. Pharmaco-nutrient interactions - a systemic review of zinc and antihypertensive therapy. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(8):717-725. PMID: 23279674
Dineen R, Hannon MJ, Thompson CJ. Hyponatremia and hypernatremia. In: Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, eds. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 112.
Gold Standard Drug Database. Drug Monograph: Captopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, 2016.
Gold Standard Drug Database. Drug Monograph: Enalapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, 2016.
Gold Standard Drug Database. Drug Monograph: Hydrochlorothiazide; Lisinopril, 2016.
Gold Standard Drug Database. Drug Monograph: Hydrochlorothiazide; Moexipril, 2016.
Gold Standard Drug Database. Drug Monograph: Hydrochlorothiazide; Quinapril, 2016.
Pfennig CL, Slovis CM. Electrolyte disorders. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 125.
Smogorzewski MJ, Stubbs JR, Yu ASL. Disorders of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate balance. In: Skorecki K, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Yu ASL, Taal MW, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 19.
van Orten-Luiten AC, Janse A, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Witkamp RF. The association between drugs frequently used by the elderly and vitamin D blood levels: a review of observational and experimental studies. Drugs Aging. 2014;31(2):111-123. PMID: 24385337
Weir MR, Hanes DS, Klassen DK, Wasser WG. Antihypertensive therapy. In: Skorecki K, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Yu ASL, Taal MW, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 50. | <urn:uuid:7505f2b3-448e-4f81-bf63-3a320c80f994> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/depletion/cardiovascular-medications-ace-inhibitors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.694724 | 803 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies
Muscular dystrophy - limb-girdle type (LGMD)
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies include at least 33 different inherited diseases. (There are 16 known genetic forms.) These disorders first affect the muscles around the shoulder girdle and hips. These diseases get worse. Eventually, it may involve other muscles.
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies are a large group of genetic diseases in which there is muscle weakness and wasting (muscular dystrophy).
In most cases, both parents must pass on the non-working (defective) gene for a child to have the disease (autosomal recessive inheritance). In some rare types, only one parent needs to pass on the non-working gene to affect the child. This is called autosomal dominant inheritance. For over 25 of these conditions, the defective gene has been discovered. For others, the gene is not yet known.
An important risk factor is having a family member with muscular dystrophy.
Most often, the first sign is pelvic muscle weakness. Examples of this include trouble standing from a sitting position without using the arms, or difficulty climbing stairs. The weakness starts in childhood to young adulthood.
Other symptoms include:
- Abnormal, sometimes waddling, walk
- Joints that are fixed in a contracted position (late in the disease)
- Large and muscular-looking calves (pseudohypertrophy), which are not actually strong
- Loss of muscle mass, thinning of certain body parts
- Low back pain
- Palpitations or passing-out spells
- Shoulder weakness
- Weakness of the muscles in the face (later in the disease)
- Weakness in the muscles of the lower legs, feet, lower arms, and hands (later in the disease)
Exams and Tests
There are no known treatments that reverse the muscle weakness. Gene therapy may become available in the future. Supportive treatment can decrease the complications of the disease.
The condition is managed based on the person's symptoms. It includes:
- Heart monitoring
- Mobility aids
- Physical therapy
- Respiratory care
- Weight control
Surgery is sometimes needed for any bone or joint problems.
The Muscular Dystrophy Association is an excellent resource:
In general, people tend to have weakness that slowly gets worse in affected muscles and spreads.
The disease causes loss of movement. The person may be dependent on a wheelchair within 20 to 30 years.
Heart muscle weakness and abnormal electrical activity of the heart can increase the risk for palpitations, fainting, and sudden death. Most people with this group of diseases live into adulthood, but do not reach their full life expectancy.
People with limb-girdle muscular dystrophies may experience complications such as:
- Abnormal heart rhythms
- Contractures of the joints
- Difficulties with activities of daily living due to shoulder weakness
- Progressive weakness, which may lead to needing a wheelchair
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your health care provider if you or your child feels weak while rising from a squatting position. Contact a geneticist if you or a family member has been diagnosed with muscular dystrophy, and you are planning a pregnancy.
Genetic counseling is now offered to affected individuals and their families. Soon molecular testing will involve whole genome sequencing on patients and their relatives to better establish the diagnosis. Genetic counseling may help some couples and families learn about the risks and help with family planning. It also allows connecting patients with diseases registries and patient organizations.
Some of the complications can be prevented with appropriate treatment. For example, a cardiac pacemaker or defibrillator can greatly reduce the risk for sudden death due to an abnormal heart rhythm. Physical therapy may be able to prevent or delay contractures and improve quality of life.
Affected people may want to do DNA banking. DNA testing is recommended for those who are affected. This helps to identify the family gene mutation. Once the mutation is found, prenatal DNA testing, testing for carriers, and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis are possible.
Bharucha-GoebelDX. Muscular dystrophies. In: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, TaskerRC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed.Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 627.
Finkel RS,Mohassel P, Bönnemann CG. Congenital, limb girdle and other muscular dystrophies.In: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM, et al, eds. Swaiman's PediatricNeurology. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2017:chap 147.
Mohassel P,Bönnemann CG. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies. In: Darras BT, Jones HR, RyanMM, DeVivo DC, eds. Neuromuscular Disorders Of Infancy, Childhood, AndAdolescence. 2nd ed. Waltham, MA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2015:chap 34.
MuscularDystrophy Association website. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD).
Last reviewed on: 11/9/2021
Reviewed by: Joseph V. Campellone, MD, Department of Neurology, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:06733b7c-fd60-41eb-8d27-93acb66587c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/limb-girdle-muscular-dystrophies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.900559 | 1,211 | 3.515625 | 4 |
In contrast to the imperative programming, declarative programming is about describing what you're trying to achieve, without instructing how to do it.
Read on and check out my presentation on programming paradigms.
A quick (historical) recap
The idea of imperative programming goes way back to 1950s, which is when the first high-level programming languages have been created. With 72 vacuum tube transistors and 18K of memory at disposal, the programs must have been as performant as possible. The only way to achieve it was to write programs in terms of step-by-step recipes for computer to execute.
However, let's stop here and look at the following, typically imperative example:
This code seems overly complicated, considering it just downloads, parses and handles some remote data. As the project evolves and developers add more steps — the Pyramid of Doom quickly emerges.
What is the alternative, you might ask?
Enter declarative programming
In contrast to the imperative one, declarative programming is about describing what you're trying to achieve, without instructing how to do it.
Let's convert the imperative example above into a declarative one (using promise-like constructs):
Woah, this is much more legible. What's even better — wanna add a step? No problem! Just add one line to the stream:
1. It minimizes mutability
Immutable objects are generally much easier to work with. Such objects can only be in one state, which cannot be modified across threads. You may share them, clone them, or even cache their data — all of that without worrying about them becoming stale.
You might be amazed how many easy-to-make and hard-to-detect bugs could be entirely eliminated by using immutable data structures.
2. It reduces state side-effects
Imagine you're debugging an unknown view controller, perhaps written by a team member. You find that a function F sometimes behaves differently for the same input parameters. After some examination, you find that it uses a public property x.
Then you look for places that modify x (inside and outside the view controller) and find that there are five of them. Good luck finding out which one is the true source of the bug. :)
This is why state is evil. Because literally anyone can change it, it cannot be relied upon.
Every time you had to restart an application or the computer to fix a problem, you were a victim of state gone out of control.
3. It leads to more understandable code
Let's face it — it's not clear what the above code is doing without examining it line-by-line. This typical flaw is derived from the very definition of imperative programming — that instead of declaring what you are trying to achieve, you tell the computer what it is supposed to do.
In case you're wondering how do further simplify the above example, here's a more declarative version of it:
Much simpler, isn't it?
4. It is just more scalable
Because declarative programs are generally simpler and safer, such projects are more maintainable and enjoyable for developers to work on.
It's not easy for a new team member to jump into a project with lots of mutable state, unclear procedures and implicit dependencies, though.
We're all used to the imperative paradigm. It's what all of us have been taught while learning to code, and that's the main reason why this age-old style is still dominant in modern programming languages. However, as software projects become more and more complex, it is more important than ever to write safe, understandable and scalable code — something undoable using classic approaches.
I strongly encourage that we, the developer community, take a second look at our imperative-oriented habits, see its shortcomings and challenge ourselves to try something completely opposite.
So that next time we're about to implement some functionality, we ask ourselves whether it can be written in a declarative manner, without any variables, loops, conditionals or callbacks.
You'd be surprised at how many times the answer is yes.
This is an excerpt from my talk at February's infoMEET conference: "Programming Paradigms — which one is the best?" Check it out below:
Netguru's developers often participate in various events both as listeners and speakers. Here's a few words about Mobile Central Europe conference by our iOS developer Patryk. | <urn:uuid:da6b6cb0-ca06-4221-a8b8-39b7051e75fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.netguru.com/blog/imperative-vs-declarative | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.951551 | 915 | 3 | 3 |
Similar to TELNET, FTP (File Transfer Protocol) was also not built to be secure. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) and TELNET were designed for networks of 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. During those periods, the computer networks were considered safe. FTP is considered as insecure protocol because it transfers user authentication data (username and password) and file data as plain-text (not encrypted) over the network. Because of this, FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is vulnerable to password sniffing, data spoofing, and other network attacks.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) traffic between an FTP client and FTP server is not encrypted, unless VPN, or secure alternatives of FTP are used.
Secure alternatives of FTP (File Transfer Protocol) are FTPS (File Transfer Protocol Secure) and SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol). FTPS is an extension of FTP, which provides more security by using SSL/TLS features, but SFTP is an extension of SSH (SecureShell), which is a widely used secure network protocol.
Following image is a screenshot of Wireshark network traffic capture, which shows plain-text FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is highly insecure and dangerous. | <urn:uuid:732928f4-693b-407b-8edb-d8212639d3f8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.omnisecu.com/tcpip/why-ftp-is-not-secure.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.936362 | 245 | 3.75 | 4 |
The settlement grew to become efficient in July 2018. Contrary to a child in an ECEC setting or a regulated house-primarily based provision, the educational provide is free of cost for the mother and father.
The Brightside Academy Preschool Program readies youngsters for school by teaching them ideas corresponding to letters, counting, shapes, and colors whereas also instilling a sense of independence, confidence, and love of learning. Our early childhood curriculum is diversified with instructive and play experiences, kids shall be taught all of the expertise needed to successfully transition to kindergarten.
Discussing a curriculum primarily based on the experiences of kids presumes considering the strain “between education’s norms and the contingency of the place childhood takes place. Beyond a set of meanings, the expression of the educational expertise appears to have a extra open, and fewer conforming character, than the experiential training,” typical of traditional curriculum ( ROCHA & BUSS-SIMÃO, 2018 , p. 31). In other phrases, a curriculum that is based on observing children’s perceptions implies considering the tutorial expertise to be an integral part of the sociocultural experiences of kids and never a disciplinary fragmentation and rationalization of life and their own instructional experience.
SPREAD THE JOY OF LEARNING WITH US
and motor/perceptual coordination, rather than underneath the generic term “play.” It is assumed that underlying children’s involvement in these actions is an intrinsic motivation to derive personal pleasure and satisfaction from their chosen actions– to play. Howes and Smith (1995) found play and positive social interactions with teachers predicted extra advanced cognitive activities in youngster care facilities. When adults, either moms or lecturers, play with youngsters, the children manifest more advanced mixtures of pretend and are in a position to reveal distancing and decontextualization more readily (O’Reilly and Bornstein, 1993; Howes and Matheson, 1992). However, Kontos (1999) reported that the Head Start academics she studied, although actively engaged in enhancing and managing kids’s play–particularly around play with objects–did not in that context present much rich and stimulating conversation. Below we present extra studies addressing the pedagogical elements of play, specializing in cognitive and language exercise, youngsters’s development of self-regulation, and the event of social competence.
The educator/provider’s job is to plan for and recognize the educational that is going down. Providing quite a lot of experiences and opportunities, which might be accessed by way of completely different supply methods similar to free selection, small group/giant group activities, baby/instructor directed, studying facilities/stations etc., will tackle the ”˜whole day’ approach as well as meet the differing needs of kids. Curriculum development could be defined as the step-by-step course of used to create constructive improvements in the courses offered by a school, faculty or college.
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Data were collected by analyzing the curriculum design of an American-type, early learning middle, interviewing two of their academics, and observing the teaching practices of the 2 lecturers. Thematic evaluation showed that the two academics typically endorsed the importance of play in child studying. They additionally agreed that play must be enjoyable, artistic, and developmentally appropriate. However, though the curriculum of the middle emphasized its strict adherence to a child-centered method and one of many teachers was able to articulate such emphasis during the interview, in practice, the two academics fairly uniformly organized their lessons around specific educating targets and studying outcomes. Pedagogical play, which was rule based mostly and instructor pushed, was much more evident than free play.
She understands that at this age learning to self-soothe, to be soothed by a protected and caring adult, and to begin enjoying the company of peers is an important theme underlying the curriculum. Therefore, Ann makes sure to build into the curriculum plenty of time every morning to make sure each of her college students is comfy. While they do simple art projects and free play, she talks with every of them, providing language to describe their emotions and showing that she is glad they are right here. Children be taught so many things via play.
It is important to know what the teacher will present the scholars versus what the scholars will do on their very own. This portion of the curriculum development should be addressed by the administration. | <urn:uuid:5f684279-19ca-4520-8496-d7e0aebc0742> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.parolesetoiles.com/level-6-early-childhood-curriculum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.960505 | 914 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The European Commission has urged the EU’s member states to re-double their efforts to test for cancer after a report found that national health services are carrying out less than half the recommended number of screenings.
In 2003, EU health ministers advised EU states to carry out around 125 million examinations every year by inviting members of high-risk groups in for checks.
However, a report published today – the first of its kind carried out by the Commission – says that screening rates across the EU for three types of cancer – breast, cervical and colorectal – fall far short of the recommended levels and that some states have not established targeted programmes.
Six states – Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia – have failed to conduct screenings by personal invitation for breast cancer, which accounts for 32% of cancer-related deaths in women in the EU. None of the six has programmes for cervical or colorectal cancer.
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Thirteen national health services do not invite women in for tests for cervical cancer, which claims the lives of around 15,000 women in the EU a year.
Screening programmes for the third type of cancer – colorectal, which accounts for 13% of cancer deaths for both men and women – are even less developed, with 14 countries failing to establish targeted programmes.
Androulla Vassiliou, the European commissioner for health, pressed member states to invest in targeted cancer screening, saying that it pays “long-term dividends” and that “prevention is the most efficient and cost-effective way to minimise the European burden of cancer”.
The EU executive also urged member states to collaborate more and draw on their experiences.
The Commission provides funding for screening programmes, via the regional development budget, particularly in newer member states.
The Commissions says that it plans later this year to form a European partnership for action against cancer. The initiative will aim to boost information-sharing about primary prevention, promote good practice in cancer-related healthcare, and set out priorities for cancer research. | <urn:uuid:5a344950-ff8b-4cc0-a6c3-a8c0fb13ca8d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-cancer-screening-rates-far-off-target/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.963861 | 423 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Many people brush their teeth several times per day but their brushing technique is inadequate to get the teeth properly clean. We offer advice on the best way to clean your teeth and the best types of equipment to use (e.g. electric tooth brushes, floss). We will follow-up on your cleaning regime and offer guidance in your regular check-ups.
We can complement your own cleaning regime with the professional tooth cleaning services of our resident hygienist. The hygienist will not only clean and polish your teeth but will also provide comprehensive advice on the best ways to keep your teeth clean between visits.
Where appropriate we may recommend the use of fissure sealants, a hard, thin, plastic coating applied to the biting surfaces of the back teeth. These sealants prevent food and bacteria from entering the small grooves in the tooth surface and subsequent decay.
An appropriate level of fluoride in toothpaste and in drinking water is beneficial in helping to prevent tooth decay. We can advise on different fluoride sources and safe intake levels.
Certain carbohydrates, particularly sugars are a major source of tooth decay and must be consumed in moderation. We can advise on the types of foods to avoid and also those which will contribute to good oral health.
We promote the principles of minimally invasive dentistry as follows:
Website by Dental Media | <urn:uuid:afe660bd-2386-4a9f-848b-9de20e2ce0e7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pranaysharma.co.uk/preventative-care.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.933064 | 273 | 3 | 3 |
On October 19, 2020, in a corner of what was once the African American section of the Potter’s Field in Tulsa’s Oaklawn Cemetery, a backhoe begins scraping away layer after layer of red Oklahoma earth. Workers in high-visibility vests and orange hard hats prepare to join the excavation. DeNeen Brown, a reporter with the Washington Post, looks on, bearing witness to a site that could be one of the final, unmarked resting places for victims of a massacre that happened 100 years in the past.
If battlegrounds could speak they would have many stories to tell. In some cases the microbes found in those soils have lived on to separate fact from fiction. One such story has its origins in the Battle of Shiloh, which went down in history as one of the bloodiest battles fought during the American Civil War. As the soldiers lay mortally wounded on the cold, hard grounds of Shiloh waiting for medical aid, they noticed a very strange phenomenon. Some of the wounds actually appeared to be glowing in the dark casting a faint light into the darkness of the battlefield. And the legend goes that soldiers with the glowing wounds had a better chance at survival and recovery from infections than their fellow brothers-in-arms whose wounds were not similarly luminescent. The seemingly protective effect of the mysterious light earned it the moniker “Angel’s Glow.”
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You’ve heard of pre-biotics and pro-biotics, but now you’ll be hearing a lot more about post-biotics. Researchers at McMaster University have begun to identify how post-biotics, or the by-products of bacteria, lower blood glucose and allow insulin to work better.
Jonathan Schertzer, assistant professor of biochemistry and biomedical sciences and senior author of a paper published by Cell Metabolism today, explains it this way:
“We know that gut bacteria, often called the microbiome, send inflammation signals that change how well insulin works to lower blood glucose.
“It was previously thought that bacteria only caused problems such as higher inflammation and higher blood glucose. But this is only half of the story. We discovered that a specific component of bacteria actually lowers blood glucose and allows insulin to work better during obesity.
“Understanding how different parts of bacteria control glucose could lead to new therapies that avoid some of the problems with pro-biotics or pre-biotics. We have found a “post-biotic” that lowers blood glucose during obesity.”
This work is important as more than half of Canadians are overweight or obese, which leads to higher levels of blood insulin and glucose. These features of prediabetes can lead to type 2 diabetes.
“But we haven’t understood what triggers elevated blood glucose,” said Schertzer. “This is significant because only some individuals with obesity develop prediabetes. Blood glucose is influenced by our genes, the food we eat, and the bacteria in our gut.”
His research team is working to develop new bacterial-based drugs to lower blood glucose and combat prediabetes before type 2 diabetes develops. At this time, they have had success in trials with mice with a drug currently used for osteosarcoma, a bone cancer. | <urn:uuid:1cd8445f-366b-4a98-b5a1-209883111cb4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.rdworldonline.com/post-biotics-may-help-shield-obese-from-diabetes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.945304 | 388 | 3.765625 | 4 |
What are metal LED indicators?
Metal LED indicators and panels are electromechanical components which emit light when a key function or process is being carried out or in use. Additionally, the colour of the light that is emitted by LED indicator can be used as a key. For example, a red light is universally recognized as a stop or no-entry whereas green is recognised as go or ok. Our, metal LED indicators are available in a range of shapes and sizes which light up. Essentially, metal LED indicators to refer to the housing of which the LED indicator sits within is metal housing. LED indicator are panel mount switches, meaning they sit directly on top of a component and part of a wider electrical circuit.
We have made it easier to find the correct LED indicator you may need by categorising it by material and size. Our metal, LED indicators are available in a variety of shapes such as flushed, raised and domed and range of sizes from 6mm – 30mm to suit a range of designs and applications for a wide range of industries. Many of our LED indicators are support voltage 3V – 24V. Our metal LED indicators can support a range finishes of brushed steel and black anodised. For any other finishes, speak to our Sales Engineers.
Select from full illumination or split-screen.
The display of the illumination can be full illumination, meaning it will display a single/bi-colour/RGB colour illuminating the entire surface of the indicator or it can be split. Our LED panels can support split-screen options from two, three of four split options to display colours together or separately.
LED Illumination Options
|Single LED Illumination||A single LED illumination is the display of a single LED colour.|
|Bi-Colour LED Illumination||A bi-colour LED switch means it can display two colours together or switch between two LED illumination.|
|RGB LED Illumination||Switches that are listed with ‘RGB’ LED illumination, with the combination ‘red’, ‘blue’ and ‘green’, over 16million hues of light can be achieved. However, some pinks and browns are difficult to achieve.|
LED Colours Options:
Red | Yellow | Blue | Orange | Green | Amber | White
*actual LED illumination will vary in tone due to materials and voltage used.
Choose from screw terminals or connector type or Solder-lug terminals. All terminal options are designed for fast and easy installation.
What are IP ratings?
IP ratings are standards set out by IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) under the 60529 standards document which specifies a classification system on the effectiveness in the sealing of enclosures of electrical equipment. This looks at the protection of factors such as dust and water/moisture.
The IP rating will depend on how hard wearing or weatherproof the component needs to be. For example, a metal push button switch in a swimming pool will need to be waterproof and hence this product will need a higher IP rated switch.
See the chart below outlining the IP rating and its characteristics.
Our metal LED indicators are available from 6mm to 30mm, choose from rectangular, round or square shape.
How to place an order?
There are many ways to place an order and enquire about our push button Metal switches
We operate Monday – Thursday 8 am – 5 pm and Fridays 8 am – 4.30 pm, call us on +44 (0)1234 213600 to speak to our Sales Engineers or e-mail us on [email protected] alternatively, leave us a message using our online contact form.
Download our latest brochure and Product Catalogue.
Join our mailing list to get the latest news, read our blog posts and see our latest products. | <urn:uuid:1ea991f1-d7df-4525-996d-0ea77346a0af> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.rjselectronics.com/category/panel-mount/indicators-pilot-lights/metal-led-indicator/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.898285 | 780 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Poly (3-Hydroxyalkanoates): Biodegradable Plastics
During the 1920’s, a polyester called poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) was discovered in bacterial cells. This compound, otherwise known as PHB, is part of a polyester family called polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Polyhydroxyalkanoates are used as an energy and carbon storage compound within certain bacterial cells. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are thermoplastic, biodegradable polyesters synthesized by some bacteria from renewable carbon sources. However, their application is limited by high production cost. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have attracted research and commercial interests worldwide because they can be used as biodegradable thermoplastics and also because they can be produced from renewable resources. This review will present an overview on synthesis and degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), development as biodegradable plastics and its potential production from renewable resources such as palm oil products.
Surbhi Jain, AK Singh, and Archana Tiwari. | <urn:uuid:1363dd61-079b-42b5-9115-153783dd13a6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.rroij.com/peer-reviewed/poly-3hydroxyalkanoates-biodegradable-plastics-33911.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.959978 | 233 | 2.90625 | 3 |
To make a call on whether the first phase of a clinical trial is to go ahead, a board of experts weighs up the risk and benefits based on sound research. At least, that's the idea.
Now a recently published study on the evidence that informs these decisions, says it might not be as rigorous as we'd like it to be.
Ethicists from Hannover Medical School and McGill University in Canada have taken a closer look at the materials used by review boards to greenlight phase I and phase II clinical trials.
Specifically, they analysed 109 applications gathered by three institutional review board chairpersons; these documents were used to approve trials between 2010 and 2016.
The applications – called investigator brochures – provide the review board with all of the evidence that they should require to make a sound judgment on whether a clinical trial can safely proceed.
Such pre-clinical data tends to include the results of animal trials that demonstrate the potential efficacy and risks of a potential medical treatment.
Among the 109 investigator brochures there were 708 efficacy studies that used animal models.
Surprisingly, nearly 9 out of 10 studies had no reference to a published report, making it hard to know whether the study would even pass peer review.
What was particularly alarming was the relative absence of details on methodology – 95 percent of the studies contained no mention of processes used to avoid the pitfalls of bias.
The researchers also noted that 82 percent of the brochures reported positive findings in their animal testing, raising questions on what was being left out.
Of course, optimistically we can assume any negative results would simply mean abandoning efforts to proceed to a clinical phase.
"If the studies aren't positive, then you wouldn't go to an IRB to do a clinical trial," Shai Silberberg, director of research quality at the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke told Science.
Silberberg wasn't involved in the research, but thinks the results are worth paying attention to. "This is incredibly alarming."
None of this should be taken to mean that the research itself was necessarily of poor quality, or that the pre-clinical results are unreliable.
It does raise serious questions on what information institutional review boards are using to make their call when the data they're presented with is either unchecked or flimsy.
It's possible that this kind of information could be considered too sensitive to publish, but in such situations some sort of critical process could still be implemented either among board members or within a separate review body.
Pre-clinical animal trials are standard fare for researchers wanting to check if their potential treatments behave as predicted.
Phase I clinical trials are the first level that involve human testing, carried out on healthy volunteers to determine in detail how most bodies would respond in absence of any illness.
It's rare for subjects to experience serious problems as a result of testing, but damaging side effects and even deaths aren't completely unknown.
Keeping these risks at an absolute minimum is the goal of review boards, making it a concern that they have potentially inadequate information to predict whether a treatment is medically and ethically acceptable.
Requiring peer review publication of all pre-clinical animal trials would no doubt add layers of time and cost to an already long and expensive process.
Yet it's possible that requiring this level of evidence might even pay off in the end. With barely one in eight treatments making it through clinical trials, knocking a few hopefuls out earlier might save resources.
It should be noted that the investigator brochures all came from Germany-based boards. Still, the researchers have no doubt the problem is far more widespread.
Last year research suggested nearly one in three drugs still had safety issues after approval by the US Food and Drug Administration, prompting questioning over regulatory processes.
Requiring increased transparency and stricter rules around what can and can't proceed to human testing is vital for maintaining trust in the clinical process.
This research was published in PLOS Biology. | <urn:uuid:44e2a39a-4dc2-4fc4-bd88-b229527f5b8c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sciencealert.com/limited-data-included-pre-clinical-investigator-brochures-german-review-boards | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.964063 | 806 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Current-Voltage Relationships and Ohm’s Law – Learn
Current, Voltage and Resistance are common terms that are used to describe electricity in circuits.
Current is the amount of charge that passes through a point in a conductor each second. The symbol for current is I and the unit is amps (A).
Voltage (potential difference) is the work done to move a charge against an electric field between two points. The symbol for voltage is V and the unit for voltage is volts (V)
Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for current to flow through a material. The symbol for resistance is R and resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). There are several factors that effect the resistance of a conductor:
- Length – If the material has a longer length, this will result in a higher number of collisions with other ions within the conductor, increasing the resistance and making it harder for the current to flow.
- Cross-sectional area – With a large cross-sectional area, there is less chance of collisions and the resistance will decrease.
- Temperature – Higher temperatures will result in an increased vibration of the ions, making the chances of electrons colliding higher and the resistance will increase.
Ohm’s law describes the relationship between current, voltage and resistance:
= the voltage (in V)
= the current (in A)
= the resistance (in Ω).
Ohmic and non-ohmic resistors:
Ohmic conductors obey Ohm’s law and have a constant resistance. The resistance of non-ohmic conductors varies for different voltages. Light bulbs are an example of a non-ohmic conductor. The resistance of light bulb increases as the temperature of the filament increases.
Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors can be explored by plotting a graph of current vs voltage. The graph for an ohmic conductor is a straight line. The resistance can be found from the gradient of the graph. The current vs voltage graph for a non-ohmic conductor is not a straight line.
What voltage will flow through a wire with a resistance of 1.5Ω to produce a current of 4A?
What is the resistance of a wire that produces a current of 8A when a voltage of 2V is applied?
Using and rearranging to give: | <urn:uuid:5a5b8d13-7b84-44d0-8b64-3c640804c711> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.scienceflip.com.au/subjects/physics/electricityandmagnetism/learn6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.922341 | 487 | 4.5625 | 5 |
A study published in Cell Host & Microbe looks at the re-evaluation of HPV screening strategies.
Prof Anne Mackie, Director of Screening for the UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC), said:
“The UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC) welcomes this new paper.
“However, more research is needed and the UK NSC has commissioned a modelling study to help understand the likely impact of potential alternative screening strategies on the vaccinated cohort in the future.
“The routine offer of HPV vaccination for girls started in 2008 and has successfully reduced the risk of infection in younger age groups.
“However, most women in the eligible age range for screening (25 to 64) have not received the vaccine and may have been exposed to infection previously.
“A high quality cervical screening programme will continue to prevent cases of cervical cancer in this non-vaccinated population over the coming decades.”
Prof Stephen Duffy, Professor of Cancer Screening, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), said:
“This is an interesting and well conducted study of the community-level effects of HPV vaccination, with two major findings. First, that immunising both girls and boys against oncogenic human papillomavirus is the best policy. Second, that there is evidence of other HPV types ‘filling the gap’ left by those oncogenic types targeted by the vaccine. While we should not rush to change screening policy as a result of one study, it would be prudent to check if these results are replicated elsewhere, and to consider the implications for which populations we screen and how we screen them.”
Dr Tim Fenton, Associate Professor in Cancer Biology, University of Southampton, said:
“The HPV types the investigators found in vaccinated populations confer considerably less risk of cervical cancer than the major cancer-causing HPV types, 16 and 18, against which the vaccine was designed to protect. The significance of detecting one of these types in cancer screening is less clear cut, and the benefits of screening to prevent cancer need to be weighed carefully against the prospect of putting people through unnecessary anxiety and follow-up procedures when the risk of an HPV infection with one of these HPV types eventually resulting in cancer is much lower.
“One point to note is that this study was based on individuals that received the bivalent HPV vaccine (Cervarix), which was designed based on HPV16 and HPV18. The vaccine now being given through the UK vaccination programme (Gardasil 9) was designed to protect against 7 cancer-causing HPV types, plus two types (6 and 11) that cause genital warts. Since Gardasil 9 should protect us from several of the HPV types whose prevalence increased among vaccinated populations in this study, this may become less of an issue in future. It will remain important to monitor the prevalence of all carcinogenic HPV types in the population.”
Prof Margaret Stanley, Emeritus Professor of Epithelial Biology and Research Visitor in the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, said:
Does the press release accurately reflect the science?
“Oversimplifies a very complex study, that combined analysis of changes to the virome, the viral ecosystem responding to removal of the dominant species as a consequence of vaccination in a complex trial but then speculates about crucial public health interventions.”
Is this good quality research?
“Yes, but very reliant on modelling and statistical analysis.”
Are the conclusions backed up by solid data?
“The analyses are done to a very high standard but the vaccine coverage in the trial in some cohorts is sub-optimal.”
How does this work fit with the existing evidence?
“There have been recent reports of an increase in HPV52 in vaccinated cohorts so there is a body of evidence developing to support this.”
Have the authors accounted for confounders?
Are there important limitations to be aware of?
“Yes, the vaccine coverage in the trials in different communities varies and in some is very low, the authors have used very sophisticated statistical test to account for this but it does lead to a concern about bias.”
What are the implications in the real world?
“The vaccination of boys is important particularly where girls’ uptake is low. Vaccinating boys as well as girls reduces the amount of virus circulating faster and more effectively than immunizing girls only – the herd effect. Herd immunity or herd protection occurs when enough people in the population are immune then transmission of virus from one person to another becomes a rare event and non-immune people are protected. Girls-only vaccination for HPV herd immunity requires 90% of girls to be vaccinated year on year since only half of the population is being protected but immunizing boys starts to protect the other half of the population and the virus has nowhere to go.
Is there any overspeculation?
“The suggestions about re-evaluation of screening are premature. Screening by HPV testing albeit with fewer screens for a woman during her lifetime must continue until the evidence shows that the elimination target for cervical cancer of an ASR (age standardized rate) of <4/100,000 will be reached. An important take-home message from this study is that rigorous surveillance of HPV infection and disease in the post-vaccination era is imperative to monitor potential changes in the HPV ecosystem in the cervix and any impact on disease – we shouldn’t take our eye off the ball.”
Does this study provide enough/robust evidence to suggest we should reevaluate/stop the current HPV screening programme in the UK?
“No, the findings are very interesting but evidence from national immunisation programmes with high coverage and good surveillance of HPV infection and disease pre- and post-vaccination is needed before re-evaluation of screening programmes and strategies.”
‘Ecological diversity profiles of non-vaccine-targeted HPVs after gender-based community vaccination efforts’ by Ville N. Pimenoff et al. was published in Cell Host & Microbe at 16:00 UK Time Wednesday 8 November 2023.
Prof Margaret Stanley: My potential conflict of interest is that I was a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for this PHASE IV trial.
Prof Stephen Duffy: I have no conflict of interest.
Dr Tim Fenton: I have no competing interests concerning this topic.
Prof Anne Mackie: No conflicts. | <urn:uuid:23aa60b7-b73a-4e5f-b6fe-4380783a4046> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-suggesting-re-evaluation-of-hpv-screening-strategies-due-to-cancer-causing-hpvs-depleted-by-vaccination/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.945541 | 1,343 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Genetic evidence now backs up Spanish documents from the 16th century describing smallpox epidemics that decimated Native American populations.
Native American numbers briefly plummeted by about 50 percent around the time European explorers arrived, before rebounding within 200 to 300 years, say geneticist Brendan O’Fallon of ARUP Laboratories in Salt Lake City and anthropologist Lars Fehren-Schmitz of the University of Göttingen in Germany. Population declines occurred throughout North and South America around 500 years ago, the researchers report in a paper published online December 5 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
O’Fallon and Fehren-Schmitz analyzed chemical sequences in ancient and modern mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited from the mother, to calculate the number of breeding females in the Americas over time. Based on those results, O’Fallon estimates that a Native American population of several million fell to roughly half that size once European explorers entered the continent.
“If disease was the primary cause of mortality, surviving Native Americans would have been more resistant to infection after initial epidemics, helping them bounce back quickly,” O’Fallon says.
Researchers disagree about when people first reached the Americas. Whenever initial human settlers arrived, Native American numbers expanded rapidly between 15,000 and 10,000 years ago, several thousand years later than previous DNA-based estimates, the scientists say. Population size then stabilized until suddenly plummeting as the era of European contact dawned, they find.
Several earlier genetic investigations uncovered no signs of mass deaths among Native Americans around the time they first encountered Europeans (SN: 2/16/08, p. 102).
“These new results confirm what’s known from historic sources, but the quality of ancient DNA data raises potential concerns,” remarks geneticist Phillip Endicott of Musée de l’Homme in Paris. An unknown number of chemical sequence changes in mitochondrial DNA preserved in Native Americans’ bones may have resulted from contamination in the ground or after being handled by excavators, Endicott says. These sequence configurations, if intact, provide crucial clues to population trends.
O’Fallon and Fehren-Schmitz analyzed partial sequences of ancient Native American DNA ranging in age from 5,000 to 800 years old. The researchers also examined mitochondrial DNA of 137 people representing five major Native American sequence patterns found in different parts of North and South America.
In the new analysis, only one, relatively rare mitochondrial DNA group repeatedly branched into new genetic lineages over the past 10,000 years. The other four groups display genetic splits bunched within the past few hundred years.
Reasons for these population differences are unclear, O’Fallon says. A closer examination of each of the five Native American genetic groups is needed to confirm that the new estimate of contact-era population losses is accurate, comments anthropological geneticist Connie Mulligan of the University of Florida in Gainesville. | <urn:uuid:bbc449ef-b85b-419e-835c-7bfa44f66d2d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dna-highlights-native-american-die | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.910707 | 613 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Teeth: A Guide to Wellness
These show, respectively, that areas of the feet/hands and iris of the eye correspond to different parts of the entire body. There’s a colon chart that shows that same relationship – a matter of the microcosm reflecting the macrocosm. It should come as no surprise then that there are points within our jawbones—at specific tooth sites—that correspond to areas of the entire body as well. Many holistic doctors call these points oral acupuncture points.
Experts say a vital relationship exists between your teeth and your sense organs, joints, spinal segments, vertebrae, organs, and endocrine glands. Oral acupuncture points are related with the system of acupuncture meridians, or ‘energy highways’. When a particular acupuncture meridian becomes stressed, the corresponding oral acupuncture point(s) become sensitive to localized pressure.
Your teeth aren’t just your teeth.
Look at the tooth in a specific region or area of the chart, not just the tooth itself. For example, the lower first molar is connected to the stomach meridian. If it is the right molar, the pancreas can be affected. The left molar could have an influence on the spleen.
So how does the infection of a tooth, which included the gum and bone around the tooth, affect the organ? Visualize this connection as an electrical circuit in your house.
With infection, there is a disturbance in the energy or electrical circuit. The result is a pain in the tooth or a problem in the corresponding organ. If the circuitry is overloaded, the fuse gets blown. If it is not the fuse, your electrician has to look further, the same is true with your dentist.
Specific Diseases Linked to Periodontal Disease Heart Attack and Stroke Patients with periodontal disease are one and one-half to two times as likely to suffer a fatal heart attack and nearly three times as likely to suffer a stroke as those without periodontal disease. This association with heart disease is especially evident in patients under 50. Bacterial Infection and Diabetes It has been well established that diabetes predisposes patients to bacterial infections, including those affecting the oral cavity. Recent studies provide strong indications that periodontitis can make diabetes worse. Diabetics with severe periodontitis have greater difficulty maintaining normal blood-sugar levels. Treatment of periodontitis often leads to a reduced need for insulin. Dental researchers now recommend that periodontal inflammation must be treated and eliminated in all diabetic patients, especially because this treatment may significantly reduce the risk of injury to the retina and arteries, which are also common consequences of diabetes. Pneumonia and Other Respiratory Diseases Pneumonia occurs when bacteria dwelling in the oral cavity and throat are inhaled into the lungs where immune system defenses fail to fight them. Some bacteria that cause pneumonia thrive in infected oral tissues of patients with periodontal disease.
Nourish & Balance Energy Points with Quinary You’re born with a certain amount of energy (chi) that you inherit from your parents; you get a constant supply of energy (chi) from the air you breathe; and you need a constant source of energy from the food you eat. When you eat food that doesn’t have the proper nutritive value, your health gradually diminishes; when you eat a diet that’s balanced, based on the 5 Element Theory of Oriental Medicine, your health flourishes. In keeping with Chinese tradition and the Philosophy of Regeneration™, daily maintenance of the body with proper nutrition is key to preventing physical malfunction. | <urn:uuid:b439be64-26b4-414d-9629-25d5909d20bc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.secondopinionmagazine.com/post/teeth-a-guide-to-wellness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.922292 | 739 | 2.96875 | 3 |
I was introduced to the concept of trauma and repressed memory during middle school when one of my close friends got very sick.
At the time I didn’t understand the impact this relationship would have not only on me personally, but also in working with others as a therapist. Although I didn’t fully grasp the complexity of the situation, I witnessed how quickly our brains, in a continued attempt to protect us, can also become our biggest enemy. And with that, came a lot of questions and concerns.
Years later, I continued to attempt to understand the complexities of our brains - and why trauma can be such a significant part of how we interact with the world around us, even if we are not aware. It was the fall semester at the university I was attending in New York during my undergraduate studies. A firefighter who had responded to the aftermath of 9/11 about a decade prior was standing in front of our class. He proceeded to explain how it wasn’t until many years after this horrific incident that he had difficulty sleeping, increased anger, flashbacks and frequent dissociation. Again, my brain tried to comprehend; can our brains actually forget traumatic events?
We don’t choose trauma. We don’t choose to remember traumatic memories, or to relive them. Yet, often trauma will appear unexpectedly - that is, memories, sounds, smells, places and objects.
Sometimes our memory is repressed to the degree that we do not have any recollection of the traumatic episode at all. In all types of trauma, memory loss is most common in childhood sexual abuse. Our brains help us forget to be able to survive. Yet, it is still a part of what happened to us - and it can show up in various forms and interactions, even if we don’t remember.
Mari Kidd, LPC Associate
Mari is passionate about building connections with the individuals and families she serves. She enjoys working with children, teens and young adults, addressing anxiety, grief, trauma, parenting, depression, life transitions and interpersonal conflict. When working with your child, Mari will invite them to express themselves through play to process conflict, big emotions and for them to make sense of the abstract world we adults navigate. For older children, she will utilize various techniques to best meet your child’s needs. This modality consists of traditional “talk therapy”, as well as creative interventions and movement. | <urn:uuid:401b3a59-bc24-4c16-a5fa-2e283c58a4e9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sequoiacounselingcenter.com/post/the-repressed-path-within-our-own-brain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.969222 | 496 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What does the word ornithischian mean?
Definition of ornithischian : any of an order (Ornithischia) of herbivorous dinosaurs (such as a stegosaurus) that have the pubis of the pelvis rotated backward to a position parallel and close to the ischium — compare saurischian. Other Words from ornithischian Example Sentences Learn More About ornithischian.
What are the major differences between Pachycephalosauria and Ceratopsia?
There are two main clades of marginocephalians: thick-skulled Pachycephalosauria (“thick headed lizards”) and beaked (and later frilled (and eventually horned)) Ceratopsia (“horned faces”).
Is Tyisnosaurus saurischian or ornithischian?
Towering giants such as Tyrannosaurus rex and Apatosaurus are both saurischians, but many plant-eating dinosaurs, including Triceratops and Stegosaurus, are classified as ornithiscians—which means bird-hipped—because their pubis bone was originally thought to resemble that of birds.
What traits define Ornithischia?
Ornithischians are so called because their hip bones were superficially arranged like those of birds in that a large portion of the pubic bone pointed down and toward the tail instead of down and forward as in other reptiles.
What are the diagnostic characters of Pachycephalosauria?
They were all bipedal, herbivorous/omnivorous animals with thick skulls. In some species the skull roof is domed and several inches thick; in others it is flat or wedge-shaped. The dome may be surrounded by nodes (for instance, Pachycephalosaurus), spikes (Stygimoloch), or both (Dracorex).
Which of the following is a diagnostic characteristic of the Ceratopsia?
Which of the following is a diagnostic characteristic of the Ceratopsia? Ceratopsians replaced their worn cheek teeth constantly.
How is Ornithischia a misnomer?
Thus “ornithischia,” taken literally, is a misnomer, since the ornithischians have ornithischian-like pelves, not bird-like. Only birds (and their immediate ancestors) have bird-like pelves.
Did Pachycephalosaurus have a dental battery?
As in the hadrosaurs, each dental battery consisted of about two dozen or more tooth positions compressed together into a single large block. At each tooth position there was one functional, or occluding, tooth (the duckbills had two or three) along with several more unerupted replacement teeth beneath.
How many Ceratops are there?
Over time, paleontologists have slowly uncovered a great deal of information. In 2018, the number of different species of Ceratopsian dinosaurs that had been identified was at forty. More than half of those discoveries were made in the last ten years. Paleontologists have uncovered full sets of many Ceratopsian bones.
Where are Ceratopsia found?
Ceratopsia or Ceratopia (/ˌsɛrəˈtɒpsiə/ or /ˌsɛrəˈtoʊpiə/; Greek: “horned faces”) is a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America, Europe, and Asia, during the Cretaceous Period, although ancestral forms lived earlier, in the Jurassic.
Is a Spinosaurus a ornithischian?
The oldest known dinosaurs (Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus) are Saurischians, and date from the mid- to late-Triassic period, about 230 million years ago. Largest land animals ever!…
What is the name of the ornithischian beak?
An alternative name for the order is the Predentata, because all of them are beaked herbivorous dinosaurs. The beak is in front of the jaw-bone, the dentary, so it is a ‘predentary’….Ornithischia.
|Ornithischia Temporal range: Upper Triassic–Upper Cretaceous, 228–66 mya|
|Order:||Ornithischia Seeley, 1888| | <urn:uuid:5fb026c3-9fdf-455f-a0bf-4f456a307863> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sheppard-arts.com/useful-tips/what-does-the-word-ornithischian-mean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.910377 | 950 | 3.375 | 3 |
Allan Savory's Holistic Management Theory Falls Short on Science
A critical look at the holistic managment and planned grazing theories of Allan Savory
Before he became known as an apostate ecologist, Allan Savory was a soldier. Born in Zimbabwe to a family of British colonials, he commanded an elite government unit during the country's long, brutal civil war. He and his squad—men handpicked and trained by him—spent much of the 1960s fighting communist guerrillas in the veld, the savannas and grasslands where antelopes, elephants, and lions roam. It was hard, isolating, dangerous work. And it prepared him for the decades he has spent battling environmental orthodoxy, first as a farmer and rancher in Africa and then as an agricultural consultant in the United States.
Savory's apostasy is based on a controversial idea: that we need more cows—not fewer—grazing on the world's grasslands, prairies, and deserts, the arid and semiarid two-thirds of Earth's land surface where soil is especially susceptible to drying out and eroding as the climate warms and droughts worsen. This ruinous process is known as desertification, and it is estimated to be degrading an area the size of Pennsylvania worldwide each year. It ends with soil that has turned to dust.
Stopping desertification is Savory's obsession. He watched it spread across southern Africa over the course of decades, spawning poverty and migration, which contributed to war. Savory's big claim is that the science about desertification is wrong, notably the idea that cattle grazing always contributes to degradation in what he calls "brittle" landscapes. After laboring for years in relative obscurity, Savory eventually built up a significant international following. Today, according to Savory, tens of thousands of farmers and ranchers across the globe, managing some 40 million acres of land, adhere to his philosophy.
Savory's ideas catapulted into the mainstream in 2013, after he stood on a stage at the TED conference in Long Beach, California, and offered his grand theory about livestock. Savory told the audience that cows offered "more hope than you can imagine." The 22-minute talk was titled, ambitiously, "How to Fight Desertification and Reverse Climate Change." The presentation garnered millions of views—3,746,905 as of this writing—and quickly became notorious among scientists who study the ecology of grazing.
Savory's theory goes like this: Cows that are managed in the right way can replicate the beneficial effect on soil of the native herds that once covered the planet's grasslands. Wild herds lived in fear of predators, and for protection they traveled in tight bunches, moving quickly. If we keep cattle moving across the landscape to mimic this behavior, and if we preserve the ancestral grazer-soil relationship—the animals churning the soil with their hooves, fertilizing it with dung and urine, stomping grass, creating mulch, stimulating plant growth—we can re-green the arid lands and, at the same time, encourage soil microbes that eat carbon dioxide.
Savory's vision, in part, follows some of the emerging science of what's called soil carbon sequestration. With more grass and better topsoils, we can use biological processes to capture and store the carbon that drives global climate change. The most commonly recommended strategies for what's called "carbon farming" are adopting no-till or low-till methods; boosting soil organic matter with additions of compost; and better managing crop rotation, especially through the use of cover crops. Savory puts a twist on the idea by adding livestock to the mix and recommending that ranchers increase the number of cattle per acre.
In his TED Talk, Savory claimed that by deploying his method of "holistic management and planned grazing" to "take back" just half of the planet's arid grasslands, humanity could accomplish a stunning feat: the reduction of atmospheric carbon to preindustrial levels. "There is only one option—I'll repeat to you, only one option—left to climatologists and scientists," he told the audience, "and that is to do the unthinkable, and to use livestock, bunched and moving, as a proxy for former herds and predators, and mimic nature. There is no other alternative left to mankind."
The presentation offered a remarkable win-win vision: more cattle, more hamburgers to feed a growing population, more profit for stock growers. In the process, the planet gets healthier land that acts as a sink to absorb carbon, and climate change comes to a halt.
The audience erupted with cheering and whistling, and when the noise subsided, TED host Chris Anderson took the stage and told Savory that it was "an astonishing talk." Twitter echoed with the good news. Michael Pollan tweeted, "Eat MORE meat?" Discover magazine said it was "one of the most thought-provoking" TED presentations of the year. Michael Shermer, the founding publisher of Skeptic magazine, pronounced it "moral progress in climate change."
After Savory's breakout performance, the attention and the accolades kept coming. In 2015, Savory was the central subject in an episode of the PBS documentary series A New Wild. The series' host—M. Sanjayan, a well-respected researcher who is a senior scientist at Conservation International—visited Savory's Zimbabwe ranch and came away impressed. "Allan's results are spectacular," Sanjayan told PBS viewers, and "could revolutionize the way in which we live on the plains." Sanjayan continued: "Cows or wildlife, it actually may not matter that much. The message is an extraordinarily powerful one, and it could be the best thing—the absolute best thing—that conservation has ever discovered."
When I met with Savory last fall at his home in Albuquerque, New Mexico—from where he oversees the Savory Institute, a worldwide nonprofit enterprise—he had the same militarily erect posture that I'd seen in the TED video. It was the bearing of a man much younger than 81. His eyes were gleaming, lively, and critical, but his voice was soft, his manner reassuring, and his face handsomely weathered. We sat in his den next to a fireplace ornamented with the artifacts of war: a shrine of bullets and bayonets, worn rucksacks, old rifles. He compared himself, by sly inference, to Galileo. "For years we believed in a flat world, and now we know we're in a round world," he told me. "Now we're in another big paradigm shift. From reductionist management of the land to holistic management. From a mechanistic view to a holistic view."
Two hours later, things were not as pleasant. I'd come prepared with literature critical of his ideas and had been citing it. He rolled his eyes in exasperation and shook his head. He turned to his wife, Jody Butterfield, who is also his frequent coauthor and who had walked in to say hello. "Well, this is taking so very much longer than expected, because Chris"—he shot me a mischievous grin—"is just totally steeped in the conventional crap about cows, and I've had to go over and over this with him." Butterfield smiled and accepted this statement by saying nothing.
The counterevidence I had been referencing says this: When there are too many cows in places with intermittent or little rain, where the vegetation is brittle and the soil fragile, the animals spell trouble. Overgrazing denudes the soil and produces erosion, which leads to a landscape where plants can't revive and grow. At least 8.4 billion acres on the planet are grazed, and 73 percent of that land is suffering from some form of land degradation, according to the International Journal of Biodiversity. The problem is perhaps worst across arid lands where plants evolved with almost no exposure to large grazers, such as in the mountainous west of the United States—where Savory happens to live.
Cattle grazing produced such a transformation in the environment of the American West that its introduction, in the late 19th century, has been compared to a geologic event. Cattle have been implicated in the eradication of native plants, the loss of biodiversity, the pollution of springs and streams, the erosion of stream banks, the exacerbation of floods that carry away soil, the deforestation of hardwoods, and, in the worst cases, a reduction of living soil to lifeless dust. Two centuries of grazing on the Colorado Plateau catalyzed the most severe vegetation changes in 5,400 years, one study concluded. "The impact of countless hooves and mouths over the years," wrote the late environmental historian Philip Fradkin, "has done more to alter the type of vegetation and land forms of the West than all the water projects, strip mines, power plants, freeways, and subdivision developments combined."
Savory agrees that grazing as historically practiced has been disastrous. But this is only because stock growers and herdsmen have been ignorant of holistic management. "It was reductionist grazing they practiced, nothing of the holistic," he told me.
"Holistic" is an all-encompassing term for Savory, as much a worldview as an agricultural system. "This isn't just about grazing," he said. "You can practice holistic management of your household, your life. It's about looking at the whole complexity of life." I told him I wanted to hear what it means for grazing practices.
The essence of holistic planned grazing comes down to stocking rates: the number of cows on any given piece of land. It is always better, Savory argues, to have higher stocking rates. But the animals need to be herded so they don't spend too much time in one place. Grazing time, not grazing density, is the key to Savory's re-greening process. This requires that herders closely watch the effect of the animals on the land, constantly observing the soil and grass and the water cycle and adjusting the herd's behavior and movement to maximize ecosystem health. "It's about managing for habitat," Savory told me. "Not just for livestock, but for wildlife, for high biodiversity, for mineral cycles. It's managing for how we want this land to look 500 years from now for our descendants to be really enjoying it."
He opened his laptop to share a series of photographs. He said they showed land in South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe where the Savory method had been deployed to wondrous effect. The photos were contrasted with others of nearby areas suffering from "the reductionist paradigm" of land managers unacquainted with holistic grazing.
He clicked first to pictures of Zambezi National Park, in his native Zimbabwe: ruined, eroded banks along a river. "We're on a river! Look at the skeletons of the trees. Just eroding national park. National parks were formed to save biodiversity!" More sad pictures: bare ground, struggling plants, and desiccated arroyos. "Look at this. And look at this. Look. All in a national park. Look at the flood damage on a small stream. Look at the bare banks of the river."
The slideshow raced along. We were at South Africa's Kruger National Park, which according to his photos was a devastated place, and then we were in Botswana. I asked what the managers were doing in these national parks that was so destructive. "Let's just show you these, and then we'll get to it." The photos in a flash turned green and lush, tall grasses and healthy stream banks and flowing water. "Now you've jumped to our own land. These are same-day pictures. That's in the middle of these national parks. Same soil, same everything. The only difference is holistic management. Look at the grass. Look at the reeds. Look at the health. Beautiful, stable, high biodiversity."
I asked again: What accounts for the difference? "The management," Savory replied. But what specifically about that management? What does that consist of? "We can explain that in a moment, but let's not digress." He did not digress. He showed me more pictures.
I kept asking for details. I wanted to know how holistic management works on the ground. I asked for statistical measurements of recovery on land that had been treated with his method. I wanted to know the metrics of the claimed increases in biodiversity and vegetation density; the number of grazers; the duration of the grazing; the time frame of recovery. Did these explosions of vegetal growth occur overnight or over decades? I wanted specifics. He looked at me with glinting eyes. "There can be no discussion of specifics," he said. "If I gave you the specifics, it would start an argument."
The telephone rang, and Savory stood to take the call. I studied an informational sheet he had handed me when we met. It explained why he couldn't talk about the science behind his methodology. "Holistic management does not permit replication," said the document, which Savory had authored. "This point is critical to understanding the great difficulty reductionist scientists are experiencing trying to comprehend holistic planned grazing—because no two plans are ever the same even on the same property two years running." A stunning admission appeared a few lines lower: "Every study of holistic planned grazing that has been done has provided results that are rejected by range scientists because there was no replication!"
Skepticism is not a new challenge for Savory. When, in 1998, members of the Department of Range and Forage Resources at South Africa's University of Natal—Savory's alma mater—met with him to discuss the particulars of his grazing system, they came away perplexed. "As a scientific body dedicated to the research and development of the sustainable utilization and management of southern African rangelands," they reported, "the correct approach to holistic management would be to rigorously evaluate the proposals put forward by Allan Savory and others. However, this is extremely difficult." The reason was "the very inconsistency of the holistic management approach."
Experimental validation, of course, offers the best process for evaluating whether holistic management works. But Savory rejects that possibility. "You'll find the scientific method never discovers anything," he told a journalist for Range magazine, which profiled him in 1999. "Observant, creative people make discoveries. But the scientific method protects us from cranks like me."
Later, reading Savory's seminal treatise, Holistic Management, I found the same unshakable confidence. Holistic planned grazing, the book claimed, "offers the simplest way we have found for managing the complexity that exists when livestock share the land with wildlife, crops, and other uses. This procedure will lead to the best possible plan in the most difficult and seemingly hopeless situations. Even when the rains have failed to come at all, and even through times of crisis, including war, this planning procedure has never failed me. Nor do I believe it will ever fail you."
On the Savory Institute's website, there are links to ample testimonials from ranchers who claim benefits from using the Savory method. "We are excited to share the simple yet effective tools of holistic management with our community," reads one typical statement, from a California rancher named Kelly McGarva. "It has made all the difference in our management practices, and the results can be seen on the land." The attraction for ranchers is Savory's promise that they can double, even triple, stocking rates while improving soil and vegetation cover. But the tales of success are self-reported and anecdotal. When scientists have conducted the rigorous evaluation suggested by the University of Natal researchers, the results have not been favorable.
In 1969, the Charter Estate, a London-based company, donated land, funding, and cattle to conduct a seven-year study of Savory's "short-duration grazing" on 6,200 acres in Zimbabwe. Savory stated in 2000 that the Charter Trials, as the experiment was called, was "the only trial ever conducted" about his work and that it "proved what I have always advocated and continue to advocate when livestock are run on any land."
But a 2002 review of the Charter Trials concluded that the Savory grazing method "failed to produce the marked improvement in grass cover claimed from its application." The study's authors found "no definite evidence in the African studies that short-duration grazing . . . will accelerate plant succession." The re-greening from cattle didn't happen. (Savory has since disavowed short-duration grazing, saying that it was flawed and that holistic management, despite its similarities to the short-duration model, now offers the best option.)
Since that initial study was conducted, Savory has faced a new wave of scrutiny. A group of United States-based rangeland scientists, led by David Briske, a professor in the Department of Ecosystem Science and Management at Texas A&M University, stated flatly that the Savory method "can not green deserts or reverse climate change." Savory's claims "are not only unsupported by scientific information, but they are often in direct conflict with it." Briske's study, published in the journal of the Society for Range Management in 2013, concluded: "We find all of Mr. Savory's major claims to be unfounded."
The Briske team found that Savory misrepresented the photos of landscapes he presents as evidence of the alleged desertifying effect of removing cattle. One of the photo series he often uses features Chaco Culture National Historical Park in New Mexico. But the land, the Briske report said, was not desertified from lack of cattle. Instead, the landscape was slowly recovering from decades of abusive overgrazing. (I emailed Briske for an interview, but he declined to talk. "Frankly, I have grown weary of the grandiose and unsubstantiated claims of Mr. Savory," Briske replied.)
Andres Cibils, a professor of range science at New Mexico State University, looked at Savory's claims of rangeland regeneration in Patagonia, among the highlights of the TED Talk. "In the case of Patagonia," Cibils told me, "there are no credible data to support Savory's success assertions."
Before coming to the United States, Cibils lived and worked in Patagonia for 13 years. Many of the region's ranchers, hard-hit by desertification that had resulted from decades of overgrazing, were worried for their future. "They were hungry for a miracle," said Cibils, who is familiar with several of the ranches where the Savory system was attempted. "They were willing to try this thing. But it's the same old story. I visited ranchers in New Mexico where Savory has consulted. These are people who tried it and who either modified or abandoned it because the results were a train wreck."
One of the tenets in Savory's argument is that soil becomes unhealthy—less carbon-rich—without the concentrated hoof action of cattle. By increasing the number of cattle on the land, ranchers can boost soil carbon sequestration. But this claim also founders under close inspection.
Briske and his colleagues looked at Savory's assertion that revitalized rangelands could help reduce atmospheric carbon to preindustrial levels. This would be a 30 percent drop, from 400 parts per million of CO2 to 280 PPM. The idea, the researchers concluded, is fantastical, amounting to "an enormous misrepresentation of the global carbon cycle and climate change science."
With global greenhouse gas emissions at roughly 50 billion metric tons a year, rangelands would have to sequester 13.6 billion tons annually, the report concluded. There are 5 billion hectares of rangelands; the most widely accepted estimate of potential soil carbon sequestration is less than 0.25 tons of carbon per hectare per year. That's eightfold less than Savory's claims would require.
Rattan Lal, a leading authority on soil carbon sequestration who teaches at Ohio State University, also expresses skepticism. "When a climate is drier and warmer, as on most rangelands, the rates of sequestration are generally lower," Lal said. "The question with Savory is the rates."
According to some researchers, Savory appears to misunderstand the intricate processes of soil carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. I called up Kelsey Brewer, a one-time organic farmer who is now a staff researcher at the University of California, Davis, and who is studying whether livestock grazing alone can improve sequestration. "Carbon is central to his argument," Brewer said. "But he gives no specifics in his TED Talk. And no data. He makes claims, and shows pictures."
In Savory's universe, ungrazed land, known as "rested" land, will always wither away. "It's just wrong," said Brewer. A substantial number of studies on desert grassland have found that with rest, grass cover "increases dramatically," while "intensive grazing delays this recovery."
A study of grasslands in China found that 20 years of grazing exclusion increased soil carbon storage by more than 35 percent. Another study there of semiarid grasslands reported that carbon levels, variously measured in aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, and grass litter, were as much as 157 percent higher in livestock-free grasslands than in grazed grasslands. In Australia, researchers concluded that destocking shrublands for a period of 20 years resulted in net carbon sequestration.
Well-managed grazing, Brewer emphasized, can in some cases increase soil carbon content. It's based on how you do it. "His claim is that grazing density doesn't matter, and that it's only a matter of the speed with which the grazers move through the land," he said. "But grazing density totally matters." Savory says that fast-moving, densely packed livestock loosen soil. "This is the exact opposite of correct," Brewer said. High-density grazing can result in compaction. The very top layer of the soil—a fraction of the soil, the top 10 centimeters—might be loosened, but ultimately there is a net compaction. "There's just too much evidence supporting increased compaction for Savory to make this claim without more concrete proof."
An increase in carbon content is almost always associated with the beneficial things we want from soil: more porosity, more water penetration and retention, an increase in microbial biomass, and an overall increase in nutrient cycling, which means that fungi and bacteria are transforming nutrients back into plant-available forms while also gobbling up atmospheric CO2. But as a stand-alone strategy, animal grazing results in a metabolic gap in the nutrient cycle. The cycle becomes open instead of closed—especially in a market-based grazing model, which Savory advocates. The moment a rancher puts an animal onto rangeland, the animal is removing nutrients from the soil and converting them into muscle and fat. The moment the animal leaves the land to head to slaughter, those nutrients leave the system, and the net total productivity of the land decreases. A dead animal remaining in the system rots back into the soil, its carcass closing the nutrient loop. But that doesn't happen in the system advocated by Savory, whose sales pitch to ranchers includes the prospect of selling more cattle on the market.
This is exactly the complex analysis one doesn't hear from Savory. "And that's my point," Brewer said. "You can't be reductive. Savory's claims are so reductive. I study integrated crop-livestock systems, in which we have grazing coupled with co-management and the inputs of additional fertilizers, like nitrogen and phosphorus, and we do see increases in carbon. The problem is that very often animal grazing alone does not increase carbon. It's just not true what Savory says."
In March 2016, while traveling in the high desert of southern Utah, I was invited to a local presentation about rotational grazing that included a screening of Savory's TED Talk. About 20 people showed up at the community center in the remote farming village of Boulder, population 226. We sat in the dark and listened to Savory's stirring words and watched his slideshow. The event, designed to inspire area ranchers, was organized by a group of self-described progressive agrarians.
Following the video, Ron Johnson, who runs an organic farm and lodge, led a discussion. Johnson is an optimistic 56-year-old who made a small fortune investing in Utah's Great Salt Lake brine shrimp industry and is now interested in getting into livestock using holistic management. There was mostly praise and admiration for Savory.
A lone voice in the audience demurred. It was Dennis Bramble, a fit-looking, silver-haired evolutionary biologist and professor emeritus at the University of Utah. Bramble, who was profiled in the best-selling book Born to Run, upended the field of evolution with his groundbreaking studies tying the physical development of modern Homo sapiens to our species' ability to run. He is also a self-taught ecologist who has schooled himself in the ecology of grazing in arid lands.
"I think claiming that you're going to reverse climate change by running cattle across the dry lands of the earth doesn't make sense," Bramble told the crowd. "And I would caution you all not to leap on the Savory bandwagon, especially in these parts. This is very dry country. And you need to consider some evolutionary history. There were no large ungulates grazing in this region. The grasses did not coevolve with grazing."
He said that on his own property, inside the nearby national forest, there had been a remarkable recovery of the landscape—and this was because, he quietly added, grazing had been curtailed as opposed to increased.
There was a moment of silence. "Why not give it a try?" said one of the attendees. That was the consensus in the room. After the event ended, Bramble and I talked. He was saddened by having to throw cold water on the hopeful meeting of local citizens. "The whole Savory thing," he sighed, shaking his head.
A few months later, Bramble took me on a tour of his property, which had been fenced off from cattle. The 160-acre parcel has been cattle-free for six years, and it exhibits a profusion of grasses and forbs and flowers. Before that, the property experienced only light, monitored grazing. Bramble has counted about 50 grass species that have recolonized the space, 80 percent of them native varieties. Rest from grazing, contrary to Savory's claims, did not result in desertification. Instead, minimal grazing and then a complete respite from cattle produced a healthy, self-sustaining ecosystem.
I asked him about the controversies surrounding Savory. "If I had most of the credible range scientists getting together to write papers saying I was full of crap, I'd do some real soul-searching," he replied. "As a scientist, that's what you'd have to do. But I don't know if he is a scientist."
This article appeared in the March/April 2017 edition with the headline "The Sacred Cow."
This article has been modified since its original posting. Some quotes attributed to UC Davis researcher Kelsey Brewer did not fully reflect his views on holistic management, and have been corrected.
Our March/April cover story generated a passionate debate among our readers. Click here to read their letters to the editor and join the conversation.
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In Israel, toiling away in dusty groves or inspecting huge barrels of wine has never just been a man’s job
Naama Barak / March 4, 2021 / Israel21C
Strictly speaking, Hanan Zoabi Manadreh doesn’t make olive oil.
But as the manager of social projects and women’s empowerment at the female-led Sindyanna of Galilee NGO that promotes business for peace and fair trade in Israel, she knows plenty about breaking barriers and, of course, the local olive oil industry.
Sindyanna of Galilee was established in 1996 by a group of Jewish and Arab women to improve the literacy of Arab-Israeli mothers. With time, it moved to the olive oil business and today exports quality olive oil manufactured by Arab-Israeli women.
Their work at the factory helps them make a living, improve their status in society, learn Hebrew and new technological skills and meet with a wide array of Jewish and Arab women, all while empowering local olive growers.
Manadreh notes that for the participants, working outside the home was more of a difficult issue than working in the olive oil industry.
“Palestinian society was an agricultural society so women were always also involved in agriculture,” she says. “There’s more conservative prejudices about a woman’s place being in the home, raising children, cooking and working as a housewife. When a woman wants to go out to work, she has to break a lot of barriers, a lot of conventions.
“But this situation is slowly changing. We come across it less and less because the financial situation and the cost of living forces women to go out and work. You can’t live off one salary anymore,” she notes.
Sindyanna’s olive oil comes from both local olive growers and two olive groves leased from Arab farmers. One of these is Israel’s only experimental olive grove, where scientists try out breeds that have yet to be registered in the country, and the other was established by Sindyanna and produces organic olives.
Once the oil reaches the factory at the Arab-Israeli town of Kafr Kanna, the female employees strain it, store it and see it all the way to the finished product – high-quality, fair-trade olive oil that is mostly shipped abroad.
The women do go to the grove once a year for the harvest, which highlights the values that Sindyanna stands for.
“It’s an activity through which we show the close cooperation and through which we show both societies [Arab and Jewish] that we can have a cooperative economy, cooperative work, that we can build a more just and equal society,” Manadreh concludes. | <urn:uuid:471a26ce-dcf0-4dc6-b73a-838e26d03769> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sindyanna.com/news-events/media-mentions/the-women-who-harvest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.959558 | 578 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A NASA contest is offering cash prizes for the best inflatable space loft design dreamed up by college students.
A satellite pivotal to modern space communications is now retiring after a long career of coordinating signals and facilitating polar-based astronomy research.
A cluster of glowing magnetic loops burst from a particularly active spot on the sun's surface and were photographed by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory.
A tiny moon orbiting Saturn has been caught creating ripples in the trademark rings around the gas giant planet in new photos from NASA's Cassini spacecraft.
NASA's next Mars rover just got a new set of wheels and an innovative suspension system in preparation for its journey to the red planet.
Fountains of dust on the moon could be launched high into the sky to create a glowing crescent of light along the boundary between night and day, a new model suggests.
A stunning new photo of deep space from a European telescope has revealed busy star-forming nebula awash in picturesque interstellar gas and dust.
Stars forming the Milky Way originated not from the Big Bang, but from galactic collisions that ripped apart smaller groups of stars, a new study finds.
A new photo taken by a NASA space telescope has revealed the brilliant southern pinwheel galaxy in a new light, though it’s a cosmic half-pint when compared to our own Milky Way.
A new space camera designed to watch the sun from its perch aboard an advanced weather satellite has taken its first photograph of our nearest star.
For the first time in 30 years, the Planetary Society has named a new chief, and it’s Bill Nye the Science Guy.
A unique case of forensic astronomy uncovers the historic reality of a celestial event forgotten in time yet referenced in a poem by Walt Whitman.
NASA engineers have revived the far-flung Voyager 2 probe on the fringe of the solar system after correcting a single incorrect computer bit in the spacecraft's memory that inexplicably went awry.
The wispy tendrils of gas and dust that make up the heart of the distant Soul Nebula stand out in a recent photograph from a NASA space telescope.
A swarm of distant galaxies hidden behind a pervasive veil of cosmic fog has been seen for the first time by telescope European infrared space telescope.
An interstellar cloud has been caught in the act of building huge stars, giving scientists a tantalizing glimpse into how such massive stars form. | <urn:uuid:42cd8360-1cb1-4072-a00c-1d659d2190fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.space.com/author/zoe-macintosh/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.914698 | 489 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Scientists have successfully grown liver tissue capable of functioning for 30 days in the lab as part of NASA's Vascular Tissue Challenge.
In 2016, NASA put forth this competition to find teams that could "create thick, vascularized human organ tissue in an in-vitro environment to advance research and benefit medicine on long-duration missions and on Earth," according to an agency challenge description. Today (June 9), the agency announced not one, but two winners of the challenge.
The two teams, both made up of scientists from the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM) in North Carolina, won first and second place in the competition with two different approaches to creating lab-grown human liver tissue.
"I cannot overstate what an impressive accomplishment this is. When NASA started this challenge in 2016, we weren’t sure there would be a winner," Jim Reuter, NASA associate administrator for space technology, said in a statement. "It will be exceptional to hear about the first artificial organ transplant one day and think this novel NASA challenge might have played a small role in making it happen."
The winning teams both used 3D printing technologies to create their tissue. As dictated in the challenge rules, the teams had to keep their tissues "alive" for 30-day trials. But, to engineer tissue and have it "survive," the teams had to figure out how to move nutrients and oxygen through their creation and how to remove waste. This process, known as perfusion, is done by blood vessels in organic, living tissues, but this is an extremely tricky thing to replicate artificially.
Using different materials and different 3D-printed designs, the two teams each made different gel-like frameworks for their tissues that included channels that oxygen and nutrients could run through. The teams were able to get nutrients to flow through their artificial blood vessels without leaking.
The team that won first place, called team Winston, is the first team to complete its trial with the engineered tissue under the challenge rules and will receive $300,000 and the opportunity to further this work aboard the International Space Station, according to the statement. The second-place team, called WFIRM, will receive $100,000.
But the challenge is not yet over. While these two competitors have taken home the top two prizes, two other teams continue to work toward third place, which also receives a prize of $100,000.
3D-printing human tissues in space
How this technology might one day be applied to healthcare for astronauts living on destinations like the moon and Mars has yet to be seen, but the researchers behind these projects acknowledge the many challenges that this application presents.
"There's going to be zero gravity ... space radiation, and we don't know how these tissues or cells within the tissue would behave. So, there are so many unanswered questions," James Yoo, a professor at WFIRM who is a part of team Winston, told Space.com during a media teleconference on June 9. However, he added, "We're very optimistic about the tissue constructs being in space, and we hope that they would behave similarly [to how they behave on Earth]."
However, while these future applications of tissue engineering have yet to be seen, by studying these structures in space, such as aboard the space station, researchers can significantly advance our understanding of how that might work.
"The potential to study this technology further in space is really exciting," Robyn Gatens, director of the International Space Station at NASA Headquarters, said about tissue engineering during the telecon. "One of the benefits of this challenge for space exploration is the creation of organ analogs that we could use to study deep space environmental effects like radiation and microgravity deconditioning."
"As we prepare to go to the moon with the Artemis program, and one day onto Mars, we'll need to develop strategies to minimize damage to astronauts' healthy cells and mitigate the negative effects ... space will have on humans during long-duration missions," Gatens said. She added that conducting such tests with organ analogs can help to "ensure we'll gain the knowledge to keep astronauts healthy as they journey further into space."
NASA's Vascular Tissue Challenge is led by the agency's Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley and is a part of the Centennial Challenges, a challenges, prizes and crowdsourcing program within NASA's Space Technology Mission Directorate, according to the statement. For this competition, NASA teamed with the nonprofit organization New Organ Alliance, which focuses on regenerative medicine research and development and which also put together the nine-person judging panel.
Email Chelsea Gohd at firstname.lastname@example.org or follow her on Twitter @chelsea_gohd. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
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Chelsea “Foxanne” Gohd joined Space.com in 2018 and is now a Senior Writer, writing about everything from climate change to planetary science and human spaceflight in both articles and on-camera in videos. With a degree in Public Health and biological sciences, Chelsea has written and worked for institutions including the American Museum of Natural History, Scientific American, Discover Magazine Blog, Astronomy Magazine and Live Science. When not writing, editing or filming something space-y, Chelsea "Foxanne" Gohd is writing music and performing as Foxanne, even launching a song to space in 2021 with Inspiration4. You can follow her on Twitter @chelsea_gohd and @foxannemusic. | <urn:uuid:41a1ba49-0154-429c-8142-06f3b9b77b3a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.space.com/nasa-vascular-tissue-challenge-winners-announced | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.963998 | 1,158 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Sciatica refers to pain that travels along the path of the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve travels from the lower back through the hips and buttocks and down each leg.
Sciatica most often occurs when a herniated disk or an overgrowth of bone puts pressure on part of the nerve. This causes inflammation, pain and often some numbness in the affected leg.
Although the pain associated with sciatica can be severe, most cases clear up with treatment in a few weeks. People who have severe sciatica and serious leg weakness or bowel or bladder changes might need surgery.
Sciatica pain can be almost anywhere along the nerve pathway. It's especially likely to follow a path from the low back to the buttock and the back of a thigh and calf.
The pain can vary from a mild ache to a sharp, burning pain. Sometimes it can feel like a jolt or electric shock. It can be worse when coughing or sneezing or sitting a long time. Usually, sciatica affects only one side of the body.
Some people also have numbness, tingling or muscle weakness in the leg or foot. One part of the leg can be in pain, while another part can feel numb.
When to see a doctor
Mild sciatica usually goes away over time. Call your primary care provider if self-care measures don't ease symptoms. Also call if pain lasts longer than a week, is severe or gets worse. Get immediate medical care for:
- Sudden, severe pain in the low back or a leg and numbness or muscle weakness in a leg
- Pain after a violent injury, such as a traffic accident
- Trouble controlling bowels or bladder
Sciatica occurs when the sciatic nerve becomes pinched. The cause is usually a herniated disk in the spine or an overgrowth of bone, sometimes called bone spurs, form on the spinal bones. More rarely, a tumor can put pressure on the nerve. Or a disease such as diabetes can damage the nerve.
Risk factors for sciatica include:
- Age. Age-related changes in the spine, such as herniated disks and bone spurs, are the most common causes of sciatica.
- Obesity. Being overweight increases stress on the spine.
- Occupation. A job that requires twisting the back, carrying heavy loads or driving a motor vehicle for long periods might play a role in sciatica.
- Prolonged sitting. People who sit a lot or don't move much are more likely to develop sciatica than active people are.
- Diabetes. This condition, which affects the way the body uses blood sugar, increases the risk of nerve damage.
Most people recover fully from sciatica, often without treatment. But sciatica can damage nerves. Seek immediate medical attention for:
- Loss of feeling in the affected leg
- Weakness in the affected leg
- Loss of bowel or bladder control
It's not always possible to prevent sciatica, and the condition can come back. To protect your back:
- Exercise regularly. To keep the back strong, work the core muscles — the muscles in the abdomen and lower back needed for good posture and alignment. A health care provider can recommend activities.
- Keep good posture when sitting. Choose a seat with good lower back support, armrests and a swivel base. For better low back support, place a pillow or rolled towel in the small of the back to keep its normal curve. Keep knees and hips level.
- Use your body correctly. When standing for long periods, rest one foot on a stool or small box from time to time. When lifting something heavy, let your legs do the work. Hold the load close to your body. Don't lift and twist at the same time. Find someone to help lift heavy or awkward things.
During the physical exam, a health care provider might check muscle strength and reflexes. For example, you may be asked to walk on your toes or heels, rise from a squatting position, and lift your legs one at a time while lying on your back. Pain from sciatica will usually get worse while doing these moves.
People with severe pain or pain that doesn't improve within a few weeks may need:
- X-ray. An X-ray of the spine may reveal an overgrowth of bone that can be pressing on a nerve.
- MRI. This procedure uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to produce cross-sectional images of the back. An MRI produces detailed images of bone and soft tissues, so herniated disks and pinched nerves show on the scan.
- CT scan. Having a CT scan might involve having a dye injected into the spinal canal before the X-rays are taken (CT myelogram). The dye then moves around the spinal cord and spinal nerves, making them easier to see on the images.
- Electromyography (EMG). This test measures the electrical impulses produced by the nerves and the responses of the muscles. This test can confirm how severe a nerve root injury is.
For pain that doesn't improve with self-care measures, some of the following treatments might help.
The types of drugs that might be used to treat sciatica pain include:
- Anti-seizure medications
Once the pain improves, a health care provider can design a program to help prevent future injuries. This typically includes exercises to correct posture, strengthen the core and improve range of motion.
In some cases, a shot of a corticosteroid medication into the area around the nerve root that's causing pain can help. Often, one injection helps reduce pain. Up to three can be given in one year.
Surgeons can remove the bone spur or the portion of the herniated disk that's pressing on the nerve. But surgery is usually done only when sciatica causes severe weakness, loss of bowel or bladder control, or pain that doesn't improve with other treatments.
Lifestyle and home remedies
For most people, sciatica responds to self-care measures. Although resting for a day or so may provide relief, staying inactive will make symptoms worse.
Other self-care treatments that might help include:
- Cold packs. Place a cold pack on the painful area for up to 20 minutes several times a day. Use an ice pack or a package of frozen peas wrapped in a clean towel.
- Hot packs. After 2 to 3 days, apply heat to the areas that hurt. Use hot packs, a heat lamp or a heating pad on the lowest setting. For continuing pain, try using both warm and cold packs, one at a time.
- Stretching. Stretching exercises for the low back might provide some relief. Try to hold the stretch for at least 30 seconds. Avoid jerking, bouncing or twisting during the stretch.
- Medications. Pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) are sometimes helpful for sciatica. Use only as directed.
Alternative therapies often used for low back pain include:
- Acupuncture. The practitioner inserts hair-thin needles into the skin at certain points on the body. Some studies have suggested that acupuncture can help back pain, while others have found no benefit. If you decide to try acupuncture, choose a licensed practitioner.
- Chiropractic. Chiropractors can make spinal adjustments (manipulation) to restore spinal movement and decrease pain. Spinal manipulation appears to work and to be as safe as standard treatments for low back pain.
Preparing for an appointment
Not everyone who has sciatica needs medical care. If your symptoms are severe or last for more than a month, make an appointment with your primary care provider.
What you can do
- Write down your symptoms and when they began.
- List key medical information, including other conditions you have and the names and doses of medications, vitamins or supplements you take.
- Note recent accidents or injuries that might have damaged your back.
- Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who accompanies you can help you remember the information you get.
- Write down questions to ask your provider.
For radiating low back pain, some basic questions to ask include:
- What's the most likely cause of my back pain?
- Are there other possible causes?
- What tests do I need?
- What treatment do you recommend?
- Should I have surgery? Why or why not?
- Are there restrictions I need to follow?
- What self-care measures should I take?
- What can I do to keep my symptoms from coming back?
Don't hesitate to ask other questions.
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:
- Do you have numbness or weakness in your legs?
- Do some body positions or activities make your pain better or worse?
- How much does your pain limit your activities?
- Do you do heavy physical work?
- Do you exercise regularly? If yes, with what types of activities?
- What treatments or self-care measures have you tried? Has anything helped? | <urn:uuid:0e7e7762-1c0d-4e2e-95fe-db3d1ee4a181> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.stelizabeth.com/HealthLibrary/Condition/sciatica | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.927339 | 1,928 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Tanzania’s Ngorongoro Crater is the largest intact caldera left in the world and shelters a pristine & untouched wilderness. This 3-million-year-old geographical masterpiece is home to an incredible abundance of wildlife, including Africa’s Big Five.
Black rhinos, lions, leopards, buffalo, antelopes, elephants, zebras, wildebeests, flamingos, cheetahs, jackals, impalas, bushbucks, African wild dogs, elands, hartebeests, waterbucks, kudu, hippos, hyenas, and many different bird species.
8,300 sq. km. (5,160 sq. mi.)
4 hours from Arusha
The Ngorongoro Crater’s ancient walls form the perfect habitat for countless animal species. Lush, untouched greenery grows within. This caldera, nicknamed The Garden of Eden, is the only caldera supporting wildlife (including Africa’s Big Five: lions, leopards, buffalo, rhinos, and elephants) and the 6th largest caldera in the world. You may also meet the semi-nomadic Maasai people throughout the area, who peacefully coexist with native wildlife. This ancient crater is a natural paradise, harboring nearly all of East Africa's iconic species. In addition to first-rate game viewing, the crater offers close proximity to Olduvai Gorge, the "Cradle of Humanity," where many pre-human fossil remains have been discovered.
Your guide will lead you through the thick vegetation of the lush mountainous forests that surround the crater, revealing glimpses of Tanzania’s most active volcano. You may hear the sounds of flamingos as they congregate upon the lakeshores below. Herds of zebra and gazelle graze on the delicate foliage as ostriches forage for roots and seeds. At Ngorongoro Crater, you feel like a part of nature. Enjoy the diverse views of tawny plains and woodlands wedged inside an ancient volcanic caldera, and know that you are witnessing a setting older than humanity.
Established in 1959, Ngorongoro Crater is Tanzania's second oldest national protected area, hosting 115 different mammal species, over 500 bird species, and the native Maasai people who call the region home. The Ngorongoro Crater was designated as a World Heritage Site in 1979 and listed as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1980. Many refer to this caldera as the "Eighth Wonder of the World."
3 million years of volcanic activity have formed the topography of the caldera as we see it today.
Take a trek through the Highlands to experience the sights and sounds of the ancient caldera's ecosystem.
From the crater's rim, you'll have an incredible view of Oldonio Lengai, Mount Kilimanjaro and the Great Rift Valley. Exploring the caldera's edge is a perfect excursion for the adventurous trekkers looking for an immersive natural experience in the heart of Maasai land.
Located in the North of Tanzania, nestled between Ngorongoro Crater and the Serengeti, lies one of the most important historical places on Earth. Mary Leakey, a famous archaeologist, is credited with most of the discoveries at Olduvai Gorge. Here, Leakey unearthed the earliest signs of human technology — this paleoanthropological site held the earliest known remains of ancient, tool-wielding humans. Archaeological knowledge gained from the Olduvai Gorge has changed our understanding of human origin forever. A nearby museum contains additional evidence and explanations for history buffs and archaeology enthusiasts.
A visit to a Maasai village is a popular destination for nearly every safari you’ll take through Tanzania. The Maasai People, a tribe of semi-nomadic pastoralists, call the Great Rift Valley region of Northern Tanzania and Southern Kenya home. Admire their hand-crafted artwork, observe ceremonial dance performances, and learn about this tribe's traditional way of life. | <urn:uuid:2fb76b35-0aaf-4e3d-a132-8119c1ee4698> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tanzaniaadventuretours.com/tanzania/ngorongoro-crater | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.909089 | 857 | 2.875 | 3 |
In a laboratory in Kiel, Germany, in 1878, cytologist Walther Flemming saw something extraordinary through his microscope. He and a student were studying oocyte development using stained sections of nuclei from an axolotl, a type of salamander. In one of those sections, Flemming could make out long, thin objects with fiber-like protrusions that formed loops, giving the cellular structures a fuzzy appearance.
In 1882, he published his observations of these “merkwürdige und zierliche Anordnungen”—strange and delicate structures. As for what they were,...
At the time, researchers hadn’t yet identified the physiological unit of heredity. Although Flemming had described and named chromatin in 1879, it wasn’t until 1888 that Wilhelm Waldeyer coined the term “chromosome,” and scientists began making connections between the structures and genetic inheritance.
German anatomist Johannes Rückert had been observing the same structures that Flemming saw, but in oocytes from a catshark. “Rückert was able to recognize that what he was looking at was a genetic structure, rather than simply an unusual organelle in an unusual cell type,” Morgan says.
They were chromosomes, Rückert concluded, but in a peculiar state. For starters, they were big—up to 120 μm, he noted (they extend up to a millimeter in some species). And the tangle of side loops differed from the smoother appearance of somatic cell chromosomes. In a paper published in 1892, Rückert named the structures “lampbrush chromosomes,” for their resemblance to wiry brushes used at the time to clean oil lamps.
Since then, scientists have explored the structures in more detail. It’s now known that the lampbrush form is adopted by oocyte chromosomes in almost all animals, mammals excepted—perhaps owing to the spatially constrained development of mammalian embryos, Morgan says. Because the loops are sites of intense transcriptional activity, the structures are thought to play a role in oocytes’ synthesis of large quantities of protein prior to the rapid cell division associated with embryonic development.
With the genome of the axolotl to be published later this year, Morgan and other researchers are hoping to learn more about how the loops on lampbrush chromosomes might regulate gene expression. But even for geneticists not studying oocyte development, the lampbrush chromosome still holds appeal 140 years after its discovery, Morgan says.
Often in genetics, “you don’t really get a feeling for the physical reality of what’s going on,” he says. But with modern microscopy, researchers can observe these enormous chromosomes swishing around in 3-D space. “You can see that genes aren’t static structures—they have a mobility. It’s a fascinating thing simply to be able to look at them.” | <urn:uuid:c9dd0598-54a6-4ca9-8ccb-f1f3fb1b9387> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.the-scientist.com/unknown/a-brush-with-inheritance-1878-30336 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.952401 | 628 | 3.875 | 4 |
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