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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Anti - epileptic drugs - induced de novo absence seizures .
### Output Text: | Anti - epileptic drugs - induced de novo absence seizures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The authors present three patients with de novo absence epilepsy after administration of carbamazepine and vigabatrin .
### Output Text: | The authors present three patients with de novo absence epilepsy after administration of <span class="chemical">carbamazepine</span> and <span class="chemical">vigabatrin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Despite the underlying diseases , the prognosis for drug - induced de novo absence seizure is good because it subsides rapidly after discontinuing the use of the offending drugs .
### Output Text: | Despite the underlying diseases , the prognosis for drug - induced de novo absence seizure is good because it subsides rapidly after discontinuing the use of the offending drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The gamma - aminobutyric acid - transmitted thalamocortical circuitry accounts for a major part of the underlying neurophysiology of the absence epilepsy .
### Output Text: | The <span class="chemical">gamma - aminobutyric acid</span> - transmitted thalamocortical circuitry accounts for a major part of the underlying neurophysiology of the absence epilepsy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Because drug - induced de novo absence seizure is rare , pro - absence drugs can only be considered a promoting factor .
### Output Text: | Because drug - induced de novo absence seizure is rare , pro - absence drugs can only be considered a promoting factor . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The underlying epileptogenecity of the patients or the synergistic effects of the accompanying drugs is required to trigger the de novo absence seizure .
### Output Text: | The underlying epileptogenecity of the patients or the synergistic effects of the accompanying drugs is required to trigger the de novo absence seizure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The possibility of drug - induced aggravation should be considered whenever an unexpected increase in seizure frequency and / or new seizure types appear following a change in drug treatment .
### Output Text: | The possibility of drug - induced aggravation should be considered whenever an unexpected increase in seizure frequency and / or new seizure types appear following a change in drug treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: By understanding the underlying mechanism of absence epilepsy , we can avoid the inappropriate use of anticonvulsants in children with epilepsy and prevent drug - induced absence seizures .
### Output Text: | By understanding the underlying mechanism of absence epilepsy , we can avoid the inappropriate use of anticonvulsants in children with epilepsy and prevent drug - induced absence seizures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Prenatal dexamethasone programs hypertension and renal injury in the rat .
### Output Text: | Prenatal <span class="chemical">dexamethasone</span> programs hypertension and renal injury in the rat . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Dexamethasone is frequently administered to the developing fetus to accelerate pulmonary development .
### Output Text: | Dexamethasone is frequently administered to the developing fetus to accelerate pulmonary development . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The purpose of the present study was to determine if prenatal dexamethasone programmed a progressive increase in blood pressure and renal injury in rats .
### Output Text: | The purpose of the present study was to determine if prenatal <span class="chemical">dexamethasone</span> programmed a progressive increase in blood pressure and renal injury in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pregnant rats were given either vehicle or 2 daily intraperitoneal injections of dexamethasone ( 0 . 2 mg / kg body weight ) on gestational days 11 and 12 , 13 and 14 , 15 and 16 , 17 and 18 , or 19 and 20 .
### Output Text: | Pregnant rats were given either vehicle or 2 daily intraperitoneal injections of <span class="chemical">dexamethasone</span> ( 0 . 2 mg / kg body weight ) on gestational days 11 and 12 , 13 and 14 , 15 and 16 , 17 and 18 , or 19 and 20 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Offspring of rats administered dexamethasone on days 15 and 16 gestation had a 20 % reduction in glomerular number compared with control at 6 to 9 months of age ( 22 527 + / - 509 versus 28 050 + / - 561 , P < 0 . 05 ) , which was comparable to the percent reduction in glomeruli measured at 3 weeks of age .
### Output Text: | Offspring of rats administered <span class="chemical">dexamethasone</span> on days 15 and 16 gestation had a 20 % reduction in glomerular number compared with control at 6 to 9 months of age ( 22 527 + / - 509 versus 28 050 + / - 561 , P < 0 . 05 ) , which was comparable to the percent reduction in glomeruli measured at 3 weeks of age . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Six - to 9 - month old rats receiving prenatal dexamethasone on days 17 and 18 of gestation had a 17 % reduction in glomeruli ( 23 380 + / - 587 ) compared with control rats ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | Six - to 9 - month old rats receiving prenatal <span class="chemical">dexamethasone</span> on days 17 and 18 of gestation had a 17 % reduction in glomeruli ( 23 380 + / - 587 ) compared with control rats ( P < 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Male rats that received prenatal dexamethasone on days 15 and 16 , 17 and 18 , and 13 and 14 of gestation had elevated blood pressures at 6 months of age ; the latter group did not have a reduction in glomerular number .
### Output Text: | Male rats that received prenatal <span class="chemical">dexamethasone</span> on days 15 and 16 , 17 and 18 , and 13 and 14 of gestation had elevated blood pressures at 6 months of age ; the latter group did not have a reduction in glomerular number . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Adult rats given dexamethasone on days 15 and 16 of gestation had more glomeruli with glomerulosclerosis than control rats .
### Output Text: | Adult rats given <span class="chemical">dexamethasone</span> on days 15 and 16 of gestation had more glomeruli with glomerulosclerosis than control rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This study shows that prenatal dexamethasone in rats results in a reduction in glomerular number , glomerulosclerosis , and hypertension when administered at specific points during gestation .
### Output Text: | This study shows that prenatal <span class="chemical">dexamethasone</span> in rats results in a reduction in glomerular number , glomerulosclerosis , and hypertension when administered at specific points during gestation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hypertension was observed in animals that had a reduction in glomeruli as well as in a group that did not have a reduction in glomerular number , suggesting that a reduction in glomerular number is not the sole cause for the development of hypertension .
### Output Text: | Hypertension was observed in animals that had a reduction in glomeruli as well as in a group that did not have a reduction in glomerular number , suggesting that a reduction in glomerular number is not the sole cause for the development of hypertension . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Kidney function and morphology after short - term combination therapy with cyclosporine A , tacrolimus and sirolimus in the rat .
### Output Text: | Kidney function and morphology after short - term combination therapy with <span class="chemical">cyclosporine A</span> , <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> and <span class="chemical">sirolimus</span> in the rat . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Sirolimus ( SRL ) may supplement calcineurin inhibitors in clinical organ transplantation .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : <span class="chemical">Sirolimus</span> ( <span class="chemical">SRL</span> ) may supplement calcineurin inhibitors in clinical organ transplantation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These are nephrotoxic , but SRL seems to act differently displaying only minor nephrotoxic effects , although this question is still open .
### Output Text: | These are nephrotoxic , but <span class="chemical">SRL</span> seems to act differently displaying only minor nephrotoxic effects , although this question is still open . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In a number of treatment protocols where SRL was combined with a calcineurin inhibitor indications of a synergistic nephrotoxic effect were described .
### Output Text: | In a number of treatment protocols where <span class="chemical">SRL</span> was combined with a calcineurin inhibitor indications of a synergistic nephrotoxic effect were described . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The aim of this study was to examine further the renal function , including morphological analysis of the kidneys of male Sprague - Dawley rats treated with either cyclosporine A ( CsA ) , tacrolimus ( FK506 ) or SRL as monotherapies or in different combinations .
### Output Text: | The aim of this study was to examine further the renal function , including morphological analysis of the kidneys of male Sprague - Dawley rats treated with either <span class="chemical">cyclosporine A</span> ( <span class="chemical">CsA</span> ) , <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> ( <span class="chemical">FK506</span> ) or <span class="chemical">SRL</span> as monotherapies or in different combinations . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: METHODS : For a period of 2 weeks , CsA 15 mg / kg / day ( given orally ) , FK506 3 . 0 mg / kg / day ( given orally ) or SRL 0 . 4 mg / kg / day ( given intraperitoneally ) was administered once a day as these doses have earlier been found to achieve a significant immunosuppressive effect in Sprague - Dawley rats .
### Output Text: | METHODS : For a period of 2 weeks , <span class="chemical">CsA</span> 15 mg / kg / day ( given orally ) , <span class="chemical">FK506</span> 3 . 0 mg / kg / day ( given orally ) or <span class="chemical">SRL</span> 0 . 4 mg / kg / day ( given intraperitoneally ) was administered once a day as these doses have earlier been found to achieve a significant immunosuppressive effect in Sprague - Dawley rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In the ' conscious catheterized rat ' model , the glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) was measured as the clearance of Cr ( EDTA ) .
### Output Text: | In the ' conscious catheterized rat ' model , the glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) was measured as the clearance of Cr ( EDTA ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The morphological analysis of the kidneys included a semi - quantitative scoring system analysing the degree of striped fibrosis , subcapsular fibrosis and the number of basophilic tubules , plus an additional stereological analysis of the total grade of fibrosis in the cortex stained with Sirius Red .
### Output Text: | The morphological analysis of the kidneys included a semi - quantitative scoring system analysing the degree of striped fibrosis , subcapsular fibrosis and the number of basophilic tubules , plus an additional stereological analysis of the total grade of fibrosis in the cortex stained with Sirius Red . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: RESULTS : CsA , FK506 and SRL all significantly decreased the GFR .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : <span class="chemical">CsA</span> , <span class="chemical">FK506</span> and <span class="chemical">SRL</span> all significantly decreased the GFR . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A further deterioration was seen when CsA was combined with either FK506 or SRL , whereas the GFR remained unchanged in the group treated with FK506 plus SRL when compared with treatment with any of the single substances .
### Output Text: | A further deterioration was seen when <span class="chemical">CsA</span> was combined with either <span class="chemical">FK506</span> or <span class="chemical">SRL</span> , whereas the GFR remained unchanged in the group treated with <span class="chemical">FK506</span> plus <span class="chemical">SRL</span> when compared with treatment with any of the single substances . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The morphological changes presented a similar pattern .
### Output Text: | The morphological changes presented a similar pattern . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The semi - quantitative scoring was significantly worst in the group treated with CsA plus SRL ( P < 0 . 001 compared with controls ) and the analysis of the total grade of fibrosis also showed the highest proportion in the same group and was significantly different from controls ( P < 0 . 02 ) .
### Output Text: | The semi - quantitative scoring was significantly worst in the group treated with <span class="chemical">CsA</span> plus <span class="chemical">SRL</span> ( P < 0 . 001 compared with controls ) and the analysis of the total grade of fibrosis also showed the highest proportion in the same group and was significantly different from controls ( P < 0 . 02 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The FK506 plus SRL combination showed only a marginally higher degree of fibrosis as compared with controls ( P = 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | The <span class="chemical">FK506</span> plus <span class="chemical">SRL</span> combination showed only a marginally higher degree of fibrosis as compared with controls ( P = 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : This rat study demonstrated a synergistic nephrotoxic effect of CsA plus SRL , whereas FK506 plus SRL was better tolerated .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : This rat study demonstrated a synergistic nephrotoxic effect of <span class="chemical">CsA</span> plus <span class="chemical">SRL</span> , whereas <span class="chemical">FK506</span> plus <span class="chemical">SRL</span> was better tolerated . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Evaluation of cardiac troponin I and T levels as markers of myocardial damage in doxorubicin - induced cardiomyopathy rats , and their relationship with echocardiographic and histological findings .
### Output Text: | Evaluation of cardiac troponin I and T levels as markers of myocardial damage in <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> - induced cardiomyopathy rats , and their relationship with echocardiographic and histological findings . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Cardiac troponins I ( cTnI ) and T ( cTnT ) have been shown to be highly sensitive and specific markers of myocardial cell injury .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Cardiac troponins I ( cTnI ) and T ( cTnT ) have been shown to be highly sensitive and specific markers of myocardial cell injury . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We investigated the diagnostic value of cTnI and cTnT for the diagnosis of myocardial damage in a rat model of doxorubicin ( DOX ) - induced cardiomyopathy , and we examined the relationship between serial cTnI and cTnT with the development of cardiac disorders monitored by echocardiography and histological examinations in this model .
### Output Text: | We investigated the diagnostic value of cTnI and cTnT for the diagnosis of myocardial damage in a rat model of <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> ( <span class="chemical">DOX</span> ) - induced cardiomyopathy , and we examined the relationship between serial cTnI and cTnT with the development of cardiac disorders monitored by echocardiography and histological examinations in this model . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: METHODS : Thirty - five Wistar rats were given 1 . 5 mg / kg DOX , i . v . , weekly for up to 8 weeks for a total cumulative dose of 12 mg / kg BW .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Thirty - five Wistar rats were given 1 . 5 mg / kg <span class="chemical">DOX</span> , i . v . , weekly for up to 8 weeks for a total cumulative dose of 12 mg / kg BW . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Ten rats received saline as a control group .
### Output Text: | Ten rats received saline as a control group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: cTnI was measured with Access ( R ) ( ng / ml ) and a research immunoassay ( pg / ml ) , and compared with cTnT , CK - MB mass and CK .
### Output Text: | cTnI was measured with Access ( R ) ( ng / ml ) and a research immunoassay ( pg / ml ) , and compared with cTnT , CK - MB mass and CK . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: By using transthoracic echocardiography , anterior and posterior wall thickness , LV diameters and LV fractional shortening ( FS ) were measured in all rats before DOX or saline , and at weeks 6 and 9 after treatment in all surviving rats .
### Output Text: | By using transthoracic echocardiography , anterior and posterior wall thickness , LV diameters and LV fractional shortening ( FS ) were measured in all rats before <span class="chemical">DOX</span> or saline , and at weeks 6 and 9 after treatment in all surviving rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Histology was performed in DOX - rats at 6 and 9 weeks after the last DOX dose and in all controls .
### Output Text: | Histology was performed in <span class="chemical">DOX</span> - rats at 6 and 9 weeks after the last <span class="chemical">DOX</span> dose and in all controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Eighteen of the DOX rats died prematurely of general toxicity during the 9 - week period .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Eighteen of the <span class="chemical">DOX</span> rats died prematurely of general toxicity during the 9 - week period . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: End - diastolic ( ED ) and end - systolic ( ES ) LV diameters / BW significantly increased , whereas LV FS was decreased after 9 weeks in the DOX group ( p < 0 . 001 ) .
### Output Text: | End - diastolic ( ED ) and end - systolic ( ES ) LV diameters / BW significantly increased , whereas LV FS was decreased after 9 weeks in the <span class="chemical">DOX</span> group ( p < 0 . 001 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These parameters remained unchanged in controls .
### Output Text: | These parameters remained unchanged in controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Histological evaluation of hearts from all rats given DOX revealed significant slight degrees of perivascular and interstitial fibrosis .
### Output Text: | Histological evaluation of hearts from all rats given <span class="chemical">DOX</span> revealed significant slight degrees of perivascular and interstitial fibrosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In 7 of the 18 rats , degeneration and myocyte vacuolisation were found .
### Output Text: | In 7 of the 18 rats , degeneration and myocyte vacuolisation were found . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Only five of the controls exhibited evidence of very slight perivascular fibrosis .
### Output Text: | Only five of the controls exhibited evidence of very slight perivascular fibrosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A significant rise in cTnT was found in DOX rats after cumulative doses of 7 . 5 and 12 mg / kg in comparison with baseline ( p < 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | A significant rise in cTnT was found in <span class="chemical">DOX</span> rats after cumulative doses of 7 . 5 and 12 mg / kg in comparison with baseline ( p < 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: cTnT found in rats after 12 mg / kg were significantly greater than that found after 7 . 5 mg / kg DOX .
### Output Text: | cTnT found in rats after 12 mg / kg were significantly greater than that found after 7 . 5 mg / kg <span class="chemical">DOX</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Maximal cTnI ( pg / ml ) and cTnT levels were significantly increased in DOX rats compared with controls ( p = 0 . 006 , 0 . 007 ) .
### Output Text: | Maximal cTnI ( pg / ml ) and cTnT levels were significantly increased in <span class="chemical">DOX</span> rats compared with controls ( p = 0 . 006 , 0 . 007 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: cTnI ( ng / ml ) , CK - MB mass and CK remained unchanged in DOX rats compared with controls .
### Output Text: | cTnI ( ng / ml ) , CK - MB mass and CK remained unchanged in <span class="chemical">DOX</span> rats compared with controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All markers remained stable in controls .
### Output Text: | All markers remained stable in controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Analysis of data revealed a significant correlation between maximal cTnT and ED and ES LV diameters / BW ( r = 0 . 81 and 0 . 65 ; p < 0 . 0001 ) .
### Output Text: | Analysis of data revealed a significant correlation between maximal cTnT and ED and ES LV diameters / BW ( r = 0 . 81 and 0 . 65 ; p < 0 . 0001 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A significant relationship was observed between maximal cTnT and the extent of myocardial morphological changes , and between LV diameters / BW and histological findings .
### Output Text: | A significant relationship was observed between maximal cTnT and the extent of myocardial morphological changes , and between LV diameters / BW and histological findings . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Among markers of ischemic injury after DOX in rats , cTnT showed the greatest ability to detect myocardial damage assessed by echocardiographic detection and histological changes .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Among markers of ischemic injury after <span class="chemical">DOX</span> in rats , cTnT showed the greatest ability to detect myocardial damage assessed by echocardiographic detection and histological changes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although there was a discrepancy between the amount of cTnI and cTnT after DOX , probably due to heterogeneity in cross - reactivities of mAbs to various cTnI and cTnT forms , it is likely that cTnT in rats after DOX indicates cell damage determined by the magnitude of injury induced and that cTnT should be a useful marker for the prediction of experimentally induced cardiotoxicity and possibly for cardioprotective experiments .
### Output Text: | Although there was a discrepancy between the amount of cTnI and cTnT after <span class="chemical">DOX</span> , probably due to heterogeneity in cross - reactivities of mAbs to various cTnI and cTnT forms , it is likely that cTnT in rats after <span class="chemical">DOX</span> indicates cell damage determined by the magnitude of injury induced and that cTnT should be a useful marker for the prediction of experimentally induced cardiotoxicity and possibly for cardioprotective experiments . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Octreotide - induced hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension in premature neonates .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Octreotide</span> - induced hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension in premature neonates . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The authors report 2 cases of premature neonates who had enterocutaneous fistula complicating necrotizing enterocolitis .
### Output Text: | The authors report 2 cases of premature neonates who had enterocutaneous fistula complicating necrotizing enterocolitis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pulmonary hypertension developed after administration of a somatostatin analogue , octreotide , to enhance resolution of the fistula .
### Output Text: | Pulmonary hypertension developed after administration of a somatostatin analogue , <span class="chemical">octreotide</span> , to enhance resolution of the fistula . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The authors discuss the mechanism of the occurrence of this complication and recommend caution of its use in high - risk premature neonates .
### Output Text: | The authors discuss the mechanism of the occurrence of this complication and recommend caution of its use in high - risk premature neonates . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The risk of venous thromboembolism in women prescribed cyproterone acetate in combination with ethinyl estradiol : a nested cohort analysis and case - control study .
### Output Text: | The risk of venous thromboembolism in women prescribed <span class="chemical">cyproterone acetate</span> in combination with <span class="chemical">ethinyl estradiol</span> : a nested cohort analysis and case - control study . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Cyproterone acetate combined with ethinyl estradiol ( CPA / EE ) is licensed in the UK for the treatment of women with acne and hirsutism and is also a treatment option for polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : <span class="chemical">Cyproterone acetate</span> combined with <span class="chemical">ethinyl estradiol</span> ( <span class="chemical">CPA</span> / <span class="chemical">EE</span> ) is licensed in the UK for the treatment of women with acne and hirsutism and is also a treatment option for polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Previous studies have demonstrated an increased risk of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) associated with CPA / EE compared with conventional combined oral contraceptives ( COCs ) .
### Output Text: | Previous studies have demonstrated an increased risk of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) associated with <span class="chemical">CPA</span> / <span class="chemical">EE</span> compared with conventional combined <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> ( COCs ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We believe the results of those studies may have been affected by residual confounding .
### Output Text: | We believe the results of those studies may have been affected by residual confounding . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Using the General Practice Research Database we conducted a cohort analysis and case - control study nested within a population of women aged between 15 and 39 years with acne , hirsutism or PCOS to estimate the risk of VTE associated with CPA / EE .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Using the General Practice Research Database we conducted a cohort analysis and case - control study nested within a population of women aged between 15 and 39 years with acne , hirsutism or PCOS to estimate the risk of VTE associated with <span class="chemical">CPA</span> / <span class="chemical">EE</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : The age - adjusted incidence rate ratio for CPA / EE versus conventional COCs was 2 . 20 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1 . 35 - 3 . 58 ] .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : The age - adjusted incidence rate ratio for <span class="chemical">CPA</span> / <span class="chemical">EE</span> versus conventional COCs was 2 . 20 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1 . 35 - 3 . 58 ] . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Using as the reference group women who were not using oral contraception , had no recent pregnancy or menopausal symptoms , the case - control analysis gave an adjusted odds ratio ( OR ( adj ) ) of 7 . 44 ( 95 % CI 3 . 67 - 15 . 08 ) for CPA / EE use compared with an OR ( adj ) of 2 . 58 ( 95 % CI 1 . 60 - 4 . 18 ) for use of conventional COCs .
### Output Text: | Using as the reference group women who were not using oral contraception , had no recent pregnancy or menopausal symptoms , the case - control analysis gave an adjusted odds ratio ( OR ( adj ) ) of 7 . 44 ( 95 % CI 3 . 67 - 15 . 08 ) for <span class="chemical">CPA</span> / <span class="chemical">EE</span> use compared with an OR ( adj ) of 2 . 58 ( 95 % CI 1 . 60 - 4 . 18 ) for use of conventional COCs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : We have demonstrated an increased risk of VTE associated with the use of CPA / EE in women with acne , hirsutism or PCOS although residual confounding by indication cannot be excluded .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : We have demonstrated an increased risk of VTE associated with the use of <span class="chemical">CPA</span> / <span class="chemical">EE</span> in women with acne , hirsutism or PCOS although residual confounding by indication cannot be excluded . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The effect of treatment with gum Arabic on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats : a preliminary study .
### Output Text: | The effect of treatment with <span class="chemical">gum Arabic</span> on <span class="chemical">gentamicin</span> nephrotoxicity in rats : a preliminary study . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the present work we assessed the effect of treatment of rats with gum Arabic on acute renal failure induced by gentamicin ( GM ) nephrotoxicity .
### Output Text: | In the present work we assessed the effect of treatment of rats with <span class="chemical">gum Arabic</span> on acute renal failure induced by <span class="chemical">gentamicin</span> ( <span class="chemical">GM</span> ) nephrotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Rats were treated with the vehicle ( 2 mL / kg of distilled water and 5 % w / v cellulose , 10 days ) , gum Arabic ( 2 mL / kg of a 10 % w / v aqueous suspension of gum Arabic powder , orally for 10 days ) , or gum Arabic concomitantly with GM ( 80mg / kg / day intramuscularly , during the last six days of the treatment period ) .
### Output Text: | Rats were treated with the vehicle ( 2 mL / kg of distilled water and 5 % w / v cellulose , 10 days ) , <span class="chemical">gum Arabic</span> ( 2 mL / kg of a 10 % w / v aqueous suspension of <span class="chemical">gum Arabic</span> powder , orally for 10 days ) , or <span class="chemical">gum Arabic</span> concomitantly with <span class="chemical">GM</span> ( 80mg / kg / day intramuscularly , during the last six days of the treatment period ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nephrotoxicity was assessed by measuring the concentrations of creatinine and urea in the plasma and reduced glutathione ( GSH ) in the kidney cortex , and by light microscopic examination of kidney sections .
### Output Text: | Nephrotoxicity was assessed by measuring the concentrations of <span class="chemical">creatinine</span> and <span class="chemical">urea</span> in the plasma and reduced <span class="chemical">glutathione</span> ( <span class="chemical">GSH</span> ) in the kidney cortex , and by light microscopic examination of kidney sections . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The results indicated that concomitant treatment with gum Arabic and GM significantly increased creatinine and urea by about 183 and 239 % , respectively ( compared to 432 and 346 % , respectively , in rats treated with cellulose and GM ) , and decreased that of cortical GSH by 21 % ( compared to 27 % in the cellulose plus GM group ) The GM - induced proximal tubular necrosis appeared to be slightly less severe in rats given GM together with gum Arabic than in those given GM and cellulose .
### Output Text: | The results indicated that concomitant treatment with <span class="chemical">gum Arabic</span> and <span class="chemical">GM</span> significantly increased <span class="chemical">creatinine</span> and <span class="chemical">urea</span> by about 183 and 239 % , respectively ( compared to 432 and 346 % , respectively , in rats treated with cellulose and <span class="chemical">GM</span> ) , and decreased that of cortical <span class="chemical">GSH</span> by 21 % ( compared to 27 % in the cellulose plus <span class="chemical">GM</span> group ) The <span class="chemical">GM</span> - induced proximal tubular necrosis appeared to be slightly less severe in rats given <span class="chemical">GM</span> together with <span class="chemical">gum Arabic</span> than in those given <span class="chemical">GM</span> and cellulose . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It could be inferred that gum Arabic treatment has induced a modest amelioration of some of the histological and biochemical indices of GM nephrotoxicity .
### Output Text: | It could be inferred that <span class="chemical">gum Arabic</span> treatment has induced a modest amelioration of some of the histological and biochemical indices of <span class="chemical">GM</span> nephrotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Further work is warranted on the effect of the treatments on renal functional aspects in models of chronic renal failure , and on the mechanism ( s ) involved .
### Output Text: | Further work is warranted on the effect of the treatments on renal functional aspects in models of chronic renal failure , and on the mechanism ( s ) involved . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Increased frequency of venous thromboembolism with the combination of docetaxel and thalidomide in patients with metastatic androgen - independent prostate cancer .
### Output Text: | Increased frequency of venous thromboembolism with the combination of <span class="chemical">docetaxel</span> and <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> in patients with metastatic androgen - independent prostate cancer . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: STUDY OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the frequency of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) in patients with advanced androgen - independent prostate cancer who were treated with docetaxel alone or in combination with thalidomide .
### Output Text: | STUDY OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the frequency of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) in patients with advanced androgen - independent prostate cancer who were treated with <span class="chemical">docetaxel</span> alone or in combination with <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DESIGN : Retrospective analysis of a randomized phase II trial .
### Output Text: | DESIGN : Retrospective analysis of a randomized phase II trial . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: SETTING : National Institutes of Health clinical research center .
### Output Text: | SETTING : National Institutes of Health clinical research center . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PATIENTS : Seventy men , aged 50 - 80 years , with advanced androgen - independent prostate cancer .
### Output Text: | PATIENTS : Seventy men , aged 50 - 80 years , with advanced androgen - independent prostate cancer . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: INTERVENTION : Each patient received either intravenous docetaxel 30 mg / m2 / week for 3 consecutive weeks , followed by 1 week off , or the combination of continuous oral thalidomide 200 mg every evening plus the same docetaxel regimen .
### Output Text: | INTERVENTION : Each patient received either intravenous <span class="chemical">docetaxel</span> 30 mg / m2 / week for 3 consecutive weeks , followed by 1 week off , or the combination of continuous oral <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> 200 mg every evening plus the same <span class="chemical">docetaxel</span> regimen . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This 4 - week cycle was repeated until there was evidence of excessive toxicity or disease progression .
### Output Text: | This 4 - week cycle was repeated until there was evidence of excessive toxicity or disease progression . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS : None of 23 patients who received docetaxel alone developed VTE , whereas 9 of 47 patients ( 19 % ) who received docetaxel plus thalidomide developed VTE ( p = 0 . 025 ) .
### Output Text: | MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS : None of 23 patients who received <span class="chemical">docetaxel</span> alone developed VTE , whereas 9 of 47 patients ( 19 % ) who received <span class="chemical">docetaxel</span> plus <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> developed VTE ( p = 0 . 025 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : The addition of thalidomide to docetaxel in the treatment of prostate cancer significantly increases the frequency of VTE .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : The addition of <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> to <span class="chemical">docetaxel</span> in the treatment of prostate cancer significantly increases the frequency of VTE . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Clinicians should be aware of this potential complication when adding thalidomide to chemotherapeutic regimens .
### Output Text: | Clinicians should be aware of this potential complication when adding <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> to chemotherapeutic regimens . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ticlopidine - induced cholestatic hepatitis .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Ticlopidine</span> - induced cholestatic hepatitis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To report 2 cases of ticlopidine - induced cholestatic hepatitis , investigate its mechanism , and compare the observed main characteristics with those of the published cases .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : To report 2 cases of <span class="chemical">ticlopidine</span> - induced cholestatic hepatitis , investigate its mechanism , and compare the observed main characteristics with those of the published cases . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CASE SUMMARIES : Two patients developed prolonged cholestatic hepatitis after receiving ticlopidine following percutaneous coronary angioplasty , with complete remission during the follow - up period .
### Output Text: | CASE SUMMARIES : Two patients developed prolonged cholestatic hepatitis after receiving <span class="chemical">ticlopidine</span> following percutaneous coronary angioplasty , with complete remission during the follow - up period . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: T - cell stimulation by therapeutic concentration of ticlopidine was demonstrated in vitro in the patients , but not in healthy controls .
### Output Text: | T - cell stimulation by therapeutic concentration of <span class="chemical">ticlopidine</span> was demonstrated in vitro in the patients , but not in healthy controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DISCUSSION : Cholestatic hepatitis is a rare complication of the antiplatelet agent ticlopidine ; several cases have been reported but few in the English literature .
### Output Text: | DISCUSSION : Cholestatic hepatitis is a rare complication of the antiplatelet agent <span class="chemical">ticlopidine</span> ; several cases have been reported but few in the English literature . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Our patients developed jaundice following treatment with ticlopidine and showed the clinical and laboratory characteristics of cholestatic hepatitis , which resolved after discontinuation of the drug .
### Output Text: | Our patients developed jaundice following treatment with <span class="chemical">ticlopidine</span> and showed the clinical and laboratory characteristics of cholestatic hepatitis , which resolved after discontinuation of the drug . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hepatitis may develop weeks after discontinuation of the drug and may run a prolonged course , but complete remission was observed in all reported cases .
### Output Text: | Hepatitis may develop weeks after discontinuation of the drug and may run a prolonged course , but complete remission was observed in all reported cases . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse drug event was probably related to the use of ticlopidine .
### Output Text: | An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse drug event was probably related to the use of <span class="chemical">ticlopidine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The mechanisms of this ticlopidine - induced cholestasis are unclear .
### Output Text: | The mechanisms of this <span class="chemical">ticlopidine</span> - induced cholestasis are unclear . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Immune mechanisms may be involved in the drug ' s hepatotoxicity , as suggested by the T - cell stimulation study reported here .
### Output Text: | Immune mechanisms may be involved in the drug ' s hepatotoxicity , as suggested by the T - cell stimulation study reported here . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Cholestatic hepatitis is a rare adverse effect of ticlopidine that may be immune mediated .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Cholestatic hepatitis is a rare adverse effect of <span class="chemical">ticlopidine</span> that may be immune mediated . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients receiving the drug should be monitored with liver function tests along with complete blood cell counts .
### Output Text: | Patients receiving the drug should be monitored with liver function tests along with complete blood cell counts . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This complication will be observed even less often in the future as ticlopidine is being replaced by the newer antiplatelet agent clopidogrel .
### Output Text: | This complication will be observed even less often in the future as <span class="chemical">ticlopidine</span> is being replaced by the newer antiplatelet agent <span class="chemical">clopidogrel</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) subunit mRNA and protein expression in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside - induced nephrotic syndrome .
### Output Text: | Epithelial <span class="chemical">sodium</span> channel ( ENaC ) subunit mRNA and protein expression in rats with <span class="chemical">puromycin aminonucleoside</span> - induced nephrotic syndrome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In experimental nephrotic syndrome , urinary sodium excretion is decreased during the early phase of the disease .
### Output Text: | In experimental nephrotic syndrome , urinary <span class="chemical">sodium</span> excretion is decreased during the early phase of the disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The molecular mechanism ( s ) leading to salt retention has not been completely elucidated .
### Output Text: | The molecular mechanism ( s ) leading to salt retention has not been completely elucidated . |
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